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Journal articles on the topic 'Pesticides – Synthesis'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 15 February 2022

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1

Amin, Hadear Hanie. "Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles using Ulva lactuca as a safe synthetic pesticide (in vitro)." Open Agriculture 5, no. 1 (July 10, 2020): 291–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opag-2020-0032.

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AbstractIn this era, we must synthesize safe pesticides from inexpensive sources to avoid the diseases caused by most of the previously used pesticides. Therefore, nanotechnology was used to produce biologically synthesis pesticides from very cheap sources such as seaweed, especially green algae, as it is safe to synthesize a pesticide against various pests such as bacteria and fungi that affect various agricultural crops. Ulva lactuca is used for the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles by a bottom-up bioreduction reaction of silver nitrate to silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) observed by the formation of brown color. The biosynthesis reaction has been proven by using UV-VIS, FT-IR, EDAX, SEM, TEM, and DSC-TGA and has been tested against a wide range of bacteria and fungi that affect plants, poultry, fish, rabbits, animals, and humans. Antioxidant activity was also determined. Silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) have proven to be good and safe synthetic pesticides. The results of the spectroscopy demonstrated the success of the biological synthesis of the pesticide. Also, the results of the antimicrobial activity demonstrated the success of the pesticide that was biologically synthesized to fight bacteria and fungi that cause different diseases of different agricultural crops and should be used as a safe synthetic pesticide.

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2

Utzeri, Gianluca, Luis Verissimo, Dina Murtinho, Alberto A. C. C. Pais, F. Xavier Perrin, Fabio Ziarelli, Tanta-Verona Iordache, Andrei Sarbu, and Artur J. M. Valente. "Poly(β-cyclodextrin)-Activated Carbon Gel Composites for Removal of Pesticides from Water." Molecules 26, no. 5 (March 6, 2021): 1426. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26051426.

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Pesticides are widely used in agriculture to increase and protect crop production. A substantial percentage of the active substances applied is retained in the soil or flows into water courses, constituting a very relevant environmental problem. There are several methods for the removal of pesticides from soils and water; however, their efficiency is still a challenge. An alternative to current methods relies on the use of effective adsorbents in removing pesticides which are, simultaneously, capable of releasing pesticides into the soil when needed. This reduces costs related to their application and waste treatments and, thus, overall environmental costs. In this paper, we describe the synthesis and preparation of activated carbon-containing poly(β-cyclodextrin) composites. The composites were characterized by different techniques and their ability to absorb pesticides was assessed by using two active substances: cymoxanil and imidacloprid. Composites with 5 and 10 wt% of activated carbon showed very good stability, high removal efficiencies (>75%) and pesticide sorption capacity up to ca. 50 mg g−1. The effect of additives (NaCl and urea) was also evaluated. The composites were able to release around 30% of the initial sorbed amount of pesticide without losing the capacity to keep the maximum removal efficiency in sorption/desorption cycles.

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3

Elabasy, Asem, Ali Shoaib, Muhammad Waqas, Mingxing Jiang, and Zuhua Shi. "Synthesis, Characterization, and Pesticidal Activity of Emamectin Benzoate Nanoformulations against Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)." Molecules 24, no. 15 (August 1, 2019): 2801. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24152801.

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Using nanotechnology to develop new formulations of pesticides is considered a possible option in enhancing the efficiency, safety, and photostability of pesticides under various climatic conditions. In the present study, two novel nanoformulations (NFs) were successfully prepared based on nano-delivery systems for emamectin benzoate (EMB) by loading it on cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and silicon dioxide nanoparticles (SNPs) as carriers through a freeze-drying method. The synthesized nanoformulations were examined using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The results showed that SNPs and CNCs had a loading efficiency of 43.31% and 15.04% (w/w) for EMB, respectively, and could effectively protect EMB from photolysis under UV radiation. The LC50 values for EMB + SNPs, EMB + CNCs, and EMB commercial formulation against Phenacoccus solenopsis were 0.01, 0.05, and 0.31 μg/mL, respectively, indicating that both NFs were more effective than the EMB commercial formulation. This work seeks to develop new nano-carriers for potential applications of pesticides in plant protection, which will reduce the recommended dose of pesticides and thereby decrease the amount of pesticide residue in food and the environment.

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4

Cekovic, Zivorad. "Natural products for plant protection." Chemical Industry 60, no. 5-6 (2006): 113–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind0606113c.

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The advantage applying natural products, such as a secondary metabolites, in plant protection is shortly presented. Acceptable solutions for the enhanced ecological criteria, which are requested by the users of pesticides and consumers of agricultural goods, could be the replacement of classical pesticides by natural products in plant protection. Some natural products are already in use as insecticides, herbicides and fungicides because new biotechnological processes, fermentation and biotransformations provide procedures for their industrial production. In addition to biotechnical processes natural compounds possessing pesticide activities are also prepared by chemical synthesis. An active secondary metabolite must first be isolated from natural sauces and then, based on biological toxicological and ecological studies, acceptable compounds are selected for laboratory and industrial chemical synthesis. Several compounds possessing insecticidal, herbicidal and fungicidal activities, which have been successfully applied for plan protection are presented.

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5

Sponsler, Douglas B., Christina M. Grozinger, Claudia Hitaj, Maj Rundlöf, Cristina Botías, Aimee Code, Eric V. Lonsdorf, et al. "Pesticides and pollinators: A socioecological synthesis." Science of The Total Environment 662 (April 2019): 1012–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.016.

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6

Zhi, Heng, Manli Yu, Junwei Yao, Changjiao Sun, Bo Cui, Xiang Zhao, Yan Wang, Haixin Cui, and Zhanghua Zeng. "A Facile Approach to Increasing the Foliage Retention of Pesticides Based on Coating with a Tannic Acid/Fe3+ Complex." Coatings 10, no. 4 (April 6, 2020): 359. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10040359.

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The effective utilization of many conventional pesticide formulations is less than 30%, which can increase the environmental impact of these substances. This degree of waste could be reduced by improving the adhesion of pesticides to foliage. In the present work, a complex comprising tannic acid (TA) and Fe3+ ions was used to encapsulate azoxystrobin and avermectin water dispersible granule (WDG) formulations (termed Az-WDG-TA and Av-WDG-TA) to improve adhesion. The treated pesticides exhibited improved photostability as well as sustained continuous release behavior. The retention proportions of the Az-WDG-TA and Av-WDG-TA on cucumber and lettuce foliage were improved by more than 50%. The ability of solutions of these materials to wet foliage was also enhanced after coating, such that the toxicity of Av-WDG-TA to aphids and the antifungal activity of Az-WDG-TA to Fusarium oxysporum were increased by nearly 50%. Given the low cost of TA and Fe3+ compounds and the simple synthesis process, this method represents a promising means of producing foliage-adhesive pesticide formulations with increased retention and bioavailability.

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7

Ge, Shen Guang, Pei Ni Zhao, Jing Hua Yu, and Jia Dong Huang. "Synthesis and Application of Molecularly Imprinted Sol-Gel Film for Simultaneous Determination of Multi-Component Pesticide Residue." Advanced Materials Research 306-307 (August 2011): 1667–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.306-307.1667.

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In this paper, three kinds of molecularly imprinted sol-gel film (MISF) which have good thermal and chemical stability and three-dimensional network porous structure have been developed. The material was synthesized by sol-gel technology using lambda-cyhalothrin, trichlorphon and beta-cyfluthrin as model analytes. The special structural behavior makes the material have good capability to seizure and capture template molecules which enhanced the MISF’s recognition efficiency and the property of separation and enrichment. The material was environmental friendly and easy to operate. The binding characteristic of the imprinted film to the three pesticides was evaluated by equilibrium binding experiments. The SEM of the three MISF has been performed to characterize the morphology of MISF. The MISFs were combined with chemiluminescence (CL) technology by modifying the sol-gel into 96 micro-well plate to establish one molecular imprinting- chemiluminescence (MI-CL) sensor which realized high selectivity, sensitivity and high throughput simultaneous assay of three pesticides. The proposed method was successfully applied to the simultaneous determination of multi-component pesticide residue in foodstuff.

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8

Fustinoni, S., L. Campo, J. Liesivuori, S. Pennanen, T. Vergieva, LGPM van Amelsvoort, C. Bosetti, H. Van Loveren, and C. Colosio. "Biological monitoring and questionnaire for assessing exposure to ethylenebisdithiocarbamates in a multicenter European field study." Human & Experimental Toxicology 27, no. 9 (September 2008): 681–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327108100003.

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This study deals with pesticide exposure profile in some European countries with a specific focus on ethylenebisdithiocarbamates (EBDC). In all, 55 Bulgarian greenhouse workers, 51 Finnish potato farmers, 48 Italian vineyard workers, 42 Dutch floriculture farmers, and 52 Bulgarian zineb producers entered the study. Each group was matched with a group of not occupationally exposed subjects. Exposure data were gained through self-administered questionnaires and measuring ethylenethiourea (ETU) in two spot urine samples collected, respectively, before the beginning of seasonal exposure (T0), and after 30 days, at the end of the exposure period (T30). Controls underwent a similar protocol. Study agriculture workers were involved in mixing and loading pesticides, application of pesticide mixture with mechanical or manual equipments, re-entry activities, and cleaning equipments. Chemical workers were involved in synthesis, quality controls, and packing activities. The number of pesticides to whom these subjects were exposed varied from one (zineb production) to eight (potato farmers). The use of personal protective devices was variegate and regarded both aerial and dermal penetration routes. EBDC exposure, assessed by T30 urinary ETU, was found to follow the order: greenhouse workers, zineb producers, vineyard workers, potato farmers, floriculture farmers with median levels of 49.6, 23.0, 11.8, 7.5, and 0.9 μg/g creatinine; the last group having ETU at the same level of controls (~0.5 μg/g creatinine). Among agriculture workers, pesticide application, especially using manual equipment, seems to be the major determinant in explaining internal dose. Although the analysis of self-administered questionnaires evidenced difficulties especially related to lack and/or poor quality of reported data, biological monitoring confirms to be a powerful tool in assessing pesticide exposure.

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9

Nestroinaia, Olga, and Oksana Ponomarenko. "Synthesis of hybrid materials based on layered double hydroxides." Chemical Bulletin of Kazakh National University, no. 2 (June 29, 2019): 4–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.15328/cb1025.

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The use of pesticides adversely affects not only the environment, but also human health. A promising direction in solving this problem is to obtain hybrid materials capable of controlled release of pesticides. Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) can act as a matrix. Layered double hydroxides with intercalated glyphosate anions (MgAl-Gly-LDH) were synthesized by different methods: coprecipitation at constant pH (MgAl-Gly-LDH-c), synthesis under hydrothermal conditions (MgAl-Gly-LDH-ht), microwave method (MgAl-Gly-LDH-mw) and rehydration method (MgAl-Gly-LDH-re). All the synthesized samples were analyzed by X-ray phase analysis (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. It is shown that the methods of co-precipitation and synthesis under hydrothermal conditions are most suitable for the synthesis of hybrid materials. Samples of MgAl-Gly-LDH-ht and MgAl-Gly-LDH-c have a well-crystallized structure, unlike the sample of MgAl-Gly-LDH-re, in which the LDH phase is practically absent.

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10

Aggarwal, Nisha, Rajesh Kumar, Chitra Srivastva, Prem Dureja, and J. M. Khurana. "Synthesis of Nalidixic Acid Based Hydrazones as Novel Pesticides." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 58, no. 5 (March 10, 2010): 3056–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf904144e.

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11

Früh, Thomas, Philippe Chemla, Jürg Ehrler, and Saleem Farooq. "Natural products as pesticides: Two examples of stereoselective synthesis." Pesticide Science 46, no. 1 (January 1996): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-9063(199601)46:1<37::aid-ps339>3.0.co;2-k.

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12

Chen, Peiqi, Xiangmin Song, Yongmei Fan, Weihao Kong, Hao Zhang, and Ranfeng Sun. "Investigation of Novel Pesticides with Insecticidal and Antifungal Activities: Design, Synthesis and SAR Studies of Benzoylpyrimidinylurea Derivatives." Molecules 23, no. 9 (August 31, 2018): 2203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23092203.

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In order to find pesticides with insecticidal and antifungal activities, a series of novel benzoyl pyrimidinylurea derivatives were designed and synthesized. All target compounds were identified by 1H-NMR spectroscopy and HRMS. Insecticidal and antifungal activity of these compounds were evaluated and the structure-activity relationships (SAR) were clearly and comprehensively illustrated. Compound 7, with low toxicity to zebrafish (LC50 = 378.387 µg mL−1) showed 100% inhibition against mosquito (Culex pipiens pallens) at 0.25 µg mL−1. Both compounds 19 and 25 exhibited broad-spectrum fungicidal activity (>50% inhibitory activities against 13 phytopathogenic fungi), which were better than those of the commercial pesticide pyrimethanil (>50% inhibitory activities against eight phytopathogenic fungi). Furthermore, compounds 19 and 25 exhibited protective activity against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum on leaves of Brassica oleracea L. during in vivo experiments.

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13

Nejati, Kamellia, Sheida Ahmadi, Mohammad Nikpassand, Parvaneh Delir Kheirollahi Nezhad, and Esmail Vessally. "Diaryl ethers synthesis: nano-catalysts in carbon-oxygen cross-coupling reactions." RSC Advances 8, no. 34 (2018): 19125–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ra02818d.

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14

Lü, Yanchao, Qingqing Sun, Baolong Hu, Xiangli Chen, Rong Miao, and Yu Fang. "Synthesis and sensing applications of a new fluorescent derivative of cholesterol." New Journal of Chemistry 40, no. 2 (2016): 1817–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5nj02601f.

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15

Yang, Ruige, Ting Xu, Jiangping Fan, Qian Zhang, Ming Ding, Mengxing Huang, Li Deng, Yuchao Lu, and Yong Guo. "Natural products-based pesticides: Design, synthesis and pesticidal activities of novel fraxinellone derivatives containing N -phenylpyrazole moiety." Industrial Crops and Products 117 (July 2018): 50–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.02.088.

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16

Sharma, Anket, Vinod Kumar, Ashwani Kumar Thukral, and Renu Bhardwaj. "24-Epibrassinolide Restores the Synthesis of Proteins and Amino Acids in Brassica juncea L. Leaves Under Imidacloprid Stress." Journal of Horticultural Research 25, no. 2 (December 1, 2017): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/johr-2017-0024.

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Abstract Pesticides are applied to protect crops from a variety of insect pests but their application cause toxicity to plants that results, among others, in reduction of protein as well as amino acid contents. The present study is aimed at observing the effect of seed pre-soaking with 24-epibrassinolide (EBL) on the protein and amino acid content in the leaves of Brassica juncea L. grown in soil that is amended with pesticide im-idacloprid (IMI). Soil amendment with IMI resulted in a decrease in the contents in leaves of total proteins and 21 amino acids studied. Seed soaking with 100 nM of EBL resulted in the recovery of total protein as well as amino acid contents in leaves, when compared with plants grown in only IMI amended soils.

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17

SUI, Ke, Jia-Rong PAN, Lei WANG, Zhi-Wei WANG, Jie ZHAO, Yue-Ming ZHEN, Jie-Jing ZHUGE, and Wen-Bin PAN. "Synthesis and Identification of Generic Antigen for Ether Pyrethroid Pesticides." CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (CHINESE VERSION) 40, no. 8 (July 5, 2013): 1274–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1096.2012.11096.

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18

Koltai, Ernö, Ferenc Kling, and György Rutkai. "Pesticides labelled with 14C III. Synthesis of [6-14C]metribuzine." Journal of Labelled Compounds and Radiopharmaceuticals 38, no. 2 (February 1996): 169–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1344(199602)38:2<169::aid-jlcr818>3.0.co;2-s.

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19

Sumtsova, E. A., N. N. Stepanichenko, and A. A. Tyshchenko. "Synthesis of potential photoactive pharmacosomal Therapeutic transport systems and pesticides." Chemistry of Natural Compounds 31, no. 1 (January 1995): 140–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01167593.

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20

Koltai, Ernǒ, György Rutkai, and Ferenc Kling. "Pesticides labelled with 14C I. Synthesis of [6-14C]hexazinone." Journal of Labelled Compounds and Radiopharmaceuticals 36, no. 9 (September 1995): 899–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jlcr.2580360911.

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21

Mardiyana, Rina, Yusniar Hanani Darundiati, and Hanan Lanang Dangiran. "Hubungan Paparan Pestisida dengan Kejadian Stunting pada Anak Usia 2-5 Tahun di Kabupaten Magelang (Studi Kasus di Kecamatan Ngablak)." MEDIA KESEHATAN MASYARAKAT INDONESIA 19, no. 1 (December 27, 2019): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/mkmi.19.1.77-82.

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Latar Belakang: Stunting merupakan suatu kondisi kronis terhambatnya pertumbuhan yang ditentukan dengan menghitung skor Z indeks Tinggi Badan per Umur kurang dari -2 SD. Prevalensi stunting pada balita di Kecamatan Ngablak terus meningkat dari tahun 2016 sampai dengan 2018. Kecamatan Ngablak merupakan salah satu kecamatan di Kabupaten Magelang yang tingkat pemakaian pestisidanya cukup tinggi. Pestisida dapat mempengaruhi sintesis hormon tiroid sehingga dapat menyebabkan terjadinya gangguan pertumbuhan.Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menganalisis hubungan paparan pestisida dengan kejadian stunting pada anak usia 2-5 tahun di Kecamatan Ngablak Kabupaten Magelang.Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan jenis penelitian analitik observasional dengan desain studi case control. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah ibu yang memiliki anak usia 2-5 tahun di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Ngablak, sedangkan sampel dikelompokkan ke dalam kasus dan kontrol dengan 47 subjek disetiap kelompok yang ditentukan dengan teknik proporsional random sampling. Analisis dilakukan dengan menggunakan uji Chi Square.Hasil: Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara kebiasaan anak bermain di area pertanian (p=0,011), penyimpanan pestisida di dalam rumah (p=0,036), keterlibatan ibu dalam menyemprot (p=0,040), mencuci alat semprot (p=0,040), mencampur pestisida (p=0,040) dengan kejadian stunting dan tidak ada hubungan yang signifikan antara penggunaan insektisida didalam rumah (p=0,304) dengan kejadian stunting.Simpulan: Terdapat hubungan antara kebiasaan anak bermain di area pertanian, penyimpanan pestisida di dalam rumah, menyemprot, mencuci alat semprot, dan mencampu pestisida dengan kejadian stunting pada anak usia 2-5 tahun di Kecamatan Ngablak Kabupaten Magelang. Kata kunci: stunting, paparan pestisida, anak usia 2-5 tahun ABSTRACT Title: Pesticide Exposure with the Incidence of stunting in Children Aged 2-5 Years in Magelang Regency (Case Study in Ngablak District) Background: Stunting is a chronic condition of growth retardation determined by calculating Z score index body-length-for-age children with stunting is lower than -2 SD. The prevalence of stunting in children under five in Ngablak District continues to increase from 2016 to 2018. Ngablak District in one of the districts in Magelang Regency where the level of pesticide use is quite high. Pesticides can effect the synthesis of thyroid hormones so that they can cause growth disorders. The purpose of this study was to analyze the associated of exposure to pesticides with the incidence of stunting in children aged 2-5 years in Ngablak District, Magelang Regency. Method: This was observational analytic research with case control. The population was mothers who had children aged 2-5 years in the Ngablak District of this research, while the samples were divided into case and control group with 47 respondents in each group which proportioned using proportional random sampling technique. The analysis of the research was conducted by using Chi-Square test.Result: Result showed that there were significant relationship significant relationship between the habits of children playing in the agrucultural area (p = 0,011), storage of pesticides in the house (p = 0,036), involvement of the mother in spraying (p = 0,040), washing spray equipment (p = 0,040), mixing pesticides (p = 0,040) with the incidence of stunting and there are no significant relationship between insecticide use in the home (p = 0,304) with incidence of stunting.Conclusion: There was a relationship between the habits of children playing in the agricultural area, storing pesticides in the house, spraying, washing sprayers, and pesticides with the incidence of stunting in children aged 2-5 years in Ngablak District, Magelang Regency. Keywords: stunting, pesticide exposure, children aged 2-5 years

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22

Kamboh, Muhammad Afzal, Wan Aini Wan Ibrahim, Hamid Rashidi Nodeh, Mohd Marsin Sanagi, and Syed Tufail Hussain Sherazi. "The removal of organophosphorus pesticides from water using a new amino-substituted calixarene-based magnetic sporopollenin." New Journal of Chemistry 40, no. 4 (2016): 3130–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5nj02284c.

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This study describes the synthesis, characterization and application of a new amino-substituted p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene-based magnetic sporopollenin, Calix-EPPTMS-MS (4), for the removal of two toxic organophosphorus pesticides from water.

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23

Komori, Hanaka, Riho Hashizaki, Issey Osaka, Takao Hibi, Hajime Katano, and Shu Taira. "Nanoparticle-assisted laser desorption/ionization using sinapic acid-modified iron oxide nanoparticles for mass spectrometry analysis." Analyst 140, no. 24 (2015): 8134–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5an02081f.

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We describe the synthesis of new sinapic acid-functionalized iron oxide nanoparticles as a replacement for conventional chemical matrices to promote the ionization of small and large molecules such as pesticides, plant hormones, peptides, and proteins.

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24

Musarurwa, Herbert, and Nikita Tawanda Tavengwa. "Green aspects during synthesis, application and chromatographic analysis of chiral pesticides." Trends in Environmental Analytical Chemistry 27 (September 2020): e00093. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.teac.2020.e00093.

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25

Ghadimi, S., K. Asad-Samani, and A. A. Ebrahimi-Valmoozi. "Synthesis, spectroscopic characterization and structure-activity relationship of some phosphoramidothioate pesticides." Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society 8, no. 3 (September 2011): 717–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03245903.

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26

Liu, Xuelian, Dongyan Yang, Fahong Yin, Jia-Qi Li, Yumei Xiao, Bin Fu, and Zhaohai Qin. "The application of “plug-in molecules” method in novel strobilurin fungicides screening." RSC Advances 10, no. 70 (2020): 42804–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ra06263d.

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In this study, the “plug-in molecular” method was firstly used to screen new strobilurin fungicides. The results indicated this is a highly efficient screening method for active compounds with guiding significance for the synthesis of new pesticides.

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27

Zhang, Shuaihua, Qian Yang, Zhi Li, Wenchang Wang, Chun Wang, and Zhi Wang. "Zeolitic imidazole framework templated synthesis of nanoporous carbon as a novel fiber coating for solid-phase microextraction." Analyst 141, no. 3 (2016): 1127–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5an02059j.

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28

Maksimenko, L. V. "THE COMPARATIVE DESCRIPTION OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES BY THEIR DISTANT EFFECTS THAT ARE INTRODUCED TO THE ANIMALS’ ORGANISM BY MEANS OF INHALATION." I.P.Pavlov Russian Medical Biological Herald 14, no. 1 (March 9, 2006): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/pavlovj201716-13.

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The article is devoted to the study of toxicological effect of a number of pesticides and inters of their synthesis upon experimental animals` organisms: white mice, Black -6 mice and white rats. The author also investigates mutagenic and gonadotoxic effects.

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29

Nodeh, Hamid Rashidi, Wan Aini Wan Ibrahim, Muhammad Afzal Kamboh, and Mohd Marsin Sanagi. "Dispersive graphene-based silica coated magnetic nanoparticles as a new adsorbent for preconcentration of chlorinated pesticides from environmental water." RSC Advances 5, no. 93 (2015): 76424–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra13450a.

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The present study describes the synthesis, characterization and application of new graphene-based silica coated magnetic nanoparticles (Fe₃O₄@SiO₂–G) for the simultaneous preconcentration of four chlorinated pesticides from contaminated water.

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30

Melnychuk, F. S., О. A. Marchenko, A. P. Shatkovskyi, L. M. Melnychuk, М. S. Retman, and О. M. Nichiporuk. "STATUS AND ASPECTS OF STUDYING THE PESTICIDES INFLUENCE ON PRODUCTIVE PROCESSES AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY." Міжвідомчий тематичний науковий збірник "Меліорація і водне господарство", no. 2 (December 12, 2019): 209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/mivg201902-188.

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Relevance of research. Ukraine's agriculture is one of the world leaders in production and export. The assortment of chemical plant protection products by status on 2019 which used in agriculture has more than two thousand preparations based on hundreds of active substances. In today's difficult climatic conditions, crop growing requires the use of a scientific approach, innovative technology and the introduction of new technologies. One of these is pestigation (irrigation pesticide application), which allows a uniform distribution and precise placement of chemicals independently of weather or field conditions. The selection of a modern assortment of chemicals that can be effectively used in pest control against certain harmful organisms is one of the actual directions of irrigation and requires research in different soil and climatic zones of Ukraine. The purpose of the study is to investigate the peculiarities of the pesticides application in integrated protection systems and the environmental safety of their use on the example of non-target objects. Materials and methods of research. Methods of scientific analysis and synthesis, generalization of the results of field and laboratory analyzes were used in the study, which included: - phyto-expertise of seed and plant material; - rapid analyzes during the growing season of crops; - agrochemical analysis of soils; - detailed soil analysis; - study of environmental hazards of chemicals for aquatic, soil and terrestrial ecosystems: - detailed analysis of water. The application of plant protection products makes it possible to improve the ecological condition of agrocenosis, the conditions of the working area, while increasing crop productivity. Application methods of plant protection reagents with irrigation water and combined protection schemes for row crops, which are used in integrated crop protection systems, are presented. It has been established that one of the significant disadvantage of application plant protection reagents with irrigation water is the limitation of the pesticide treatment time. The developed combined scheme for the row crops protection provides for the prophylactic treatment of pesticide in a short time by the traditional way, depending on the phytosanitary condition of the crops, which provides a significant increase of yield compared to other methods of application. It has also been proven that effectiveness of plant protection reagents is not the same against certain targets upon application different methods of pesticides treatment . Therefore, it is noted that for developing technological schemes for protecting crops against harmful organisms, it is necessary to thoroughly study the phytosanitary situation in the area where crops are located and to determine the targets for which pesticides are applied. The directions of research on the influence of pesticides on ecosystems are given, namely, the environmental safety of pesticides for the soil ecosystem (toxic effects on groundworms and microorganisms), the aquatic ecosystem (toxic effects on fish, daphnia, and algae) and the terrestrial ecosystem (toxic effects on birds and bees). It is noted that one of the methods to prevent the harmful effects of toxic substances on non-target objects of ecosystems is hygienic regulation of their use. Ecological and toxicological assessment of pesticides was carried out by determining their toxicity after a single injection in a sharp experiment, which allows determining the species susceptibility of a living organism to a chemical reagent. Probit’ analysis method was used to calculate the toxicity in the analysis of the various drugs effects which is the most exact at the present time. The influence of agrochemicals on the structural and functional changes in the microbial cenosis of the soil was determined by a quantitative analysis of agronomical valuable ecological and trophic and taxonomic groups of microorganisms, by assessing the rate of respiration of the soil by the amount of carbon dioxide released. The tendencies of search and fundamental research in the water management field and land reclamation were analyzed in order to improve modern approaches to plant growing.

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Atta, Sadia, Mehreen Fatima, Atif Islam, Nafisa Gull, and Misbah Sultan. "Grafting of Silica Particles with Linoleic Acid via Modified Stober’s Method for Preconcenrtration of Pesticides in Drinking Water." Key Engineering Materials 778 (September 2018): 316–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.778.316.

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The extensive use of pesticides in agricultur has raised toxicity level in environment because of their mutagenic and carcinogenic activity. A sensitive technique is needed to develop for the detection of pesticides to get high sensitivity and selectivity in complex matrices. Modified Stober‘s method was used for the synthesis of pure SiO2 particles and grafted by linoleic acid. Grafted SiO2 were examined for its capability as a sorbent for removal and preconcentration of four organochlorine pesticides i.e. endrin, dieldrin, aldrin and DDT. The particles of SiO2 undergo hydrophobic interaction with linoleic acid by grafting. Both pure SiO2 and linoleic acid grafted SiO2 particles were characterized by SEM, FTIR and XRD. FTIR confirmed the grafting of SiO2 with linoleic acid. XRD and SEM results showed monodispersed and spherical SiO2 particles. The evaluation of grafted SiO2 was carried out by spiking organochlorine pesticides in drinking water. The grafted SiO2 particles could be used as a sorbent in solid phase extraction followed by high performance liquid chromatography with reverse phase C18 column with aqueous acetonitrile as a mobile phase with ultraviolet detector at 224 nm. The percent recoveries for aldrin, dieldin, endrin and DDT were 81, 52, 60 and 91%, respectively.

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Krutošíková, Alžbeta, Miloslava Dandárová, and Václav Konečný. "Synthesis of compounds related to 2,6-dialkylphenylhydrazines." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 55, no. 11 (1990): 2707–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19902707.

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2,6-Dialkylphenylhydrazines were the starting materials for the synthesis of 2,3-dichloro- and 2,3-dibromo-4-(2',6'-dialkylphenylhydrazino)butenoic acids Ia-If and 3-(2',6'-dialkylphenylhydrazinocarbonyl)propionic acids IIIa-IIIc. Compounds IIIa-IIIc cyclized to give 2-(2,6-dialkylphenyl)-2,3-dihydropyridazine-3,6-diones Va-Vc. Chloro-, bromo- and dichloromaleic anhydride reacted with the starting hydrazines to furnish N-(2',6'-dialkylphenylamino)maleimides IVa-IVi. N-((2,2,2-Trichloro-1-formylamino)ethyl)-2,6-dialkylphenylhydrazines VIa-VIc, obtained from the starting hydrazines and N-(1,2,2,2-tetrachloroethyl)formamide together with other products were tested as pesticides.

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Nyankson, Emmanuel, Benjamin Agyei-Tuffour, Jonas Adjasoo, Annan Ebenezer, David Dodoo-Arhin, Abu Yaya, Bismark Mensah, and Johnson Kwame Efavi. "Synthesis and Application of Fe-Doped TiO2-Halloysite Nanotubes Composite and Their Potential Application in Water Treatment." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2019 (December 12, 2019): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/4270310.

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In this work, the potential application of TiO2-Fe-HNT photocatalyst-adsorbent composite in water treatment technologies was confirmed. The photocatalyst-adsorbent composite (TiO2-Fe-HNTs) was synthesized by the hydrothermal method and characterized by X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The adsorption and photocatalysis mechanism by the TiO2-Fe-HNT composite were examined on methylene blue dye, rhodamine blue dye, naproxen sodium (pharmaceutical drug waste), and imidacloprid (pesticide). The TiO2-Fe-HNT composite was active in UV and visible regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. The adsorption and photocatalytic efficiency increased with increasing amount of HNTs. The photocatalyst-adsorbent composite exhibited excellent removal efficiency for pharmaceutical waste (naproxen sodium) and pesticides (imidacloprid). An adsorption equilibrium data fitted well with the pseudo-second-order kinetics for both methylene blue and rhodamine blue dyes with the intraparticle model describing its rate-controlling steps. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models further described the adsorption of methylene blue and rhodamine blue molecules, respectively.

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Arisawa, Mieko, and Masahiko Yamaguchi. "Rhodium-Catalyzed Synthesis of Organosulfur Compounds using Sulfur." Synlett 30, no. 14 (July 2, 2019): 1621–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1611867.

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Sulfur is one of the few elements that occurs uncombined in nature. Sulfur atoms are found in natural amino acids and vitamins. In the chemical industry, organosulfur compounds are used for fabricating rubber, fibers, and dyes, pharmaceuticals, and pesticides. Although sulfur, which is cheap and easy to handle, is a useful source of sulfur atom in functional organosulfur compounds, it is rarely used in organic synthesis. Activation of sulfur by high temperature, light irradiation, treatment with nucleophiles and electrophiles, and redox conditions often results in the formation of various active sulfur species, which complicate reactions. The development of a method that mildly activates sulfur is therefore desired. The use of transition-metal catalysts is a new method of activating sulfur under mild conditions, and, in this article, we describe the rhodium-catalyzed synthesis of various organosulfur compounds by the insertion of sulfur atoms into single bonds and by the addition of sulfur to unsaturated bond in various organic compounds.1 Introduction2 Sulfur Activation without using Transition Metal3 Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Activation of Sulfur4 Rhodium-Catalyzed Reactions using Sulfur4.1 Rhodium-Catalyzed Sulfur Atom Exchange Reactions using Sulfur4.2 Synthesis of Diaryl Sulfides using Rhodium-Catalyzed Exchange Reaction of Aryl Fluorides and Sulfur/Organopolysulfides4.3 Rhodium-Catalyzed Synthesis of Isothiocyanate using Sulfur4.4 Rhodium-Catalyzed Sulfur Addition Reaction to Alkenes for Thiiranes Synthesis4.5 Rhodium-Catalyzed Sulfur Addition Reaction to Alkynes for 1,4-Dithiins Synthesis5 Conclusion

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Marwanto, Andriana, Onny Setiani, and Suhartono Suhartono. "Hubungan Pajanan Pestisida dengan Kejadian Goiter pada Anak Usia Sekolah Dasar di Area Pertanian Hortikultura Kecamatan Ngablak Kabupaten Magelang." JURNAL KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN INDONESIA 17, no. 2 (October 1, 2018): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jkli.17.2.104-111.

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Latarbelakang:Intensitas penggunaan pestisida yang berlebihan dan pelaksanaan penyemprotan yang tidak sesuai aturan dapat mengakibatkan masalah kesehatan bagi anak-anak, yang secara langsung maupun tidak langsung terpajan oleh pestisida. Pestisida dapat mengganggu proses sintesis dan metabolisme hormon tiroid dengan mengganggu reseptor TSH (TSH-r) di kelenjar tiroid. Kelenjar tersebut membesar sebagai kompensasi untuk meningkatkan output hormon tiroid. Pembengkakan leher akibat pembesaran kelenjar tiroiddisebutgoiter. Kelainan kelenjar tiroid pada anak-anak dapat mengakibatkan gangguan tumbuh kembang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan riwayat pajanan pestisida dengan kejadian goiter pada siswa-siswa SD di wilayah pertanian hortikultura wilayah kerja Puskesmas Ngablak Kecamatan Ngablak Kabupaten Magelang.Metode:Penelitian ini menggunakan desain Case control (kasus control). Sampel pada penelitian ini adalah 60 siswa kelas 4-6 yang terdiri dari 20 siswa yang mengalami goiter sebagai kasus dan 40 siswa sebagai kontrol. Data diperoleh dari hasil pemeriksaan kadar UEI dalam urine dan wawancara.Hasil:sebanyak 60 % respondenpada kelompok kasus mempunyai riwayat pajanan pestisida dan kadar Ekskresi Iodium Urin (EIU)pada anak mempunyai nilai rata rata (Mean) 176,183µg/L dengan kisaran 30 µg/L - 291µg/L, nilai median 182µg/L. Riwayat pajanan pestisida secara signifikan berhubungan dengan kejadian goiter dengannilai p-value: 0,013 (p<0,05), OR; 5,41 95% CI; 1,53-19,12 Simpulan:Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah riwayat pajanan pestisida dalam hal keterlibatan anak pada kegiatan pertanian merupakan faktor resiko terhadap kejadian goiter. ABSTRACTTitle: Exposure Pesticide Associated with Incidence of Goiter in Elementary School Students in the Areas of Agriculture in Sub District Ngablak District MagelangBackground:The intensity and excessive use of pesticides and spraying methods which not appropriate may cause health problems to farmers exposed directly as well as children who are indirectly exposed to pesticide. Pesticides can disrupt the synthesis process and thyroid hormone metabolism by disturbing the TSH receptor (TSH-r) in thyroid gland. The gland is enlarged as a compensation to increase thyroid hormone output. swelling of the neck from an enlarged thyroid gland is called Goiter. Thyroid unloyment caused by inhibition of thyroid hormone synthesis may cause growth disorders. The purpose of this study was to determine the exposure pesticide associated to the incidence of Goiter in elementary school students in agriculture areas at the Sub District NgablakMagelang.Method:This study was observational study with case control design. The sample in this study were 60 students of grade 4-6 consisting of 20 students who incidence goiter as the case and 40 students as control. The data Data was taken from UEI examination results in urine and interview. Result:That 60% of respondents in the case group had a history of pesticide exposure and iodine excretion level of Urine (EIU) in children had mean of 176,183 μg / L with a range of 30 μg / L - 291 μg / L, median value 182 μg/L. The history of pesticide exposure was significantly related to goiter events with p-value values: 0.013 (p <0.05), OR; 5.41 95% CI; 1.53-19.12.Conclusion:This study concluded thathistory of pesticide exposure in terms of children's involvement in agricultural activities is a risk factor to g incidence of Goiter

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Liu, Si, Li-Zhi Niu, Yan-Hua Shi, Fu-Xian Wan, and Lin Jiang. "Design, Synthesis and Antifungal Activity of Novel 1-(Adamantan-1-yl) ethanone Oxime Esters." Letters in Drug Design & Discovery 17, no. 5 (May 18, 2020): 526–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570180816666190329225307.

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Background: Oxime compounds, including oxime ethers and oxime esters, possess various biological activities. Many oxime ethers have been widely used in the fields of pesticides and medicines. However, oxime ethers are rarely used in the field of pesticides. Methods: We chose the excellent fungicide pyrifenox as the lead compound, integrated pyridinyl, adamantyl and benzoyl moieties into one molecule, while also designed and synthesized ten 1- (adamantan-1-yl)ethanone oxime esters containing pyridinyl moiety. Moreover, we also evaluated their preliminary antifungal activities against S. sclerotiorum and B. cinerea. Results: The target compounds were characterized by NMR, IR and HRMS. The preliminary bioactivity test showed that they exhibited some antifungal activity to S. sclerotiorum and B. cinerea, and EC50 values were in the range of 14.16-32.97 and 27.60-52.82 μg/mL, respectively. Conclusion: Some target compounds such as 3d, 3e, 3h and 3i, exhibited moderate activities against S. sclerotiorum, with EC50 values of 14.16-18.18 μg/mL.

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Guo, Yihang, Yuanhong Wang, Changwen Hu, Yonghui Wang, Enbo Wang, Yongchun Zhou, and Shouhua Feng. "Microporous Polyoxometalates POMs/SiO2: Synthesis and Photocatalytic Degradation of Aqueous Organocholorine Pesticides." Chemistry of Materials 12, no. 11 (November 2000): 3501–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm000074+.

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Zhang, Biao, Jun Yan, Yingqi Shang, and Zhonggang Wang. "Synthesis of Fluorescent Micro- and Mesoporous Polyaminals for Detection of Toxic Pesticides." Macromolecules 51, no. 5 (February 20, 2018): 1769–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.7b02669.

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Chandra Sekhar Reddy, Gangireddy, Chinthaparthi Radha Rani, Mudumala Veera Narayana Reddy, and Cirandur Suresh Reddy. "An Elegant Microwave Assisted One-Pot Synthesis of Di(α-aminophosphonate) Pesticides." Archiv der Pharmazie 347, no. 11 (August 21, 2014): 819–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ardp.201400213.

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Cho, Young Ae, Jin-Ah Seok, Hye-Sung Lee, Yoo Jung Kim, Yong Chae Park, and Yong Tae Lee. "Synthesis of haptens of organophosphorus pesticides and development of immunoassays for fenitrothion." Analytica Chimica Acta 522, no. 2 (September 2004): 215–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2004.05.083.

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41

Shipov, A. E., G. K. Genkina, O. I. Artyushin, Z. O. Mndzhoyan, B. E. Gushchin, E. I. Chumakova, S. A. Roslavtseva, et al. "Synthesis and physiological activity of new organophosphorus pesticides of 1,3,2-oxazaphosphorinane series." Russian Chemical Bulletin 44, no. 11 (November 1995): 2147–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00696722.

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42

Iqbal, Amna, Atta ul Haq, Gabriel Antonio Cerrón-Calle, Syed Ali Raza Naqvi, Paul Westerhoff, and Sergi Garcia-Segura. "Green Synthesis of Flower-Shaped Copper Oxide and Nickel Oxide Nanoparticles via Capparis decidua Leaf Extract for Synergic Adsorption-Photocatalytic Degradation of Pesticides." Catalysts 11, no. 7 (June 30, 2021): 806. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11070806.

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Green manufacturing of catalysts enables sustainable advanced oxidation processes and water treatment processes for removing trace contaminants such as pesticides. An environmentally friendly biosynthesis process produced high-surface-area CuO and NiO nanocatalysts using phytochemicals in the Capparis decidua leaf extract, which served as a reductant and influenced catalyst shape. Capparis decidua is a bushy shrub, widely distributed in dry and arid regions of Africa, Pakistan, India, Egypt, Jordan, Sudan, Saudi Arabia. The synthesized CuO and NiO nanoparticles were characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy (UV-vis), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermo-gravimetric analysis/differential thermal analysis (TGA/DTA). The produced nanoparticles were spherical and flower-like in shape and have a characteristic face-centered cubic structure of CuO and NiO. Biosynthesized catalysts were photoactive and degraded recalcitrant pesticide Lambda-cyhalothrin (L-CHT). Photocatalytic degradation of L-CHT was affected by the initial L-CHT concentration, solution pH levels between 5 and 9, and photocatalyst concentration. The L-CHT removal percentage attained by CuO photocatalyst (~99%) was higher than for NiO photocatalyst (~89%). The degradation of L-CHT follows a pseudo-first-order kinetic model, and the apparent rate constant (kapp) decreased from 0.033 min−1 for CuO to 0.0084 min−1 for NiO photocatalyst. The novel flower-shaped nanoparticles demonstrated high stability in water and recyclability for removing L-CHT pesticide contamination in water.

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Al-Azmi, Amal. "Pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines: A Close Look into their Synthesis and Applications." Current Organic Chemistry 23, no. 6 (July 4, 2019): 721–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1385272823666190410145238.

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Pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines are fused N-heterocyclic systems of a pyrazole. They are considered as a key structural motif in many vital applications, such as medicinal, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, dyes and pigments. Their synthetic routes have escalated dramatically in the last decades. The current review is a recent synthetic survey of pyrazolo[ 1,5-a]pyrimidines and their applications until recently.

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Gan, Tian, Jiebin Li, Hanxiao Li, Yangxiao Liu, and Zhihong Xu. "Synthesis of Au nanorod-embedded and graphene oxide-wrapped microporous ZIF-8 with high electrocatalytic activity for the sensing of pesticides." Nanoscale 11, no. 16 (2019): 7839–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9nr01101c.

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Feng, Song, Junqin Wang, Lihua Zhang, Qin Chen, Wang Yue, Ni Ke, and Haibo Xie. "Coumarin-Containing Light-Responsive Carboxymethyl Chitosan Micelles as Nanocarriers for Controlled Release of Pesticide." Polymers 12, no. 10 (October 1, 2020): 2268. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12102268.

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Currently, controlled release formulations (CRFs) of pesticides in response to biotic and/or abiotic stimuli have shown great potential for providing “on-demand” smart release of loaded active ingredients. In this study, amphiphilic biopolymers were prepared by introducing hydrophobic (7-diethylaminocoumarin-4-yl)methyl succinate (DEACMS) onto the main chain of hydrophilic carboxymethylchitosan (CMCS) via the formation of amide bonds which were able to self-assemble into spherical micelles in aqueous media and were utilized as light-responsive nanocarriers for the controlled release of pesticides. FTIR and NMR characterizations confirmed the successful synthesis of the CMCS-DEACMS conjugate. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) decreased with the increase in the substitution of DEACMS on CMCS, which ranged from 0.013 to 0.042 mg/mL. Upon irradiation under simulated sunlight, the hydrodynamic diameter, morphology, photophysical properties and photolysis were researched by means of dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), UV-vis absorption spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy. Moreover, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) was used as a model pesticide and encapsulated into the CMCS-DEACMS micelles. In these micelle formulations, the release of 2,4-D was promoted upon simulated sunlight irradiation, during which the coumarin moieties were cleaved from the CMCS backbone, resulting in a shift of the hydrophilic–hydrophobic balance and destabilization of the micelles. Additionally, bioassay studies suggested that this 2,4-D contained which micelles showed good bioactivity on the target plant without harming the nontarget plant. Thereby, the light-responsive CMCS-DEACMS micelles bearing photocleavable coumarin moieties provide a smart delivery platform for agrochemicals.

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Portilla Zuniga, Omar Miguel, Angel Gabriel Sathicq, Jose Jobanny Martinez Zambrano, and Gustavo Pablo Romanelli. "Green Synthesis of Pyrrole Derivatives." Current Organic Synthesis 14, no. 6 (September 28, 2017): 865–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570179414666161206124318.

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Background: Pyrroles are organic cyclic compounds with an extensive and fascinating chemistry. These compounds have a wide structural variety and they are an important basis in technological development as they can be used as drugs, dyes, catalysts, pesticides, etc. Therefore, the production of these heterocyclic compounds by efficient clean methodologies is a great achievement in contemporary chemistry. In this paper, we show recent green procedures in the synthesis of pyrrole derivatives such as Hantzsch, Knorr and Paal- Knorr syntheses, as well as new eco-friendly synthetic procedures with high efficiency and low environmental impact. Objective: This work focusses on the recent advances in the pyrrole synthesis using clean techniques like ultrasound (US), microwaves (MW), high speed vibration milling (HSVM), catalysts use, solvent replace and other methodologies applied to common reactions to obtain the pyrrole core which follow the green chemistry principles. Conclusion: The main challenge of Green Chemistry is to gradually eliminate the generation of hazardous or harmful materials or replace them with less toxic and safer ones. However, this process must be driven by scientific developments. Its application in the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds such as pyrrole derivatives involves multiple economic and social benefits due to the biological importance of these compounds and their direct impact on the pharmaceutical industry. Although many processes are still under investigation using novel methodologies of green activation such as microwaves, ultrasound and HSVM, as well as synthetic processes in continuous flow and processes at room temperature, promising results such as cost and waste reduction and greater efficiency are achieved.

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Aguilera-Ruiz, E., M. de la Garza-Galván, P. Zambrano-Robledo, J. C. Ballesteros-Pacheco, J. Vazquez-Arenas, J. Peral, and U. M. García-Pérez. "Facile synthesis of visible-light-driven Cu2O/BiVO4 composites for the photomineralization of recalcitrant pesticides." RSC Adv. 7, no. 73 (2017): 45885–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ra08513c.

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In the present study, a facile synthesis of visible-light-driven Cu₂O/BiVO₄ composites, with different Cu₂O co-catalysts, towards to the mineralization of 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) in aqueous media is reported.

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Staley, Zachery R., Valerie J. Harwood, and Jason R. Rohr. "A synthesis of the effects of pesticides on microbial persistence in aquatic ecosystems." Critical Reviews in Toxicology 45, no. 10 (November 13, 2015): 813–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10408444.2015.1065471.

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RUTTER, ANDREW J., JUAN SANCHEZ, and JOHN L. HARWOOD. "The Effects of Pesticides on Lipid Synthesis in Olive Fruits and Tissue Cultures." Biochemical Society Transactions 22, no. 3 (August 1, 1994): 259S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst022259s.

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CHANDE, M. S., R. S. JAGTAP, and R. N. SHARMA. "ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Insecticidal Activities of New Organophosphorus Pesticides Containing Heterocyclic Nuclei." ChemInform 26, no. 52 (August 13, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199552131.

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