Journal articles: 'PET and PP Blends'

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Zdrazilova, Natalie, Berenika Hausnerova, Takeshi Kitano, and Petr Saha. "Rheological Behaviour of PP/PET and Modified PP/PET Blends. I. Steady State Flow Properties." Polymers and Polymer Composites 11, no. 6 (2003): 487–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739110301100607.

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Both polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) constitute a significant portion of post-consumer waste. To improve the recycling of immiscible PP/PET blends, a compatibiliser should be utilised. The steady shear flow properties of unmodified and modified PP/PET blends having up to 50 wt.% PET were investigated and compared in this study. Three types of PPs with different flow properties were used to ascertain the influence of the matrix on the blend's rheology. The effect of modification on the rheological properties was evaluated in two ways - firstly, the addition of 1 wt.% of maleic anhydride (MA), and secondly, the use of already modified polypropylene. According to the morphological observations, an improvement in compatibility was found in both cases. The shear viscosity and the first normal stress difference were measured using a rotational cone and plate rheometer at 265°C (when both PET and PP are molten), and 245°C (when only PP has melted). Completely different behaviour was observed under these two temperature conditions. At 265°C, the shear viscosity decreases with PET content in the blend, while at 245°C it increases, thus recalling the behaviour of particle-filled systems. The addition of maleic anhydride affects the shear viscosity in various ways; a decrease, an increase, and some almost unchanged values were obtained. Concerning the first normal stress difference, an even more complex situation occurs, and the effect of modification by MA is also ambiguous. Furthermore, the deviations from the log-additivity rule were evaluated in terms of the shear viscosity and the first normal stress difference. From the results, it can be supposed that PP-X/PET samples were compatibilised successfully, and strong interphase interactions could be expected. Finally, the yield values of shear stress determined at 245°C showed a generally increasing tendency with increasing PET content.

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Inuwa, Ibrahim Mohammed, Azman Hassan, and Sani Amril Samsudin. "Effect of Compatibilizer Content on the Mechanical and Morphological Properties of PET/PP (70/30) Blends." Applied Mechanics and Materials 735 (February 2015): 70–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.735.70.

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This work investigates the effect of compatibilizer concentration on the mechanical properties of compatibilized polyethylene terephthalate (PET) /polypropylene (PP) blends. A blend containing 70 % (wt) PET, 30 % (wt) PP and 5 - 15 phr compatibilizers were compounded using counter rotating twin screw extruder and fabricated into standard test samples using injection molding. The compatibilizer used is styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene grafted maleic anhydride triblock copolymer (SEBS-g-MAH). Morphological studies show that the particle size of the dispersed PP phase is dependent on the compatibilizer content up to 10 phr. Impact strength and elongation at break showed maximum values with the addition of 10 phr SEBS-g-MAH and a corresponding decrease in flexural and young’s moduli; and strengths.. Overall the mechanical properties of PET/PP blends depend on the control of the morphology of the blend and can be achieved by effective compatibilization using 10 phr SEBS-g-MAH.

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Mi, Dashan, Yingxiong Wang, Maja Kuzmanovic, et al. "Effects of Phase Morphology on Mechanical Properties: Oriented/Unoriented PP Crystal Combination with Spherical/Microfibrillar PET Phase." Polymers 11, no. 2 (2019): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11020248.

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In situ microfibrillation and multiflow vibrate injection molding (MFVIM) technologies were combined to control the phase morphology of blended polypropylene (PP) and poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), wherein PP is the majority phase. Four kinds of phase structures were formed using different processing methods. As the PET content changes, the best choice of phase structure also changes. When the PP matrix is unoriented, oriented microfibrillar PET can increase the mechanical properties at an appropriate PET content. However, if the PP matrix is an oriented structure (shish-kebab), only the use of unoriented spherical PET can significantly improve the impact strength. Besides this, the compatibilizer polyolefin grafted maleic anhydride (POE-g-MA) can cover the PET in either spherical or microfibrillar shape to form a core–shell structure, which tends to improve both the yield and impact strength. We focused on the influence of all composing aspects—fibrillation of the dispersed PET, PP matrix crystalline morphology, and compatibilized interface—on the mechanical properties of PP/PET blends as well as potential synergies between these components. Overall, we provided a theoretical basis for the mechanical recycling of immiscible blends.

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Perera, R., C. Rosales, M. A. Araque, and M. A. Coelho. "Composites of Pet and PBT/PP with Bentonite." Advanced Materials Research 47-50 (June 2008): 1019–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.47-50.1019.

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The need for solid-waste management has pushed the development of alternative systems for recycling and revalue used plastic containers. Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) is being widely used as raw material for beverage bottles. However, as has been widely reported, PET undergoes degradation and hydrolysis when reprocessed. On the other hand, poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) is another thermoplastic polyester with easy processability but high brittleness and cost. Hence, it has been blended with other polymers such as polypropylene to overcome its disadvantages. In this work, bentonite was incorporated into recycled PET and PBT/polypropylene blends by extrusion. Rheological and tensile properties and processability of the composites thus prepared were studied. Results showed a strong newtonean character of extrudates of recycled PET and higher viscosities and a more pseudoplastic behavior and improved reprocessability when bentonite was added to PET. Furthermore, inclusion of the filler increased its initial degradation temperature, as observed during rheological testing. All composites displayed a brittle behavior. However, the tensile properties of PET composites were not strongly deteriorated. There was a slight increase in the Young’s modulus values and in the tensile strength, with unnoticeable effects on the elongation at break. The Young’s modulus values of PBT/PP composites were not significantly affected.

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Lin, Xin Tu, Qing Rong Qian, Li Ren Xiao, et al. "Compatibility Effect of Reactive Copolymers on the Morphology, Rheology, and Mechanical Properties of Recycled Poly(ethylene terephthalate)/Polypropylene Blends." Advanced Materials Research 893 (February 2014): 254–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.893.254.

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Glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) grafted ethyleneoctene multi-block copolymer (OBC) in the presence of the styrene (St) monomer (OBC-g-(GMA-co-St)) was prepared and then used as a compatibilizer for recycled Poly (ethylene terephthalate)/Polypropylene (R-PET/PP) blends. The morphological, rheological and mechanical properties of the blends were investigated. The results show that the compatibilization between R-PET and PP blends is improved by the introduction of OBC-g-(GMA-co-St). The SEM results show that all R-PET/PP blends exhibit a matrix-dispersed droplet type morphology, and the addition of OBC-g-(GMA-co-St) results in a finer morphology and better adhension between the phases. In addition, the storage moduli (G'), loss moduli (G") and the Charpy impact strength of the blends increase with increasing OBC-g-(GMA-co-St) content, while the the flexural strength decreases slightly.

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JANIK, JOLANTA, STANISLAW LENART, WACLAW KROLIKOWSKI, and PIOTR PENCZEK. "Polymer blends PET/PE-LD and PET/PP with a new compatibilizer." Polimery 49, no. 06 (2004): 432–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.14314/polimery.2004.432.

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López-Manchado, M. A., and M. Arroyo. "Optimization of Composites Based on PP/Elastomer Blends and Short Pet Fibers." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 74, no. 2 (2001): 189–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3544943.

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Abstract The physical and mechanical properties of ternary composites based on isotactic polypropylene (iPP) and ethylene—octene copolymer blends reinforced with poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) fibers have been studied. In order to evaluate the effect of the matrix composition and fiber content on the final properties of the composite, an experimental design based on a Doehlert Uniform Net has been employed. The results show that PET fibers behave as a reinforcing agent for PP/ethylene—octene copolymer blends, this effect being more evident at high copolymer percentages in the blend. It is important to notice that the analyzed mechanical properties are more dependent on matrix composition than on fiber percentage. So, as PP content is increased, the blend becomes more rigid and stable, and a noticeable increase in tensile and flexural modulus and strength are observed. Moreover, dynamic mechanical measurements provide a further confirmation of the reinforcing effect of these fibers. A displacement of the glass-transition temperature ((Tg)) of the elastomeric phase to higher temperatures is observed as fiber content in the composite increased. The morphology of the composites has been also analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Good interfacial adhesion between fibers and matrix is observed, especially when the copolymer is the continuous phase. Hence, it is possible to correlate good interaction at the fiber—matrix interface with an improvement of composite properties.

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Çavuş, Fatma Kosovalı, Murat Beken, and Yeşim Özcanlı. "An Sem Study of Pp/Pet Blends." Journal of Engineering Technology and Applied Sciences 1, no. 3 (2016): 127–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.30931/jetas.297612.

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Wang, Yingxiong, Dashan Mi, Laurens Delva, Ludwig Cardon, Jie Zhang, and Kim Ragaert. "New Approach to Optimize Mechanical Properties of the Immiscible Polypropylene/Poly (Ethylene Terephthalate) Blend: Effect of Shish-Kebab and Core-Shell Structure." Polymers 10, no. 10 (2018): 1094. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym10101094.

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Improving the mechanical properties of immiscible PP/PET blend is of practical significance especially in the recycling process of multi-layered plastic solid waste. In this work, a multi-flow vibration injection molding technology (MFVIM) was hired to convert the crystalline morphology of the PP matrix from spherulite into shish-kebab. POE–g–MA was added as compatibilizer, and results showed that the compatibilization effect consisted in the formation of a core-shell structure by dispersing the POE–g–MA into the PP matrix to encapsulate the PET. It was found that the joint action of shish-kebab crystals and spherical core-shell structure enabled excellent mechanical performance with a balance of strength and toughness for samples containing 10 wt % PET and 4 wt % POE–g–MA, of which the yield strength and impact strengths were 50.87 MPa and 13.71 kJ/m2, respectively. This work demonstrates a new approach to optimize mechanical properties of immiscible PP/PET blends, which is very meaningful for the effective recycling of challenging plastic wastes.

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Potiyaraj, Pranut, Supachok Tanpichai, and Prompoom Phanwiroj. "Physical Properties of PP/Recycled PET Blends Prepared by Pulverization Technique." Advanced Materials Research 488-489 (March 2012): 109–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.488-489.109.

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Polymer blends between pristine polypropylene (PP) and post-consumer soft-drink PET bottles (rPET) were prepared using pulverization technique. The polymer mixtures were pulverized, at the amounts of rPET in PP of 0, 10, 15, 20 and 30 phr (parts per hundred of resin) by weight, into powder. In an extruder, the polymer powders were mixed with maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene (MAPP) and polyethylene wax (PE wax) as a compatibilizer and a processing aid, respectively. The extrudates were prepared into test specimens by injection molding. Physical properties of PP/rPET blends were subsequently investigated. The results pointed out that, for the pulverized blends without compatibilizer, tensile and flexural strength were improved at the lower amount of rPET. The compatibilizing effect of MAPP was exhibited at the higher amount of rPET. The reduction of melt flow index (MFI) may cause difficulties for some processing techniques which required polymers with high MFI. The addition of PE wax successfully brought up the MFI as well as elongation at break while other mechanical properties decreased.

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Ignaczak, Wojciech, Kinga Wiśniewska, Jolanta Janik, and Mirosława El Fray. "Mechanical and thermal properties of PP/PBT blends compatibilized with triblock thermoplastic elastomer." Polish Journal of Chemical Technology 17, no. 3 (2015): 78–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pjct-2015-0053.

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Abstract A linear triblock copolymer, poly(styrene-b-etylene/butylene-b-styrene)(SEBS) thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) grafted with maleic anhydride was used for compatibilization of PP/PBT blends. PP/PBT blends of different mass ratios 60/40, 50/50, 40/60 were mixed with 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 wt.% of SEBS copolymer in a twin screw extruder. Differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic mechanical analysis were performed to define the phase structure of PP/PBT blends. TPE with a rubbery mid-block shifted the glass transition of PP/PBT blend towards lower temperatures, and significant decrease the crystallization temperature of a crystalline phase of PP component was observed. The influence of the amount of compatibilizer and the blend composition on the mechanical properties (tensile and flexural strengths, toughness and moduli) was determined. Addition of 5 wt.% of a triblock TPE led to a three-fold increase of PP/PBT toughness. A significant increase of impact properties was observed for all materials compatibilized with the highest amount of SEBS copolymer.

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Zdrazilova, Natalie, Berenika Hausnerova, Takeshi Kitano, and Petr Saha. "Rheological Behaviour of PP/PET and Modified PP/PET Blends. II. Dynamic Viscoelastic Properties." Polymers and Polymer Composites 12, no. 5 (2004): 433–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739110401200508.

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Almajid, Abdulhakim, Rolf Walter, Tim Kroos, Harri Junaedi, Martin Gurka, and Khalil Abdelrazek Khalil. "The Multiple Uses of Polypropylene/Polyethylene Terephthalate Microfibrillar Composite Structures to Support Waste Management—Composite Processing and Properties." Polymers 13, no. 8 (2021): 1296. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13081296.

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Composite processing and subsequent characterization of microfibrillar composites (MFC) were the focus of this work. Compression molding of wound MFC filaments was used to fabricate MFC composites. The MFC composites were composed of polypropylene (PP) as matrix materials and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) as reinforcement fibers. The PP/PET blends were mixed with PET contents ranging from 22 wt% to 45 wt%. The effect of processing parameters, pressure, temperature, and holding time on the mechanical properties of the MFCs was investigated. Tensile tests were conducted to optimize the processing parameter and weight ratio of PET. Tensile strength and modulus increased with the increase in PET content. PP/45 wt% PET MFC composites properties reached the value of PP/30 wt% GF. Falling weight tests were conducted on MFC composites. The MFC composites showed the ability to absorb the impact energy compared to neat PP and PP/30 wt% GF.

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Chand, Navin, T. Kitano, Ajay Ajay, and S. A. R Hashmi. "Dynamic Mechanical Behaviour of Vigin PP/PET Blends." Material Science Research India 1, no. 1 (2004): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/msri/010107.

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Xu, Xin Yu, and Zheng Long Zhou. "Morphology and Mechanical Properties of Ternary Polymer Blends Containing Liquid Crystalline Ionomers with Different Ionic Group." Applied Mechanics and Materials 751 (April 2015): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.751.21.

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Three side-chain liquid crystalline ionomers (SLCIs) with sulfonic group (SLCI-S), quaternary ammonium salt group (SLCI-N), and carboxylic group (SLCI-C) were synthesized by graft copolymerization upon polymethylhydrosiloxane, respectively. The SLCIs were used to blend with poly (butylene terephthalate) (PBT) and polypropylene (PP). The morphological structure and mechanical properties of the blends were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). SEM results indicated that the addition of SLCIs lead to finer and better dispersion of PP polymer in the blends relative to the blends with no SLCIs added. The compatibilization of SLCIs in the blends were in the increasing order of SLCI-S> SLCI-N> SLCI-C, which was due to the specify interaction between SLCIs and PBT increased with the increasing order of SLCI-S>SLCI-N>SLCI-C. The mechanical properties were improved when the proper amount of SLCI was added, which enabled improve adhesion at the interface. The mechanical property of PBT/PP/SLCI-S was higher than that of PBT/PP/SLCI-N, which was higher than that of PBT/PP/SLCI-C.

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Ignaczak, Sobolewski, and El Fray. "Bio-Based PBT–DLA Copolyester as an Alternative Compatibilizer of PP/PBT Blends." Polymers 11, no. 9 (2019): 1421. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11091421.

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The aim of this work was to assess whether synthesized random copolyester, poly(butylene terephthalate-r-butylene dilinoleate) (PBT–DLA), containing bio-based components, can effectively compatibilize polypropylene/poly(butylene terephthalate) (PP/PBT) blends. For comparison, a commercial petrochemical triblock copolymer, poly(styrene-b-ethylene/butylene-b-styrene) (SEBS) was used. The chemical structure and block distribution of PBT–DLA was determined using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography. PP/PBT blends with different mass ratios were prepared via twin-screw extrusion with 5 wt% of each compatibilizer. Thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and dynamic mechanical analysis were used to assess changes in phase structure of PP/PBT blends. Static tensile testing demonstrated marked improvement in elongation at break, to ~18% and ~21% for PBT–DLA and SEBS, respectively. Importantly, the morphology of PP/PBT blends compatibilized with PBT–DLA copolymer showed that it is able to act as interphase modifier, being preferentially located at the interface. Therefore, we conclude that by using polycondensation and monomers from renewable resources, it is possible to obtain copolymers that efficiently modify blend miscibility, offering an alternative to widely used, rubber-like petrochemical styrene compatibilizers.

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Matxinandiarena, Eider, Agurtzane Múgica, Manuela Zubitur, et al. "The Effect of Titanium Dioxide Surface Modification on the Dispersion, Morphology, and Mechanical Properties of Recycled PP/PET/TiO2 PBNANOs." Polymers 11, no. 10 (2019): 1692. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11101692.

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Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles have recently appeared in PET waste because of the introduction of opaque PET bottles. We prepare polymer blend nanocomposites (PBNANOs) by adding hydrophilic (hphi), hydrophobic (hpho), and hydrophobically modified (hphoM) titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles to 80rPP/20rPET recycled blends. Contact angle measurements show that the degree of hydrophilicity of TiO2 decreases in the order hphi > hpho > hphoM. A reduction of rPET droplet size occurs with the addition of TiO2 nanoparticles. The hydrophilic/hydrophobic balance controls the nanoparticles location. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM_ shows that hphi TiO2 preferentially locates inside the PET droplets and hpho at both the interface and PP matrix. HphoM also locates within the PP matrix and at the interface, but large loadings (12%) can completely cover the surfaces of the droplets forming a physical barrier that avoids coalescence, leading to the formation of smaller droplets. A good correlation is found between the crystallization rate of PET (determined by DSC) and nanoparticles location, where hphi TiO2 induces the highest PET crystallization rate. PET lamellar morphology (revealed by TEM) is also dependent on particle location. The mechanical behavior improves in the elastic regime with TiO2 addition, but the plastic deformation of the material is limited and strongly depends on the type of TiO2 employed.

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Embabi, Mahmoud, Mu Sung Kweon, Zuolong Chen, and Patrick C. Lee. "Tunable Tensile Properties of Polypropylene and Polyethylene Terephthalate Fibrillar Blends through Micro-/Nanolayered Extrusion Technology." Polymers 12, no. 11 (2020): 2585. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12112585.

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Fiber-reinforcement is a well-established technique to enhance the tensile properties of polymer composites, which is achieved via changing the reinforcing material concentration and orientation. However, the conventional method can be costly and may lead to poor compatibility issues. To overcome these challenges, we demonstrate the use of micro-/nanolayer (MNL) extrusion technology to tune the mechanical properties of polypropylene (PP)/polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fibrillar blends. PET nanofibers-in-PP microfiber composites, with 3, 7, and 15 wt.% PET, are first prepared using a spunbond system to induce high aspect-ratio PET nanofibers. The PP/PET fibers are then reprocessed in an MNL extrusion system and subjected to shear and extensional flow fields in the channels of the uniquely designed layer multipliers. Increasing the mass flow rate and number of multipliers is shown to orient the PET nanofibers along the machine direction (MD), as confirmed via scanning electron microscopy. Tensile tests reveal that up to a 45% and 46% enhancement in elastic modulus and yield strength are achieved owing to the highly aligned PET nanofibers along the MD under strongest processing conditions. Overall, the range of tensile properties obtained using MNL extrusion implies that the properties of fiber-reinforced composites can be further tuned by employing this processing technique.

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Lin, Richard, Stuart du Preez, James Slaats, and Debes Bhattacharyya. "Improvement on the Efficiency of Drawing during the Production of Microfibrillar Composites." Advanced Materials Research 79-82 (August 2009): 1887–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.79-82.1887.

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The feasibility of manufacturing microfibrillar composites (MFCs) and their novel applications have been studied to a significant extend. In order to achieve commercially viable production rate of MFC materials, consistent fabrication has to be guaranteed. However, it has been shown that continuous production of MFC materials has certain difficulties need to be overcome. This study aims at identifying the production problems and improving the efficiency of manufacturing MFC materials. MFC manufacturing has been reasonably successful by drawing poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET)/polypropylene (PP) blends. However, when the PP in the polymer blends is replaced by polyethylene (PE) for its ease of subsequent manufacturing, irregular breakage persistently occurs during drawing and this phenomenon also occasionally happens for PP/PET blends. This study involves melt blending of linear low density polyethylene and linear medium density polyethylene with PET in a single screw extruder with 70/30 wt%. Drawing was conducted at temperatures ranging from room temperature to 70°C and with draw ratios of between 1:5 and 1:7. The test results, when comparing MFC with pure PE, show 60% and 80% increase in specific tensile strength and specific tensile stiffness, respectively. It is concluded that by carefully controlling the temperature profile within the drawing chamber and using a moderate draw ratio (1:5), an efficient drawing process can be achieved to produce commercial MFC materials.

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Lepers, J. C., B. D. Favis, and S. L. Kent. "Interface–property relationships in biaxially stretched PP–PET blends." Polymer 41, no. 5 (2000): 1937–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0032-3861(99)00341-9.

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Tariq, Asra, Nasir M. Ahmad, Muhammad Asad Abbas, et al. "Reactive Extrusion of Maleic-Anhydride-Grafted Polypropylene by Torque Rheometer and Its Application as Compatibilizer." Polymers 13, no. 4 (2021): 495. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13040495.

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This study is based upon the functionalization of polypropylene (PP) by radical polymerization to optimize its properties by influencing its molecular weight. Grafting of PP was done at different concentrations of maleic anhydride (MAH) and benzoyl peroxide (BPO). The effect on viscosity during and after the reaction was studied by torque rheometer and melt flow index. Results showed that a higher concentration of BPO led to excessive side-chain reactions. At a high percentage of grafting, lower molecular weight product was produced, which was analyzed by viscosity change during and after the reaction. Percentage crystallinity increased by grafting due to the shorter chains, which consequently led to an improvement in the chain’s packing. Prepared Maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MAH-g-PP) enhanced interactions in PP-PET blends caused a partially homogeneous blend with less voids.

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Dobó, Zsolt, Tamara Mahner, Balázs Hegedüs, and Gábor Nagy. "The influence of PET and PBT contamination during transportation fuel production via pyrolysis." Analecta Technica Szegedinensia 15, no. 1 (2021): 82–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/analecta.2021.1.82-87.

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The pyrolysis of plastic waste is a promising method to reduce waste accumulation while it could provide value-added transportation fuels. The main goal of this study is to investigate the influence of PET and PBT contamination during plastic pyrolysis oil production utilizing HDPE, LDPE, PP, and PS mixtures as these plastics are good candidates for transportation fuel production via pyrolysis and distillation. Seven different waste blends were prepared and pyrolyzed in a laboratory-scale batch reactor equipped with reflux. Mass balance, gas analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, and deposit formation were evaluated. It was concluded that by increasing the PET or PBT concentration in the initial solid waste mixtures, the oil production decreases while the amount of gases increases. Additionally, either PET or PBT generates operational difficulties due to they form deposits in piping system in form of benzoic acid. The maximum concentration of these plastic waste materials was 20% (PET) and 25% (PBT) in this study as further increase blocked the cross-section of piping, causing operational difficulties. Based on the obtained results the concentration of PET and PBT should be limited in waste mixtures when transportation fuel production is desired.

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PAVON VARGAS, CRISTINA PAOLA, MIGUEL FERNANDO ALDAS CARRASCO, JOSE MIGUEL FERRI, DAVID BERTOMEU, FRANCISZEK PAWLAK, and MARIA DOLORES SAMPER. "IDENTIFICATION OF BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS AS CONTAMINANTS IN THE THERMOPLASTICS RECYCLING PROCESS." DYNA 96, no. 4 (2021): 415–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.6036/10102.

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In this work, the presence of biodegradable polymers in recycled plastic materials was characterized using readily available techniques. Recycled polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) were studied. The contamination of these plastics with polylactic acid (PLA), polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) and thermoplastic starch (TPS) was simulated using 10 wt.% of the contaminant. Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were used as characterization techniques. In addition, the effect of aging on recycled products from PET blends contaminated with TPS and PHB was studied. The results show changes in the intensity of the FTIR spectra bands of the PS and PP blends contaminated with biodegradable polymers. By DSC, changes in the cold crystallization peak of recycled PET are observed when mixed with TPS and PHB. When the contaminant is PLA, the changes are masked due to the thermal characteristics of both materials. In PS, changes in the calorimetric curves are identified by the presence of PLA and PHB. Contamination with PLA, PHB and TPS hinders the processing of recycled PET after one year of storage due to the aging of the material.

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WU, Defeng, Jian CAO, Lanfeng WU, and Ming ZHANG. "EFFECT OF COMPATIBILIZER ON STRUCTURAL RHEOLOGY OF PP/PET BLENDS." Acta Polymerica Sinica 007, no. 7 (2009): 609–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1105.2007.00609.

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Sancho-Querol, Sara, Andrés Yáñez-Pacios, and José Martín-Martínez. "New Binary Blends of Ethylene-co-n-butyl Acrylate (EBA) Copolymer and Low Molecular Weight Rosin Ester Resin with Potential as Pressure Sensitive Adhesives." Materials 11, no. 10 (2018): 2037. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11102037.

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For improving the adhesion property of ethylene-co-n-butyl acrylate copolymer (EBA) at ambient temperature, binary blends of EBA with 27 wt% n-butyl acrylate and different amounts (20–62 wt%) of low molecular weight hydrogenated glycerol rosin ester (ECH) resin have been prepared. The addition of glycerol rosin ester resin decreased the crystallinity and size of the ethylene domains of the EBA copolymer. The addition of up to 50 wt% (100 phr) ECH resin improved the compatibility with the EBA copolymer, whereas when more than 50 wt% (100 phr) ECH resin was added, the compatibility of the blends did not change but the viscoelastic properties were noticeably decreased. Furthermore, the compatibility was noticeably improved by adding only 20 wt% ECH resin although the best compromise between compatibility and viscoelasticity corresponded to the binary blend made with 43 wt% ECH resin. The EBA copolymer + ECH resin blends showed high tack (initial adhesion) at 25 °C and some of them even at 5 °C, and they have adequate 180° peel strength both to polar (polyethylene terephthalate-PET) and nonpolar (polypropylene-PP) substrate. Furthermore, all EBA copolymer + ECH resin blends showed high shear strength at 25 °C. Finally, the blend with 43 wt% ECH resin showed excellent pressure sensitive adhesive property exhibiting excellent creep, high tack, high 180° peel strength, and high single lap-shear strength.

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Abolhasani, Mohamad Mahdi, Ahmad Aref Azar, and Shirin Shokoohi. "PET/EVA/PP ternary blends: An investigation of extended morphological properties." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 112, no. 3 (2009): 1716–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.29500.

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Thitithammawong, Anoma, Nattakamon Chuycherd, Sunisa Leekharee, and Sitisaiyidah Saiwari. "Mechanical, morphological, and luminescent properties of strontium phosphorescent filler-filled NR/PP/PEC blends as affected by processing design." Journal of Elastomers & Plastics 52, no. 5 (2019): 383–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095244319854149.

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Photoluminescent material was successfully prepared by blending europium-doped strontium aluminate phosphorescent filler (SrAl2O4:Eu2+) with terpolymer of natural rubber/polypropylene/propylene–ethylene copolymer (NR/PP/PEC). The influence of alternative processing design, that is, mixing method (simple blend (SB) or dynamic vulcanization (DV)) and mixing sequence (direct method or precompounding method) on mechanical, morphological, and photoluminescent properties of the SrAl2O4:Eu2+-filled NR/PP/PEC blends, was systematically studied. The results revealed that mechanical and photoluminescent properties can be improved by the control of rubber vulcanization and phase morphology. The dynamically vulcanized blends (DV1 and DV2), in which the NR phase was vulcanized during melt mixing under high shear and had vulcanized NR particles dispersed in the continuous PP and PEC matrices, showed superior mechanical and photoluminescent properties over the SB with co-continuous phase morphology. Controlled location of rubber additives in the NR phase by precompounding (DV2) gave the highest light emission intensity with the longest decay time.

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Gokgoz Erkoc, I., T. Guven, F. Yildirim, M. Sözer, and F. Güner. "Effect of Screw Speed, Drawing Ratio and PET Concentration on the Properties of PET/PP Blends." Acta Physica Polonica A 134, no. 1 (2018): 442–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.12693/aphyspola.134.442.

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Zhang, Hong, Yan Ping Fang, Ping Guo, Qian Qian Wang, Jing Guo, and Yu Mei Gong. "Research of Thermo-Regulating Fibers Based on the Crosslinked Composite Phase Change Materials of PEGA." Advanced Materials Research 821-822 (September 2013): 107–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.821-822.107.

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The novel form-stable composite phase change materials (PCMs) of crosslinked PEGA and P(PEGA-HAM)/PEG gels were synthesized, which based on PEGA . Using crosslinked PEGA and P(PEGA-HAM)/PEG gels as the working substance , PP/PCM thermo-regulating fibers were prepared by blends via melt spinning respectively. TGA results indicate that the crosslinked form-stable PCMs have good thermal stability. The morphology of the surface of PP/PCM thermo-regulating fibers smooth mainly by SEM. The breaking strength of thermo-regulating fibers first increases and then decreases when increased some content of PCM. DSC results indicate the phase enthalpy of PEGA crosslinked gel and its the blend fibers with PP are 122.97J/g and 13.83J/g, while that of P(PEGA-HAM)/PEG crosslinked networks gel and its the blend fibers with PP are 107.48J/g and 4.62J/g respectively.

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Liu, Bo, and Wei Wu. "Influence of epoxidized ethylene propylene diene rubber on nonisothermal crystallization kinetics and mechanical properties of poly(butylene terephthalate)/polypropylene blend." Journal of Polymer Engineering 39, no. 3 (2019): 216–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2018-0283.

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Abstract The epoxidized ethylene propylene diene rubber (eEPDM) was successfully prepared by the epoxidation of ethylene propylene diene rubber (EPDM) using t-butyl hydroperoxide as the oxidant in association with molybdenum oxide as the catalyst and characterized by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer and 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance analyses. Then the poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT)/eEPDM/polypropylene (PP) blends with different eEPDM contents were prepared using a twin-screw extruder, and the effect of eEPDM on nonisothermal crystallization kinetics of PBT/PP blend was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry. Meanwhile, morphological features of samples were observed using scanning electron microscopy. Also, the mechanical properties of samples were evaluated. Analyses of the crystallization data by various macro-kinetic models like Jeziorny modified Avrami and Liu-Mo model demonstrated that PP as diluents accelerated the crystallization of PBT in PBT/PP. Moreover, the addition of eEPDM into PBT/PP further facilitated the crystallization of PBT in PBT/eEPDM/PP. The eEPDM was an effective crystallization promoter for PBT/PP blend. And the presence of eEPDM promoted the uniform dispersion of PP in PBT matrix. When the content of eEPDM was 5 phr, the PBT/eEPDM/PP exhibited the highest notched impact strength and Young’s modulus among all the specimens.

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Wu, Chang-Mou, Ri-Ichi Murakami, Syuan-Guang Lai, et al. "Investigation on the interface modification of PET/PP composites." Modern Physics Letters B 33, no. 14n15 (2019): 1940019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984919400190.

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In this study, surface modifications and manufacturing processes for polyethylene terephthalate (PET)/polypropylene (PP) composites were developed. When non-polar PP resin is combined with polar polyester fiber, its compatibility and wettability are the key technologies. Maleic anhydride-grafted PP (MAPP) was blended with PP to improve the polarity of the PP resin and react with PET fibers. In addition, a primer was applied to the PET fabric to improve the bonding and reactivity of PET fiber and MAPP. PET/PP composites that imitated the texture and appearance of carbon fabric were prepared by thin film stacking method. The effect of MAPP and primer on interfacial bonding was evaluated by single-fiber pullout test. The mechanical properties of the PET/PP composites such as impact, and open-hole tensile strength (OHT), were studied.

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Islam, Shariful, and Shaikh Md Mominul Alam. "Investigation of the acoustic properties of needle punched nonwoven produced of blend with sustainable fibers." International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology 30, no. 3 (2018): 444–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijcst-01-2018-0012.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the acoustic properties of needle-punched nonwovens produced of bamboo, banana and hemp fibers blended with polyester (PET) and polypropylene (PP) as they are supportive enough to minimize sound transmission inside the automobiles. Design/methodology/approach Textile materials like bamboo, banana and hemp blended with PET and PP in the ratio of 35:35:30 were applied to make the web. The needle-punching technique was applied to each web for three times to form a full nonwoven textile composite. The concept of PET/PP blend with natural fibers was to enhance the consistency and thermoform propensity of the composites. When nonwoven textile composites were placed in between a sound source and a receiver, they absorbed annoying sound by dissolving sound wave energy. Sound absorption coefficient was measured by the impedance tube method as per ASTM C384 Standard. Bamboo/PET/PP composite showed the highest absorption coefficient in most of the frequencies. Findings Physical and comfort properties were tested for the composites and it was noticed that bamboo/PET/PP composites with its compressed structure showed a better stiffness value, lesser thermal conductivity, lesser air permeability, better absorption coefficient and highest sound transmission loss compared to other two composites. At 840 Hz, the absorption coefficient of bamboo/PET/PP remained in satisfactory level but it was inferior by 20 percent in banana/PET/PP. Conversely at more frequencies like 1,680 Hz, there was a decrease from the target level in all the nonwovens composites, which could be enhanced by raising the thickness of the nonwovens, and all these properties of bamboo/PET/PP were considered appropriate for controlling noise inside the vehicles. Practical implications This research will provide facilities to decrease noise inside the vehicles. It will improve the apparent value of the automobiles to the traveler and also provide a sensible goodwill to the manufacturer. Originality/value This research will open several ways for the development of different nonwoven composites, particularly for the sound absorption and will open possible ways for the scholars to further study in this field.

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Khonakdar, Hossein Ali, Seyed Hasan Jafari, Salman Mirzadeh, Mohammad Reza Kalaee, Davod Zare, and Mohammad Reza Saeb. "Rheology-morphology correlation in PET/PP blends: Influence of type of compatibilizer." Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 19, no. 1 (2013): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.20318.

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FRIEDRICH, K. "Microfibrillar reinforced composites from PET/PP blends: processing, morphology and mechanical properties." Composites Science and Technology 65, no. 1 (2005): 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2004.06.008.

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Pracella, Mariano, and Donatella Chionna. "Reactive compatibilization of blends of PET and PP modified by GMA grafting." Macromolecular Symposia 198, no. 1 (2003): 161–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.200350814.

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Rodríguez-Pérez, M. A., J. I. Velasco, J. I. González-Peña, J. L. Ruiz-Herrero, D. Arencon, and J. A. de Saja. "Dynamic Mechanical Behavior of PP/PET/MAPP Blends Filled with Glass Beads." Macromolecular Symposia 221, no. 1 (2005): 247–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.200550325.

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Shi, Wen‐xiong, Yun‐yan Li, Jun Xu, Gui‐qiu Ma, and Jing Sheng. "Morphology Development in Multi‐Component Polymer Blends: I Composition Effect on Phase Morphology in PP/PET Polymer Blends." Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part B 46, no. 6 (2007): 1115–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222340701582654.

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Kordjazi, Z., and N. Golshan Ebrahimi. "Rheological behavior of noncompatibilized and compatibilized PP/PET blends with SEBS-g-MA." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 116, no. 1 (2010): 441–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.31471.

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Saat, Mohd Adly Rahmat, Rozaidi Rasid, Maria Abu Bakar, Azman Jalar, and Emee Marina Salleh. "Mechanical properties of PE-PET-PS-PP blends produced by high shear mixing." Polimery 64, no. 10 (2019): 676–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.14314/polimery.2019.10.4.

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Özcanli, Y., F. Kosovali Çavuş, and M. Beken. "Comparison of Mechanical Properties and Artificial Neural Networks Modeling of PP/PET Blends." Acta Physica Polonica A 130, no. 1 (2016): 444–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.12693/aphyspola.130.444.

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JANIK, JOLANTA, and WACLAW KROLIKOWSKI. "Effect of composition and phase inversion in PET/PE-LD and PET/PP blends on their mechanical and rheological properties and morphological structure." Polimery 47, no. 04 (2002): 250–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.14314/polimery.2002.250.

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Krooß, Tim, Martin Gurka, Lien Van der Schueren, Luc Ruys, Stefan Fenske, and Christopher Lenz. "Cost-Effective Microfibrillar Reinforced Composites for Lightweight Applications." Materials Science Forum 825-826 (July 2015): 44–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.825-826.44.

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Microfibrillar reinforced composites (MFC) are self-reinforced polymer-polymer composites, consisting of a cold drawn (fibrillized) phase in an isotropic matrix. They are manufactured via melt blending of two immiscible polymers with different melting temperatures, followed by a subsequent cold drawing and thermal annealing step. The present study examines the manufacturing of composite material out of melt-spun microfibrillar reinforced filaments. Polypropylene (PP) and Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) were chosen as the low-melting matrix and the high-melting reinforcement phase, respectively.The filaments were woven to flat textile structures and processed to composites via hot pressing. They represent a bidirectional reinforced composite, comparable to other fiber reinforced polymers. To ensure optimized processing the influence of relevant parameters has been investigated with respect to mechanical properties of the MFC‑filaments and the derived composites. In addition, the morphology was visualized by SEM imaging after all manufacturing steps. An important observation was that the reinforcing fibrils are still intact after thermal processing, leading to a significant increase in mechanical properties of the resulting composites. Quasistatic tensile tests show more than 100 % higher modulus and more than 50 % higher strength of the only 20 wt-% reinforced PET‑PP composites compared to neat PP. The influence of the amount of PET reinforcement, the variation in processing conditions and composite layup were investigated. Additionally, an outlook on the melt-spinning of blends with Polyamide (PA) is given. In future work it is meant to show that a broad spectrum of tailored properties can easily be achieved by such polymer blends and composites outperforming existing homopolymers as well as thermoplastic composites like short glass‑fiber‑reinforced Polypropylene.The material cost reduction thanks to adding cheaper mass‑production polymers and the transfer onto conventional manufacturing lines is meant to ensure the feasibility of industrial production. The low density and excellent recycling options of these composites underline their potential for automotive and aircraft applications.

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Pracella, Mariano, Donatella Chionna, Andrzej Pawlak, and Andrzej Galeski. "Reactive mixing of PET and PET/PP blends with glycidyl methacrylate-modified styrene-b-(ethylene-co-olefin) block copolymers." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 98, no. 5 (2005): 2201–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.22413.

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Hajibaba, Armin, Mahmood Masoomi, and Hossein Nazockdast. "Morphology and rheological behavior of poly(butylene terephthalate)/polypropylene blends filled by two types of organoclays." Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 30, no. 5 (2015): 646–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0892705715610403.

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The present research investigates the morphology and rheological behavior of poly(butylene terephthalate)/polypropylene (PBT/PP) blends containing hydrophilic and hydrophobic organoclays. The distribution of nanoclays and morphology of nanocomposites were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission and scanning electron microscopies. The XRD patterns show that the level of intercalation structure in nanocomposites reinforced by hydrophilic nanoclay is significantly higher than nanocomposites filled by hydrophobic one. According to morphological analysis, both types of nanocomposites indicate the reduction of droplet size, whereas hydrophilic nanoparticles illustrate more compatibilization efficiency than hydrophobic. According to transmission electron microscopy, hydrophilic nanoclays are mainly localized in the PBT matrix and at the interface, whereas hydrophobic nanoparticles are confined in the PP-dispersed phase and at the interface. From the rheological point of view, the results show that nanocomposites with hydrophilic nanoclay show stronger pseudoplasticity, higher viscosity, and more elasticity than nanocomposites with the hydrophobic one. The localization of hydrophilic organoclay in the PBT matrix aids to finer morphology of the PBT/PP blend, whereas hydrophobic one resists the breakup of droplets by confinement in dispersed phase.

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Shi, Lei, Wei Min Kang, Xu Pin Zhuang, and Bo Wen Cheng. "Preparation and Properties of PP Melt-Blown Nonwoven Wadding Blended PET Crimp Fibers." Advanced Materials Research 332-334 (September 2011): 1287–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.332-334.1287.

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Polypropylene (PP) melt-blown nonwoven has a good performance on thermal insulation, but it easily can be compressed tightly and hard to recovery. In this paper, to improve the disadvantage, we blended PET crimp short fibers into PP melt-blown nonwovens. Results showed that polyester (PET) crimp short fibers blended in melt-blown nonwovens supported as skeleton, effectively improved the bulkiness and compression-resisting performance of productions, as well the warmth retention properties.

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Papadopoulou, C. P., and N. K. Kalfoglou. "Comparison of compatibilizer effectiveness for PET/PP blends: their mechanical, thermal and morphology characterization." Polymer 41, no. 7 (2000): 2543–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0032-3861(99)00442-5.

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Chand, Navin, A. M. Naik, and H. K. Khaira. "Development of UHMWPE modified PP/PET blends and their mechanical and abrasive wear behavior." Polymer Composites 28, no. 2 (2007): 267–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.20302.

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Loaeza, David, Jonathan Cailloux, Orlando Santana Pérez, Miguel Sánchez-Soto, and Maria Lluïsa Maspoch. "Extruded-Calendered Sheets of Fully Recycled PP/Opaque PET Blends: Mechanical and Fracture Behaviour." Polymers 13, no. 14 (2021): 2360. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13142360.

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This work presents the experimental results of the mechanical and fracture behaviour of three polymeric blends prepared from two recycled plastics, namely polypropylene and opaque poly (ethylene terephthalate), where the second one acted as a reinforcement phase. The raw materials were two commercial degrees of recycled post-consumer waste, i.e., rPP and rPET-O. Sheets were manufactured by a semi-industrial extrusion-calendering process. The mechanical and fracture behaviours of manufactured sheets were analyzed via tensile tests and the essential work of fracture approach. SEM micrographics of cryofractured sheets revelated the development of in situ rPP/rPET-O microfibrillar composites when 30 wt.% of rPET-O was added. It was observed that the yield stress was not affected with the addition of rPET-O. However, the microfibrillar structure increased the Young’s modulus by more than a third compared with rPP, fulfilling the longitudinal value predicted by the additive rule of mixtures. Regarding the EWF analysis, the resistance to crack initiation was highly influenced by the resistance to its propagation owing to morphology-related instabilities during tearing. To analyze the initiation stage, a partition energy method was successfully applied by splitting the total work of fracture into two specific energetic contributions, namely initiation and propagation. The results revelated that the specific essential initiation-related work of fracture was mainly affected by rPET-O phase. Remarkably, its value was significantly improved by a factor of three with the microfibrillar structure of rPET-O phase. The results allowed the exploration of the potential ability of manufacturing in situ MFCs without a “precursor” morphology, providing an economical way to promote the recycling rate of PET-O, as this material is being discarded from current recycling processes.

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Chen, Ding, Santosh K. Tiwari, Zhiyuan Ma, et al. "Phase Behavior and Thermo-Mechanical Properties of IF-WS2 Reinforced PP–PET Blend-Based Nanocomposites." Polymers 12, no. 10 (2020): 2342. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12102342.

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The industrial advancement of high-performance technologies directly depends on the thermo-mechanical properties of materials. Here we give an account of a facile approach for the bulk production of a polyethylene terephthalate (PET)/polypropylene (PP)-based nanocomposite blend with Inorganic Fullerene Tungsten Sulfide (IF-WS2) nanofiller using a single extruder. Nanofiller IF-WS2 was produced by the rotary chemical vapor deposition (RCVD) method. Subsequently, IF-WS2 nanoparticles were dispersed in PET and PP in different loadings to access impact and their dispersion behavior in polymer matrices. As-prepared blend nanocomposites were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), dynamic differential scanning (DSC), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). In this work, the tensile strength of the PP/PET matrix with 1% IF-WS2 increased by 31.8%, and the thermal stability of the sample PP/PET matrix with 2% increased by 18 °C. There was an extraordinary decrease in weight loss at elevated temperature for the nanocomposites in TGA analysis, which confirms the role of IF-WS2 on thermal stability versus plain nanocomposites. In addition, this method can also be used for the large-scale production of such materials used in high-temperature environments.

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RaȚiu, Sorin Aurel, and Alina Corina Zgaverdea. "The Potential of Using Bio Plastic Materials in Automotive Applications." Materiale Plastice 56, no. 4 (2019): 901–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/mp.19.4.5282.

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The purpose of this article is to present an overview of the trend of using, on a wider scale, plastics in the automotive industry. It is presented the realization of PLA-TPU-Blends with a biogenic mass greater than 90%, by mixing thermoplastic Polyurethan (TPU) with Polylactid-Acid (PLA) at IKT University of Stuttgart. In order to estimate the possibilities of use of bio-materials made from PLA and TPU, the properties were compared with standard thermoplastics such as Polypropylen (PP), Polyethylen (PE), Polyamid (PA), as well as with better performing materials from the engineering thermoplastics range. PBT, ASA and their derivatives. Notable are the properties of PLA-TPU-Blends compared with standard thermoplastics PP, PE, PA. The results show PLA-TPU-Blends superiority in Yeld strength compared to the types of Polypropylene homopolymer (PP-H), block-copolymer (PP-B) and randompolymer (PP-R), the properties being adaptable by flexible modification of the ratio between the components, according to the requirements of the application. Using suitable additives to make components compatible, there were created blends which were partially cross-linked, but their properties remain of thermoplast. When reinforcing PLA-TPU-Blends with fibers (glass and natural), the components also react with the groups (-OH) on the fiber surface, thus making a good connection between fibers and blends, which prevents the so-called pull-out-effect. PLA-TPU-Blends reinforced with natural fibers can be used to make the interior body elements of vehicles. The paper also presents a comparison between bio-materials made at IKT University of Stuttgart with Polyethylen (PE) and other industry standard bio-materials.

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Journal articles on the topic 'PET and PP Blends'

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