Journal articles on the topic 'Peter Ramus'

Two new species of rotifer belonging to the Dicranophoridae, and provisionally placed in the genus Encentrum, are described from littoral psammon from the Ussuriyskiy Bay, Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan, Russia. Encentrumkutikovae sp. nov. is characterized by a long foot consisting of three pseudosegments, cylindrical toes, a hexagonal rami outline, and the right ramus showing an accessory chamber with alula. Encentrum ussuriensis sp. nov. is characterized by unusual stout toes with claw, an oblong-ovate and latero-caudal weakly angular rami outline, the right ramus bearing an alula, and the left one showing an accessory chamber.

A Useful Way of Establishing the historical significance of any perceptive text in the discourse arts is to explain the connection between the values embedded in its illustrative materials and the social and political interests it may have served and advanced among the persons who used it. Illustrative materials evidence and communicate lines of thought—substance as well as formal dimensions of technical interest to students of the history of the discourse arts.

Abstract: The logic manuals of Peter Ramus (Pierre de la Ramée, 1515-72) enjoyed a wridespread pedagogical sueeess in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, especially in Protestant England. Historians of dialectical studies have judged these manuals, and Ramist dialectic more generally, as purveying a vitiated form of Aristotelian logic because the manuals cite examples frem poetry to illustrate logical principles and axioms. The semantics of Ramist method, however, blurs the neat line between literal and figurative language. A semiotie analysis of Ramist dialectic suggests that the oppesitien between logical discourse and poetic discourse is net stable and that Ramist logie is fundamentally representative or “poetic.”

Abstract: Francisco Sánchez wrote two rhetorical tieatises to facilitate the interpretation of the work of poets and orators: De arte dicendi (1556) and Organum dialedicum et rhetoricum (1579). In 1556 El Brocense adhered to the classical categories of rhetoric, but in 1579 he adopted the division proposed by Peter Ramus: that is, he assigned inventio and dispositio to dialectic and elocutio and pronuntiatio to rhetoric. In De arte dicendi as well as in Organum dialedicum et rhetoricum, El Brocense demonstiated the validity of the rules ef inventio and dispositio in the composition and interpretation of literary works. His tieatises thus show the influence of rhetoric and dialectic on the interpretation of classical literature in his day.

Si les puritains de la Renaissance se considéraient comme érudits et rationnels, les auteurs qui leurs étaient contemporains étaient loin de les représenter ainsi. Leur portrait était plutôt marqué par une stupide irrationalité. Apparues en réponse à divers scandales, ces images, incluant le clown satiriste «Martin Marprelate», le fouillettré William Hacket, ainsi que la controverse au sujet de la «méthode» simplifiée du héro intellectuel puritain Peter Ramus, remplissaient plusieurs fonctions. Pendant que les puritains se réclamaient de la supériorité de la divine inspiration sur la tradition intellectuelle et que ce discours émaillait l'enthousiasme religieux de la Contre-Renaissance dirigé contre la raison humaniste, leur stéréotype clownesque illustrait les modes établis de ministère, d’interprétations, d'éducation classique, de rhétorique et de logique en réponse aux attaques fanatiques. Cette polémique était si familière qu'elle a inspiré l'université tout comme la scène publique et jusqu'au clown shakespearéen Will Kemp.

The literary tradition has preserved three Artes Rhetoricae written for the last of the Valois kings, who reigned in France under the name of Henry III from 1574 to 1589. These three texts are Jacques Davy Du Perron's Avant-discours de rhetorique, ou Traitté de l'eloquence, Jacques Amyot's Projet de l'eloquence royale, and Germain Forget's Rhetorique françoise faicte particulierement pour le roy Henry 3. All three very likely originated as academic speeches pronounced at the Louvre, in the presence of Henry III, in the final sessions of the Palace Academy during the summer of 1579. This article offers a re-reading of the three treatises in order to situate them in the history of rhetoric. It aims to show how each author collects and presents teachings of the principal rhetorical traditions. Thus, Du Perron, inspired mainly by Quintilian and Cicero, proposes a kind of abridged version of the rhetorical thought of Latin Antiquity. Amyot, for his part, puts forth a synthesis of ancient Greek rhetorical theory starting with Plutarch, Dyonisius of Halicarnassus and Demetrius of Phalerus. Germain Forget provides an account of Renaissance innovations, by adopting the nomenclature of Peter Ramus under the rubric of elocutio. The objective of this essay is to shed light on the complementary nature of the three treatises, as well as to suggest a probable order in which they were presented to the King, following a logical gradation from the most general to the most specific.

Abstract Remarks on Correlations and Implications of the Mandibular Structure and Diet in Some Seals (Mammalia, Phocidae). Koretsky, I. A., Rahmat, S. J., Peters, N. — The diverse representatives of Recent seals within the three extant subfamilies (Cystophorinae, Phocinae, Monachinae) of the family Phocidae exhibit dietary variations among species, feeding on invertebrates and a diversity of prey depending on the season and availability. To explain this variability, an introductory morphological examination of the mandibular structure of Recent seals from each subfamily was performed, focusing on: heights of the mandibular ramus and condyloid process; measurements of the masseteric fossa; and attachments of muscles of mastication. After measuring the condyloid angles (the inclination of the condyloid process in relation to the axis of the alveolar row) among the examined species, a correlation between the size ofthe angle, function, and diet was recognized. Seals with a tall mandibular ramus and greater condyloid angle (Cystophorinae) feed on larger-sized prey, while seals with a shorter ramus and lesser condyloid angle feed on small (Monachinae) to medium-sized (Phocinae) prey, regardless of the overall size of the seal. This study focused on the mandibular morphology of some living and fossil representatives of Phocidae, providing an association between functional and ecological interpretations of modern seals in general and extrapolating this knowledge for fossil dietary preference.

Accessibility considerations tend to dominate discussions about disability and the built environment. Although many architects object to the constraints of accessibility regulations, the shallow ramps, wide passages, and spatial continuity typical of barrier-free design are not foreign to architectural discourse. They rather mesh effortlessly with architecture’s long-standing preoccupation with movement. Unfortunately, the proximity between architectural discourse’s focus on mobile experiences and the demands of disability activists distract from considering other relationships between architecture and the human body. This article explores the similarities and differences between mobility disabilities and sensory disabilities and proposes the notion of “perceiving otherwise” to reconsider how architectural space may be conceptualized. It discusses that notion through readings of selected contemporary architectural works, including Rem Koolhaas’s Bordeaux House (1998) and Peter Eisenman’s Memorial to the Murdered European Jews in Berlin (2005).

Erik Bork: Danmark under dynen – fra bryllup til bunkepul. (Michael Hviid Jacobsen) Mette Bryld & Randi Markussen (red.): Cyberkulturer og rekonfigurationer. (Stine Gotved) John Andersen et al.: Empowerment i storbyens rum – et socialvidenskabe- ligt perspektiv. (Vibeke Pihl) Peter Dahler-Larsen: Selvevalueringens hvide sejl. (Steen Nepper Larsen) James A. Holstein & Jaber F. Gubrium (red.): Inside Interviewing. New Lenses, New Concerns. Jaber F. Gubrium & James A. Holstein (red.): Postmodern Interviewing. (Rasmus Antoft) Lilli Zeuner/Jeppe Højland: Unge i det kriminelle felt – et studium af forskningslitteratur. (Sune Qvotrup Jensen) Michael Hviid Jacobsen & Søren Kristiansen: Erving Goffman. Sociologien om det sociale livs elementære former. (Jeppe Ingemann Lyng) Jesper Due & Jørgen Steen Madsen: Fra magtkamp til konsensus: Arbejds- markedspensionerne og den danske model. (Asbjørn Sonne Nørgaard) Finn Collin: Konstruktivisme. (Søren Damkjær) Michael Hviid Jacobsen (red.): Sociologiske visioner – Sytten bidrag fra en sociologisk brydningstid. (Nils Mortensen)

We introduce a new model of interacting spin 1/2. It describes interactions of three nearest neighbors. The Hamiltonian can be expressed in terms of Fredkin gates. The Fredkin gate (also known as the controlled swap gate) is a computational circuit suitable for reversible computing. Our construction generalizes the model presented by Peter Shor and Ramis Movassagh to half-integer spins. Our model can be solved by means of Catalan combinatorics in the form of random walks on the upper half plane of a square lattice (Dyck walks). Each Dyck path can be mapped on a wave function of spins. The ground state is an equally weighted superposition of Dyck walks (instead of Motzkin walks). We can also express it as a matrix product state. We further construct a model of interacting spins 3/2 and greater half-integer spins. The models with higher spins require coloring of Dyck walks. We construct a [Formula: see text] symmetric model (where [Formula: see text] is the number of colors). The leading term of the entanglement entropy is then proportional to the square root of the length of the lattice (like in the Shor–Movassagh model). The gap closes as a high power of the length of the lattice [5, 11].

EFFECTS OF DAIRY FARM WASTEWATER USE IN CULTIVATION ON FIG TREE (FICUS CARICA L.) JONATHAS BATISTA GONCALVES SILVA1; MAURO APARECIDO MARTINEZ2; LUIZ CARLOS CHAMHUM SALOMÃO3; PAULO ROBERTO CECON4; ANTONIO TEIXEIRA DE MATOS5 E LEONARDO DUARTE BATISTA DA SILVA6 1Departamento de Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental, UFJF, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, s/n,Bairro São Pedro, 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil, jonathas.silva@engenharia.ufjf.br. 2Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, UFV, Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n, 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brasil, mmauro@ufv.br 3Departamento de Fitotecnia, UFV, Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n, 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brasil, lsalomao@ufv.br 4Departamento de Estatística, UFV, Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n, 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brasil,cecon@ufv.br. 5Departamento de Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental, UFMG, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Bairro Pampulha,31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil,atmatos@desa.ufmg.br 6Departamento de Engenharia, UFRRJ, Rodovia BR 465,km 7, s/n,23890-000, Seropédica, RJ, Brasil, monitoreambiental@gmail.com 1 ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of dairy farm wastewater (DFW) use on fig tree growth, production, on fig health standard and on nutrient concentration in fig tree leaves. The study was developed in the Integrated Agroecological System area, in Seropédica (RJ, Brazil) between June 2011 and May 2012. The applied fertilizer formulations were: Formulation 1, 100% of nitrogen dose recommended for fig tree supplied by fertilizing with castor bean cake (CB); Formulation 2, 50% of nitrogen dose supplied by DFW application and 50% of nitrogen dose supplied by CB; Formulation 3, 75% of nitrogen dose supplied by DFW application and 25% of nitrogen dose from CB; Formulation 4, 100% of nitrogen dose supplied by DFW application.Data were submitted to analysis of variance and the averages were compared by Tukey’s test at 10% probability. The results demonstrated that branches length, number of leaves per branch, number of fruits, production and yield were lower in plants submitted to Formulation 4. Contamination of fruits by thermotolerant coliforms or Salmonellasp did not occur after DFW use as fertilizer. The results showed that the use of DFW in fig tree cultivation was sufficient to provide the nutritional needs of plants, as regards macronutrients and Fe. Keywords: fertirrigation, environmental impact, final disposal of effluents and crop nutrition. SILVA, J.B. G.; MARTINEZ, M. A.; SALOMÃO, L. C. C.; CECON,P. R.; MATOS, A. T.; SILVA, L. D. B. EFEITOS DO USO DE ÁGUA RESIDUÁRIA DE BOVINOCULTURANO CULTIVO DA FIGUEIRA (FICUS CARICA L.) 2 RESUMO Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar os efeitos do uso da água residuária de bovinocultura de leite (ARB) no crescimento, produção, padrão fitossanitário dos frutos e na concentração de nutrientes nas folhas da figueira. As formulações de adubação aplicadas foram: Adubação 1 - 100% da dose de nitrogênio fornecida pela adubação com torta de mamona (TM); Adubação 2 - 50% da dose de nitrogênio comaplicação de ARB e 50% com TM; Adubação 3 - 75% da dose de nitrogênio com aplicação de ARB e os outros 25% da dose com TM; Adubação 4 - 100% da dose de nitrogênio com aplicação da ARB. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas utilizando-se o Teste de Tukey a 10% de probabilidade. Diante dos resultados verificou-se que comprimento dos ramos, o número de folhas por ramos, o número de frutos, a produção e a produtividade foram menores nas plantas submetidas à Adubação4. Não ocorreu contaminação dos frutos por coliformes termotolerantes e Salmonella sp. Diante dos resultados concluiu-se que o uso de ARB no cultivo da figueira não proporciona deficiência nutricional às plantas no que se refere aos macronutrientes (N, Ca, Mg, K e P). Palavras-chave: fertirrigação, impacto ambiental, disposição final de efluentes, nutrição vegetal.

Gjennom uminnelige tider har mennesket vært fascinert av havet. I en rekke skapelsesmyter fremstår gjerne havet som en positiv størrelse, en pulserende og livgivende urtidsstrøm. Men ved siden av å være en raus kilde til liv, er havet også nært forbundet med undergang og død,forlis og drukning. Få havstykker har som den beryktede Moskenesstraumen fått denne havets dobbelthet knyttet til seg - på den ene siden verdens største barselseng, på den annen side dødens grusomme svelg. Kanskje med unntak av Bermuda-trianglet i Sargassohavet, stedet hvor skip, og etter hvert også fly, angivelig skal ha forsvunnet sporløst i årevis, er det neppe noe havområde i verden som opp gjennom århundrene er blitt beskrevet og illustrert i tilsvarende grad som Moskenesstraumen. I denne artikkelen skal jeg rette fokus mot tre av de mange som, på høyst forskjellig vis, har latt seg fascinere og inspirere av Moskenesstraumen, nemlig Petter Dass, Edgar Allan Poeog Jules Verne.

Schwindt, Peter, Jennifer A. O'Brien, and Wayne Crill. Quantitative analysis of firing properties of pyramidal neurons from layer 5 of rat sensorimotor cortex. J. Neurophysiol. 77: 2484–2498, 1997. Quantitative aspects of repetitive firing evoked by injected current steps and ramps were studied in layer 5 pyramidal neurons in brain slices of rat sensorimotor cortex to answer the following questions. Do the tonic firing properties of burst-firing and regular-spiking (nonbursting) neurons differ significantly? Does burst firing denote a discrete class of neurons or represent a continuum of firing properties? Is firing rate during the burst of action potentials related to stimulus amplitude? What aspect of the stimulus might the initial firing rate code? How stable are a neuron's firing properties over time? All recorded neurons fired tonically to a long-lasting current above a minimum value, and the tonic firing properties of most neurons were quite similar irrespective of their initial response to a current step. Only a group of high-resistance neurons had significantly different tonic firing properties. When slow current ramps (rising between 0.5 and ≈20 nA/s) were applied, the relation between firing rate and current during the ramp was very similar to the relation between tonic firing rate and current obtained from long-lasting current steps. Low-resistance cells exhibited three distinct initial responses to a current step: fast adaptation, high-threshold bursts, and low-threshold bursts, observed in 54, 28, and 10% of recorded cells, respectively. High-resistance cells exhibited a distinctive slow adaptation of firing rate. Slowly adapting, fast-adapting (FA), and high-threshold burster (HTB) neurons exhibited no adaptation near the minimum current that evoked repetitive firing ( I o). FA and HTB cells exhibited two-spike adaptation to a final tonic firing rate during currents up to 1.6 times I o. Only a higher current (2.1 times I o) evoked a burst in HTB cells, whereas a burst was evoked at I o in the low-threshold burster cells. In most cells analyzed, the initial firing rate, whatever its nature, increased monotonically with current step amplitude. The response to fast current ramps indicated that firing rate during adaptation or bursting may code rate of change of current. Repeated measurements during long-duration impalements indicated that both transient and tonic firing properties are stable over time. We discuss how the different tonic firing properties of large and small pyramidal neurons could be more important functionally than the different transient responses (burst/nonburst) of the large neurons. We conclude that the large neurons would perform a better linear transduction of time-varying synaptic current that reaches their somata. We compare the responses evoked by somatically injected current with those evoked by dendritic glutamate iontophoresis in previous studies.

-Stanley L. Engerman, Heather Cateau ,Capitalism and slavery fifty years later: Eric Eustace Williams - A reassessment of the man and his work. New York: Peter Lang, 2000. xvii + 247 pp., S.H.H. Carrington (eds)-Philip D. Morgan, B.W. Higman, Writing West Indian histories. London: Macmillan Caribbean, 1999. xiv + 289 pp.-Daniel Vickers, Alison Games, Migration and the origins of the English Atlantic world. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 1999. xiii + 322 pp.-Christopher L. Brown, Andrew Jackson O'Shaughnessy, An empire divided: The American revolution and the British Caribbean. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000. xviii + 357 pp.-Lennox Honychurch, Samuel M. Wilson, The indigenous people of the Caribbean. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1997. xiv + 253 pp.-Kenneth Bilby, Bev Carey, The Maroon story: The authentic and original history of the Maroons in the history of Jamaica 1490-1880. St. Andrew, Jamaica: Agouti Press, 1997. xvi + 656 pp.-Bernard Moitt, Doris Y. Kadish, Slavery in the Caribbean Francophone world: Distant voices, forgotten acts, forged identities. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2000. xxiii + 247 pp.-Michael J. Guasco, Virginia Bernhard, Slaves and slaveholders in Bermuda, 1616-1782. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1999. xviii + 316 pp.-Michael J. Jarvis, Roger C. Smith, The maritime heritage of the Cayman Islands. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2000. xxii + 230 pp.-Paul E. Hoffman, Peter R. Galvin, Patterns of pillage: A geography of Caribbean-based piracy in Spanish America, 1536-1718. New York: Peter Lang, 1999. xiv + 271 pp.-David M. Stark, Raúl Mayo Santana ,Cadenas de esclavitud...y de solidaridad: Esclavos y libertos en San Juan,siglo XIX. Río Piedras: Centro de Investigaciones Sociales, Universidad de Puerto Rico, 1997. 204 pp., Mariano Negrón Portillo, Manuel Mayo López (eds)-Ada Ferrer, Philip A. Howard, Changing history: Afro-Cuban Cabildos and societies of color in the nineteenth century. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1998. xxii + 227 pp.-Alvin O. Thompson, Maurice St. Pierre, Anatomy of resistance: Anti-colonialism in Guyana 1823-1966. London: Macmillan, 1999. x + 214 pp.-Linda Peake, Barry Munslow, Guyana: Microcosm of sustainable development challenges. Aldershot, U.K. and Brookfield VT: Ashgate, 1998. x + 130 pp.-Stephen Stuempfle, Peter Mason, Bacchanal! The carnival culture of Trinidad. Philadelphia PA: Temple University Press, 1998. 191 pp.-Christine Chivallon, Catherine Benoît, Corps, jardins, mémoires: Anthropologie du corps et de l' espace à la Guadeloupe. Paris: CNRS Éditions, 2000. 309 pp.-Katherine E. Browne, Mary C. Waters, Black identities: Wsst Indian immigrant dreams and American realities. New York: Russell Sage Foundation; Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 1999. xvii + 413 pp.-Eric Paul Roorda, Bernardo Vega, Los Estados Unidos y Trujillo - Los días finales: 1960-61. Colección de documentos del Departamento de Estado, la CIA y los archivos del Palacio Nacional Dominicano. Santo Domingo: Fundación Cultural Dominicana, 1999. xx+ 783 pp.-Javier Figueroa-de Cárdenas, Charles D. Ameringer, The Cuban democratic experience: The Auténtico years, 1944-1952. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2000. ix + 230 pp.-Robert Lawless, Charles T. Williamson, The U.S. Naval mission to Haiti, 1959-1963. Annapolis MD: Naval Institute Press, 1999. xv + 395 pp.-Noel Leo Erskine, Arthur Charles Dayfoot, The shaping of the West Indian Church, 1492-1962. Kingston: The Press University of the West Indies; Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1999. xvii + 360 pp.-Edward Baugh, Laurence A. Breiner, An introduction to West Indian poetry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998. xxii + 261 pp.-Lydie Moudileno, Heather Hathaway, Caribbean waves: Relocating Claude McKay and Paule Marshall. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999. xi + 201 pp.-Nicole Roberts, Claudette M. Williams, Charcoal and cinnamon: The politics of color in Spanish Caribbean literature. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2000. xii + 174 pp.-Nicole Roberts, Marie Ramos Rosado, La mujer negra en la literatura puertorriqueña: Cuentística de los setenta: (Luis Rafael Sánchez, Carmelo Rodríguez Torres, Rosario Ferré y Ana Lydia Vega). San Juan: Ed. de la Universidad de Puerto Rico, Ed. Cultural, and Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña, 1999. xxiv + 397 pp.-William W. Megenney, John H. McWhorter, The missing Spanish Creoles: Recovering the birth of plantation contact languages. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000. xi + 281 pp.-Robert Chaudenson, Chris Corne, From French to Creole: The development of New Vernaculars in the French colonial world. London: University of Westminster Press, 1999. x + 263 pp.

AbstractLegal translation training involves the acquisition and development of a set of sub-competences that constitute legal translation competence (Cao, Deborah. 2007. Translating law. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters; Prieto Ramos, Fernando. 2011. Developing legal translation competence: An integrative process-oriented approach. Comparative Legilinguistics. International Journal for Legal Communications 5. 7–21; Piecychna, Beata. 2013. Legal translation competence in the light of translational hermeneutics. Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 34(47). 141–159; Soriano Barabino, Guadalupe. 2016. Comparative law for legal translators. Oxford: Peter Lang; Soriano Barabino, Guadalupe. 2018. La formación del traductor jurídico: Análisis de la competencia traductora en traducción jurídica y propuesta de programa formativo. Quaderns: Revista de Traduccio 25. 217–229). The development of those sub-competences is part of a complex process where students are faced with different concepts and translation strategies and techniques which are not necessarily easy to grasp for trainee translators (Way, Catherine. 2014. Structuring a legal translation course: A framework for decision-making in legal translation training. In Le Cheng, King Kui Sin & Anne Wagner (eds.), The Ashgate handbook of legal translation. Farnham: Ashgate), particularly when applied to a legal context. It is our experience that translation students tend to focus on the product (text production) and do not spend enough time analysing the source text, which results in obvious mistakes in mainly – but not only – cultural (legal), textual and linguistic aspects. The interdisciplinary nature of legal translation calls for an integrative model for teaching and learning. The model presented provides trainees with a framework for source text analysis that places the communicative situation and the translation brief at the core from which three fundamental dimensions, based on the aspects mentioned above, develop. Elements such as the legal cultures involved, legal text typologies or the level of specialisation of terms and discourse are some of the aspects to be considered, so allowing trainees to achieve a thorough understanding of the source text for a conscious translation. The model will be applied to a specific source text and translation brief.

El presente artículo se elaboró hace más de tres décadas. Fue un informe preliminar sobre una colina ubicada cerca al Centro Ceremonial de Pacopampa. Nuestro interés era establecer relaciones entre la colina y el Centro Ceremonial. Esta colina fue un asentamiento poblacional muy importante para la actividad religiosa, porque se encontró cerámica en gran cantidad y calidad. Pero desafortunadamente no pudimos continuar con la investigación. Los trabajos de investigación arqueológica realizados en Pacopampa, Cajamarca, fueron publicados por la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, a través del Seminario de Historia Rural Andina, bajo la dirección del Dr. Pablo Macera, apasionado por la recuperación del pasado peruano, gestor y motor de nuestras investigaciones arqueológicas en la zona. A él nuestro reconocido agradecimiento, igualmente a las autoridades universitarias, quienes aprobaron el proyecto y nos facilitaron una partida para su ejecución. Agradecemos al Dr. Ramiro Matos, quién nos brindó el gabinete de trabajo para el análisis del material arqueológico recuperado en el campo; al Dr. Hernando Macedo, zoólogo, especialista en mamíferos del Museo Javier Prado de la UNMSM, quien identificó el material óseo animal de las excavaciones; al Dr. Peter Kaulicke por el asesoramiento del análisis del material cerámico; al Sr. Carlos León, quién dibujó las láminas del material cultural. La colaboración en las excavaciones de los alumnos de arqueología de la UNMSM, Herminia Ramos, Daniel Morales y Víctor Chang, ha sido valiosa. La simpatía, generosidad y acogida del pueblo de Pacopampa por los trabajos que se realizaron son muy reconocidos por nosotros, especialmente a los señores Críspulo Tapia, Asunción Peralta y Félix Hurtado, quienes como autoridades y con su conocimiento de la región facilitaron nuestros estudios; al Sr. Tomás Pérez, guardián de las ruinas de Pacopampa, y al personal obrero que colaboró en nuestro trabajo. Agradecemos también a todo el pueblo de Pacopampa por la conciencia cívica que demostró y el interés por el mantenimiento de su tradición, ya que están plenamente comprometidos con la conservación del Patrimonio Cultural de la Nación, representado por el gran Templo de Pacopampa.

The article discusses the technologies and methods for creating universal environment, features of their use and their possibilities of functional extension placement by limited area. The analysis of world experience (Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo Galilei, Robert Fulton, Nikola Tesla, Joan Littlewood, Cederic Price, Larry Bell, Craig Kauffman, Peter Alexander, Mies van Dral Roeta Lille Reich, Dieter Rams). The light effecting on the proportions of the placement. For example of such groups like: Lightand Space, Aqua Creations, Manta Ray Light. The lighting system allows you to add dynamics into the space, expressiveness or isolation. Created an environment which would be change for human need. Use sliding partitions - screens, for example Popup Interactive Apartment is represented by Hyperbody design team from DelftUniversity of Technology. Authors idea is to place all placemant in a room with area of 50 square meters (smart technology) - where you can move not only partitions, but also furniture, which can suit specific human needs. The curtains were expertly fitted into the interior of the Samt & Seide cafe by architects Mies van der Roet Lilly Reich, which was designed for Die Modeder Dame exhibition in Berlin. A space with 300 square meters was zoned with using silk and velvet curtains, which were divided according to their color and height. Examples of flexible space are WAarchi's architectural project: architects have successfully rethought the space of the first building of Taiwan's Chiao Tung University construction school. Also, the article outlines prospect development of adaptive design on architecture and historical background, show the results of the analysis of questions adaptive spaces in the context modern development of society. Studding thematic publications gave it possible to highlighting the main tools dimensional zoning in interior design. Often used by architects and designers: work with light (own lighting, navigation, and communication with the observer); sliding partitions (take up less space in placement and can be transform); color and material (divide space on functional zone); kinetic elements of equipment, which can change their position in space or shape/ Describe the areas of their used on based for examples from world architectural practice, provide them the grade.

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This article is about a Qualitative Documentary Research that investigated aspects of the Revista Ciência Hoje das Crianças – CHC in Brazil. We seek, through an Visual Content Analysis, to categorize the representation of the human being present in cartoons in that we call “Curiosities Section”. The analyzed images report the minimization of the female image before the male, portraying the female as fragile, vulnerable, housewife, submissive to the family and to the male sex. The masculine being predominates, being represented in 75% of all the considered human figures, portrayed like strong, involved with the science, fearless, independent and bearer of power on the opposite sex. We suggest that the cartoons analyzed also suggest a "cultural whitening", since white men and white women represent the ethnic majority depicted in the editions analyzed.ResumoA revista Ciência Hoje das Crianças (CHC) é um importante veículo de comunicação de massa que atua na divulgação de temas científicos, culturais e de costumes do povo brasileiro. Trata-se de uma rica ferramenta em prol do ensino de ciências que pode ser utilizada por professores de ciências e de biologia de modo a complementar os temas abordados em aulas e favorecer muitas possibilidades de leituras. A revista CHC contém imagens fotográficas e muitos cartuns ilustrando seus temas. O presente artigo trata-se de uma Pesquisa Qualitativa Documental que investigou aspectos constantes da CHC. Buscamos, através de uma Análise de Conteúdo de Imagens, categorizar a representação do ser humano presente em cartuns no que chamamos de Seção Curiosidades. As imagens analisadas reportam a minimização da imagem feminina perante a masculina, retratando o sexo feminino como frágil, vulnerável, dona de casa, submissa à família e ao sexo masculino. O ser masculino predomina, pois foi representado em 75% de todas as figuras humanas consideradas, retratado como forte, envolvido com a ciência, destemido, independente e portador de poder sobre o sexo oposto. Sugerimos que os cartuns analisados também sugerem um “branqueamento cultural”, já que homens brancos e mulheres brancas representam a maioria étnica retratada nas edições analisadas.Keywords: Communication and education, Mass culture, Cartoons, Science education.Palavras-chave: Cultura de massa, Cartum, Material didático, Ensino de ciências.ReferencesBANKS, Marcus. Dados visuais para a pesquisa qualitativa. Porto Alegre: ArtMed, 2009. 176p.BAUER, Martin W.; GASKELL, George. Pesquisa qualitativa com texto, imagem e som: um manual prático. 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ASSESSMENT OF PARALLEL SIGNALING PATHWAYS IN UTERINE MYOCYTES STIMULATED WITH VARIOUS SMOOTH MUSCLE AGONISTS H.N. Aguilar, B.F. Mitchell 1 TRACTOGRAPHY: A NOVEL TECHNIQUE TO IMAGE FIBER TRACTS OF THE SPINAL CORD Fahad Alkherayf, Eve Tsai, Arturo Cardenas-Blanco, Alain Berthiaume, Brien Benoit, John Sinclair 1 MODULATION OF OSTEOCLASTOGENESIS IN INFLAMMATORY JOINT DISEASES H. Allard-Chamard, M. Durant, A.J. de Brum-Fernandes, G. Boire, S.V. Komarova, S.J. Dixon, S.M. Sims, R. Harison, M.F. Manolson 2 “THE RIGHT THING TO DO? A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF PUBLIC HEALTH ETHICS, RIGHTS DISCOURSE, AND THE EXPANSION OF ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY (ART)” Berkhout, SG, Anderson, S, Tyndall, MW 2 COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF IMMEDIATE BASELINE COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY VS. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF ACUTE ISCHEMIC STROKE IN ONTARIO PATIENTS WHO PRESENT WITH SYMPTOMS SUGGESTIVE OF STROKE KR Burton, G. Mery 3 CHITOSAN-MEDIATED FGF18 DELIVERY FOR ASSISTED BONE REPAIR A. Carli, M. Lavertu, C. Gao, A. Merzouki, M.D. Buschmann, J.E. Henderson, E.J.Harvey 3 ACTIVE PI3K-AKT SIGNALING PROMOTES THE METASTATIC POTENTIAL OF ASCITES-DERIVED EPITHELIAL OVARIAN CANCER CELLS Correa RJM, Ramos-Valdes Y, Bertrand M, Lanvin D, Préfontaine M, Sugimoto AK, Lewis JD, Shepherd TG, DiMattia GE 4 MECHANISMS OF K65R, D67N, K103N, V106M AND M184V RESISTANCE DEVELOPMENT IN SUBTYPE-B AND C HIV-1 Dimitrios Coutsinos, Cedric F. Invernizzi, Daniela Moisi, Maureen Oliveira, Hongtao Xu, Bluma G. Brenner, Mark A. Wainberg 4 A MODEL TO DETERMINE FACTORS INVOLVED IN THE INDUCTION OF AN IN VIVO CTL RESPONSE Dissanayake D, Ohashi PS 5 P63 ANTAGONIZES P53 TO PROMOTE THE SURVIVAL OF EMBRYONIC NEURAL PRECURSOR CELLS Sagar B. Dugani, Annie Paquin, Masashi Fujitani, David R. Kaplan, Freda D. Miller 5 SPINAL LOCOMOTOR NETWORK MODULATION BY ENDOGENOUS SEROTONIN IN THE ISOLATED NEONATAL MOUSE SPINAL CORD Dunbar MJ, Whelan PJ 6 THE TUMOR PROMOTING AND REPRESSING EFFECTS OF INTEGRIN-LINKED KINASE ARE DIFFERENTIATED BY JNK1 IN HUMAN CANCER CELLS Adam David Durbin, Gregory Edward Hannigan, David Malkin 6 INCREASED EXCITATION IN MICE OVER-EXPRESSING NEUROLIGIN-1 IS ASSOCIATED WITH IMPAIRED LONG-TERM POTENTIATION AND LEARNING AND MEMORY Brennan D Eadie, Timal Kannangara, Regina Dalhaus, Rochelle M Hines, Yu-Tian Wang, Alaa El-Husseini, Brian R Christie 7 A NOVEL ROLE FOR CDK5/P35 IN MEDULLOBLASTOMA FORMATION Friesen AN, Shin J, Law V, Lee YS, Mckinnon P, Lee KY 7 ALTERED PSYCHOSOCIAL BEHAVIOUR AND STRESS RESPONSE FOLLOWING ‘MINOR’ STROKE IN THE RAT Krista Hewlett, Meighan Kelly, Dale Corbett 8 TUMOUR PATHOLOGY PREDICTS MICROSATELLITE INSTABILITY IN COLORECTAL CANCER AJ Hyde, D Fontaine, S Stuckless, RC Green, A Pollett, M Simms, P Parfrey, HB Younghusband 8 PROTEINASE-ACTIVATED RECEPTOR-2 (PAR2) IS A POTENTIAL TARGET FOR THE ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECTS OF INSULIN Eric Hyun, Rithwick Ramachandran, Nicolas Cenac, Steeve Houle, Amit Saxena, Roland S. Liblau, Morley Hollenberg, Nathalie Vergnolle 9 CHEMOSENSITIVE PROPERTIES OF THE VENTRAL MEDULLA IN VITRO Kalf Daniel J, Wilson Richard JA 9 NOVEL DOPAMINE RECEPTOR-N TYPE CALCIUM CHANNEL INTERACTIONS: POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGETS FOR DISORDERS ASSOCIATED WITH ABERRANT DOPAMINERGIC SIGNALLING Alexandra E. Kisilevsky, Sean J. Mulligan, Christophe Altier, Mircea C. Iftinca, Diego Varela, Chao Tai, Lina Chen, Shahid Hameed, Jawed Hamid, Brian A. MacVicar, Gerald W. Zamponi 10 TRUNCATION OF THE C-TERMINAL DOMAIN OF CONNEXIN43 INCREASES INFARCT VOLUME DURING STROKE Kozoriz MG, Bechberger JF, Bechberger GR, Suen MWH, Moreno AP, Maass K, Willecke K, Naus CC 10 EVALUATION OF THE DELIVERABILITY AND TOLERABILITY OF INTENSIVE WEEKLY DOUBLET ADJUVANT CHEMOTHERAPY IN NON SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER M. Sara Kuruvilla, Lorraine Martelli-Reid, J. R. Goffin, A. Arnold, Peter M. Ellis 11 A POLICY-ORIENTED SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE SAFETY AND EFFICACY OF ENDOSCOPIC THERAPIES FOR THE TREATMENT OF BARRETT’S ESOPHAGUS Lau D, Menon D, Stafinski T, Topfer LA, Walker J 11 THE SRC-LIKE ADAPTOR PROTEIN, SLAP, PLAYS A ROLE IN MONOCYTE-DERIVED DENDRITIC CELL MATURATION Larissa Liontos, L Dragone, A Weiss, C J McGlade 12 SWEET PEE: A NEW MOUSE MODEL FOR GLOMERULOCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE AND GLUCOSURIA J Ly, J Rossant, L Oxborne, C McKerlie, A Flenniken, S Quaggin 12 CARDIOGENIC SHOCK IN ASPHYXIATED NEONATE PIGLETS: IS COMBINATION INOTROPE THERAPY BETTER THAN HIGH-DOSE DOPAMINE? N. Manouchehri, P.-Y. Cheung, C. Joynt, T. Churchill, D. Bigam 13 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FLOW-MEDIATED DILATION, HYPEREMIC SHEAR STRESS, AND VARIOUS ANTHROPOMETRIC INDICES OF OBESITY Martin BJ, Title LM, Verma S, Charbonneau F, Buithieu J, Lonn EM, Anderson TJ 13 RAPID LOCALIZATION OF NEUTROPHILS TO SITES OF CELL DEATH BY MAC1-DEPENDENT ADHESION AND INTRAVASCULAR CRAWLING McDonald B, Menezes GB, Kubes P 14 THE ROLE OF SHIP-1 IN CEACAM1-MEDIATED HOST RESPONSES TO NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE INFECTION Gordon G McSheffrey, S D Gray-Owen 14 USING VOLTAGE-SENSITIVE DYES TO RECORD BRAIN ACTIVITY IN NATURALLY MOVING MICE McVea DA, Mohajerani MH, Fingas M, Murphy TH 15 POTENTIAL MECHANICAL INFLUENCE IN MICROVASCULAR PATHOLOGY IN THE ACL DEFICIENT RABBIT KNEE Daniel Miller 15 OSTEOBLAST MECHANOSENSITIVITY: THE ROLE OF HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE Kenneth A. Myers, Timothy Douglas, Ricarda Hess, Justin Parreno, Jerome B. Rattner, Dieter Scharnweber, Nigel G. Shrive, David A. Hart 16 ENDOTHELIAL PROGENITOR CELLS FOR HEALING AND ANGIOGENESIS IN A SEGMENTAL BONE DEFECT MODEL: A COMPARISON WITH MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS Nauth A, Li R, Schemitsch EH 16 DELAY OF DNA METHYLATION IN PERINATAL MALE GERM CELLS IN THE ABSENCE OF DNMT3L RESULTING IN INFERTILITY Kirsten Niles, Sophie La Salle, Christopher Oakes, Jacquetta Trasler 17 INVESTIGATING CRMP4 FUNCTION IN CNS NERVE REGENERATION S. Ong Tone, S. Kanagal, A. Wilson, Y.Z. Alabed, A. Di Polo, A.E. Fournier 17 A NOVEL, DNA DAMAGE-DEPENDENT REGULATORY PATHWAY FOR AKT IN VIVO Andrew J. Perrin, W. Brent Derry 18 CHOP AS A TARGET FOR PRESERVATION OF TRANSPLANTED ISLET GRAFT MASS Potter K, Dai L, Verchere CB 18 TREATMENT OF ACHILLES TENDINOPATHY R Ram, C Patel, D Wiseman, W Meeuwisse, JP Wiley 19 PLACENTAL LACTOGEN FUNCTION IN POST-IMPLANTATION MURINE PREGNANCY Saara M. Rawn, James C. Cross 19 DECODING NEURAL SIGNALS FROM MULTIELECTRODE ARRAYS IN THE PRIMATE DORSOLATERAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX Sachs A.J, Pieper F, Martinez-Trujillo J.C. 20 THE ROLE OF TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR ALPHA IN A MOUSE MODEL OF OSTEOARTHRITIS Usmani S.E, Appleton C.T.G., Welch I.D, Beier F. 20 SKIN-DERIVED STEM CELLS ACT AS FUNCTIONAL SCHWANN CELLS WHEN TRANSPLANTED INTO LESIONED PERIPHERAL NERVE Sarah K. Walsh, Rajiv Midha 21 TLR4 MEDIATES SUSCEPTIBILITY TO STREPTOZOTOCIN-INDUCED DIABETES C Westwell-Roper, G Soukhatcheva, MJH Hutton, JP Dutz, CB Verchere 21 A FUSION OF GMCSF AND IL-21 (GIFT-21) POTENTLY INDUCES INFLAMMATION AND APOPTOSIS THROUGH SIGNALS DOWNSTREAM OF THE IL-21R ALPHA CHAIN Patrick Williams, Shala Yuan, Jessica Cuerquis, Elena Birman, Kathy Ann Forner, Jacques Galipeau 22

Resumo: Autor de uma obra filosófica abrangente, Alasdair MacIntyre manifesta um interesse profundo pelo tema da educação, tendo refletido, em particular, seriamente sobre a universidade. Sua concepção de universidade é fortemente influenciada por aquela defendida por John Henry Newman no século XIX, e se relaciona intimamente, tanto quanto para Newman, com a sua compreensão sobre a filosofia. Partindo de tal concepção, é possível refletir sistematicamente sobre a questão do ensino de filosofia, tanto no interior da vida universitária quanto nas relações desta última com a sociedade e a cultura em geral, inclusive com um foco particular sobre a realidade brasileira. Palavras-chave: Alasdair MacIntyre (1929-). John Henry Newman (1801-1890). Universidade. Ensino de filosofia. Abstract: Authoring a comprehensive philosophical oeuvre, Alasdair MacIntyre manifests a profound interest on the subject of education, having produced in particular a serious reflection on the theme of the university. His conception of a university is strongly influenced by that of John Henry Newman in the 19th century, and is intimately related, as much as with Newman’s, to his understanding of philosophy. Beginning with such a conception, it is possible to systematically meditate on the matter of the teaching of philosophy, within the university walls as well as at its general cultural and social boundaries, including a particular focus on Brazilian reality. Keywords: Alasdair MacIntyre (1929-). John Henry Newman (1801-1890). University. Philosophy teaching. REFERÊNCIAS ARRIOLA, Claudia Ruiz. Tradición, Universidad y Virtud: Filosofia de la Educacion Superior en Alasdair MacIntyre. Pamplona: EUNSA, 2000. ARISTÓTELES. Ethica Nicomachea. In: MCKEON, Richard (Org.). The Basic Works of Aristotle. New York: The Modern Library, 2001. ARTIGAS, Mariano. Mind of the Universe: Understanding Science and Religion. Philadelphia: Templeton Foundation, 1999. BISHOP, Jeffrey P. Waiting for St. Benedict among the Ruins: MacIntyre and Medical Practice. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, 36 (2011), p. 107-113. BRASIL. Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação Nacional. Lei nº 9.394, 20 dez. 1996. Brasília: Diário Oficial da União, 1996. BRASIL. Lei nº 13.415, 16 fev. 2017. Brasília: Diário Oficial da União, 2017. BREWER, Kathryn Balstad. Management as a Practice: A Response to Alasdair MacIntyre. Journal of Business Ethics, 16 (1997), p. 825-833. CAVANAUGH, William T. The Myth of Religious Violence: Secular Ideology and the Roots of Modern Conflict. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009. CERLETTI, Alejandro. O ensino de filosofia como problema filosófico. Trad. Ingrid Müller Xavier. Belo Horizonte: Autêntica, 2009. CROSS, Bryan R. MacIntyre on the Practice of Philosophy and the University. American Catholic Philosophical Quaterly, 88, 4 (2014), p. 751-766. CUNHA, Luiz Antonio. A universidade temporã: o ensino superior, da Colônia à era Vargas. 3. ed. São Paulo: Ed. UNESP, 2007. DUNNE, Joseph. Arguing for Teaching as a Practice: A Reply to Alasdair MacIntyre. Journal of Philosophy of Education, 37, 2 (2003), p. 353-369. DUNNE, Joseph. Newman Now: Re-Examining the Concepts of ‘Philosophical’ and ‘Liberal’ in The Idea of a University. British Journal of Educational Studies, 54, 4 (2006), p. 412-428. DEINA, Wanderley José. Filosofia no ensino médio: considerações sobre a reforma educacional brasileira a partir do pensamento de Theodor Adorno. Sofia, 6, 3 (2017), pp. 5-25. FÓRUM NACIONAL PERMANENTE DO ENSINO RELIGIOSO. Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais para o Ensino Religioso. 3. ed. São Paulo: Ave Maria, 1997. GALLO, Sílvio. A filosofia e seu ensino: conceito e transversalidade. Ethica, 13, 1 (2006), p. 17-35. GOMES, Laécio de Almeida. Filosofia como educação moral: a filosofia da educação em Alasdair MacIntyre. Saberes, 1, 6 (2011), p. 65-76. GOMES, Roberto. Crítica da razão tupiniquim. 11. ed. São Paulo: FTD, 1994. GONTIJO, Pedro. O ensino da filosofia no Brasil: algumas notas sobre avanços e desafios. Perspectivas, 2, 1 (2017), p. 3-17. GOVERNO DO ESTADO DO PARANÁ. Diretrizes Curriculares da Educação Básica – Ensino Religioso. Curitiba: Secretaria de Estado da Educação do Paraná, 2008. HALDANE, John. MacIntyre’s Thomist revival: What’s next? In: HALDANE, John. Faithful Reason: Essays Catholic and Philosophical. London: Routledge, 2004, p. 15-30. KERR, Clark. The Uses of a University. 5. ed. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001. LAMBETH, Edmond B. Waiting for a New St. Benedict: Alasdair MacIntyre and the Theory and Practice of Journalism. Journal of Mass Media Ethics, 5, 2 (1990), p. 75-87. MACINTYRE, Alasdair. The Idea of an Educated Public. In: HAYDON, Graham (Org.). Education and Values: The Richard Peters Lectures. London: University of London Press, 1987, p. 15-35. MACINTYRE, Alasdair. Three Rival Versions of Moral Enquiry: Encyclopaedia, Genealogy, and Tradition. Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press, 1990a. MACINTYRE, Alasdair. First Principles, Final Ends and Contemporary Philosophical Issues. Milwaukee: Marquette University, 1990b. MACINTYRE, Alasdair. Justiça de quem? Qual racionalidade? Trad. Marcelo Pimenta Marques. São Paulo: Loyola, 1991. MACINTYRE, Alasdair. Dependent Rational Animals: Why Human Beings Need the Virtues. Peru (Il): Open Court, 1999. MACINTYRE, Alasdair. Depois da virtude: um estudo em teoria moral. Trad. Jussara Simões. Bauru (SP): EDUSC, 2001. MACINTYRE, Alasdair. Moral Philosophy and Contemporary Social Practice: What Holds Them Apart? In: MACINTYRE, Alasdair. The Tasks of Philosophy: Selected Essays, Volume I. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006, p. 104-122. MACINTYRE, Alasdair. God, Philosophy, Universities: A Selective History of the Catholic Philosophical Tradition. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefields, 2009a. MACINTYRE, Alasdair. The Very Idea of a University: Aristotle, Newman and Us. The New Blackfriars, 91, 1031 (2010), p. 4-19 (2010a) MACINTYRE, Alasdair. On Not Knowing Where You Are Going. Proceedings and Addresses of the American Philosophical Association, 84, 2 (2010), p. 61-74. (2010b) MACINTYRE, Alasdair; DUNNE, Joseph. Alasdair MacIntyre on Education: In Dialogue with Joseph Dunne. Journal of Philosophy of Education, 36, 1 (2002), p. 1-19. MADARIAGA CÉZAR, Manuel García de. La educación en Alasdair MacIntyre: contextos y proyectos. Tese de doutorado. 2009. Pamplona. Facultad Eclesiástica de Filosofía. Universidad de Navarra. MICHEL, Andrew A. Psychiatry After Virtue: A Modern Practice in the Ruins. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, 36 (2011), p. 170-186. NEWMAN, John Henry. Prefácio. In: TURNER, Frank M. (Org.). Newman e a idéia de uma universidade. Trad. Gilson César Cardoso de Sousa. Bauru (SP): EDUSC, 2001a, p. 59-71. NEWMAN, John Henry. Introdutório. In: TURNER, Frank M. (Org.). Newman e a idéia de uma universidade. Trad. Gilson César Cardoso de Sousa. Bauru (SP): EDUSC, 2001b, p. 59-71. NEWMAN, John Henry. Teologia, ramo do conhecimento. In: TURNER, Frank M. (Org.). Newman e a idéia de uma universidade. Trad. Gilson César Cardoso de Sousa. Bauru (SP): EDUSC, 2001c, p. 73-89. NEWMAN, John Henry. Relação da teologia com outros ramos do conhecimento. In: TURNER, Frank M. (Org.). Newman e a idéia de uma universidade. Trad. Gilson César Cardoso de Sousa. Bauru (SP): EDUSC, 2001d, p. 91-110. NEWMAN, John Henry. Relação dos outros ramos do conhecimento com a teologia. In: TURNER, Frank M. (Org.). Newman e a idéia de uma universidade. Trad. Gilson César Cardoso de Sousa. Bauru (SP): EDUSC, 2001e, p. 111-130. NEWMAN, John Henry. Conhecimento, fim em si mesmo. In: TURNER, Frank M. (Org.). Newman e a idéia de uma universidade. Trad. Gilson César Cardoso de Sousa. Bauru (SP): EDUSC, 2001f, p. 131-148. NEWMAN, John Henry. O conhecimento em relação à capacidade profissional. In: TURNER, Frank M. (Org.). Newman e a idéia de uma universidade. Trad. Gilson César Cardoso de Sousa. Bauru (SP): EDUSC, 2001g, 169-188. OLIVE, Arabela Campos. Histórico da educação superior no Brasil. In: SOARES, Maria Susana Arrosa (Org.). A educação superior no Brasil. Brasília: Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, 2002, pp. 31-42. PAVIANI, Jayme. Interdisciplinaridade: conceitos e distinções. 2. ed. Caxias do Sul (RS): Educs, 2008. PINHO, Rozana Isabel Brázio Valente. O ensino de filosofia no Brasil: considerações históricas e político-legislativas. Educação e Filosofia Uberlândia, 28, 56, (2014), p. 757-771. ROHDEN, Valerio (Org.). Idéias de universidade. Canoas: Ed. ULBRA, 2002. ROSSI, Paolo. O Nascimento da Ciência Moderna na Europa. Trad. Antonio Angonese. Bauru (SP): EDUSC, 2001. 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A crise mundial deflagrada em 2008, pela especulação financeira, serviu para acentuou nos países ricos o que os países pobres já vêm enfrentando a muitas décadas, recessão, inflação, desemprego, desigualdade, exclusão social, violência, entre outras mazelas sociais. E no epicentro das grandes demandas surgem alternativas de enfrentamento, sejam oriundas dos governos, das organizações empresariais ou da sociedade civil organizada, a essa tríade tem se denominado de primeiro setor (governo) segundo setor (empresas privadas) e terceiro setor (sociedade civil). Vive-se sem dúvida num momento hibrido de ações interventivas no campo social, campo esse que via de regra sempre foi renegado a caridade, filantropia e ao bel prazer dos poderosos. Ao se analisar a atual conjuntura, é possível constatar que em alguns aspectos isso não mudou, mas não é essa questão que quero abordar. Ressaltando o fato de que na prática esses setores estão se encontrado, e em alguns momentos até gerando certa conexão. No entanto, ao analisar as questões conceituais e as dimensões políticas, práticas postas e que permeiam essas organizações e seus respectivos sujeitos, é possível encontrar diferenças significativas. Principalmente no campo ideológico, notadamente no caso da economia solidária. No entanto, na prática, será que existem muitas diferenças? Pois, seja no uso de instrumentos, estratégias e ações de intervenção, principalmente quando se trata de ações de geração de trabalho e renda de populações em risco e vulnerabilidade social, encontramos muitas diferenças? É sobre isso que o presente artigo trata. De uma análise a partir de dados empíricos de uma pesquisa referente ao perfil de organizações empresarias da região Oeste do Paraná, Brasil, da prática de um projeto de extensão e da participação de organizações da sociedade civil, e empresarial na criação e desenvolvimento de ações de intervenção no campo da responsabilidade social empresarial, do Empreendedorismo Social, e mais recentemente no viés da economia solidaria. E com isso apontar as possíveis conexões, ambivalências e inflexões necessárias para melhor compreensão desse momento e processo. Palavras-chave: responsabilidade social, empreendedorismo social, economia solidária. ABSTRACT The global crisis triggered in 2008 by financial speculation, served to accented in rich countries, poor countries are already facing many decades, recession, inflation, unemployment, inequality, social exclusion, violence, among other social ills. And at the epicenter of the major demands arise coping alternatives are coming from the governments, business organizations or organized civil society, this triad has been called the first sector (government) second sector (private companies) and third sector (civil society) . We live in a hybrid undoubtedly moment of intervening actions in the social field this that a rule has always renegade charity, philanthropy and the whim of the powerful. When analyzing the current situation, it is clear that in some ways it has not changed, but not the issue I want to address. Highlighting the fact that in practice these sectors are found, and at times even generating some connection. However, when analyzing the conceptual issues and the political dimensions, and put practices that permeate these organizations and their subject, you can find significant differences. Especially in the ideological field, especially in the case of solidarity economy. However, in practice, are there many differences? Therefore, is the use of tools, intervention strategies and actions, especially when it comes to job generation of shares and income populations at risk and social vulnerability, we find many differences? That's what this article is about. An analysis from empirical data from a related research profile of business organizations of western Paraná, Brazil, the practice of a civil society outreach project and the participation of organizations and business in the creation and development of actions intervention in the field of corporate social responsibility, Social Entrepreneurship, and most recently in the bias of the solidarity economy. And with that point out the possible connections, ambivalence and inflections necessary for better understanding of this time and process. Keywords: social responsibility, social entrepreneurship, solidarity economy. RESUMEN La crisis mundial desencadenada en 2008 por la especulación financiera, sirvió para acentuado en los países ricos, los países pobres ya enfrentan muchas décadas, la recesión, la inflación, el desempleo, la desigualdad, la exclusión social, la violencia, entre otros males sociales. Y en el epicentro de las principales demandas surgen alternativas vienen de los gobiernos, las organizaciones empresariales o de la sociedad civil organizada para hacer frente, esta tríada se ha llamado el primer sector (gobierno) segundo sector (empresas privadas) y el tercer sector (la sociedad civil). Vivimos en un híbrido, sin duda, momento de las acciones que intervienen en el ámbito social que esta regla tiene caridad siempre renegado, la filantropía y el capricho de los poderosos. Al analizar la situación actual, es evidente que en algunos aspectos no ha cambiado, pero no el tema que quiero tratar. Destacando el hecho de que en la práctica se encuentran estos sectores, ya veces incluso generar algún tipo de conexión. Sin embargo, al analizar las cuestiones conceptuales y las dimensiones políticas y prácticas puestas que impregnan estas organizaciones y su tema, usted puede encontrar diferencias significativas. Especialmente en el campo ideológico, especialmente en el caso de la economía solidaria. Sin embargo, en la práctica, ¿hay muchas diferencias? Por lo tanto, es el uso de herramientas, estrategias de intervención y acciones, sobre todo cuando se trata de la generación de empleo de las acciones y de las poblaciones de ingresos en situación de riesgo y vulnerabilidad social, encontramos muchas diferencias? Eso es lo que este artículo se trata. Un análisis de los datos empíricos de un perfil de investigación relacionados con las organizaciones empresariales del oeste de Paraná, Brasil, la práctica de un proyecto de extensión de la sociedad civil y la participación de las organizaciones y las empresas en la creación y desarrollo de acciones intervención en el ámbito de la responsabilidad social corporativa, Emprendimiento Social, y más recientemente en el sesgo de la economía solidaria. Y con ese punto las posibles conexiones, la ambivalencia y las inflexiones necesarias para una mejor comprensión de este tiempo y proceso. Palavras-clave: responsabilidad social, emprendimiento social, economía solidaria. Referências ALMEIDA, Fernando.(2007) Os desafios da sustentabilidade: uma ruptura urgente Rio de Janeiro: Campus. DAWBOR, Ladislau. 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GAIGER, Luiz Inácio.(1998) A solidariedade como alternativa econômica para os pobres. Contexto e Educação, n. 50, p. 47-71. HARMAM, Willis, HORMAMNN, John.(1990) O trabalho criativo: o papel construtivo dos negócios numa sociedade em transição. São Paulo: Cultrix. LAVILLE, Jean Louis.(2006) Ação pública e economia: um quadro de análise, in Fraça Filho et all, Ação Pública e Economia Solidária: uma perspectiva internacional, Porto Alegre: Ediotra UFGS. LECHAT, Noëlle Marie Paule.(2002). Economia social, economia solidária, terceiro setor: do que se trata? Civitas - Revista de Ciências Sociais Ano 2, nº 1, junho 2002. OLIVEIRA, Edson Marques Pesquisa de percepção e prática da responsabilidade social empresarial de Toledo-PR: ACIT: Toledo-PR. OLIVEIRA, Edson. (2007) Marques Responsabilidade Social Empresarial Através das Associações Comerciais : A Estratégia Casulo-Sócio Tecnológico anais do III Seminário de Gestão, UNIFAE, Curitiba-PR. 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RESUMENEl objetivo de este artículo es reflexionar sobre los mecanismos de financiación y de control de las instituciones religiosas por los laicos en las primeras décadas de la conquista y colonización de Hispanoamérica. Investigar sobre la inversión laica en lo sagrado supone en un primer lugar aclarar la historiografía sobre laicos, religión y dinero en las sociedades de Antiguo Régimen y su trasposición en América, planteando una mirada desde el punto de vista de las motivaciones múltiples de los actores seglares. A través del ejemplo de restituciones, donaciones y legados en losAndes, se explora el papel de los laicos españoles, y también de las poblaciones indígenas, en el establecimiento de la densa red de instituciones católicas que se construye entonces. La propuesta postula el protagonismo de actores laicos en la construcción de un espacio cristiano en los Andes peruanos en el siglo XVI y principios del XVII, donde la inversión económica permite contribuir a la transición de una sociedad de guerra y conquista a una sociedad corporativa pacificada.PALABRAS CLAVE: Hispanoamérica-Andes, religión, economía, encomienda, siglos XVI y XVII.ABSTRACTThis article aims to reflect on the mechanisms of financing and control of religious institutions by the laity in the first decades of the conquest and colonization of Spanish America. Investigating lay investment in the sacred sphere means first of all to clarifying historiography on laity, religion and money within Ancien Régime societies and their transposition to America, taking into account the multiple motivations of secular actors. The example of restitutions, donations and legacies inthe Andes enables us to explore the role of the Spanish laity and indigenous populations in the establishment of the dense network of Catholic institutions that was established during this period. The proposal postulates the role of lay actors in the construction of a Christian space in the Peruvian Andes in the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, when economic investment contributed to the transition from a society of war and conquest to a pacified, corporate society.KEY WORDS: Hispanic America-Andes, religion, economics, encomienda, 16th and 17th centuries. BIBLIOGRAFIAAbercrombie, T., “Tributes to Bad Conscience: Charity, Restitution, and Inheritance in Cacique and Encomendero Testaments of 16th-Century Charcas”, en Kellogg, S. y Restall, M. 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Gomez de León, vecino que fue de cibdad de Ariquipa, fecha el año MCXXXI a pedimento de sus hijos y herederos”, Revista del archivo nacional del Perú, Tomo VI, entrega II, Julio-diciembre 1928, pp. 95-148.Atienza López, Á., Tiempos de conventos: una historia social de las fundaciones en la España moderna, Madrid, Marcial Pons Historia, 2008.Azpilcueta Navarro, M. de, Manual de penitentes, Estella, Adrián de Anvers, 1566.Baschet, J., “Un Moyen Âge mondialisé? Remarques sur les ressorts précoces de la dynamique occidentale”, en Renaud, O., Schaub, J.-F., Thireau, I. (eds.), Faire des sciences sociales, comparer, Paris, éditions de l’EHESS, 2012, pp. 23-59.Boltanski, A. y Maldavsky, A., “Laity and Procurement of Funds», en Fabre, P.-A., Rurale, F. (eds.), Claudio Acquaviva SJ (1581-1615). 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In March 2002, I was visiting the University of Southern California. One night, as sometimes happens on a vibrant campus, two interesting but very different public lectures were scheduled against one another. The first was by the co-chairman and co-founder of Adobe Systems Inc., Dr. John E. Warnock, talking about books. The second was a lecture by acclaimed video artist Bill Viola. The first event was clearly designed as a networking forum for faculty and entrepreneurs. The general student population was conspicuously absent. Warnock spoke of the future of Adobe, shared stories of his love of books, and in an embodiment of the democratising potential of Adobe software (and no doubt to the horror of archivists in the room) he invited the audience to handle extremely rare copies of early printed works from his personal library. In the lecture theatre where Viola was to speak the atmosphere was different. Students were everywhere; even at the price of ten dollars a head. Viola spoke of time and memory in the information age, of consciousness and existence, to an enraptured audience—and showed his latest work. The juxtaposition of these two events says something about our cultural moment, caught between a paradigm modelled on reverence toward the page, and a still emergent sense of medium, intensity and experimentation. But, the juxtaposition yields more. At one point in Warnock’s speech, in a demonstration of the ultra-high resolution possible in the next generation of Adobe products, he presented a scan of a manuscript, two pages, two columns per page, overflowing with detail. Fig. 1. Dr John E. Warnock at the Annenberg Symposium. Photo courtesy of http://www.annenberg.edu/symposia/annenberg/2002/photos.php Later, in Viola’s presentation, a fragment of a video work, Silent Mountain (2001) splits the screen in two columns, matching Warnock’s text: inside each a human figure struggles with intense emotion, and the challenges of bridging the relational gap. Fig. 2. Images from Bill Viola, Silent Mountain (2001). From Bill Viola, THE PASSIONS. The J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles in Association with The National Gallery, London. Ed. John Walsh. p. 44. Both events are, of course, lectures. And although they are different in style and content, a ‘columnular’ scheme informs and underpins both, as a way of presenting and illustrating the lecture. Here, it is worth thinking about Pierre de la Ramée or Petrus (Peter) Ramus (1515-1572), the 16th century educational reformer who in the words of Frances Yates ‘abolished memory as a part of rhetoric’ (229). Ramus was famous for transforming rhetoric through the introduction of his method or dialectic. For Walter J. Ong, whose discussion of Ramism we are indebted to here, Ramus produced the paradigm of the textbook genre. But it is his method that is more noteworthy for us here, organised through definitions and divisions, the distribution of parts, ‘presented in dichotomized outlines or charts that showed exactly how the material was organised spatially in itself and in the mind’ (Ong, Orality 134-135). Fig. 3. Ramus inspired study of Medicine. Ong, Ramus 301. Ong discusses Ramus in more detail in his book Ramus: Method, and the Decay of Dialogue. Elsewhere, Sutton, Benjamin, and I have tried to capture the sense of Ong’s argument, which goes something like the following. In Ramus, Ong traces the origins of our modern, diagrammatic understanding of argument and structure to the 16th century, and especially the work of Ramus. Ong’s interest in Ramus is not as a great philosopher, nor a great scholar—indeed Ong sees Ramus’s work as a triumph of mediocrity of sorts. Rather, his was a ‘reformation’ in method and pedagogy. The Ramist dialectic ‘represented a drive toward thinking not only of the universe but of thought itself in terms of spatial models apprehended by sight’ (Ong, Ramus 9). The world becomes thought of ‘as an assemblage of the sort of things which vision apprehends—objects or surfaces’. Ramus’s teachings and doctrines regarding ‘discoursing’ are distinctive for the way they draw on geometrical figures, diagrams or lecture outlines, and the organization of categories through dichotomies. This sets learning up on a visual paradigm of ‘study’ (Ong, Orality 8-9). Ramus introduces a new organization for discourse. Prior to Ramus, the rhetorical tradition maintained and privileged an auditory understanding of the production of content in speech. Central to this practice was deployment of the ‘seats’, ‘images’ and ‘common places’ (loci communes), stock arguments and structures that had accumulated through centuries of use (Ong, Orality 111). These common places were supported by a complex art of memory: techniques that nourished the practice of rhetoric. By contrast, Ramism sought to map the flow and structure of arguments in tables and diagrams. Localised memory, based on dividing and composing, became crucial (Yates 230). For Ramus, content was structured in a set of visible or sight-oriented relations on the page. Ramism transformed the conditions of visualisation. In our present age, where ‘content’ is supposedly ‘king’, an archaeology of content bears thinking about. In it, Ramism would have a prominent place. With Ramus, content could be mapped within a diagrammatic page-based understanding of meaning. A container understanding of content arises. ‘In the post-Gutenberg age where Ramism flourished, the term “content”, as applied to what is “in” literary productions, acquires a status which it had never known before’ (Ong, Ramus 313). ‘In lieu of merely telling the truth, books would now in common estimation “contain” the truth, like boxes’ (313). For Ramus, ‘analysis opened ideas like boxes’ (315). The Ramist move was, as Ong points out, about privileging the visual over the audible. Alongside the rise of the printing press and page-based approaches to the word, the Ramist revolution sought to re-work rhetoric according to a new scheme. Although spatial metaphors had always had a ‘place’ in the arts of memory—other systems were, however, phonetically based—the notion of place changed. Specific figures such as ‘scheme’, ‘plan’, and ‘table’, rose to prominence in the now-textualised imagination. ‘Structure’ became an abstract diagram on the page disconnected from the total performance of the rhetor. This brings us to another key aspect of the Ramist reformation: that alongside a spatialised organisation of thought Ramus re-works style as presentation and embellishment (Brummett 449). A kind of separation of conception and execution is introduced in relation to performance. In Ramus’ separation of reason and rhetoric, arrangement and memory are distinct from style and delivery (Brummett 464). While both dialectic and rhetoric are re-worked by Ramus in light of divisions and definitions (see Ong, Ramus Chs. XI-XII), and dialectic remains a ‘rhetorical instrument’ (Ramus 290), rhetoric becomes a unique site for simplification in the name of classroom practicality. Dialectic circumscribes the space of learning of rhetoric; invention and arrangement (positioning) occur in advance (289). Ong’s work on the technologisation of the word is strongly focused on identifying the impact of literacy on consciousness. What Ong’s work on Ramus shows is that alongside the so-called printing revolution the Ramist reformation enacts an equally if not more powerful transformation of pedagogic space. Any serious consideration of print must not only look at the technologisation of the word, and the shifting patterns of literacy produced alongside it, but also a particular tying together of pedagogy and method that Ong traces back to Ramus. If, as is canvassed in the call for papers of this issue of M/C Journal, ‘the transitions in print culture are uneven and incomplete at this point’, then could it be in part due to the way Ramism endures and is extended in electronic and hypermedia contexts? Powerpoint presentations, outlining tools (Heim 139-141), and the scourge of bullet points, are the most obvious evidence of greater institutionalization of Ramist knowledge architecture. Communication, and the teaching of communication, is now embedded in a Ramist logic of opening up content like a box. Theories of communication draw on so-called ‘models’ that draw on the representation of the communication process through boxes that divide and define. Perhaps in a less obvious way, ‘spatialized processes of thought and communication’ (Ong, Ramus 314) are essential to the logic of flowcharting and tracking new information structures, and even teaching hypertext (see the diagram in Nielsen 7): a link puts the popular notion that hypertext is close to the way we truly think into an interesting perspective. The notion that we are embedded in print culture is not in itself new, even if the forms of our continual reintegration into print culture can be surprising. In the experience of printing, of the act of pressing the ‘Print’ button, we find ourselves re-integrated into page space. A mini-preview of the page re-assures me of an actuality behind the actualizations on the screen, of ink on paper. As I write in my word processing software, the removal of writing from the ‘element of inscription’ (Heim 136) —the frictionless ‘immediacy’ of the flow of text (152) — is conditioned by a representation called the ‘Page Layout’, the dark borders around the page signalling a kind of structures abyss, a no-go zone, a place, beyond ‘Normal’, from which where there is no ‘Return’. At the same time, however, never before has the technological manipulation of the document been so complex, a part of a docuverse that exists in three dimensions. It is a world that is increasingly virtualised by photocopiers that ‘scan to file’ or ‘scan to email’ rather than good old ‘xeroxing’ style copying. Printing gives way to scanning. In a perverse extension of printing (but also residually film and photography), some video software has a function called ‘Print to Video’. That these super-functions of scanning to file or email are disabled on my department photocopier says something about budgets, but also the comfort with which academics inhabit Ramist space. As I stand here printing my lecture plan, the printer stands defiantly separate from the photocopier, resisting its colonizing convergence even though it is dwarfed in size. Meanwhile, the printer demurely dispenses pages, one at a time, face down, in a gesture of discretion or perhaps embarrassment. For in the focus on the pristine page there is a Puritanism surrounding printing: a morality of blemishes, smudges, and stains; of structure, format and order; and a failure to match that immaculate, perfect argument or totality. (Ong suggests that ‘the term “method” was appropriated from the Ramist coffers and used to form the term “methodists” to designate first enthusiastic preachers who made an issue of their adherence to “logic”’ (Ramus 304).) But perhaps this avoidance of multi-functionality is less of a Ludditism than an understanding that the technological assemblage of printing today exists peripherally to the ideality of the Ramist scheme. A change in technological means does not necessarily challenge the visile language that informs our very understanding of our respective ‘fields’, or the ideals of competency embodied in academic performance and expression, or the notions of content we adopt. This is why I would argue some consideration of Ramism and print culture is crucial. Any ‘true’ breaking out of print involves, as I suggest, a challenge to some fundamental principles of pedagogy and method, and the link between the two. And of course, the very prospect of breaking out of print raises the issue of its desirability at a time when these forms of academic performance are culturally valued. On the surface, academic culture has been a strange inheritor of the Ramist legacy, radically furthering its ambitions, but also it would seem strongly tempering it with an investment in orality, and other ideas of performance, that resist submission to the Ramist ideal. Ong is pessimistic here, however. Ramism was after all born as a pedagogic movement, central to the purveying ‘knowledge as a commodity’ (Ong, Ramus 306). Academic discourse remains an odd mixture of ‘dialogue in the give-and-take Socratic form’ and the scheduled lecture (151). The scholastic dispute is at best a ‘manifestation of concern with real dialogue’ (154). As Ong notes, the ideals of dialogue have been difficult to sustain, and the dominant practice leans towards ‘the visile pole with its typical ideals of “clarity”, “precision”, “distinctness”, and “explanation” itself—all best conceivable in terms of some analogy with vision and a spatial field’ (151). Assessing the importance and after-effects of the Ramist reformation today is difficult. Ong describes it an ‘elusive study’ (Ramus 296). Perhaps Viola’s video, with its figures struggling in a column-like organization of space, structured in a kind of dichotomy, can be read as a glimpse of our existence in or under a Ramist scheme (interestingly, from memory, these figures emote in silence, deprived of auditory expression). My own view is that while it is possible to explore learning environments in a range of ways, and thus move beyond the enclosed mode of study of Ramism, Ramism nevertheless comprises an important default architecture of pedagogy that also informs some higher level assumptions about assessment and knowledge of the field. Software training, based on a process of working through or mimicking a linked series of screenshots and commands is a direct inheritor of what Ong calls Ramism’s ‘corpuscular epistemology’, a ‘one to one correspondence between concept, word and referent’ (Ong, Orality 168). My lecture plan, providing an at a glance view of my presentation, is another. The default architecture of the Ramist scheme impacts on our organisation of knowledge, and the place of performance with in it. Perhaps this is another area where Ong’s fascinating account of secondary orality—that orality that comes into being with television and radio—becomes important (Orality 136). Not only does secondary orality enable group-mindedness and communal exchange, it also provides a way to resist the closure of print and the Ramist scheme, adapting knowledge to new environments and story frameworks. Ong’s work in Orality and Literacy could thus usefully be taken up to discuss Ramism. But this raises another issue, which has to do with the relationship between Ong’s two books. In Orality and Literacy, Ong is careful to trace distinctions between oral, chirographic, manuscript, and print culture. In Ramus this progression is not as prominent— partly because Ong is tracking Ramus’ numerous influences in detail —and we find a more clear-cut distinction between the visile and audile worlds. Yates seems to support this observation, suggesting contra Ong that it is not the connection between Ramus and print that is important, but between Ramus and manuscript culture (230). The interconnections but also lack of fit between the two books suggests a range of fascinating questions about the impact of Ramism across different media/technological contexts, beyond print, but also the status of visualisation in both rhetorical and print cultures. References Brummett, Barry. Reading Rhetorical Theory. Fort Worth: Harcourt, 2000. Heim, Michael. Electric Language: A Philosophical Study of Word Processing. New Haven: Yale UP, 1987. Maras, Steven, David Sutton, and with Marion Benjamin. “Multimedia Communication: An Interdisciplinary Approach.” Information Technology, Education and Society 2.1 (2001): 25-49. Nielsen, Jakob. Multimedia and Hypertext: The Internet and Beyond. Boston: AP Professional, 1995. Ong, Walter J. Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word. London: Methuen, 1982. —. Ramus: Method, and the Decay of Dialogue. New York: Octagon, 1974. The Second Annual Walter H. Annenberg Symposium. 20 March 2002. http://www.annenberg.edu/symposia/annenberg/2002/photos.php> USC Annenberg Center of Communication and USC Annenberg School for Communication. 22 March 2005. Viola, Bill. Bill Viola: The Passions. Ed. John Walsh. London: The J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles in Association with The National Gallery, 2003. Yates, Frances A. The Art of Memory. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1969. Citation reference for this article MLA Style Maras, Steven. "Reflections on Adobe Corporation, Bill Viola, and Peter Ramus while Printing Lecture Notes." M/C Journal 8.2 (2005). echo date('d M. Y'); ?> <http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0506/05-maras.php>. APA Style Maras, S. (Jun. 2005) "Reflections on Adobe Corporation, Bill Viola, and Peter Ramus while Printing Lecture Notes," M/C Journal, 8(2). Retrieved echo date('d M. Y'); ?> from <http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0506/05-maras.php>.

This paper has two main foci: (1) the history of curriculum design, and (2) implications from the new sciences of chaos and complexity for the development of new forms of curriculum design and teaching implementation. Regarding the first focus, the paper posits that there exist—to use Wittgenstein’s phrase—‘family resemblances’ between Peter Ramus’ 16th century curriculum design and that of Ralph Tyler in the 20th century. While this 400-year linkage is by no means linear, there are overlapping strands from Ramus to Comenius to the Puritans to colonial New England to Horace Mann to Ralph Tyler. What unites these strands, all belonging to the Protestant Methodization movement that swept across northern Europe into colonial America and the USA, is the concept of Method. Taylor’s ‘time and motion’ studies set the stage for Tyler’s Basic Principles of curriculum design—those starting with set goals and concluding with measured assessment. The second focus draws on the new sciences of chaos and complexity to develop a different sense of curriculum and instruction—open, dynamic, relational, creative, and systems oriented. The paper concludes with an integration of the rational/scientific with the aesthetic/ spiritual into a view of education and curriculum informed by complexity.

In dem Beitrag wird untersucht, ob Milo Raus Schauspielkonzeption in eine Traditionslinie mit den Theorien von Bertolt Brecht und Peter Weiss eingeordnet werden kann. Dabei stellt sich die Frage, ob sich Rau lediglich der Merkmale seiner Vorgänger bedient oder sie weiterentwickelt. Die Untersuchung zeigt, dass Rau sich zwar an den Theorien von Brecht und Weiss orientiert, diese aber radikaler umsetzt, wodurch er nicht nur hinsichtlich der Theaterpraxis, sondern auch bezüglich der Rezeptionsweise neuartige Vorgehensweisen hervorbringt.

Desde sus orígenes, debidos a los trabajos de Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss y Lord Kelvin, la teoría de nudos ha tenido un problema principal, que consiste en determinar cuándo dados dos diagramas de nudos, estos corresponden al mismo nudo, Peter Tait trató de resolver dicha situación, creando la primera tabla de nudos, sin embargo, no tuvo las herramientas matemáticas para completarla, así hubo la necesidad de establecer mecanismos más precisos para continuar la clasificación de los nudos, esta herramienta se denomina genéricamente invariante. Los invariantes de nudos no son perfectos y sólo sirven cuando queremos ver si dos objetos no son equivalentes, lo cual sucede cuando el mismo invariante es diferente aplicado a dos diagramas, si es igual no se puede concluir nada. Discutiremos sobre los movimientos de Reidemeister, el coloreamiento de un nudo, el polinomio de Alexander, número de enlace, grupo fundamental, además de hablar sobre las aplicaciones en general de la teoría de nudos en diversas ramas del conocimiento. Hacemos una síntesis y exponemos la manera de computar dichos invariantes.

Introduction Greater resilience is associated with the ability to self-organise, and with social learning as part of a process of adaptation and transformation (Goldstein 341). This article deals with responses to a crisis in a Norwegian community in the late 1880s, and with some of the many internal conflicts it caused. The crisis and the subsequent conflicts in this particular community, Volda, were caused by a number of processes, driven mostly by external forces and closely linked to the expansion of the capitalist mode of production in rural Norway. But the crisis also reflects a growing nationalism in Norway. In the late 1880s, all these causes seemed to come together in Volda, a small community consisting mostly of independent small farmers and of fishers. The article employs the concept of ‘resilience’ and the theory of resilience in order better to understand how individuals and the community reacted to crisis and conflict in Volda in late 1880, experiences which will cast light on the history of the late 1880s in Volda, and on individuals and communities elsewhere which have also experienced such crises. Theoretical Perspectives Some understandings of social resilience inspired by systems theory and ecology focus on a society’s ability to maintain existing structures. Reducing conflict to promote greater collaboration and resilience, however, may become a reactionary strategy, perpetuating inequalities (Arthur, Friend and Marschke). Instead, the understanding of resilience could be enriched by drawing on ecological perspectives that see conflict as an integral aspect of a diverse ecology in continuous development. In the same vein, Grove has argued that some approaches to anticipatory politics fashion subjects to withstand ‘shocks and responding to adversity through modern institutions such as human rights and the social contract, rather than mobilising against the sources of insecurity’. As an alternative, radical politics of resilience ought to explore political alternatives to the existing order of things. Methodology According to Hall and Lamont, understanding “how individuals, communities, and societies secured their well-being” in the face of the challenges imposed by neoliberalism is a “problem of understanding the bases for social resilience”. This article takes a similarly broad approach to understanding resilience, focusing on a small group of people within a relatively small community to understand how they attempted to secure their well-being in the face of the challenges posed by capitalism and growing nationalism. The main interest, however, is not resilience understood as something that exists or is being produced within this small group, but, rather, how this group produced social imaginaries of the past and the future in cooperation and conflict with other groups in the same community. The research proceeds to analyse the contributions mainly of six members of this small group. It draws on existing literature on the history of the community in the late 1800s and, in particular, biographies of Synnøve Riste (Øyehaug) and Rasmus Steinsvik (Gausemel). In addition, the research builds on original empirical research of approximately 500 articles written by the members of the group in the period from 1887 to 1895 and published in the newspapers Vestmannen, Fedraheimen and 17de Mai; and will try to re-tell a history of key events, referring to a selection of these articles. A Story about Being a Woman in Volda in the Late 1880s This history begins with a letter from Synnøve Riste, a young peasant woman and daughter of a local member of parliament, to Anders Hovden, a friend and theology student. In the letter, Synnøve Riste told her friend about something she just had experienced and had found disturbing (more details in Øyehaug). She first sets her story in the context of an evangelical awakening that was gaining momentum in the community. There was one preacher in particular who seemed to have become very popular among the young women. He had few problems when it comes to women, she wrote, ironically. Curious about the whole thing, Synnøve decided to attend a meeting to see for herself what was going on. The preacher noticed her among the group of young women. He turned his attention towards her and scolded her for her apparent lack of religious fervour. In the letter she explained the feeling of shame that came over her when the preacher singled her out for public criticism. But the feeling of shame soon gave way to anger, she wrote, before adding that the worst part of it was ‘not being able to speak back’; as a woman at a religious meeting she had to hold her tongue. Synnøve Riste was worried about the consequences of the religious awakening. She asked her friend to do something. Could he perhaps write a poem for the weekly newspaper the group had begun to publish only a few months earlier? Anders Hovden duly complied. The poem was published, anonymously, on Wednesday 17 March 1888. Previously, the poem says, women enjoyed the freedom to roam the mountains and valleys. Now, however, a dark mood had come over the young women. ‘Use your mind! Let the madness end! Throw off the blood sucker! And let the world see that you are a woman!’ The puritans appreciated neither the poem nor the newspaper. The newspaper was published by the same group of young men and women who had already organised a private language school for those who wanted to learn to read and write New Norwegian, a ‘new’ language based on the old dialects stemming from the time before Norway lost its independence and became a part of Denmark and then, after 1814, Sweden. At the language school the students read and discussed translations of Karl Marx and the anarchist Peter Kropotkin. The newspaper quickly grew radical. It reported on the riots following the hanging of the Haymarket Anarchists in Chicago in 1886. It advocated women’s suffrage, agitated against capitalism, argued that peasants and small farmers must learn solidarity from the industrial workers defended a young woman in Oslo who was convicted of killing her newborn baby and published articles from international socialist and anarchist newspapers and magazines. Social Causes for Individual Resilience and Collaborative Resilience Recent literature on developmental psychology link resilience to ‘the availability of close attachments or a supportive and disciplined environment’ (Hall and Lamont 13). Some psychologists have studied how individuals feel empowered or constrained by their environment. Synnøve Riste clearly felt constrained by developments in her social world, but was also resourceful enough to find ways to resist and engage in transformational social action on many levels. According to contemporary testimonies, Synnøve Riste must have been an extraordinary woman (Steinsvik "Synnøve Riste"). She was born Synnøve Aarflot, but later married Per Riste and took his family name. The Aarflot family was relatively well-off and locally influential, although the farms were quite small by European standards. Both her father and her uncle served as members of parliament for the (‘left’) Liberal Party. From a young age she took responsibility for her younger siblings and for the family farm, as her father spent much time in the capital. Her grandfather had been granted the privilege of printing books and newspapers, which meant that she grew up with easy access to current news and debates. She married a man of her own choosing; a man substantially older than herself, but with a reputation for liberal ideas on language, education and social issues. Psychological approaches to resilience consider the influence of cognitive ability, self-perception and emotional regulation, in addition to social networks and community support, as important sources of resilience (Lamont, Welburn and Fleming). Synnøve Riste’s friend and lover, Rasmus Steinsvik, later described her as ‘a mainspring’ of social activity. She did not only rely on family, social networks and community support to resist stigmatisation from the puritans, but she was herself a driving force behind social activities that produced new knowledge and generated communities of support for others. Lamont, Welburn and Fleming underline the importance for social resilience of cultural repertoires and the availability of ‘alternative ways of understanding social reality’ (Lamont, Welburn and Fleming). Many of the social activities Synnøve Riste instigated served as arenas for debate and collaborative activity to develop alternative understandings of the social reality of the community. In 1887, Synnøve Riste had relied on support from her extended family to found the newspaper Vestmannen, but as the group around the language school and newspaper gradually produced more radical alternative understandings of the social reality they came increasingly into conflict with less radical members of the Liberal Party. Her uncle owned the printing press where Vestmannen was printed. He was also a member of parliament seeking re-election. And he was certainly not amused when Rasmus Steinsvik, editor of Vestmannen, published an article reprimanding him for his lacklustre performance in general and his unprincipled voting in support of a budget allocating the Swedish king a substantial amount of money. Steinsvik advised the readers to vote instead for Per Riste, Synnøve Riste’s liberal husband and director of the language school. The uncle stopped printing the newspaper. Social Resilience in Volda The growing social conflicts in Volda might be taken to indicate a lack of resilience. This, however, would be a mistake. Social connectedness is an important source of social resilience (Barnes and Hall 226). Strong ties to family and friends matter, as does membership in associations. Dense networks of social connectedness are related to well-being and social resilience. Inversely, high levels of inequality seem to be linked to low levels of resilience. Participation in democratic processes has also been found to be an important source of resilience (Barnes and Hall 229). Volda was a small community with relatively low levels of inequality and local cultural traditions underlining the importance of cooperation and the obligations of everyone to participate in various forms of communal work. Similarly, even though a couple of families dominated local politics, there was no significant socioeconomic division between the average and the more prosperous farmers. Traditionally, women on the small, independent farms participated actively in most aspects of social life. Volda would thus score high on most indicators predicting social resilience. Reading the local newspapers confirms this impression of high levels of social resilience. In fact, this small community of only a few hundred families produced two competing newspapers at the time. Vestmannen dedicated ample space to issues related to education and schools, including adult education, reflecting the fact that Volda was emerging as a local educational centre; local youths attending schools outside the community regularly wrote articles in the newspaper to share the new knowledge they had attained with other members of the community. The topics were in large part related to farming, earth sciences, meteorology and fisheries. Vestmannen also reported on other local associations and activities. The local newspapers reported on numerous political meetings and public debates. The Liberal Party was traditionally the strongest political party in Volda and pushed for greater independence from Sweden, but was divided between moderates and radicals. The radicals joined workers and socialists in demanding universal suffrage, including, as we have seen, women’s right to vote. The left libertarians in Volda organised a ‘radical left’ faction of the Liberal Party and in the run-up to the elections in 1888 numerous rallies were arranged. In some parts of the municipality the youth set up independent and often quite radical youth organisations, while others established a ‘book discussion’. The language issue developed into a particularly powerful source for social resilience. All members of the community shared the experience of having to write and speak a foreign language when communicating with authorities or during higher education. It was a shared experience of discrimination that contributed to producing a common identity. Hing has shown that those who value their in-group ‘can draw on this positive identity to provide a sense of self-worth that offers resilience’. The struggle for recognition stimulated locals to arrange independent activities, and it was in fact through the burgeoning movement for a New Norwegian language that the local radicals in Volda first encountered radical literature that helped them reframe the problems and issues of their social world. In his biography of Ivar Mortensson Egnund, editor of the newspaper Fedraheimen and a lifelong collaborator of Rasmus Steinsvik, Klaus Langen has argued that Mortensson Egnund saw the ideal type of community imagined by the anarchist Leo Tolstoy in the small Norwegian communities of independent small farmers, a potential model for cooperation, participation and freedom. It was not an uncritical perspective, however. The left libertarians were constantly involved in clashes with what they saw as repressive forces within the communities. It is probably more correct to say that they believed that the potential existed, within these communities, for freedom to flourish. Most importantly, however, reading Fedraheimen, and particularly the journalist, editor and novelist Arne Garborg, infused this group of local radicals with anti-capitalist perspectives to be used to make sense of the processes of change that affected the community. One of Garborg’s biographers, claims that no Norwegian has ever been more fundamentally anti-capitalist than Garborg (Thesen). This anti-capitalism helped the radicals in Volda to understand the local conflicts and the evangelical awakening as symptoms of a deeper and more fundamental development driven by capitalism. A series of article in Vestmannen called for solidarity and unity between small farmers and the growing urban class of industrial workers. Science and Modernity The left libertarians put their hope in science and modernity to improve the lives of people. They believed that education was the key to move forward and get rid of the old and bad ways of doing things. The newspaper was reporting the latest advances in natural sciences and life sciences. It reported enthusiastically about the marvels of electricity, and speculated about a future in which Norway could exploit the waterfalls to generate it on a large scale. Vestmannen printed articles in defence of Darwinism (Egnund), new insights from astronomy (Steinsvik "Kva Den Nye Astronomien"), health sciences, agronomy, new methods of fishing and farming – and much more. This was a time when such matters mattered. Reports on new advances in meteorology in the newspaper appeared next to harrowing reports about the devastating effects of a storm that surprised local fishermen at sea where many men regularly paid with their lives. Hunger was still a constant threat in the harsh winter months, so new knowledge that could improve the harvest was most welcome. Leprosy and other diseases continued to be serious problems in this region of Norway. Health could not be taken lightly, and the left libertarians believed that science and knowledge was the only way forward. ‘Knowledge is a sweet fruit,’ Vestmannen wrote. Reporting on Darwinism and astronomy again pitted Vestmannen against the puritans. On several occasions the newspaper reported on confrontations between those who promoted science and those who defended a fundamentalist view of the Bible. In November 1888 the signature ‘-t’ published an article on a meeting that had taken place a few days earlier in a small village not far from Volda (Unknown). The article described how local teachers and other participants were scolded for holding liberal views on science and religion. Anyone who expressed the view that the Bible should not be interpreted literally risked being stigmatised and ostracised. It is tempting to label the group of left libertarians ‘positivists’ or ‘modernists’, but that would be unfair. Arne Garborg, the group’s most important source of inspiration, was indeed inspired by Émile Zola and the French naturalists. Garborg had argued that nothing less than the uncompromising search for truth was acceptable. Nevertheless, he did not believe in objectivity; Garborg and his followers agreed that it was not possible or even desirable to be anything else than subjective. Adaptation or Transformation? PM Giærder, a friend of Rasmus Steinsvik’s, built a new printing press with the help of local blacksmiths, so the newspaper could keep afloat for a few more months. Finally, however, in 1888, the editor and the printer took the printing press with them and moved to Tynset, another small community to the east. There they joined forces with another dwindling left libertarian publication, Fedraheimen. Generations later, more details emerged about the hurried exit from Volda. Synnøve Riste had become pregnant, but not by her husband Per. She was pregnant by Rasmus Steinsvik, the editor of Vestmannen and co-founder of the language school. And then, after giving birth to a baby daughter she fell ill and died. The former friends Per and Rasmus were now enemies and the group of left libertarians in Volda fell apart. It would be too easy to conclude that the left libertarians failed to transform the community and a closer look would reveal a more nuanced picture. Key members of the radical group went on to play important roles on the local and national political scene. Locally, the remaining members of the group formed new alliances with former opponents to continue the language struggle. The local church gradually began to sympathise with those who agitated for a new language based on the Norwegian dialects. The radical faction of the Liberal Party grew in importance as the conflict with Sweden over the hated union intensified. The anarchists Garborg and Steinsvik became successful editors of a radical national newspaper, 17de Mai, while two other members of the small group of radicals went on to become mayors of Volda. One was later elected member of parliament for the Liberal Party. Many of the more radical anarchist and communist ideas failed to make an impact on society. However, on issues such as women’s rights, voting and science, the left libertarians left a lasting impression on the community. It is fair to say that they contributed to transforming their society in many and lasting ways. Conclusion This study of crisis and conflict in Volda indicate that conflict can play an important role in social learning and collective creativity in resilient communities. There is a tendency, in parts of resilience literature, to view resilient communities as harmonious wholes without rifts or clashes of interests (see for instance Goldstein; Arthur, Friend and Marschke). Instead, conflicts should rather be understood as a natural aspect of any society adapting and transforming itself to respond to crisis. Future research on social resilience could benefit from an ecological understanding of nature that accepts polarisation and conflict as a natural part of ecology and which helps us to reach deeper understandings of the social world, also fostering learning, creativity and the production of alternative political solutions. This research has indicated the importance of social imaginaries of the past. Collective memories of ‘what everybody knows that everybody else knows’ about ‘what has worked in the past’ form the basis for producing ideas about how to create collective action (Swidler 338, 39). Historical institutions are pivotal in producing schemas which are default options for collective action. In Volda, the left libertarians imagined a potential for freedom in the past of the community; this formed the basis for producing an alternative social imaginary of the future of the community. The social imaginary was not, however, based only on local experience and collective memory of the past. Theories played an important role in the process of trying to understand the past and the present in order to imagine future alternatives. The conflicts themselves stimulated the radicals to search more widely and probe more deeply for alternative explanations to the problems they experienced. This search led them to new insights which were sometimes adopted by the local community and, in some cases, helped to transform social life in the long-run. References Arthur, Robert, Richard Friend, and Melissa Marschke. "Fostering Collaborative Resilience through Adaptive Comanagement: Reconciling Theory and Practice in the Management of Fisheries in the Mekong Region." 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"Responses to Discrimination and Social Resilience under Neoliberalism: The United States Compared." Social Resilience in the Neoliberal Era. Eds. Peter A. Hall and Michèle Lamont. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013. 129-57. Steinsvik, Rasmus. "Kva Den Nye Astronomien Kan Lære Oss." Vestmannen 8.2 (1889): 1. ———. "Synnøve Riste." Obituary. Vestmannen 9.11 (1889): 1. Swidler, Ann. "Cultural Sources of Institutional Resilience: Lessons from Chieftaincy in Rural Malawi." Social Resilience in the Neoliberal Era. Eds. Peter A. Hall and Michèle Lamont. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013.

A hiperplasia palatina por câmara de sucção (HPCS) ou hiperplasia do palato está associada ao uso de próteses totais mucosuportada superiores com câmara de vácuo. A Câmara de sucção é uma depressão que os protéticos ou práticos realizavam na porção interna da prótese total superior em sua porção central, com o objetivo de promover uma maior estabilidade. O objetivo deste trabalho foi relatar o diagnóstico de um caso clínico odontológico de uma paciente com Hiperplasia Palatina por câmara de sucção, atendida na Disciplina de Diagnóstico Bucal, do curso de Odontologia, da Universidade do Estado do Amazonas evidenciando os aspectos clínicos gerais e bucais. Foi feito apenas o diagnóstico da lesão já que a paciente estava de viagem marcada para outro estado, não contribuiu para a troca das próteses superior e inferior. Ademais foi deixado bem claro, que deveria ser feito uma cirurgia para remoção da lesão, e também, a confecção de uma nova prótese, já que a prótese em questão não era mais condizente para o uso. O cirurgião-dentista deve ser crítico ao exame clínico e a queixa principal do paciente, bem como, nas diferentes formas de tratamentos das lesões bucais.Descritores: Hiperplasia; Palato; Prótese Total.ReferênciasTrindade MGF, Oliveira MC, Prado JP, Santana LLP. Lesões associadas à má adaptação e má higienização da prótese total. Id on line Rev Mult Psic. 2008;12(42):956-68.Alves DLM. Cândida spp e prótese dentária removível: interações de relevância clínica: revisão bibliográfica [dissertação]. Porto: Universidade Fernando Pessoa/Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde; 2009.Azenha MR, Handem RH. Tratamento clínico e cirúrgico de hiperplasia palatina causada por câmara de sucção: relato de caso clínico. Rev Port Estomatol Med Dent Cir Maxilofac. 2008;49(3):145-47.De Carli JP, Bernabé DG, Kawata L, Moraes NP, Silva SO. Hiperplasia palatina por câmara de sucção tratada por meio da eletrocirurgia: relato de dois casos clínicos. RFO UPF. 2006;11(2):81-5.Peters R, Bercini F, Azambuja TWF. Hiperplasia inflamatória: Revisão de literatura e apresentação de caso clínico cirúrgico. Rev Fac Odont Porto Alegre. 1996;37:7-8.Neville BW, Damm DD, Alen CM, Bouquot JE. Patologia oral e maxilofacial. Rio de Janeiro: Elsevier; 2009.Regezi JA, Sciubba JJ, Jordan RCK. Patologia oral: correlações clinicopatológicas. 5. Ed. Rio de Janeiro: Elsevier; 2008.Ferreira KE, Rodrigues CRT. Prótese total mediata em paciente com lesão hiperplásica causada por câmara de sucção: relato de caso clínico. Braz J Surg Clin Res. 2013-2014;5(1):39-46.Catão CDS, Ramos INC, Silva NJM, Duarte SMO, Batista AUD, Dias AHM. Eficiência de substâncias químicas na remoção de biofilme em próteses totais. Rev Odontol UNESP. 2007;36(1):53-60.Kazuo SD, Ferreira UCS, Justo KD, Rye OE, Shigueyuki UE. Higienização em prótese parcial removível. Rev Odontol Univ Cid São Paulo. 2008; 20(2):168-74.Gonçalves LFF, Silva Neto DR, Carlo HL, Bonan RF, Batista AUD. Higienização de próteses totais e parciais. R bras ci Saúde. 2011;15(1):87-94.