Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Petits ruminants'
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Tounkara, Kadidia. "Epidémiologie d'une maladie transfrontalière des petits ruminants (Pestes des Petites Ruminants) à fort impact au Mali." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTT068/document.
Full textPeste des petits ruminants (PPR) and Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) caused respectively by a Morbillivirus and a mycoplasma (Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. Capripneumoniae) are two highly contagious respiratory diseases of small ruminants. PPR is present in Africa, Asia, Middle East, and has just entered Europe. On the African continent, particularly in West Africa, it is emerging and is a major factor of food insecurity for low-income farmers. CCPP, identified in Niger in 1995, is only suspected in Mali on the basis of serological results.PPR is a model for the study of transboundary diseases because its diffusion is closely linked to regional movements of livestock. Understanding this diffusion is an essential condition for the implementation of effective control measures (vaccination, border control, etc.).The aims of our study is to clarify the epidemiological situation of PPR and the CCPP in Mali, including whether these two diseases coexist in order to assess the risk for goat production chains and propose appropriate control strategies.We did not succeed in confirming the presence of the CCPP in Mali. PPR has already been identified in Mali. The aim of our study for PPR is to characterize the genetic diversity and therefore the different lineages that circulate in Mali and, more generally, in the West African sub region by using at first the partial gene of Nucleoprotein of PPRV. We then estimated more accurately the diversity and rate of evolution of the virus in the region from PPRV genomic sequences. Our studies showed that three lineages of PPRV are circulating in Mali and West Africa. The lineage II is dominating and is characterized with a wide genetic diversity and extensive transboundary circulation. We also demonstrate the progression of lineage IV in West Africa and the persistence of lineage I in Mali and Niger (at least until 2001). These results reflect the large flow of uncontrolled livestock trade between all West African countries. In Mali, there is no means of control, traceability and animal identification. The use of genetic diversity as an epidemiological marker is an effective means of controlling the spread of PPR in these West African countries
Nikmal, Azizi Ahmad Farid. "Peste des petits ruminants in Afghanistan." Kansas State University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/6823.
Full textDepartment of Clinical Sciences
David S. Hodgson
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is an economically important and highly contagious disease of sheep and goats. It is characterized by enteritis, stomatitis, pneumonia, and discharge from the nose and eyes. This report contains a review of PPR and its epidemiology in Afghanistan and other PPR- endemic countries followed by recommendations for dealing disease in Afghanistan. Studies showed that PPR is still endemic in Afghanistan’s neighboring countries including Pakistan, Iran, Tajikistan, and China. From January of 2009 to January of 2010, 852 outbreaks of PPR were reported to the OIE from 24 different countries. However, this study focuses on Afghanistan and some neighboring countries (Iran, Tajikistan). Animal clinics and Veterinary Field Units (VFUs) reported 7,741 cases of PPR from 2008 to 2009 in different parts of Afghanistan. A study by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) in 2009 showed that PPR is endemic in various parts of Afghanistan. Seroprevalence of PPR varied from 0% in Kapisa to 48% in Herat province of Afghanistan. The last chapter of this report includes recommendations and guidelines regarding prevention and eradication of PPR from Afghanistan. These recommendations could help improve animal health and the economy of Afghanistan in the future.
Zemirline, Ridha. "Occlusion duodenale experimentale chez les petits ruminants." Paris 6, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA066671.
Full textZemirline, Ridha. "Occlusion duodénale expérimentale chez les petits ruminants." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37610868d.
Full textSrour, Ghassan Marie Michel. "Amélioration durable de l'élevage des petits ruminants au Liban." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy : INPL, 2006. http://www.scd.inpl-nancy.fr/theses/2006_SROUR_G.pdf.
Full textLancelot, Renaud. "Croissance pondérale et mortalité des petits ruminants domestiques en Afrique subsaharienne : modélisation statistique." Montpellier 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002MON20194.
Full textSrour, Ghassan. "Amélioration durable de l'élevage des petits ruminants au Liban." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2006. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL/2006_SROUR_G.pdf.
Full textA survey carried out on 129 small ruminant farming systems (accounting for 5% of the national livestock) all over the Lebanese territory identified through a cluster analysis five different systems: (i) Zero-Grazing (15 to 95 head flocks of foreign goat breeds), with high inputs; (ii) Sedentary (100-400 head), grazing on communal or private rangelands around the village; (iii) Vertical Transhumance (mainly Baladi goat flocks), moving from low to high altitude depending on season; (iv) Horizontal Transhumance (mixed goat and sheep flocks), moving from 100 to 150 km in the plain; (v) Semi-Nomadic (flocks > 400 head), moving with all their family over 200 to 300 km. Farms sustainability assessment was carried out using a tool built on the IDEA method, which covers agro-ecological, socio-territorial and economical dimensions of sustainability. The multivariate statistical analysis of the 39 indicators showed that systems with diversified potential (presence of animals and plants), specially sedentary and horizontal transhumance, have high scores of sustainability and that economical return was higher in the vertical transhumance and zero-grazing systems in which dairy products are sold directly to the consumers. Improvement of these systems in Lebanon depends on the rehabilitation of rangelands, the improvement of the productivity of the local breeds, and the protection of the typical products on the market through labelling schemes. The history over ten years and the sustainability's trajectory was carried using 60 of these farms. This work typifies farms according to their sustainability and proposes tracks for progress
Lerondelle, Catherine. "Les infections mammaires à lentivirus chez les petits ruminants." Lyon 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992LYO10210.
Full textHammami, Pachka. "Peste des petits ruminant en Afrique subsaharienne : modélisation et analyse des stratégies de vaccination dans un contexte de bien public mondial." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT136/document.
Full textPeste des petits ruminants is a highly contagious animal disease. Widespread in Africa, the Middle East and Asia, it has a devastating effect on small ruminants. Small ruminants are essential to sustainable livelihood in developping countries, especially in rural communities. In western Africa, the disease incidence is higher because of the difficulty to control animals movements (transhumance, illegal trade, conflicted areas, etc.) and to settle adapted sanitary actions.A global strategy for the progressive control and the eradication of the disease has been developed by the OIE and FAO. It is based on mass vaccination, with vaccination protocols defined on empirical basis.After a vaccination campaign, the population dynamics is responsible for herd renewal, the proportion of protected individuals (post-vaccinal immunity rate) in the population is decreasing over time (entries of non-vaccinated animals and exits of vaccinated ones). The immunity rate decrease allows to assess to the efficiency of employed vaccination strategies in term of immunity coverage. From a given threshold, the immunity rate can stop the viral transmission. The population renewal has to be estimated carrefully because it varies from one farming system to another. The work described in this manuscript provides an optimization tool of vaccination strategy, supporting decision markers in the formulation of vaccination protocole achiving the best possible immunization coverage in a given socio-economical context.Using the demographic matrix model theory, we developed a seasonal model predicting the immunity rate dynamics in traditional small ruminants livestock of Western African during a vaccination program. We used this model to evaluate different vaccination protocols proposed for Sahelian arid and semi-arid areas, and Soudano-guinean sub-humid and humid areas. Model parameters were estimated from the available data and an exhaustive review of literature.Synthesising indicators of the protocoles efficiency were computed (length of protective immunity, average immunity rate, etc.) and compared.The work described in the manuscript broadly confirmed the protocols proposed by the OIE and FAO. Additionally, this work provides details for the various scenarios. Very high vaccination coverage (>80%) should be reached to protect the population during the whole program. In the Sahelian zone, herds should be vaccinated at the earliest possible from September to optimize the scope of vaccination. We also show that the males offtake increase due to Tabaski and the initial epidemiological situation poorly influences the immunity rate dynamics.Our tool is generic. I can be applied to any infectious disease which has a vaccine providing a lifelong immunity and for which the population dynamics is known. Nevertheless, it could be improved by implementing spatial analysis and disease dynamics
Dash, Pradyot. "Development of reverse genetics for Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus." Thesis, Royal Veterinary College (University of London), 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.522189.
Full textRolland, Morgane. "Etude des relations phylogénétiques entre les lentivirus des petits ruminants." Bordeaux 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003BOR21029.
Full textTo facilitate the study of SRLV, we established a GSM T ("goat synovial membrane") cell line by the ectopic expression of telomerase. Cultures of GSM T cells have been passaged over 160 times without showing any phenotypic difference from the original primary GSM cells. Moreover, the immortalized GSM T cells were susceptible to infection by both CAEV and MVV and were able to propagate these viruses. We also optimized a PCR protocol to amplify the SRLV genome as a whole or with two overlapping fragments. To address the genetic diversity and relatedness among SRLV strains worldwide, we applied extensive phylogenetic methods to the sequences available together with our newly characterized sequences from Ireland and Spain. The Irish lentivirus strain, which was isolated from a goat, was more closely related to the lentivirus that infects sheep : MVV. The four Spanish ovine isolates fell in three distinct clusters, which clearly depicted the major genetic variability seen in Spain. Based on the phylogenetic analyses in the gag, pol and env regions, we revise the classification of the SRLV, which could be confidently classified into five clades rather than six as it was previously suggested. Furthermore, we observed that MVV and CAEV sequences could not be phylogenetically distinguished according to their host. Therefore, we propose to group the two viruses more appropriately as SRLV
Mahieu, Maurice. "Gestion du parasitisme gastro-intestinal des petits ruminants en zone tropicale humide." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0230/document.
Full textMost of the sheep and goats are reared in tropical and subtropical countries. Gastrointestinal nematode parasites (GIN), which are transmitted through the pastures, are among the main causes of production losses for small ruminant farmers. Since the 1940's the pharmaceutical industry has provided very efficient anthelmintics which allowed easy to run and profitable worm control. Unfortunately the systematic use of anthelmintics has resulted, within few years, in an increasing number of anthelmintic resistant (AR) nematode strains. As example, a survey in Guadeloupe (F. W. I.) revealed that all goat farms have to face at least resistances to benzimidazoles, and most of them must deal with resistances to 2 or 3 drug families. We are building up integrated systems to manage GIN infection, by seeking to slow down the spreading of AR strains of GIN and to reduce anthelmintic dependency. Firstly we propose targeted selective treatment methods (or any method allowing the survival of untreated GIN in refugia) and secondly a panel of methods to reinforce host defences (mainly through nutrition and genetic improvement) and to decrease the probability of host-parasite encounter through grazing man-agement, association of herbivore species with different specific parasites, use of plant secondary metabolites with anthelmintic properties... The choice of methods to be combined must be based on their feasibility in terms of human and material resources, compatibility with the farming system and effi-ciency. Future developments would address the evaluation of interactions between components of GIN integrated systems of management, in order to optimize the farmer choices
Gebreegziabher, Berhe. "Development of dual vaccines for the control of peste des petits ruminants and capripox infections of small ruminants." Toulouse, INPT, 2006. http://ethesis.inp-toulouse.fr/archive/00000442/.
Full textGebreegziabher, Berhe Picavet Dominique-Pierre. "Development of dual vaccines for the control of peste des petits ruminants and capripox infections of small ruminants." Toulouse : INP Toulouse, 2007. http://ethesis.inp-toulouse.fr/archive/00000442.
Full textCann, Paul. "Étude des mécanismes de réception des phéromones mâles chez les petits ruminants." Thesis, Lille, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LILUS115.
Full textSmall ungulates (sheep and goat) display a seasonal breeding characterised by successive periods of sexual activity and sexual rest. During these two periods females are in two different physiological status: in sexual activity, the female ovarian cycle is active (oestrus) and ready for reproduction, whereas females are in deep anoestrus during the sexual rest period. In order to induce oestrus in female during the sexual rest periods, breeders are mostly using exogenous hormones. These hormones are less and less acceptable regardless to animal and consumer’s welfare. However, the perception of odours emitted by a sexually active male can reactivate the gonadotropic axis of anoestrus female in the late sexual rest period, leading in most cases to ovulation. This natural process is called “the male effect”. Ram and goat odours act as primer pheromones.Most of studies on male effect focused on the neuroendocrine modifications induced by the reception of male pheromones, but the plasticity of the olfactory system at the peripherical level was underestimated. Previous work of my research team has shown that in pig, the olfactory secretome (secreted proteome) is mainly composed of Odorant-Binding Proteins (OBP) isoforms generated by post-translational modifications, phosphorylation and glycosylation. The composition of this secretome is under hormonal control and depends on the physiological status of animals. The aim of my work is to determine whether the olfactory secretome of ewe and goat is also modified by endogenous factors (hormones) and exogenous factors (male odours), showing an adaptation of the sensory equipment of female. In a first step, we followed the same flocks of ewe and goat during several sexual cycles, and collected their nasal mucus by a non-invasive sampling method. The olfactory secretome of 3 females of each species was analysed by 2D-electrophoresis followed by high-resolution mass spectrometry. Our results suggest that the olfactory secretome profile and its composition is a marker of the physiological status, and constitutes a phenotype of the female receptivity. Furthermore, the males’ odours reception induces changes in the olfactory secretome, demonstrating that exogenous factors can modifies the olfactory equipment of females
Martrenchar, Arnaud. "Les pneumopathies des petits ruminants au Nord Cameroun : Investigations étiologiques et prophylactiques." Toulouse, INPT, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001INPT006A.
Full textDesoutter, Denise. "Les pneumopathies des petits ruminants au Sénégal : étude séro-épidémiologique et biogéographique." Paris 12, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA120059.
Full textSalami, Habib. "Diffusion d'un virus et évolution de son génome dans les populations de ruminants domestiques : application à l'épidémiosurveillance de la "Peste des petits ruminants"." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS155/document.
Full textPeste des petits ruminants (PPR), caused by a Morbillivirus is one of the most important viral infections in sheep and goats. It is widely spread in Asia, Middle East and Africa. In Africa, it is an emerging disease in the north and the south of the continent. It is a major factor of food insecurity for the farming population (70% of the poor population in the tropical regions). PPR is a study model of transboundary diseases; its spread is highly related to regional movements of livestock. Understanding the spread of PPR is an essential condition for the implementation of efficient control measures (vaccination, quarantine, border controls etc.). Up to our knowledge, no studies have investigated the range of genetic diversity of PPR virus (PPRv) during natural infections in small ruminants and the accumulation of virus mutations during its spread. Further on, in tropical countries with extensive farming, animal identification and traceability are a current problem. In such conditions, the genetic diversity of the PPRv can be used as a marker of animal movement and spread of the virus. The objective of this study was to investigate the genetic diversity of the PPRv in order to characterise the actual viral lineages and to retrace the transmission of the virus in Senegal and its surrounding countries. Analyzing two complete viral genes of the PPR, we have estimated the rate of evolution of this virus, in a four year period, between 2010 and 2014. The results of the study show that the first strains of lineage II of PPRv have been introduced in 2005 in Senegal and its surrounding countries. Molecular clock analysis and phylogeographical reconstitution of the PPRv indicate that the lineage II, actually enzootique in western Africa, has its origins in Nigeria. This viral introduction from the direction east towards west, corresponds to the transboundary movement and commerce of livestock in the countries of western Africa, which represents the economic and cultural tradition of the people of this region.Key words: Peste des petits ruminants, viral gene, virus mutation, transmission, phylogeny, phylogéographie, epidemiosurveillance, Senegal, West Africa
Assoumaya, Caroline. "Etude des facteurs limitant l'ingestibilité chez des petits ruminants valorisant des fourrages tropicaux." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2007. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00003787.
Full textWaret, Agnès. "Surveillance et contrôle de la Peste des Petits Ruminants : apports de la modélisation." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON20207/document.
Full textPeste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) is a neglected viral contagious disease of sheep and goats. It has a widespread distribution that continues to expand despite good diagnostic tests and vaccines. Considering this and with the aim to improve surveillance and control of the disease and to attract funding for this, it would be necessary to develop epidemiological and economic approaches including decision tools such as models. The objective of this work is to contribute to such improvements in an African context where data are hardly available or collecting them is a challenge. Various complementary modeling approaches are reported among which a compartmental model (SEIR), a logistic model and a model based on social network theory. The relevance of very high vaccination levels and of active surveillance based on serology as usually recommended worldwide is discussed for developing countries which are the only ones truly threatened by PPR. In the case of Ethiopia, a passive syndromic surveillance system is being considered, enhancing disease awareness at grazing points. Regarding the spatial and temporal distribution of the vaccination level to be administered, ring vaccination making the best use of the country's topography is suggested to enhance effectiveness of the actual practice that consists of outbreak emergency vaccination when resources are available. Including the ecology of the disease and linking phylogeographical analysis to the existing mathematical models offers interesting perspectives but remains a challenge. However, taking into account socio-economic criteria should be a priority to fine-tune our approach
Hasna, Jamal. "Estimation chez les petits ruminants de la valeur azotée des aliments traités chimiquement." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990INPL037N.
Full textDiaw, Alioune. "La filière des petits ruminants du Nord Sénégal : compétences et efficacité des acteurs." Dijon, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999DIJOE017.
Full textGuan, Guiquan. "Caractérisation biologique et moléculaire de Babesia spp. Infectant les petits ruminants en Chine." Rennes 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009REN1S130.
Full textOvine babesiosis caused by genus Babesia, is it a tick-born haemoprotozoan disease. In this study, Chinese ovine Babesia strains, especially Babesia sp. BQ1 (Lintan) and Babesia sp. Xinjiang have been characterized biologically and molecularly. Based on Hsp90 gene sequences and cross-reactions, these babesias could be separated into two groups, Babesia sp. Xinjiang group and B. Motasi-like group which could be further divided into two subgroups, pathogenic subgroup and non-pathogenic subgroup. Experimental transmissions verify that vector ticks of Babesia sp. BQ1 (Lintan) are Haemaphysalis qinghaiensis and H. Longicornis and that of Babesia sp. Xinjiang is Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum. On the basis of evidence from molecular phylogeny and biological characteristics, Babesia sp. Xinjiang should be a new Babesia species. Studies of susceptibility of two sheep breeds to each Babesia sp. BQ1 (Lintan) and B. Divergens indicated that host genetic resistance and individual susceptibility to Babesia spp. Have a relationship with ability of erythrocytes to sustain multiplication of the parasites. Test of immune responses reveals IFNγ is associated with lower infectivity of B. Divergens and IL10 with higher infectivity of Babesia sp. BQ1 (Lintan) to sheep. Three detection methods for babesia sp. BQ (Lintan) or Babesia sp. Xinjiang infection have been developed, in vitro culture, Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) and indirect Ezyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA) that could provide different information about the infection. Potentially diagnostic antigens indentified, such as BQHsp90, Bqp35, Hsp70, p200, are promising in application of seriological diagnosis in future
Bourzat, Daniel. "Les petits ruminants dans les systèmes de production des zones aride et semi-aride de Somalie et du Burkina Faso." Paris 12, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA120032.
Full textCumer, Tristan. "Etude des variants structuraux génomiques pour comprendre les processus démographiques et adaptatifs impliqués dans la domestication des petits ruminants." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAV075/document.
Full textGenomic structural variations (SVs) account for a large part of the polymorphism between individuals, but their impacts on micro-evolutionary processes remain poorly known and large-scale studies are scarce.The first part of this manuscript is a bibliographic study of SVs in domestic animals. This part highlights the importance of SVs in modifying genes or their regulation, impacting a large number of traits selected during domestication and linked to productivity, morphology or behaviour.Based on the study of resequenced data from 500 whole genomes of wild and domestic small ruminants, the second part, targeting three SVs described in the bibliography, allowed (i) to refute the hypothesis of a link between the domestication of sheep and the amplification of endogenous protective copies of the JSRV retrovirus located in the 6q13 region, l, (ii) to identify duplications surrounding and affecting the ASIP gene that could be involved in the coat color changes related to the domestication of small ruminants, as well as (iii) highlight a potential adaptive role to arid climate of an haplotype of beta-globin locus in sheep.In the third part, we conducted a whole genome survey of SVs . Through the development of a SVs detection method and its application, we could detect about 50k and 20k SVs in Ovis and Capra. Of these SVs, 135 and 70 in Ovis and Capra, respectively, appear to be linked with domestication and affect genes involved in improvement, immunity, reproduction or survival. In addition, in Morocco, the distributions of 130 SVs for sheep and 35 SVs for goats covariate with environmental variables. Some of them affect genes involved in morphology, immunity and metabolism.This work highlights that many variants impacting genes might have been targeted during initial domestication and subsequent improvement steps or during the local adaptation of sheep and goats. It demonstrates the importance of considering structural variants in genomic studies to describe the genetic basis of domestication
Gopilo, Abraham. "Epidemiology of peste des petits ruminants virus in Ethiopia and molecular studies on virulence." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2005. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/7414/1/gopilo.pdf.
Full textBuczkowski, Hubert. "Development of marker vaccines for rinderpest (RPV) and peste des petits ruminants (PPRV) viruses." Thesis, Royal Veterinary College (University of London), 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.558958.
Full textBenjelloun, Badr. "Diversité des génomes et adaptation locale des petits ruminants d’un pays méditerranéen : le Maroc." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAV011/document.
Full textRecent technological developments allow an unprecedented access to the whole genome variation and would increase our knowledge on genome diversification using population and landscape genomics. This work is based on the analysis of Whole Genome Sequence data (WGS) with the purpose of characterising genetic diversity in small ruminants (sheep and goats) and exploring genetic bases of local adaptation.First, we addressed a methodological aspect by investigating the accuracy and possible bias in the widely used genotyping approaches to characterize genetic variation in comparison with WGS data. We highlighted strong bias in conventional approaches (SNP chips and exome capture) and also in low-coverage whole genome re-sequencing (1X and 2X), and we suggested effective solutions based on sampling panels of random markers over the genome depending the purpose of the study (assessing neutral diversity, linkage disequilibrium, selection signatures). The various datasets produced allowed assessing genetic resources in various domestic (Moroccan and Iranian indigenous breeds and industrials) and wild populations (bezoars and Asiatic mouflons). We identified a very high diversity in indigenous and wild populations. They constitute a reservoir of alleles allowing them to play a possible key role in the preservation of these species in the context of global changes. The deep study of Moroccan goats showed a high diversity that is weakly structured in geography and populations, and highlighted numerous genomic regions showing signatures of selection. These regions identified different putative adaptive mechanisms according to the population (e.g. panting/sweating to adapt to warm/desert environment).Then, we explored genetic bases of local adaptation to the environment in sheep and goats using a landscape genomics framework. We scanned genomes of 160 sheep and 161 goats representing the eco-climatic Moroccan-wide diversity. We identified numerous candidate variants and genes, which allowed for identifying physiological pathways possibly underlying local adaptation. Especially, it seems that respiration and cardiac process have key roles in the adaptation to altitude. Our results suggest dissimilar adaptive mechanisms for the same environment in sheep and goats. However, we highlighted several cases of common metabolic pathways in different species. Moreover, we characterized some patterns for the variation of genetic differentiation in some candidate genomic regions over environmental gradients. This allowed us to visualise different adaptive reaction depending genes. This work points the way towards a better understanding of some mechanisms underlying local adaptation
Leroux, Caroline. "Hétérogénéité et variabilité génomiques des lentivirus des petits ruminants au cours de l'infection naturelle." Lyon 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995LYO1T209.
Full textDa, Silva Teixeira Maria Fatima. "Réplication in vitro des lentivirus des petits ruminants dans des lignées fibroblastiques caprines immortalisées." Lyon 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996LYO1T157.
Full textDenoyelle, Laure. "Mécanismes génétiques et épigénétiques sous-jacents aux relations phénotype - environnement chez les petits ruminants." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020GRALV045.
Full textOrganisms can be confronted with more or less important variations in their environment (climate, health, etc...). In response to these variations, three types of mechanisms can be put in place to adjust their phenotype with the environment: choice of a favorable habitat, adaptation and acclimatization. In the case of domestic animals, the choice of habitat is not possible, but the last two mechanisms can be revealed by studying the presence of respectively genetic and epigenetic markers in the genome of individuals. The aim of this thesis was to highlight these two types of mechanisms in small ruminants (sheep and goats) in relation to the breeds history and their environment.First, we analyzed whole genome data to search selection signatures in 11 French goat breeds. On one hand, this analysis allowed us to explore their histories, to understand possible crossbreeding between them and to compare these results with the historical data collected. On the other hand, selected genes related to agronomic traits of interest such as milk production (21 genes), reproduction (14 genes), immunity (11 genes), as well as morphological traits specific to the breeds studied (28 genes) were highlighted.In a second step, we studied the two types of mechanisms in Moroccan goats and sheep which were chosen to form two groups at each end of a temperature variation gradient. The analysis of genetic differences between the two groups, for each species, allowed to locate selected regions in relation to genes involved in environmental perception (5 genes), immunity (4 genes), reproduction (8 genes) and production (11 genes). We have also sequenced regions of the genome bearing methyl groups in these same animals. Analysis of the differentially methylated regions (DMRs) between the two groups allowed to find 2 DMRs (one in each species) in relation, among other things, to milk quality and production. This study of adaptation and acclimatization mechanisms in Moroccan small ruminants is the first to look for epigenetic marks in relation to the environment in farm animals and to compare them with genetic marks present in these same animals. Based on our results, we hypothesize that temperature variation could have two types of effects on animals that could impact the biological pathways we detected. A first effect, direct, which would influence the thermoregulation mechanisms, and a second effect, indirect, in relation to the quantity and quality of available food resources. The comparison between the two mechanisms, and the two species, allowed to find similar impacted biological pathways, but no gene in common.These results show the role of genetic and epigenetic mechanisms in the adjustment of phenotypes to the environment. In a context of climate change, it seems important to take them into account to develop breeding strategies related to these variations
Sanz, Bernardo Beatriz. "Control of host innate immune (interferon) responses by peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV)." Thesis, St George's, University of London, 2015. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.703281.
Full textGopilo, Abraham Picavet Dominique-Pierre. "Epidemiology of peste des petits ruminants virus in ethiopia and molecular studies on virulence." Toulouse : INP Toulouse, 2006. http://ethesis.inp-toulouse.fr/archive/00000226.
Full textMantip, Samuel Elias Lashat. "Molecular characterisation of peste des petits ruminants viruses in sheep and goats from Nigeria." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/40708.
Full textDissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2013.
gm2014
Veterinary Tropical Diseases
unrestricted
Woma, Timothy Yusufu. "Epidemiology of peste-des-petits-ruminants virus in sheep goats and camels in Nigeria." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/53316.
Full textThesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2015.
tm2016
Veterinary Tropical Diseases
PhD
Leignel, Vincent. "Diversité génétique et résistance aux benzimidazoles chez ""Teladorsagia circumcincta" (Nematoda, Trichostrongylidea) parasite de petits ruminants." Montpellier 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000MON20142.
Full textRaoul, Jérôme. "Utilisation d'un panel SNPs très basse densité dans les populations en sélection de petits ruminants." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017INPT0128/document.
Full textBreeding programs aim to transfer high genetic value breeding stock to the industry. The knowledge of molecular markers of individual’s genome and causal mutations allow to conceive new breeding program designs. Based on deterministic and stochastic simulations, the technical and economic benefits of using a very low density molecular markers panel were assessed in sheep and goat populations. Following results were obtained: i) using such a panel to increase female paternal filiations in case of incomplete pedigree is not always profitable, ii) a method of optimization has been used to derive the maximal profits of managing ovulation genes, and practical management giving profits close to the maximal profits have been determined, iii) at similar cost, a genomic design based on a very low density panel is more efficient than the current design based on progeny testing
Das, Subash Chandra. "Studies on chimeric rinderpest-peste des petits ruminants (RP-PPR) viruses produced using reverse genetics." Thesis, Royal Veterinary College (University of London), 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.327035.
Full textLibeau, Geneviève. "Le diagnostic differentiel experimental de la peste bovine et de la peste des petits ruminants." Paris 6, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA066216.
Full textMartinez-Ortiz-de-Montellano, Cintli. "Mécanismes d'action de plantes riches en tanins sur les nématodes gastrointestinaux adultes des petits ruminants." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010INPT0085/document.
Full textGastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) represent a major health problem worldwide in grazing sheep and goat production systems. The control of these parasites has been complicated by the emergence of nematodes which are resistant to the commercially available anthelmintics (AHs). The use of tannin rich plants (TRP), as non-conventional Ahs, represents an alternative for the control of these parasites. However, the mechanism of action of such plants against adult populations of GIN has not been determined. The objective of the study was to determine the direct and indirect effect of TRP against adult populations of GIN in small ruminants. A direct effect is considered to be any action against the biology, structure and/or ultrastructure of the nematodes which is similar to a chemical AH. The indirect effect is a modification of the immune response of the host at the level of the gastrointestinal mucosa which affects the biology of the GIN. This study is divided into two stages: First stage) Two in vivo experiments conducted in Mexico and France respectively, determined the direct and indirect effects on the biology of GIN due to the consumption of the TRP forage of tzalam (Lysiloma latisiliquum), sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) as well as a tannin-rich quebracho extract (Schinopsis spp). Lambs were artificially infected with Haemonchus contortus (Mexico) or H. contortus and Trichostrongylus colubriformis (France). The consumption of tzalam affected the length and fertility of H. contortus females. Meanwhile, the quebracho extract reduced the population of H. contortus and T. colubriformis also affecting the fecundity of T. colubriformis. The sainfoin affected the fecundity of H. contortus without affecting T. colubriformis. The indirect effect was not evident. Second stage) An in vitro assay and two in vivo experiments with goats infected with H. contortus allowed to identify the effect of the consumption of TRP (tzalam or sainfoin) on the structure and ultrastructure of H. contortus. Alterations in cuticle and cephalic region were found. The aggregates in the vulva were only found in vitro. The ultrastructure of H. contortus showed a vacuolization process in the intestinal and muscular tissues of these nematodes. The lesions suggest that the compounds contained in the foliage of TRP may be involved in vital functions of H. contortus such as mobility, nutrition and possibly reproduction. This study is a contribution towards the understanding the mechanisms of AH action of the TRP against GIN
Bodjo, Sanne Charles. "Etude de la nucleocapside des virus de la peste bovine et peste des petits ruminants : caractérisation moléculaire des interactions protéiques et des sites antigénique." Montpellier 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MON20073.
Full textEl, Balaa Rodrigue. "Durabilité de la filière laitière des petits ruminants au Liban : analyse et signe de qualité label "Baladi"." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009INPL076N/document.
Full textThe aim of this study is to evaluate the sustainability of dairy small ruminant supply chain in Lebanon and to identify its weaknesses in order to suggest solutions guaranteeing its durability. The results relevant to a survey covering 129 breeders (Srour, 2006) and to three other surveys covering 15 processors, 83 distributors and 250 consumers were combined in 12 parameters representing the three facets of sustainability (environmental, social and economical). The results were used to design a labelling scheme containing solutions to sustainability problems; the latter was then validated with 16 breeders, 15 processors, 17 distributors, and 20 consumers. The breeders are responsible for the most important environmental impact of the supply chain and suffer from a high economical fragility. The processors are characterized with a shortage of investment and waste treatment policy but present the best social conditions to their employees and hold the best added value performance despite a weak growth rate. At the distributors’ level, groceries are in regression, facing large retailers in full expansion and offering better social conditions to their employees. The consumers ignore the sustainability concept and base their trust on the salesmen in buying traditional products. The application of the labelling scheme is supported by its originality, the absence of similar products and the geographical situation, but it has to take into consideration the receptiveness of the market (local and foreign) and the absence of specialized infrastructure
Quijada, Pinango Jessica. "Relation structure/activité de tanins bioactifs contre les Nématodes Gastrointestinaux (Haemonchus contortus) parasites des petits ruminants." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2015. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/15130/1/quijada.pdf.
Full textHoc, Stéphanie. "Etude de la fonction de la protéine Tat des lentivirus de petits ruminants MVV et CAEV." Lyon 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002LYO10111.
Full textRachid, Antoine. "Infections lentivirales chez les petits ruminants domestiques : étude des relations hôte-pathogène et application en diagnostic." Poitiers, 2012. http://theses.univ-poitiers.fr/25342/2012-Rachid-Antoine-These.pdf.
Full textSmall ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV), including CAEV and VMV, cause slow progressive diseases in sheep and goats. The viral diversity, combined with interspecies transmissions, represent a diagnostic drawback and a potential sanitary issue. In order to gain a better understanding of viral strains circulating in Europe and to improve diagnostic tools, gag and env sequences of ovine and caprine isolates from Poland were characterized. The cocirculation of CAEV and VMV subtypes was reported in both sheep and goats, and two new subtypes, designated A12 and A13, were identified. The antigenic variability among SRLV strains was assessed by ELISA using new Gag/Env multi-epitope recombinant antigens representative of CAEV and VMV strains. The results revealed that antigenic sites of the MA and CA proteins were conserved among subtypes within the same genotype, and to a lesser extent between the two genotypes, whereas conservation of SU epitopes was restricted to strains belonging to either the same genotype or subtype. The risk assessment associated with interspecies transmissions of SRLV was carried out by a comparative analysis of virological and serological features in sheep and goats infected with the same viral variant. Specific hostvirus interactions were found in sheep and goats, including virus replication in blood, kinetic of humoral immune response, and pattern of antibody reactivity towards the MA and CA proteins. On the basis of these data, the Gag/Env multi-epitope recombinant antigens were used to establish ELISA tests for diagnostic and epidemiological purposes. Field application of these tests revealed, for the first time, the circulation of a CAEV/VMV recombinant form
Lacombe, Nicolas. "Les coproduits entre marginalisation et relance. Le cas des viandes de petits ruminants en élevage méditerranéen." Thesis, Corte, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CORT0020/document.
Full textLamb and kid meats are part of the identity of the livestock farming systems of small ruminants in Mediterranean area. But these meats are often qualified as “co-products”, that is to say issued from a main activity dedicated to another product they are linked with by interdependency. Therefore, their history is marked by a progressive disappearance due to the sectorisation of the activities and a decoupling of productions. Our research is based upon a comparative analysis between several situations where a dominant product and its co-product are under tension. The studied couples are: i) in Corsica island, cheeses and milk lambs and kids, ii) in Sardinia island, cheeses and lambs and iii) in Morocco, argan oil and arganian forest kids.From the initial situations showing complementarities between the various productions within a same productive system, we observe a progressive competition around the use of some dairy or forestry resources. The appropriation of such resources by a major product, engaged in a movement of specification (cheese, argan oil) validated by the recognition as geographical indication, marginalized the co-products (lamb and kid meats) weakening their conditions of elaboration and marketing. Thus, I analyzed the interactions between interdependent productions within a same productive system, focusing on the consequences of the recognition of a major product on the future of its co-product.The results are contributing to agrarian geography as a discipline centered on the relationships between production and territory, clarifying the way of functioning of the productive systems. The originality of this work lies on the scale of analysis gathering several products linked together within a productive system. One main stake has been to question the meaning of “quality” as driving social and technical boundaries that become, as general requirements, potential sources of exclusions according to the future of the co-products. The fact to recognize a major product, considered as participating to strengthen the territory, may induce the destruction of the links unifying the elements of the productive system and, by the way, weaken the territory. Such results open perspectives on the production of multi-situated territories, overcoming the classical way to consider this production under institutional logics (ie geographical indication isolating one product from its whole system) for designing plural and interlinked functionalities. Through the study of co-products involved into processes of recovery, I achieved understanding the frictions created around the uses of shared resources, rivalries and conflicts, but also possible resulting compromises that may contribute to processes of recoupling with perspectives of multi-functionality
Erhouma, Esadk Ali. "Étude génétique des lentivirus des petits ruminants (SRLV) infectant naturellement les bouquetins dans les Alpes française." Lyon 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LYO10032.
Full textThe small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) cause persistent infections in domestic sheep and goats worldwide. These viruses and other lentiviruses such as feline immunodeficiency and simian immunodeficiency show propensity for cross-species infection. Lentivirus passages between sheep and goats were demonstrated, however no related viruses have yet been described as indigenous in populations of wild small ruminants. In order to evaluate the risk of contamination of wild small ruminants by SRLV, we studied natural infection of wild ibexes interacting with local goat herds in French Alpes and of goat/ Ibex hybrids. The sequences of the gag gene from two positive ibexes, the hybrids and one of the local goats clustered into a coherent group with only 1 – 2% nucleotide difference, close to CAEV but more distant from MVV. LTR sequences confirm that the viruses studied belong to the CAEV grouped, but, unlike the gag sequences, the LTR sequences of the hybrids and ibexes group in a distinct branch, separate from the local caprine sequences and CAEV-Co. Similarities between the gag sequences from ibexes and hybrids and the sequences from one goat from the same site, suggest viral transfer between the domestic and the wild species has been previously described between goats and sheep. Futhermore, similarities were shown between ibex gag and LTR sequences from the two males from a site and those from a female from an other distant site and temporal study of the gag sequences from hybrids showed evolution from goat-like sequences towards ibex-like sequences. Together, our data show the first evidence of the presence of SRLV in ibexes and suggest that these viruses could constitute a distinct population circulating in some of these wild ungulates
Gaudin, Elodie. "Le sainfoin déshydraté - un modèle de nutricament dans la lutte contre les nématodes parasites des petits ruminants." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017INPT0042.
Full textGastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) represent a major threat for grazing ruminants. The traditional mode of control of these parasites mainly relied on the use of synthetic anthelmintics (AHs). However, the repeated use of these molecules has led to resistance against all AH drugs in worm populations of small ruminants. Alternative solutions are needed. Among those, the use of plants that contain plant secondary metabolites, such as condensed tannins (CTs), has been studied for the last 20 years. These CT-containing resources, such as sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) have AH properties and beneficial effects on health and also interesting nutritional values; hence they correspond to the definition of nutraceuticals. Recently, an organization has developed to produce dehydrated pellets of sainfoin. The advantages of such pellets are 1/ to grow sainfoin in the best agronomic conditions; 2/ to better standardize the product; 3/ to evaluate the pellet before use and to facilitate exportation. The general aim of this thesis was to optimize the use of sainfoin pellets in farm conditions. Our first objective was to characterize the CT content and AH properties of sainfoin pellets. For industrial purposes, simple, low cost and repeatable methods to evaluate the CT content and the AH activity are requested in order to rapidly qualify the pellets. The CT content was evaluated by biochemical measurements of total phenols and tannins (Folin-Ciocalteu). This was completed by the measure of the complexation of tannins with proteins (Radial Diffusion) and by development of prediction calibrations using near infra-red spectroscopy (NIRS). The AH evaluation was performed on samples before and after dehydration, using the Larval Exsheathment Inhibition Assay. Calculations of correlations between the different methods showed significant links between the quantity of CT and the AH activity, and the possible use of NIRS to measure the CT content and the AH activity of pellets and forages. The second objective aimed at defining the optimal conditions to use sainfoin pellets on farm, to improve the AH activity. We aimed at analyzing, in experimental conditions, 1) how the combination of 2 factors, namely the CT concentration in feed and the length of distribution, influence the AH efficacy of sainfoin pellets on intestinal and abomasal L3 larvae or adult worms; 2) whether or not the combined use of sainfoin with a chemical AH (oral ivermectine) is beneficial. Results showed that a minimum CT content in sainfoin and a minimum length of distribution of 15 days are mandatory to alter the adult worm and L3 larvae biology of nematodes, particularly the Trichostrongylus colubriformis fertility and the number of Haemonchus contortus. Moreover, the combined use of AH and sainfoin consumption should be avoided because of negative interactions. The last axis aimed at studying the behavior of sheep and goats in relation to sainfoin pellets and their ability to change the feeding behavior according to their parasitic status (self-medication ability). The objective was to verify the following hypotheses: due to their lower resistance against parasites and their higher propensity to eat CTs, goats will eat more sainfoin than sheep, parasitized animals will prefer sainfoin and this preference will increase overtime. The results showed that two of our hypothesis were verified in a cafeteria study: 1) goats preferred sainfoin while sheep preferred alfalfa and 2) the sainfoin consumption increased overtime for infected animals, without being higher than nonparasitized ones. However, nor goat, nor parasitized animals, showed a higher motivation in the operant-conditioning trial to feed on CT rich resources. All the present results showed the interest to exploit sainfoin pellets in farms, as one alternative to AHs molecules in order to limit the development of resistances to these drugs in GIN populations
Ayari-Fakhfakh, Saïda Emna. "Contribution au développement d’un modèle vaccinal recombinant pour le contrôle des trois infections virales majeures des ruminants, la variole, la PPR et la RVF, adapté à la situation épidémiologique des pays du Maghreb." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON20009/document.
Full textThe aim of this thesis was to develop a capripoxvirus based recombinant vaccine against ruminant pox, Rift Valley fever (RVF) and peste des petits ruminants (PPR) considered as a vaccine model for countries affected by these infections. The first part of the work consisted in a serological survey conducted in Tunisia to detect the PPR and RVF presence. A PPR seroprevalence of 7.6% has been found and no antibodies against RVF were detected. However, the risk of infection with rift valley fever virus persists since competent vectors such as Culex pipiens and Culex theileri has been identified in the sampled areas. The development of the RVF-PPR vaccine candidate is based on the NSmGN-FVR and H-PPR gene expression - where each of the genes is inserted into the thymidine kinase and the Interleukin 8 receptor analogue genes, respectively. The vector chosen is the vaccine strain Sheeppox Kenya-1. Although the double recombinant RVF-PPR has been produced, it could not be purified. The alternative was to evaluate the protection and the immunogenicity of the single recombinant capripoxvirus NSmGN-FVR, which is a product of an intermediate step of the process of the double recombinant preparation. The protection of our vaccine candidate has been performed by two mice experiments in Mus m. musculus MBT/Pas, with challenge. The number of doses, the route of administration played a key role in the protection confirmed by the presence of neutralizing anti-RVF antibodies. The study of the immunogenicity of the vaccine candidate was conducted in goats without challenge, RVF seroconversion has been shown. Lymphoproliferation studies and lymphocytes subpopulations typing have been analysed
Assenza, Fabrizio. "Modelling genetic selection for gastrointestinal parasites resistance in small ruminants." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014INPT0074/document.
Full textAbomasal nematodes are a major constraint to small ruminants industry worldwide. Recently their economic impact has increased due to the recrudescence of anthelmintic resistance among many parasite populations. Genetic selection might be a valid strategy for enhancing the efficacy of anthelmintics. We explored the genetic variability, in both sheep and goat, possibly available for a breeding plan featuring parasite resistance as its breeding goal. The results obtained in terms of heritabilities, genetic correlations and QTLs, suggest that the variation in the genetic pool of the population under study might comply with the requirements of a breeding goal including both parasite resistance and production traits. Furthermore, marker assisted selection could be a feasible option to enhance the selection response