Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Pesticides organochlorés'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 27 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Pesticides organochlorés.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
Cruz-González, Germán. "Dégradation de pesticides organochlorés par procédés d'oxydation avancée utilisant différents types de rayonnements." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018INPT0068/document.
Full textThis work investigates the efficacy of advanced oxidation processes for the remediation of pesticidesin water, more particularly 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), a widely used herbicide that hasrecently been classified as a possible carcinogen to humans. These methods use different types ofradiation - UV / visible, ultrasound, gamma rays - alone or in combination with oxidants and / orcatalysts (ozone, hydrogen peroxide, Fenton’s reagent). The influence of pH, oxidant dose, catalysttype and concentration, light irradiation spectrum, gamma radiation dose and ultrasound frequencyis also analyzed, in order to determine by experimental design the optimal operating ranges for theconversion and mineralization of the pollutant. Of individual processes, only ozonation andhomogeneous Fenton oxidation on the one hand, photolysis and gamma irradiation on the otherhand, achieve the abatement of more than 25% of total organic carbon in one hour. (High frequency)sonolysis appears as the less efficient treatment, resulting in less than 15% of 2,4-D being degradedover the same duration.In addition, marked synergistic effects are demonstrated by combining the different types of radiationwith H2O2 or Fenton’s reagent. In the latter case, the pollutant is decomposed in less than 10 minutes,while the mineralization yield more than doubles compared to the separate processes. It is the samefor UV/O3 coupled process with respect to ozonation and photolysis alone. When accounting for theirenergy consumption, the most effective treatments are, respectively in terms of conversion andmineralization, radio-Fenton oxidation and photo-Fenton oxidation using a low-pressure mercuryvaporUV lamp. Moreover, unlike photolysis, the latter method is also activated by a Xenon arc lamp,whose emission spectrum is close to that of sunlight. Bases on these results, a solar photoreactoroperating in closed loop is used to treat 2,4-D solutions, prepared with tap water or inlet stream ofwastewater treatment plant, by homogeneous photo-Fenton oxidation. In both cases, the conversionof the pesticide exceeds 95% in 1 hour and its mineralization 75% in 5 hours. Moreover, the treatedwater complies with all the quality parameters established by the Cuban norm for wastewaterdischarge, when including a subsequent step of neutralization with Ca(OH)2 and filtration.Finally, several of the best processes are evaluated to eliminate two other organochlorine pesticides,particularly toxic and persistent in the environment: chlordecone and beta-hexachlorocyclohexane.Encouraging results are obtained, with an almost complete degradation of the pollutants in fivehours, which demonstrates the value of the investigated methods for this issue
En este trabajo se estudió la factibilidad de diferentes procesos avanzados de oxidación para laeliminación de plaguicidas en aguas, específicamente el ácido 2,4-diclorofenoxiacético (2,4-D), unode los herbicidas más utilizados a nivel mundial y que recientemente ha sido clasificado comocancerígeno para el hombre. Estos procesos utilizan diferentes tipos de irradiación – UV/Visible,ultrasonido, radiación gamma – solos o en combinación con oxidantes y/o catalizadores (ozono,peróxido de hidrógeno, reactivo de Fenton). Con el objetivo de determinar las condiciones óptimaspara la degradación y mineralización del contaminante, se analizó la influencia del pH, la dosis deoxidante, el tipo y la concentración del catalizador, el espectro de irradiación luminosa, la dosis deirradiación gamma y la frecuencia y potencia ultrasónicas. Entre los procesos individuales,solamente la oxidación Fenton homogénea, la ozonización, la fotólisis y la radiación gamma lograroneliminar más de un 25% del carbono orgánico total en una hora. La sonólisis (a alta frecuencia)resultó el proceso menos eficiente, con una degradación del 2,4-D inferior al 15% en el mismotiempo.Al asociar los diferentes tipos de irradiación con el H2O2 o el reactivo de Fenton, se observaronefectos sinérgicos importantes. Para este último, el contaminante se degradó totalmente en menosde 10 minutos, mientras que la mineralización fue superior al doble de la obtenida para los procesospor separado. Lo mismo ocurrió para el proceso combinado UV/O3, respecto a los procesos defotólisis y ozonización solos. Teniendo en cuenta el consumo energético asociado a la degradacióny mineralización respectivamente, los tratamientos más eficientes fueron el radio-Fenton y el foto-Fenton utilizando una lámpara de baja presión de mercurio. Por otra parte, al contrario de la fotólisis,este último proceso se activó con una lámpara de arco de Xenon, la cual posee un espectro deemisión cercano a la luz solar. Teniendo en cuenta estos resultados, se realizó un grupo deexperimentos a escala de banco utilizando un foto-reactor solar, donde se trataron por oxidaciónfoto-Fenton homogénea disoluciones de 2,4-D preparadas con agua técnica y agua residualobtenida a la entrada de una planta de tratamiento de aguas. En los dos casos, la degradación delpesticida supera el 95% en 1 hora y su mineralización en 75% en 5 horas. Además, al incluir unaetapa de neutralización con Ca(OH)2, el agua residual tratada logra cumplir las normas de calidadestablecidas por la norma cubana de vertimiento de aguas residuales.Finalmente, algunos de los procesos con mejores resultados se evaluaron para la eliminación otrosdos pesticidas organoclorados de mayor toxicidad y persistencia en el medio ambiente: laclordecona y el beta hexaclorociclohexano. Al aplicar las técnicas de tratamiento a estoscompuestos se lograron buenos resultados, cercanos a la degradación total de ambos plaguicidasen cinco horas, lo que demuestra el interés de los métodos estudiados en esta tesis
Amutova, Farida. "Assessment of bioavailability of organochlorine pesticides in chain «soil – farm animals – food products»." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LORR0126.
Full textSoil could be the main vector for the transfer of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) to agricultural animals, and, accordingly, to the food products they produce (meat, milk, eggs). Farm animals especially free-range species could ingest soil in different proportions together with vegetation which in case of contamination context represent a serious consequence to produce insecure food of animal origin. Hereby, this study was mainly focused on sequestration strategies which could ensure the safety of food produced by livestock animals in POP contaminated areas.The current work was focused on organochlorinated pesticides (OCPs) among the POPs. These forbidden and obsolete chemicals have been stored over long time in facilities, which may have been deteriorated over the decades, which raises issues by their diffusion in the environment in various countries. The aim of the current study was to reduce OCPs transfer in the food chain «soil - farm animals - food products of animal origin» by the application of different carbonaceous materials based on activated carbons (AC) or biochars (BC), which are serious candidates to sequestrate POPs. The use AC/BC as soil amendment can adsorb POPs reducing its environmental availability but also their bioavailability for free-ranged animals, which may ingest soil and by consequence soil-bound pollutants.Several scientific concepts such as environmental availability, bioavailability, transfer rate, bioaccumulation factor, adsorption kinetics and adsorption isotherms were integrated into the current study using in vitro and in vivo approaches in order to investigate application of sequestration strategies based on ACs and BCs as possible solutions for reduction of the OCPs (DDT and metabolites, HCH isomers and CLD) transfer from soil to food products in contaminated areas. Several ACs (DARCO, ORBO, Shubarkol) and BCs (Japanese knotweed, Oak tree, Sargassum) were revealed by the current work as effective sequestrants that could be effectively used in sequestration strategies as soil amendment. In addition, physical and chemical properties of SMs, amendment rate, contact time between contaminants and SMs and fractions of soil organic matter appeared as factors explaining efficiency of sequestration strategies based on AC/BCs.Finally, sequestration strategy based on AC/BC can be especially effective under conditions of moderate soil contaminations, which could significantly reduce environmental availability of pollutants (up to 90%) and, as a result, transfer to food products.Keywords: Organochlorine pesticides, Soil, Transfer, Farm animals, Sequestration, Activated carbon, Biochar, Bioavailability
Juc, Liliana. "Étude des risques liés à l'utilisation des pesticides organochlorés et impact sur l'environnement et la santé humaine." Lyon 1, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/33/04/31/PDF/these_Juc.pdf.
Full textThe objective of this work was to study the risks of contamination of soil and food chains with organochlored pesticides (OCP). We have analyzed the soils around stockpiles and the migration of OCP`s downstream of the sites. We have evaluated the risk of a contaminated site (an old stockpile of pesticides) and we have estimated it of “type 2” – site to supervise. We have studied the accumulation of OCP`s in food chains: in vegetables, fish and food products of animal origin (creams, eggs). We found that OCP concentrations exceeded European norms in a lot of samples. These data indicate that the contamination of the food products with pesticide residues is a result of the ban on the use of DDT and HCH in agriculture and public health programs. In the present study we have estimated daily intakes of pesticides (DDT, HCH and HCB). Our results don’t exceed the admissible daily intakes (ADI). We concluded that the old stockpiles are the principal source of pollution of different ecosystems, and we propose an efficient method of remediation of contaminated soils - the “landfarming”
Léauté, Frédérique. "Biogéochimie des contaminants organiques HAP, PCB et pesticides organochlorés dans les sédiments de l'étang de Thau." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00449516.
Full textGallissot, Brigitte. "Mise en évidence du potentiel bioaccumulateur des bryophytes aquatiques vis-a-vis des PCB et des pesticides organochlores : étude in situ et en laboratoire : proposition de grilles d'évaluation de la contamination par les organochlorés." Metz, 1988. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/1988/Gallissot.Brigitte.SMZ8813.pdf.
Full textOrganochlorine pollution of french rivers (Seine, Isère, Rhône) is studied with autochthonus and implanted aquatic bryophytes. Analysis of PCB, lindane and isomers, HCB, DDT and its metabolites in mosses allows to localise different degrees of pollution in effluents. Implantation on particulary contaminated sites has shown a good resistance of mosses to a multiform pollution : 289 ppm of PCB in mosses implanted in a industrial effluent, 67 ppm of DDT and metabolites in bryophytes in Drac river close to Grenoble. Transfert during 6 days seems to be sufficient to obtain a good analogy between micropollutant concentrations in autochthonous and implanted mosses. Half of equilibrium concentrations is reached in 24 hours. Accumulation and depuration kinetics of PCB by aquatic bryophytes were studied in situ and in laboratory. Accumulation is rapid and the steady state is reached after 10 days of accumulation. Depuration is slow : in 17 days of depuration, bryophytes had eliminated only 47% of initial PCB concentrations. Interspecific differences don't exeed twice factor. Quality indexes based on organochlorine pollution of bryophytes are proposed
Sahmarani, Rayane. "Valorisation des déchets agroalimentaires (noyaux des dattes-Phoenix Dactylifera) pour l’élimination des pesticides organochlorés des eaux contaminées." Thesis, Lille 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL1R079.
Full textThe objective of this thesis is to propose an innovative approach for the depollution of contaminated water by organochlorine pesticides used an adsorption technique on activated carbons from date stones (species : Phoenix dactylifera, types : Ajwa, Anbari et Khudri). Then, study the retention capacity of these column materials in the laboratory with applications on contaminated sites (effluents of agriculture and wastewater treatment plants).The preparation of better activated carbons from date stones by a simple process of pyrolysis preceded by a chemical impregnation with phosphoric acid. Several parameters will be studied in order to determine the optimal conditions of the adsorption such as dose of the adsorbent, pH of the solution, initial concentration of pesticides and time of contact, since the adsorption capacity of an activated carbon depends in part on the capability between the pore size and the dimension of the adsorbed molecules. Therefore, it is essential to optimize the production of activated carbon
Anthérieu, Sébastien. "Rôle des MAP kinases ERK1/2 et du stress oxydant dans la perturbation de l'homéostasie épidermique par les pesticides organochlorés." Nice, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007NICE4021.
Full textOrganochlorine pesticides (OC) constitute a major health concern because of their prolonged persistence in the environment, bioaccumulation through the food chain, and potential carcinogen effects in humans. The aim of the current study was to investigate the toxicological effects of OCs on human keratinocytes. First, our works showed that OC induced the ERK ½ and JNK signalling pathways implied in cellular survival, stress and death. Moreover, OC induced the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which played a critical role in the sustained ERK ½ phosphorylation in the nucleus. Under sustained ERK ½ activation, cell growth was decreased and we observed a reduction of cyclins A, B1 and D expression. This study demonstrates that the ROS generation by endosulfan is implied in the production of DNA strand breaks in HaCaT cells, and that this compound inhibits apoptosis via a ROS-independent mechanism. Furthermore, the impacts of endosulfan on epidermal differentiation processes were studied through a transcriptomic approach. The results showed transcriptional perturbations of genes proliferation and death (cyclin B1, TRAIL), as well as in signalling transduction pathways (MKP3, JNK2). They support that endosulfan is mutagenic and is responsible of perturbations of the MAP kinases pathways regulation, and consequently epidermal homeostasis. These alterations could contribute to mutant cell survival and therefore have possible carcinogenic effects
Hernandez, Camarillo Estela. "Evaluation du risque sanitaire pour la population de Veracruz lié à la contamination des fromages frais et Oaxaca par des organochlorés et des aflatoxines." Thesis, Brest, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BRES0018/document.
Full textAbout 53 % of the milk produced in Veracruz is used for the manufacture of artisanal cheeses, however this milk is not subjected to any quality analysis, so the content of contaminants such as pesticides and mycotoxins could be found in cheeses. Pesticides, such as organochlorines (POCs), can increase the incidence of cancer and act as an endocrine disruptor; Additionally mycotoxins, such as aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) and aflatoxin M2 (AFM2), are considered carcinogenic. The consumption of cheese with these toxins can put the health of the consumer at risk; however, there are only reports on the concentration of these compounds in cheeses, and cheese data consumption by the population of Veracruz are not available. The objective of this work was to evaluate the health risk due to the consumption of contaminated cheese (fresh and Oaxaca) with POC's and AFM1. In order to attain this objective, fresh and Oaxaca cheeses were randomly sampled at 40 groceries in Veracruz city, in three different years (2014, 2015 and 2016), covering periods of drought and rain. The concentration of POC's (n= 20) was quantified by CG-MS and that of AFs by HPLC. Cheese intake data were obtained from a purchase frequency questionnaire (n = 100) and from a 7 days food diary questionnaire (n = 309 for each type cheese). The risk assessment for exposure of the population to AFM1 was calculated by the combination of probability density functions (PDF) of AFM1 concentration, Oaxaca cheese consumption and body weight (probabilistic methodology). POCs were detected only in 5 % of the samples at concentrations above the quantification limit (LOQ = 0.01 mg kg-1), which showst that consumer exposure is low. The average consumption of fresh and Oaxaca cheese was 50.9 g person-1 d-1 and 47.8 g person-1 d-1, respectively. Only in 37 % of Oaxaca cheese samples, the concentration of AFM1 and in the 10 samples of AFM2 was higher than the value established by the European Commission of 0.05 μg kg-1. The exposure of children (5.9 μg AFM1 kg body weight-1 d-1 and 0.5 μg AFM2 kg body weight-1 d-1) was higher than found in adults (2.32 μg AFM1 kg body weight-1 d-1 and 0.2 μg AFM2 kg body weight-1 d-1). Taking into account a TDI of 1 ng kg-1 pc d-1 the results indicated that health that the 72.8 % And 51% of the adult and child population, respectively, of the population of Veracruz city is at for consuming contaminated Oaxaca cheese with AFM1 and about 13% and 3% of the infant and adult population, respectively, due to the consumption of AFM2. The present study is the first research on the exposure of Veracruz population concerning contaminated cheeses with AFM1 and AFM2
El 53 % de la leche producida en Veracruz se utiliza para fabricación de quesos artesanales, sin embargo esta leche no es sometida a ningún análisis de calidad, por lo que el contenido de contaminantes como plaguicidas y micotoxinas podrían concentrarse en los quesos. Los plaguicidas, como los organoclorados (POC’s), pueden aumentar la incidencia de cáncer y funcionar como disruptor endócrino; mientras que las micotoxinas, como las aflatoxinas (AFs): Aflatoxina M1 (AFM1) y Aflatoxina M2 (AFM2), son consideradas cancerígenas. El consumo de queso con estos tóxicos puede poner en riesgo la salud del consumidor, sin embargo, existen pocos reportes de la concentración de estos compuestos y el consumo de quesos por la población de Veracruz. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el riesgo a la salud por el consumo de queso (fresco y Oaxaca) contaminado con POC’s, AFM1 y AFM2. Para alcanzar este objetivo, se muestrearon aleatoriamente quesos fresco y Oaxaca en 40 puntos de venta de la ciudad de Veracruz, en tres años diferentes (2014, 2015 y 2016), abarcando periodos de secas y de lluvias. La concentración de POC’s (n = 20) se cuantificó por CG-MS y la de AFs por HPLC. Para la obtención de datos de ingesta de queso, se utilizaron dos cuestionarios: uno de frecuencia de compra (n = 100) y un diario de alimentos de 7 días (n = 309 para cada tipo de queso). La evaluación del riesgo por exposición de la población a AFM1 se evaluó a través de la combinación de las funciones de densidad de probabilidad (PDF) de la concentración de AFs, del consumo de queso Oaxaca y del peso corporal (metodología probabilística). Sólo en el 5 % de las muestras de queso Oaxaca se detectaron POC’s pero en valores inferiores al límite de cuantificación (LOQ = 0.01 mg kg-1), lo que muestra que la exposición del consumidor a los POC’s es baja. El consumo promedio de queso fresco y Oaxaca fue de 50.9 g persona-1 d-1 y 47.8 g persona-1 d-1, respectivamente. Sólo en el 37 % de las muestras de queso Oaxaca, la concentración de AFM1 y en el 10 % para la AFM2, fue mayor al valor establecido por la Comisión Europea de 0.05 μg kg-1. La exposición de los niños (5.9 μg de AFM1 kg de peso corporal-1 d-1 y 0.5 μg de AFM2 kg de peso corporal-1 d-1) fue mayor que la encontrada en adultos (2.32 μg de AFM1 kg de peso corporal-1 d-1 y 0.2 μg de AFM2 kg de peso corporal-1 d-1). Teniendo en cuenta una TDI de 1 ng kg-1 pc día-1 los resultados indicaron que la salud del 72.8 % y el 51 % de la población infantil y adulta, respectivamente, de la ciudad de Veracruz, está en riesgo por consumir queso Oaxaca contaminado con AFM1 y cerca del 13 % y 3 % de la población infantil y adulta respectivamente, debido al consumo de AFM2. El presente estudio es la primera investigación sobre la exposición de la población veracruzana a quesos contaminados con AFM1 y AFM2
Cartier, Chloé. "Etude de l'impact de l'exposition prénatale aux insecticides organochlorés et organophosphorés sur le développement des fonctions cognitives et sensorielles d'enfants d'âge scolaire." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN1B007/document.
Full textPrenatal organochlorine and organophosphate pesticides exposure and children cognitive and sensory function at school age
Leblanc, Alix. "Effets d’un mélange de polluants organiques persistants sur le métabolisme hépatique." Thesis, Paris 5, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA05P629/document.
Full textEpidemiological studies have shown that exposure to certain xenobiotics is associated with an increased prevalence of metabolic diseases. Humans are exposed to mixtures of xenobiotics in a chronic and inevitable way. We studied the effects of the interaction of two xenobiotics on metabolism in the liver, the major organ for detoxification in the body. We chose two endocrine disruptors and persistent organic pollutants which activate different signaling pathways: 2,3,7,8 tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), which uses the AhR (Aryl hydrocarbon receptor) pathway, and α-endosulfan, an organochlorine pesticide, which acts via the PXR (pregnane X receptor) and/or the ER (estrogen receptor) pathway. Our aim was to determine the effects of this pollutant mixture, as compared to each pollutant alone, on the regulation in vitro of some hepatic metabolism pathways in the human hepatic cell line, HepaRG. In the first publication, a transcriptomic study of differentiated HepaRG cells was performed. The cells were exposed for 30h to 25nM TCDD, to 10 µM α-endosulfan or to the mixture. We observed that the mixture strongly inhibited the expression of some genes involved in the metabolism of glucose and alcohol. In the second study, we studied the mechanism of action of the mixture of pollutants on the metabolism of glucose. The expression of two genes involved in hepatic gluconeogenesis, glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pc), were reduced 80% by the mixture. The expression of other glucose metabolism genes (pyruvate kinase, glycogen synthase, glycogen phosphorylase, pyruvate dehydrogenase 2) also was decreased suggesting that the mixture might impact markedly carbohydrate metabolism. Furthermore, glucose production decreased 40% with the mixture under gluconeogenic conditions. Under glycolytic conditions, the oxidation of glucose into CO2 decreased 30% after 72h of exposure of the cells to the mixture. Long-term treatment (8 days) with lower doses (0.2 to 5 nM TCDD, 3 µM α-endosulfan) similarly decreased G6Pc and GLUT2 expression. We showed that TCDD activated the AhR pathway, and that ER was partly involved in the α-endosulfan effect. In the third part of this thesis, we studied the regulation of several enzymes involved in the metabolism of alcohol (alcohol dehydrogenase, ADH, cytochrome P450 2E1, CYP2E1) after activation of AhR. AhR agonists led to a decrease in the amounts of mRNAs for ADH1, 4, 6 and CYP2E1 and the corresponding proteins. We showed that this regulation uses the AhR genomic pathway. Furthermore, this effect was also observed after 8 days of treatment with lower doses of TCDD. Chronic exposure of individuals to low doses of xenobiotics in mixtures might significantly affect hepatic carbohydrate metabolism and be a contributing factor for the development of the metabolic syndrome
Juc, Liliana. "« ETUDE DES RISQUES LIES A L'UTILISATION DES PESTICIDES ORGANOCHLORES ET IMPACT SUR L'ENVIRONNEMENT ET LA SANTE HUMAINE »." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00330431.
Full textCoat, Sophie. "Identification du réseau trophique de rivière et étude de sa contamination par les pesticides organochlorés (chlordécone et bêta-HCH)en Guadeloupe." Antilles-Guyane, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AGUY0260.
Full textThis study examines the contamination of Guadeloupean rivers by organochlorinated pesticides, formerly used on banana plantations: chlordecone and β3-HCH. Its objectives are 1) to identify the downstream food web structure, 2) to evaluate the contamination levels of it~ various components and 3) to appreciate pesticide dynamics within the freshwater ecosystem. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes analysis, coupled with dietary data from Iiterature, helped investigate trophic relationships between species and revealed the dependenc of the stream food web on both autochthonous (algae and biofilm) and allochthonous food sources of terrestrial and marine origin (plant detritus, drifting particulate matter and juveniles of diadromous fishes and shrimps from coastal waters). Chemical analyses showed a general and heavy contamination of the aquatic ecosystem by organochlorinated pesticides. An assessment of the interaction patterns between contaminants and biota was conducted thanks to the identification of ecological factors that influence the bioaccumulation of pesticides. Whereas the most persistent pollutant (chlordecone) is related to the organisms' diet and habitat, bioaccumulation of β3-HCH i only influenced by the animais' Iipid content. The biomagnification potential of chlordecone through the food chain has been demonstrate and highlighted the importance of trophic transfer in this compound uptake. In contrast, bioconcentration by passive diffusion from water seems to be the main exposure route of β3-HCH in biota
Alomar, Hussein. "Analyse chimique des résidus des contaminants anthropiques dans les chaines alimentaires : influence du régime alimentaire chez les prédateurs." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1211/document.
Full textIn this work, we analyzed the residues of several anthropogenic contaminants in predators of the aquatic food chain and prey of the terrestrial chain. The otter, the great cormorant and the catfish are piscivorous predators at the top of the food chain. Organochlorine pesticides, PCBs and trace elements (lead, cadmium, copper and mercury) were detected in all these predators collected from the basins of the Loire in France. Residue level of PCBs in these predators was the highest followed by DDTs and maximal PCB values reached 1.61, 1.96, and 0.28 mg/kg wet weight for cormorants, otters, and catfish, respectively. The concentration of mercury exceeded the toxic thresholds for more than 40% of the cormorants analyzed. The possible combined effect of these contaminants on the three species has not been studied in this thesis. However, the concentrations of organochlorines and trace elements are generally modest or low. Thus, it seems that these contaminants do not constitute a major threat to the conservation of these species for the short or medium term. Furthermore, in the terrestrial food chain, we found that three anticoagulant rodenticides chlorophacinone, bromadiolone and brodifacoum accumulate in slugs in a stable way over the time, whereas no mortality was observed in slugs. Brodifacoum was detected in more than 90% of the slugs collected in the field, and we found that these slugs represented a high risk of secondary poisoning for three of their predators, European hedgehog, common shrew and European starling. Therefore, it could be confirmed that invertebrates constitute a non-negligible source of rodenticides for their predators.The objective of this thesis is to show the influence of the diet on the contamination of prey, predators and to evaluate the toxicological risks for these species
Blondel, Claire. "Potentialité de phytoremédiation de matrices polluées par des organochlorés : fonctionnalité de la rhizosphère." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENS032/document.
Full textHuman activities lead to diffuse pollution causing damages to the ecosystem. To avoid major disturbances such as biodiversity loss or contamination of trophic chains by pollutants it is necessary to restore these ecosystems. The classical techniques used in depollution are expensive, reduce soil fertility and have a negative effect on ecosystem functionality. In contrast, the use of plants to clean up soils called phytoremediation seems to be a more effective solution. However, it needs to be improved because many biological mechanisms remain unexplained. The originality of our work is to study the functionality of the rhizosphere of maize (Zea mays) exposed to organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), lindane and chlordecone, banned in 1998 and 1993 respectively and persistent in the environment. This study will be conducted in the presence or absence of microorganisms to clarify the relationships between microorganisms and plant matrices. In this study, the mechanisms involved in the phytotoxicity of OCPs in root cells were analyzed. The cytotoxicity was dose-dependent and showed effects on the cell cycle (induction of endoreduplication and level of ploidy) and on cell death (induction of ROS, cytosolic Ca2+, caspase-3-like, apoptosis) under higher doses of exposure (particular case of former industrial sites). Lower exposures usually detected in the environment showed great disturbances in the root metabolome. These changes in sugars, organic acids, amino acids and lipids syntheses could be induced by oxidative stress provided by OCPs. Moreover, metabolome changes might cause modifications in root exudate composition which is involved in plant-microbe relationships. Ours results demonstrate that the overall rhizosphere functionality (resource allocation, carbon and nitrogen contents and microorganism's catabolism) was not disturbed by OCPs long-term exposure. Finally, we demonstrated rhizosphere positive impact on uptake of OCPs by Zea mays. Lindane seems to be partially mineralized by rhizospheric microorganisms. Then, these produced metabolites were uptaken by roots where they were bioconcentrated. These findings highlighted the rhizosphere adaptation to chemical pressure by OCPs and showed the good rhizosphere functionality despite of the OCPs contamination
Ciliberti, Alexandre. "Le Varan du Nil (Varanus niloticus), indicateur de la pollution des zones humides d'Afrique Sub-Saharienne." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00861862.
Full textCiliberti, Alexandre. "Le Varan du Nil (Varanus niloticus), indicateur de la pollution des zones humides d’Afrique Sub-Saharienne." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO10241/document.
Full textIn Africa, metal and pesticide contamination of wetlands is supposed to continue on a permanent basis. However, the ecotoxicological status of these ecosystems remains poorly documented. The aim of the present work is to assess the value of the Nile monitor (Varanus niloticus) as a sentinel species for the environmental contamination of continental wetlands in sub-Saharan Africa. Lead and cadmium on the one hand, and organochlorine and organophosphate pesticides on the other, have been quantified in several tissues by atomic absorption spectrophotometry and gas chromatography, respectively. Samples come from 71 specimens originating from four sites considered unequally contaminated (in Mali and Niger). Although clear differences appear between sites, the environmental contamination turns out to be moderate at the four sites, and does not seem to represent a significant risk neither for the monitors themselves, nor for occasional human consumers. However, the interindividual variability is important. The organotropisms relative to the detected pollutants are consistent with those described in previous studies. Concerning the pesticides, no gender effect has been found, whereas females were more contaminated by metals. The relation between other factors (size, proportion of fat) and tissue concentrations has been considered too. Nile monitors can reveal subtle differences in local pollution and the spatial resolution of this tool seems to be very sharp. Its practical relevance is thus validated. Additionally, an experimental work has been carried out on captive monitors to go into the subject in greater depth
Mawussi, Gbénonchi. "Bilan environnemental de l'utilisation de pesticides organochlorés dans les cultures de coton, café et cacao au Togo et recherche d'alternatives par l'évaluation du pouvoir insecticide d'extraits de plantes locales contre le scolyte du café (Hypothenemus hampei Ferrari)." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2008. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/7844/1/mawussi.pdf.
Full textMaurice, Clotilde. "Une exposition prénatale paternelle au mélange d'organochlorés de l'Arctique altère la fertilité et la santé des fils dans un modèle de rat." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25497.
Full textElevated levels of organochlorine, including pesticides and industrial compounds, some of which are known endocrine disruptors, have been reported in human and wildlife populations in Arctic. We hypothesized that early life exposure to Arctic organochlorine mixture, which contaminates Inuits, affects the reproductive development and function of subsequent generations in a paternally mediated manner on a rat model. Sprague-Dawley females (F0) were gavaged with Arctic concentrations of an organochlorine mixture (500 µg PCB/kg body weight/ 3X weekly) or corn oil (control) before mating with untreated males and until parturition of the F1 litters. After weaning, all F1 male pups were fed commercial chow and never directly exposed to organochlorine. At 90 days of age, F1 males (n = 15) were mated to 2 untreated females each to generate F2 fetuses (at 19.5 days of gestation) and pups. Males were similarly mated to produce the F3 and F2 generation. Prenatally-exposed F1 males and their sons F2 had abnormal reproductive organs, residual nipples, alteration of puberty onset, lower spermatid production per testis and less sperm in epididymis and were sub-fertile in compare with control males. All F3 and F4 males were identical to control males from the same generation. Despite this abnormality was not present in F1 generation, F2, F3 and F4 in organochlorine lineage were significantly more reached by situs inversus thoracalis than all control generations. From birth until adulthood, F2 from prenatally exposed F1 fathers have shown a growth delay compared to F2 control due to their smaller placenta. Prenatal organochlorine exposure alters F1 sperm DNA methylation and would involved in embryo development and might partly explain the developmental phenotype of F2 sons sired by prenatally-treated F1 organochlorine. Our results suggest that a prenatal exposure to Arctic concentrations of organochlorine of male ancestor resulted in a reproductive dysfunction but also developmental pathologies, which are transgenerational paternally mediated. These observations represent one of the first models of paternally mediated ecotoxicological effects on offspring health.
Chbib, Chaza. "Pollution des sols et des eaux souterraines par les pesticides dans la région d’Akkar au nord du Liban : évaluation des risques sanitaires." Thesis, Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL10110.
Full textAkkar is the second agricultural zone in Lebanon. Pesticides are intensely applied in agricultural activities, and the groundwater has been reported to be highly contaminated by some pesticides. Due to the absence of a public network for water distribution, groundwater is used as the main source for drinking water of local inhabitants. The present study focus firstly on the evaluation of groundwater and soil contamination by OCPs, OPPs and ONPs and by heavy metals in order to characterize the degree of contamination. Secondly, it is focusing on the risk assessment of pollution on the population of Akkar. High levels of pesticides were detected in many villages in Akkar plain groundwater. Similarly, high concentrations of OCPs were detected in agricultural soil. A huge difference between the contamination levels in cultivated area and tillage land. Moreover, a significant variation has been established between soil depth. Results showed that some prohibited pesticides are still currently used in Akkar. To complete the background of pollution, trace metallic element As, Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn and Cd have been studied. The results showed that soils are moderately polluted by Cd. In parallel, a health study was conducted, the prevalence of nervous disorders; birth defects; cancer and other chronic diseases were exceeded those values reported in other regions. A significant correlation has been established between wells water consumption and the appearance of some diseases.More researches could be realized to identify pesticides levels in human blood or urine. Also it will be necessary to manage pesticides use in this region to reduce their effects on human health
Weldegergis, Berhane Tekle. "Analysis of organochloro-pesticides in Eritrean water and sediment samples." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/49830.
Full textENGLISH ABSTRACT: The choice of the sample preparation technique used in combination with a chromatographic technique in environmental analysis strongly influences the performance of the method as a whole. The main aim of this work was to evaluate methods like: micro liquid-liquid extraction (цLLE)and solid phase micro extraction (SPME) in combination with gas chromatography-electron capture detector (GCECD) and a recently developed technique named stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) combined with thermal desorption system-programmable temperature vaporizationgas chromatography-mass spectrometer (TDS-PTV-GC-MS) for the analysis of organochloro-pesticides (OCPs) in natural water and to make a comparison between them. The most suitable method was then selected for the analysis of water samples collected from Eritrea. An additional goal was to develop a sensitive method for the analysis ofOCPs in soil and sediment samples. цLLE-GC-ECD and SPME-GC-ECD methods were evaluated for the analysis of OCPs in water. The former allowed achieving a sensitivity of less than 100 ppt and the latter was able to detect down to the 1 ppt level. Both methods were found to be repeatable with %RSD of3% to 19% and 5% to 12% as well as linear with a range of 1:103 and 1:5x103 respectivey. SBSE-TDS-GC-MS was also investigated for the analysis of OCPs in water samples. With this technique a good sensitivity down to 1 ppt was also obtained. The less sensitive nature of the MS compared to ECD was hereby compensated for by the large amount of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) phase on the stir bar. The method was repeatable and linear with a range of 1:5000, which is similar to the one obtained for the SPME-GC-ECD method. All three methods were also tested with real contaminated water samples and a comparison of the three techniques in terms of sensitivity, linearity, repeatability, availability and cost effectiveness was done. As a method of choice in terms of the above criteria, SPMEGC- ECD was applied to the water samples collected from Eritrea. The presence of some oePs such as a-BBC (benzenehexachloride), heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, endosulfan I, p,p'-DDE (dichlorodiphenylchloroethylene), endosulfan II, p,p'-DDD (dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane), endosu!fan sulfate and p,p'-DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) in some of the Eritrean water samples was demonstrated The SPME-GC-ECD technique for the analysis OCPs in soil and sediment samples was investigated. It was shown to be able to detect down to 1 pg/g (lppt) with good linearity and repeatability. The method was also evaluated for authentic soil samples. Due to a lack of time the method could not be applied for the analysis of the soil and sediment samples collected from Eritrea.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die keuse van 'n gepaste monster-voorbereidingsmetode wat gebruik word tesame met 'n chromatografiese skeidingtegniek in omgewings-analise het 'n beduidende effek op die algehele metode. Die doel van hierdie werk was om metodes soos mikrovloeistof- vloeistof ekstraksie (цLLE) en soliede fase mikro ekstraksie (SPME) in kombinasie met gaschromatografie met elektronvangs deteksie (GC-ECD) te ontwikkel vir die analise van organochloor-pestisiede (OCPs) in natuurlike water. Vervolgens is hierdie metodes vergelyk met die onlangs-ontwikkelde roerstaaf sorptiewe ekstraksie tegniek (SBSE) in kombinasie met termiese desorbsie-GCmassaspektrometriese deteksie (TDS-GC-MSD). Die mees geskikte metode is vervolgens gebruik vir die analise van Eritreaanse watermonsters. Daarbenewens was die doelook om 'n sensitiewe metode te ontwikkel vir die analise van OCPs in gronden sedimentmonsters. Beide цLLE en SPME-GC-ECD metodes is gekarakteriseer deur goeie herhaalbaarheid en lineariteit. Die sensitiwiteit van bogenoemde metodes was minder as 100 dele per triljoen (ppt) en 1 ppt, respektiewelik. Ook met SBSE-TDS-GC-MSD kon 'n deteksielimiet van 1 ppt bereik word. In hierdie geval is vir die verlies van sensitiwiteit van die MSD in vergelyking met die ECD, gekompenseer deur die groter hoeveelheid PDMS op die roerstaaf in vergelyking met 'n SPME apparaat. Die herhaalbaarheid en lineariteit van die metode is vergelykbaar met dié van die SPMEGC- ECD metode. Al drie metodes is vergelyk vir die analise van gekontamineerde watermonsters in terme van sensitiwiteit, liniêre bereik, herhaalbaarheid, toeganklikheid en kosteeffektiwiteit. SPME-GC-ECD is vervolgens gekies as metode van voorkeur vir die analise van Eritreaanse watermonsters. Die teenwoordigheid van sekere OCPs soos a-BHC, heptachloor, heptachloorepoksied, endosulfan I, p,p'-DDE, endosulfan II, p,p' -DDD, endosulfan sulfaat en p,p' -DDT in die monsters is gedemonstreer. Die toepasbaarheid van die SPME-GC-ECD metode vir die analise van OCPs in grond-en sedimentmonsters is ook geëvalueer, en dit was moontlik om so min as 1 pg/g waar te neem. Weens tydbeperkings was dit nie moontlik om Eritreaanse grondmonsters met die ontwikkelde metode te analiseer nie.
BIRKNER, KATJA. "Presence de residus de pesticides organo-chlores dans le lait maternel : bilan, evolution et aspect sanitaire." Strasbourg 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991STR15025.
Full textLétondor, Clarisse. "Etude des mécanismes histologiques et physiologiques du transfert de la chlordécone (insecticide organochlore) dans les vegetaux." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014INPT0008/document.
Full textChlordecone (CLD) is an organochlorine insecticide mainly used in French West Indies to struggle against banana weevil (Cosmopolites sordidus). Its low degradability into soils and its spreading in catchment basins cause a sustainable contamination of agricultural soils and surrounding ecosystems. This leads to a human exposure risk, by food consumption of contaminated vegetables, and to an environmental risk by transfer of CLD in food chains. Main hazardous vegetables for human health are root-vegetables that are directly in contact of soil but also other vegetables because CLD residues are found in aerial parts of plant, leaves and shoots. The environmental risk seems to be the biomagnification of contamination in trophic chains due partly by consumption of contaminated plants. This work focused on the CLD soil-plant transfer, on the one hand in tubers of edible-roots for knowing the health risk and on the other hand in grasses for environmental risk. The CLD lipophilicity plays a major role in its transfer to plants. CLD exhibits a certain affinity for lipophilic tissues particularly for the suberised periderm of tubers and the xylem cell walls that are thickened by lignin. In addition, transfer depends on plant architecture, physiology and organ histology. Two ways of CLD plant contamination were highlighted: roots absorption and adsorption onto tuber periderm. These mechanisms are followed by CLD translocation towards internal tissues of tuber by diffusion and to above-ground parts of the plant within the transpiration stream occurring in vascular xylem vessels. For tubers, we distinguished between the contamination brought by roots absorption and the one brought by peridermic adsorption. In radish, the trans-peridermic diffusion was showed as the major way of contamination. A risk analysis mainly based on plant morphology and tissue histology set up during tuberization process was realized. For grasses, CLD transfer ability to aerial part of plant was studied in several usual gramineae (yam, sweet popato, dasheen). Plant contamination potential is mainly determined by its physiological traits (metabolism) and its life cycle (perenniality). These features could drive the choice of some gramineae to perform CLD phytoremediation
Gallissot, Brigitte. "Mise en évidence du potentiel bioaccumulateur des bryophytes aquatiques vis-à-vis des PCB et des pesticides organochlorés étude in situ et en laboratoire : proposition de grilles d'évaluation de la contamination par les organochlorés /." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37613783r.
Full textZOLL-MOREUX, CATHERINE. "Consequences de la contamination du milieu hydrique par les sels de mercure, du benzo(a)pyrene ou des pesticides organochlores, chez deux amphibiens, pleurodeles waltl et xenopus laevis." Toulouse 3, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991TOU30096.
Full textDHOUIB, MOUNIR. "Etude comparative de l'effet de bacteries tuees gram positif (propionibacterium avidum) et de pesticides organochlores (p, p'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, chlordane, endosulfan) sur l'induction enzymatique in vivo et in vitro de la monoxyde d'azote synthetase de foie de rat. Alterations cellulaires et formation d'adduits a l'adn." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996STR13032.
Full textAzandjeme, Colette Sylvie. "Exposition aux pesticides et risque de diabète de type 2 : une étude au nord du Bénin (Afrique de l'Ouest)." Thèse, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/11836.
Full textBackground: The present study examines for the first time in sub-Saharan Africa, the association between exposure to organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and the risk of type 2 diabetes. The study took place in the Borgou area in the northern part of Benin, where the intensive use of pesticides for cotton production coincides with a high prevalence of diabetes compared to other areas of the country. Objectives: 1) To describe in a sample of subjects with diabetes and in non-diabetic control subjects of Borgou serum levels of some OCPs; 2) To assess the relationship between the risk of type 2 diabetes and serum concentrations of OCPs; 3) To examine the association between overall obesity, the percentage of body fat and abdominal obesity with serum concentrations of OCPs; 4) To explore the contribution of some potential sources of exposure to serum concentrations of OCPs. Methods: This is a case-control study of 258 adults aged 18 to 65 years, identified on the basis of a diabetes prevalence study. Subjects were detected by capillary and venous fasting blood glucose at the threshold of 7mmol /l for diabetic subjects and 5.6mmol / l for the controls. The 129 controls were matched with 129 cases for ethnic group, age ± 5 years, sex and residence location. Personal data and information on potential sources of pesticide exposure were collected by questionnaire. Serum OCPs were determined by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Overall obesity was determined by a BMI ≥ 30kg/m2. Abdominal obesity was defined according to waist circumference using the Alberti et al. consensual criteria for metabolic syndrome. The percentage of body fat was measured by bioelectrical impedance and was higher at the threshold of 33% in women and 25% in men. Results: Comparing the third and first tertiles of p,p'-DDE and p,p'-DDT serum concentrations, we observed a two to threefold higher odds ratio for diabetes. The likelihood of abdominal obesity or general obesity was three to five times higher in the upper compared to lower tertile for three of the four detected OCPs, that is: p,p'-DDT, β-HCH and trans-Nonachlor. The socioeconomic factors associated with serum OCPs are high level of education, high income and residence in urban area. The non-food sources of exposure were mixed occupational exposure (primary and secondary) and consumption of local tobacco. The food sources of exposure were purchased foods that are greater source of exposure to pesticide than self-production. The frequency of weekly consumption of fish, vegetables, cheese, dried yam as well as millet, oil palm and some legumes such as soybeans, locust bean, cowpea and Bambara groundnut was significantly associated with serum concentrations of OCPs. Conclusion: The study highlighted the relationship between the serum level of organochlorine pesticides on the one hand, diabetes or obesity on the other. Levels of OCPs observed in Borgou are high enough and need to be monitored and compared to others areas in the country. Factors associated with high levels of OCP in Borgou are high levels of education, high income, residence in urban area, purchase and consumption frequency of several foods. The contribution of the mixture of pollutants, to the increasing prevalence of diabetes in Borgou need to be examined, especially pesticides used currently for commercial productions in agriculture and other persistent pollutants. These results contribute to increase the knowledge on emerging risk factors for diabetes that are environmental pollutants such as pesticides. The implications for public health are important in terms of chronic diseases prevention and sensitization of national policies makers, for proper agricultural and health policy aimed at reducing exposure to pesticides.
St-Jean, Mélissa. "Le profil alimentaire et d'exposition aux polluants sanguins (métaux, biphényles polychlorés et pesticides organochlorés) : les relations entre la diète et la multicontamination, ainsi que les effets de ces polluants sur la thyrotropine, les hormones thyroïdiennes et la prolactine des Innus du Labrador." Mémoire, 2007. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/4753/1/M10006.pdf.
Full text