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Anggono, Willyanto, M. M. Noor, F. D. Suprianto, L. A. Lesmana, G. J. Gotama, and A. Setiyawan. "Effect of Cerbera Manghas Biodiesel on Diesel Engine Performance." International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering 15, no. 3 (2018): 5667–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/ijame.15.3.2018.20.0435.
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In order to reduce the use of fossil fuel without interfering the availability of food crop, Cerbera manghas biodiesel has been studied as potential renewable fuel. This study investigated Cerbera manghas biodiesel as a replacement for pure petro-diesel and palm oil biodiesel produced in Indonesia. The investigation result indicates that Cerbera manghas biodiesel fuel has a lower density, kinematic viscosity, sulfur content, color (lighter), water content, distillation point compared to pure petro-diesel and palm oil biodiesel. Higher flash point and cetane index value in Cerbera manghas biodiesel were also discovered. The study investigated further the effect of biodiesel derived from Cerbera manghas biodiesel compared with pure petro-diesel and palm oil biodiesel in a single cylinder diesel engine. The study suggested that Cerbera manghas biodiesel has better engine performance (fuel consumption, brake mean effective pressure, thermal efficiency, torque, and power) compared to pure petro-diesel and palm oil biodiesel. The utilization of Cerbera manghas biodiesel gave better engine performance output compared to pure petro-diesel and palm oil biodiesel. This study supported the viability of Cerbera manghas biodiesel to be implemented as an alternative diesel fuel without interfering food resources or requiring additional modification to the existing diesel engine.
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Kurdi, Ojo. "UJI PERFORMA BIODISEL DARI MINYAK JARAK PAGAR YANG DIPRODUKSI SECARA ENZIMATIS PADA MESIN DISEL." ROTASI 8, no. 3 (2012): 29–34. https://doi.org/10.14710/rotasi.8.3.29-34.
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Jatropha curcas oil is one of potential plants for hydrocarbon resource or energy resource in Indonesia. Whereas the oil cannot be used directly because of its high viscosity, low cetane number, presence of free fatty acid, low volitile, presence of gum and there will be high deposit if it is used as a direct fuel (Fangrui Ma, 1999). Therefore, it must be convert to a form of alkyl ester or in famous term of biodiesel. Biodiesel produkction from jatropha curcus is basically methanolysis reaction, the reaction between triglyceride and methanol that yields fatty acid metyl ester and glycerol. This reaction can be performed chemically by using catalyst and enzymatic. Pre-study has been done in laboratory scale by using jatropha oil in enzimatic reactor. The result shows that methanolysis reaction of triglyceride using biocatalyst is very potential to produce biodiesel (Yulianto, M.E., dkk., 2005). Biodiesel application to diesel engine has widely been investigated. Several studies noted that biodiesel can be used to diesel engine for long time. Biodiesel is used by mixing with petro-diesel. The mixing has a range from 2/98% (B2) to 100% (B100). There are some studies namely output energy, lubrication condition, and gas emission. This research was conducted to study output energy or engine brake power fuelling with biodiesel-petro diesel compared with fuelling with petro diesel and fuel efficiency that calculated from fuel consumption per unit power. The research was begun with literature study about diesel engine theory, biodiesel, and biodiesel application to diesel engine. Laboratory experiments were done trhough some steps : properties test, petro diesel engine test , B10 engine test, data analyzing and conclusion. Diesel engine used in this test has power of 8.5 kW which was coupled to 5 kW generator at 1500 rpm. Applied variable loads were lamps whereas shaft speed was measured by using stroboscope. Fuel consumption was measured by weighing fuel that had been used. The result shows that brake power of engine fuelling with B10 is 4.5% lower than that fuelling with petro-diesel. Whereas the efficiency is 1.7 % higher
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Parajuli, Ranjan. "Economics of Biodiesel Production in the Context of Fulfilling 20% Blending with Petro-Diesel in Nepal." Journal of the Institute of Engineering 10, no. 1 (2014): 80–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jie.v10i1.10881.
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The article has attempted to introduce Jatropha curcas as one of the energy resource for partially substituting Petro-diesel in Nepal and is prepared to provide preliminary insight on the economics of biodiesel production in the country. There have been increasing trend of automobiles in the last two decades, which has also increased the total import volume of Petro-diesel in Nepal. The dependency on imported Petro-diesel and its escalating price is adversely affecting the national economy. To fulfill the 20% blending requirement of the Petro-diesel consumed in 2011 in the country, 4% of the uncultivated land of the country (representing terrain and hills only) are sufficient. With this realization, this article is prepared by the development of different scenarios in regard to substitution of 20% Petro-diesel in the country. The Scenarios basically comprise of price of seedlings required for cultivation, different yield of Jatropha plant, and the price of raw oil seeds required for processing. Prognosis of Petro-diesel consumption in the next 20 years is carried out considering the average growth rate of its sales in the last decade in the country, and further required volume of biodiesel required for blending is estimated. Techno-economic analysis carried out in this article has revealed that biodiesel can be economically produced with input parameters (plant yield greater than 2 kg/plant and with the price of oil seeds lower than 0.22 USD/kg). The return on the investment in the bio diesel production and its utilization is also positive with these input parameters. The study estimated that production of biodiesel in the present context of increasing fuel prices and depleting resources, is an economically viable option, however, there is need of strong policy to entertain potential entrepreneurs and farmers for generating resource required for the partial substitution and also to look after the issues of food insecurity during the process of generating this resource.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jie.v10i1.10881Journal of the Institute of Engineering, Vol. 10, No. 1, 2014, pp. 80–93
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R N Singh, S P Singh, and B S Pathak. "Performance of CI Engine with Progressive Replacement of Blended Plant Oil by Producer Gas." Journal of Agricultural Engineering (India) 44, no. 2 (2007): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.52151/jae2007442.1253.
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A multi cylinder naturally aspirated diesel engine with matching alternator was operated successfully with mixed fuels (petro-diesel, de-waxed de-gummed Jatropha oil! karanja oil/ rice bran oil and Producer gas) and its performance was verified through extensive, short (6 hours) and long duration (30 h) trials. Study revealed that CI engine can also be run on blended de-waxed and de-gummed Jatropha oil with diesel even up to 50%, but preheating of mixture was required at 60°C to reduce viscosity, when blending of oil with diesel is more than 10%. Maximum blending of plant oil with petro-diesel and its operation with CI engine also depends upon the quality of the plant oil. In case of refined rice bran oil, it was as high as 75%. Maximum replacement of blended plant oil by producer gas was 68% with minor losses in engine output compared to petro-diesel. In general, exhaust gas temperature and specific energy consumption increased in mixed fuel mode with all the three oils, however brake thermal efficiency decreased. It was due to lower calorific value of plant oils and producer gas. In CI Engine having 18.4: I compression ratio, at 84% engine load and with mixed fuel concentration of pollutants like CO, HC, NO, N02 was reduced by up to 51, 65, 83 and 85%, respectively. However, in case of rice bran oil, CO concentration increased as compared to petro-diesel.
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D., Y. Dasin, and Yahuza I. "Production and Characterization of Biodiesel Fuel Derived from Neem Azadirachta Indica Seed using Two Cylinder Diesel Engine Model." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development 3, no. 4 (2019): 761–66. https://doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd23903.
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As the decreasing availability of the fossil fuel is rising day by day, the search for alternate fuel that can be used as a substitute to the conventional fuels is rising rapidly. A new type of biofuel, Neem oil biodiesel, is introduced in this work for the purpose of fuelling diesel engine. Neem oil was extracted from neem seed by solvent extraction method and biodiesel was produced by transesterification method. The percentage yield of Neem oil and biodiesel were found to be 40 and 75 respectively. The properties were simulated in a model produced using GT power suite. The engine speed was varied and engine performance such as brake power, brake specific fuel consumption, brake mean effective pressure and the emission of biodiesel and petroleum diesel at various speed were determined and compared. The results show the improve performance of biodiesel. The performance characteristics of an engine were studied with biodiesel and petro diesel. The brake power 31.25 kW, brake torque 102.8 N mare found higher at 3600 rpm case 1 and 1200 rpm case 4 respectively. In biodiesel, specific fuel consumption is found more than the petro diesel and the CO and CO2 emission were found lower in biodiesel than petro diesel. The biodiesel have shown better performance than the petro diesel. D. Y. Dasin | I. Yahuza "Production and Characterization of Biodiesel Fuel Derived from Neem (Azadirachta Indica) Seed using Two Cylinder Diesel Engine Model" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23903.pdf
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Tunio, M. M., M. R. Luhur, Z. M. Ali, and U. Daher. "Performance and Emission Analysis of a Diesel Engine Using Linseed Biodiesel Blends." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 8, no. 3 (2018): 2958–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.2028.
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The core object of this study is to examine the suitability of linseeds for biodiesel production. The performance of an engine at different proportions of linseed blends with petro-diesel and the amount of emissions rate were investigated. Initially, linseed biodiesel was produced through transesterification process, and then it was mixed with petro-diesel fuel (D100) blends at volumetric ratios of 10% (LB10), 20% (LB20), and 30% (LB30). The properties of linseed biodiesel and its blends were investigated and compared with petro-diesel properties with reference to ASTM standards. It has been observed that the fuel properties of produced biodiesel are within ASTM permissible limits. The specific fuel consumption (SFC) of LB10 blend has been found lesser compared to LB20 and LB30. SFC of D100 is slightly less than that of all the blends. The brake thermal efficiency (BTE) of LB30 is greater than that of pure diesel D100 at maximum load and greater than that of LB10 and LB20. The heat dissipation rate in all linseed blends is found to have been less than that of D100. Carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and NOx emissions of linseed blends are mostly lower in comparison with D100’s. Among all blends, LB10 was found more suitable alternative fuel for diesel engines and can be blended with petro diesel without engine modifications. It can be concluded that cultivation and production of linseed in Pakistan is very promising, therefore, it is recommended that proper exploitation and use of linseed for energy production may be encouraged through pertinent agencies of Pakistan.
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García-Sánchez, Miriam, Mauricio Sales-Cruz, Teresa Lopez-Arenas, Tomás Viveros-García, and Eduardo S. Pérez-Cisneros. "An Intensified Reactive Separation Process for Bio-Jet Diesel Production." Processes 7, no. 10 (2019): 655. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7100655.
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An intensified three-step reaction-separation process for the production of bio-jet diesel from tryglycerides and petro-diesel mixtures is proposed. The intensified reaction-separation process considers three sequentially connected sections: (1) a triglyceride hydrolysis section with a catalytic heterogeneous reactor, which is used to convert the triglycerides of the vegetable oils into the resultant fatty acids. The separation of the pure fatty acid from glycerol and water is performed by a three-phase flash drum and two conventional distillation columns; (2) a co-hydrotreating section with a reactive distillation column used to perform simultaneously the deep hydrodesulphurisation (HDS) of petro-diesel and the hydrodeoxigenation (HDO), decarbonylation and decarboxylation of the fatty acids; and (3) an isomerization-cracking section with a hydrogenation catalytic reactor coupled with a two-phase flash drum is used to produce bio-jet diesel with the suitable fuel features required by the international standards. Intensive simulations were carried out and the effect of several operating variables of the three sections (triglyceride-water feed ratio, oleic acid-petro-diesel feed ratio, hydrogen consumption) on the global intensified process was studied and the optimal operating conditions of the intensified process for the production of bio-jet diesel were achieved.
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Karmakar, Rachan, Nitin Kumar, Anita Rajor, et al. "Evaluation of Performance of a CI Engine Fueled With Biodiesel Produced from Unused Algae." Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management 49, no. 4 (2023): 359–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5276/jswtm/iswmaw/494/2023.359.
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Abundant availability and easy culture process of algae make it a better resource than other vegetable crops for biodiesel production. The oil (with 21% FFA content) extracted from the unused, mixed culture of algae in this experiment was used to produce biodiesel by an' acid esterification followed by alkaline esterification' procedure. After confirming the properties of the biodiesel to be within the limit of ASTM standard, three biodiesel blends (B10, B20 and B30) were used in an internal combustion engine (Four stroke single cylinder VCR engine) and the performance of the engine was observed at different engine loads (0%, 20%, 40%, 80%, 100%, 120%). The little higher brake specific fuel consumption (0.22kg/KWh, 0.25 kg/KWh, 0.26kg/KWh and 0.21kg/KWh respectively for B10, B20, B30 and petro-diesel at overload condition), lower brake power (3.41 kW, 3.37 kW, 3.25 kW, 3.39 kW for diesel, B10, B20 and B30 respectively for B10, B20, B30 and petro-diesel) and mechanical efficiency (63.34, 51.43%, 52.06% and 51.43% for petro-diesel, B10, B20 and B30 respectively) for biodiesel blends took place which might be the results of lower calorific value (40800 kJ/kg), higher density (875.27kg/m3) and viscosity (3.14 mm2/s) of the algal biodiesel than diesel.
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Santhosh, Poojary. "A Review of the Concept of Biodiesel Industrial Socialization." Journal of Alternative and Renewable Energy Sources 6, no. 1 (2020): 11–17. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3607406.
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Biodiesel is a promising as well as widely accepted alternative to petro-diesel and it is a renewable fuel produced from biological oil sources. Utilization of biodiesel in any equipment that operates on petro-diesel produces less harmful emissions thereby reducing environmental pollution. The production of biodiesel at domestic level using indigenous source has greater scope to enhance the agricultural economy and to increase the energy security of the social setting. Based on these fundamental facts, the Biodiesel Industrial Socialization concept is discussed in the present review paper.
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Sutrisno, Willyanto Anggono, Fandi Dwiputra Suprianto, Cokro Daniel Santosa, Michael Suryajaya, and Gabriel Jeremy Gotama. "Experimental Investigation of Avocado Seed Oil Utilization in Diesel Engine Performance." E3S Web of Conferences 130 (2019): 01030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201913001030.
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Avocado (Persea americana Mill) is a popular fruit in Indonesia. Its popularity leads to high consumption of this fruit and wastes from its seed. In order to develop renewable energy and reducing wastes in the environment, P. americana seed may be extracted for its oil to create biodiesel fuel. In this study, P. americana seed is obtained through the soxhlet apparatus and transesterification process. After obtaining P. americana seed oil, the oil was mixed with pure petro-diesel with a ratio of 10:90 (B10 fuel) and 20:80 (B20 fuel), respectively. These fuels were tested for their fuel characteristics and engine performances, together with pure petro-diesel and palm oil biodiesel. The fuel characteristics results suggest positive characteristics of B10 and B20 compared to other fuels. For engine performance tests, B10 and B20 fuels have less engine performance than other fuels. However, the differences between these fuels results are small. Overall, the positive aspect of B10 and B20 fuels supersede small disadvantages they have and thus suitable to substitute pure petro-diesel and palm oil biodiesel.
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Potensa, Bruno Santos, Grazieli Olinda Martins, Silvania Lanfredi, and Marcos Augusto Lima Nobre. "New Additive Type Amorphous-Carbon/Zn Modifier of the Thermal Conductivity of Alcohol Fuel." Materials Science Forum 820 (June 2015): 384–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.820.384.
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A functional inorganic-additive modifier of the thermal conductivity of biofuel type alcohol anhydrous was developed based on an amorphous carbon nanocomposite containing dispersed zinc. Dispersion and modification of thermal conductivity in biofuels type anydrous alcohol were considered, as well as in petro-diesel and a blend of biodiesel and petro-diesel. Fuels, alcohol, diesel and biodiesel acted as a continuous medium dispersing the particles of C/Zn. Both thermal conductivity and thermal resistivity measurements were carried out showing that the amorphous nanocomposite particles C/Zn act as an additive to improve the thermal conductivity of alcohol. The same phenomenon has not been identified for diesel, biodiesel and its blends. Increasing the thermal conductivity of the alcohol generated by adding of particles is discussed as a function of the concentration and molecular interactions on the surface of additive particles.
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Rajab, Mugdad Hamid, and Youssef Timoumi. "Experimental Investigation on Performance and Emission Characteristics of a Diesel Engine Fuelled with Linseed Biodiesel Blends." International Journal of Membrane Science and Technology 10, no. 3 (2023): 2597–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.15379/ijmst.v10i3.2006.
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The core object of this study is to examine the suitability of linseeds for biodiesel production. Engine performance and emissions at different proportions of linseed-diesel blends were investigated. Linseed biodiesel was produced through transesterification process and mixed with petro-diesel fuel (D100) at volumetric ratios of 5% (LB5), 10% (LB10), and 15% (LB15). The properties of linseed biodiesel and its blends were measured according to ASTM standards and compared with petro-diesel as a threshold for comparison. The results showed that fuel properties of produced biodiesel are within ASTM permissible limits. Engine test shows lower specific fuel consumption (SFC) for LB5 blend compared to LB10 and LB15 with slightly higher value compared to that of D100. The higher brake thermal efficiency (BTE) was observed for LB15 among the other investigated fuel samples. The heat dissipation rate in all linseed blends was found to have been less than that of D100. Carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrocarbons (HC) emissions of linseed blends are mostly lower in comparison with D100’s. Among all blends, LB5 was found more suitable alternative fuel for diesel engines and can be blended with petro diesel without engine modifications. It can be concluded that cultivation and production of linseed in Iraq is very promising, therefore, it is recommended that proper exploitation and use of linseed for energy production may be encouraged through pertinent agencies of Iraq.
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Peng, De-Xing. "Room temperature tribological performance of biodiesel (soybean oil)." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 68, no. 6 (2016): 617–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-10-2015-0143.
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Purpose This paper aims to evaluate the effect of biodiesel additive in fuel system of diesel engines to reduce wear characteristics. Biofuels are environmentally friendly and renewable alternatives to mineral-based fuels and cause low pollution; thus, they can be used to comply with future emission regulations to safeguard environmental and human health. Design/methodology/approach Two types of diesel fuel, pure petrodiesel and soybean oil, were compared for their fuel properties and tribological performance. The ball-on-disk wear testing method was used as an analytical tool for this purpose. The lubricating efficiency of the fuels was estimated using a photomicroscope to measure the average diameter of the wear scar produced on the test ball. Findings The wear experiments showed that the wear scar diameters were 1.13 and 0.94 mm for lubrication of the pure petro-diesel and soybean oil, respectively. However, fatty acids containing biodiesel typically have thicker molecular layers than mineral pure petro-diesel, and thus can reduce the wear rate of the sliding metals. This improved the boundary lubrication conditions and the lubricity of the fuel. Biodiesel fuels are effective lubricity enhancers and have greater lubricity enhancing properties than petro-diesel. Originality/value The ability of biodiesel to be highly biodegradable and its superior lubricating property when used in compression ignition engines make it an excellent fuel. Biofuel is an attractive alternative fuel to various energy sectors, particularly the transportation sector. Biofuel has immense potential for use in a sustainable energy mixture in the future.
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Ravinder Chhina, S.R. Verma, and Ajay Sharda. "Exhaust Emission Characteristics of an Un-Modified Diesel Engine Operated on Bio-Diesel Fuels." Journal of Agricultural Engineering (India) 42, no. 1 (2005): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.52151/jae2005421.1113.
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Among the biomass-based fuels, plant oil esters (bio-diesel) hold good promise as an alternate fuel for compression ignition (CI) engines, especially during periods of diesel shortage. A study on the use of bio-diesels in an unmodified diesel engine was carried out in the Deptt. of Farm Power and Machinery, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. A commercially available single cylinder 3.67 kW, direct-injection diesel engine was fuelled with bio-diesels made from five different feed stocks, namely, linseed, rice-bran, gobhi sarson (Brassica napur), sunflower and jatropha curcas. The exhaust emission characteristics of these fuels were studied. "Nucon" Multi Gas Analyzer (model MGA) was used to monitor the concentration of combustibles, carbon-monoxide (CO) and oxides of Nitrogen (NO) in the exhaust gases. The combustibleconcentration was found to be in the range of 0.1 to 0.167 % for all the bio diesels studied. However, the oxides of Nitrogen (NO.) was found to be 0.2 to 26% higher as compared to petro-diesel. Among different feed stocks, the sunflower oil based biodiesel had the highest NO. emissions (26% higher). Carbon monoxide emissions of all bio-diesels were observed to be 25 to 45% lower as compared to petro-diesel. The lowest CO emissions were observed for sunflower oil based bio-diesel. Similarly, the combustible emissions for all bio-diesels were observed to be lower as compared to petrol diesel.
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Kandasamy, Vetrivel Kumar, Ratchagaraja Dhairiyasamy, and Silambarasan Rajendran. "Experimental Investigation of Cottonseed Biodiesel and Biodiesel Blends in a 14 kW Diesel Generator: Effects on Performance, Emissions, and Engine Parameters." Advanced Engineering Forum 51 (January 12, 2024): 75–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-s9srz1.
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This investigation presents an experimental study on the performance, specific fuel consumption, and exhaust emissions of a 14-kW diesel engine generator fueled with neat cottonseed biodiesel and biodiesel/diesel blends. Cotton biodiesel was chosen due to its importance as an agricultural crop and potential as a biodiesel feedstock. The fuels tested were (B100 - pure cotton biodiesel), (B7 - 7% biodiesel, 93% Petro diesel), (B20 - 20% biodiesel), (B30 -30% biodiesel), (B50 - 50% biodiesel), and (B70 - 70% biodiesel). The generator was tested at various loads from 0-14 kW. Properties like viscosity, density, and calorific value were measured for each fuel. The results showed that brake thermal efficiency increased with load for all fuels but was lower for higher biodiesel blends. Exhaust gas temperature followed a similar trend. Specific fuel consumption increased with biodiesel content, attributed to the lower energy density of Biodiesel. B100 had the highest NOx emissions but the lowest carbon monoxide and smoke emissions. The study concludes that cottonseed biodiesel and blends can replace Petro diesel in diesel generators. Increasing biodiesel content causes slight reductions in performance but improvements in emissions. The results provide insights into using cotton biodiesel in engines and generators.
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Solaimuthu, Dr C. "A Study of DI Diesel Engine using Mahua Biodiesel and Petro-Diesel." IOSR Journal of Engineering 4, no. 6 (2014): 01–04. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/3021-04630104.
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Kumar, Vijander, Rakesh Kumar Sindhu, and Sandeep Kumar. "Comparative analysis of green diesel versus petro-diesel in compression ignition engine." Bioscience Biotechnology Research Communications 11, no. 1 (2018): 128–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21786/bbrc/11.1/18.
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Aitavade, Eknath, and Sannappa Kamate. "Experimental Investigation of Tribological Characteristics of Blends of SGME Modified with Copper Oxide Nanoadditivation." Trends in Sciences 19, no. 6 (2022): 3047. http://dx.doi.org/10.48048/tis.2022.3047.
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Biofuels mixed with petro-diesels have become a sine qua non in environmental protection. They have friction and wear mitigation attributes and so enhance power saving and CI-engine life. The present research focuses on exploration of friction and wear features of Simarouba-glauca methyl-ester (SGME) blends in petro-diesel, with and without nanoadditivation employing 4 ball tribometer as per ASTM D 4172. The experiments were carried on B10 (10 %biodiesel in diesel), B20, B30 and diesel B0. Nanoadditivation of copper oxide (CuO) was done in the amounts of 0.20, 0.50, 0.75 and 1 % wt. (weight) with SGME. There was 80 and 49 % reduction in the friction coefficient and minimum wear than that for pure diesel (B0). Wear scars of the balls were characterized by means of scanning electron microscope (SEM). The interfaces exhibited a permutation of abrasion and adhesion mode of wear.
 HIGHLIGHTS
 
 Pioneering study for tribological characteristics of Simarouba glauca biodiesel
 Simarouba glauca biodiesel exhibited superior tribological characteristics
 Simarouba glauca biodiesel proves to be an attractive alternative to other oils
 CuO nanoparticles proved to be highly beneficial showing 80 and 49 % decrease in friction and wear
 
 GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
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Sunita, Verma, and Rajbala. "JATROPHA CURCAS L. (RATANJOT) EUPHORBIACEAE: AN BIO-FUEL PLANT." International Journal of Applied and Advanced Scientific Research 3, no. 1 (2018): 43–45. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1156090.
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Biodiesel, an eco-friendly diesel fuel similar to petro-diesel in comustion properties.<em> Jatropha curcas</em> Linn. is perennial shrub belongs to Euphorbiaceae family. It is a non edible plant but it have great potential for biodiesal. The present paper is an attempt to provide a detailed Botanical description, Taxonomical position, Ecological condition, Possibility of plantation in Rajasthan of <em>Jatropha curcas</em>.
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Soares Murta, Aurelio Lamare. "THE USE OF BIODIESEL TO REDUCE CO2 EMISSIONS CAUSED BY THE URBAN BUS FLEET OF RIO DE JANEIRO." Revista Brasileira de Transportes 2, no. 2 (2022): 84–127. http://dx.doi.org/10.12660/rbt.v2n2.2022.88578.
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For several years, the use of oil to move vehicles, transport people, generate energy and other activities necessary for social life, has made the world very dependent on this input. Among the alternative fuels studied, we have the biodiesel, a fuel obtained through the transesterification process of vegetable oils or animal fats, which has become a potential substitute for petroleum diesel. Among the advantages of using this fuel, the following stand out: being renewable, reducing the country’s dependence on oil, and having lower rates of greenhouse gas emissions than petro diesel. Among those gases stands out the CO2, which contributes to the global warming and will be the target of this study. Based on the calculations made taking into account the consumption of petro diesel in Rio de Janeiro, it is intended to quantify the emissions from its use up to 2030 in the fleet of urban buses of the city of Rio de Janeiro and, in parallel, calculate the potential to reduce emissions with the use of biodiesel in the percentages established by the Brazilian Government in the same period.
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Harsono, Soni Sisbudi, and Kiman Siregar. "Peningkatan Kinerja Mesin Diesel dengan Produksi Biodiesel dari Kelapa (Coconut Nufera) dan Unjuk Kinerjanya Berbasis Transesterifikasi dengan Sistim Injeksi Langsung." Rona Teknik Pertanian 8, no. 2 (2015): 62–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.17969/rtp.v8i2.3004.
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Abstrak. Sampai sekarang, penggunaan biodiesel khususnya biodiesel dari kelapa di Indonesia belum menyentuh kepada penggunaan sebagai bahan bakar, baik untuk bahan bakar transportasi ataupun bahan bakar industri. Dari perkembangan yang ada terutama di luar negeri bahan bakar biodiesel sudah digunakan sebagai bahan bakar transportasi meskipun hanya dalam bentuk campuran. Ketersediaan bahan bakar minyak bumi semakin hari semakin terbatas. Selain karena alasan ketersediaan minyak bumi yang terbatas, pengembangan produk biodiesel dari minyak tumbuhan seperti minyak sawit, juga diarahkan pada sifat bahan bakunya yang dapat diperbaharui. Secara teknis hasil pengujian laboratorium terhadap unjuk kerja mesin diesel menghasilkan bahwa campuran biodiesel 30% dengan 70% solar mempunyai daya maksimum 5,36 HP pada 2.190 rpm lebih rendah bila dibandingkan dengan solar 100%, 5,41 HP pada 2.200 rpm. Sedangkan torsi maksimum campuran biodiesel 30% adalah 1,748 Nm lebih rendah dari solar 100% 1,761 Nm. Kandungan carbon monoxide campuran biodiesel dan hydro carbon campuran 30% biodiesel dengan 70% solar juga lebih rendah daripada solar 100%.Improved Performance of Diesel Engines With the Production of Biodiesel From Coconut (Coconut Nufera) and Performanced Based on Direct Injection System With TransesterificationAbstract. Use of biodiesel especially from CPO has not been popularly used either for transportation nor for industrial fuel, while in foreign countries, it has been used for transportation fuel even just be blended. As the available of fosil fuel ten to decrease, the use of a renewable fuel biodiesel will be promising. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of amall diesel engine using biodiesel as fuel source. Performance test of small diesel engine using biodiesel was conducted in the laboratory by using engine dynamometer. The results shown that mixing 30% of biodiesel and 70% fosil fuel (petro diesel) gave the best performance among other percentage mixture. Mixing 30% of biodiesel and 70% fosil fuel gave maximum power 5.36 HP at 2190 rpm and maximum torque 1.748 Nm. Its lower comparing than pure petro diesel that gave 5.41 HP at 2200 rpm and maximum torque 1.761 Nm. The gas emission was also evaluated simultaneously. The results shown that the mixing 30%: 70% produced low carbon monoxide (CO) and low hydrocarbon (HC) than petro diesel.
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B. B. He, J. C. Thompson, D. W. Routt, and J. H. Van Gerpen. "Moisture Absorption in Biodiesel and its Petro-Diesel Blends." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 23, no. 1 (2007): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.22320.
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Reddy, Kodandapuram Jayasimha, Gaddale Amba Prasad Rao, Reddygari Meenakshi Reddy, and Upendra Rajak. "An Evaluation of the Effect of Fuel Injection on the Performance and Emission Characteristics of a Diesel Engine Fueled with Plastic-Oil–Hydrogen–Diesel Blends." Applied Sciences 14, no. 15 (2024): 6539. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14156539.
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Fuelled engines serve as prime movers in low-, medium-, and heavy-duty applications with high thermal diesel efficiency and good fuel economy compared to their counterpart, spark ignition engines. In recent years, diesel engines have undergone a multitude of developments, however, diesel engines release high levels of NOx, smoke, carbon monoxide [CO], and hydrocarbon [HC] emissions. Due to the exponential growth in fleet population, there is a severe burden caused by petroleum-derived fuels. To tackle both fuel and pollution issues, the research community has developed strategies to use economically viable alternative fuels. The present experimental investigations deal with the use of blends of biodiesel prepared from waste plastic oil [P] and petro-diesel [D], and, to improve its performance, hydrogen [H] is added in small amounts. Further, advanced injection timings have been adopted [17.5° to 25.5° b TDC (before top dead centre)] to study their effect on harmful emissions. Hydrogen energy shares vary from 5 to 15%, maintaining a biodiesel proportion of 20%, and the remaining is petro-diesel. Thus, the adopted blends are DP20 ((diesel fuel (80%) and waste plastic biofuel (20%)), DP20H5 (DP20 (95%) and hydrogen (5%)), DP20H10 (DP20 (90%) and hydrogen (10%)), and DP20H15 (DP20 (85%) and hydrogen (15%)). The experiments were conducted at constant speeds with a rated injection pressure of 220 bar and a rated compression ratio of 18. The increase in the share of hydrogen led to a considerable improvement in the performance. Under full load conditions, with advanced injection timings, the brake-specific fuel consumption had significantly decreased and NOx emissions increased.
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Shahabuddin, M., M. Mofijur, Md Bengir Ahmed Shuvho, et al. "A Study on the Corrosion Characteristics of Internal Combustion Engine Materials in Second-Generation Jatropha Curcas Biodiesel." Energies 14, no. 14 (2021): 4352. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14144352.
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The corrosiveness of biodiesel affects the fuel processing infrastructure and different parts of an internal combustion (IC) engine. The present study investigates the corrosion behaviour of automotive materials such as stainless steel, aluminium, cast iron, and copper in 20% (B20) and 30% (B30) by volume second-generation Jatropha biodiesel using an immersion test. The results were compared with petro-diesel (B0). Various fuel properties such as the viscosity, density, water content, total acid number (TAN), and oxidation stability were investigated after the immersion test using ASTM D341, ASTM D975, ASTM D445, and ASTM D6751 standards. The morphology of the corroded materials was investigated using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy SEM), whereas the elemental analysis was carried out using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The highest corrosion using biodiesel was detected in copper, while the lowest was detected in stainless steel. Using B20, the rate of corrosion in copper and stainless steel was 17% and 14% higher than when using diesel, which further increased to 206% and 86% using B30. After the immersion test, the viscosity, water content, and TAN of biodiesel were increased markedly compared to petro-diesel.
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Patil, S. A., and R. R. Arakerimath. "Parametric Optimization of Biodiesel Fuelled Engine Noise using the Taguchi Method." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 10, no. 4 (2020): 6076–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.3595.
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Biodiesel is a renewable, biodegradable, and efficient fuel that can be blended with petro-diesel in any proportion. The noise in the engine resulting from the combustion has a direct effect on the engine’s performance. Many studies have examined the engines’ vibration and noise when using diesel and biodiesel blends. This study examines the optimization of diesel blends, load, and compression ratio in the aspect of reducing noise on a Kirloskar single-cylinder diesel engine. Noise was measured at the engine and its exhaust on a computerized setup and for different loads. The experimental results showed that a blend with 15% biodiesel, at 7kg load, and 18 compression ratio produced the lowest noise. Moreover, the Taguchi method was utilized, and experimental results were validated by an ANN
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Eman, A. Ateeq, M. Musameh Sharif, and R. Abdelraziq Issam. "Biodiesel Viscosity and Flash Point Determination." European Journal of Advances in Engineering and Technology 6, no. 1 (2019): 101–9. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10679468.
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<strong>ABSTRACT</strong> In this research, biodiesel samples of different percentages of blend biodiesel (Palestinian biodiesel prepared from waste oil) and petro-diesel were studied. The density, refractive index, flash point and viscosity of the samples were measured. The flash points were measured as a function of percentage of biodiesel, the results emphasized that the flash point increases as the percentage of biodiesel increases in the sample. Two equations were proposed to obtain more suitable prediction of the flash point. The values of flash points of biodiesel were compared with the standard value of flash point of biodiesel. The comparison shows that samples contain more than 40% biodiesel which coincide with standard values. The values of kinematic viscosity of biodiesel were compared with the Palestinian standard value 10147of biodiesel. The comparison shows that samples contain less than 72% biodiesel which coincide with the standard value. Taking into consideration results of kinematic viscosity and flash point, one can suggest percentage 71% of biodiesel and 29% petro-diesel as the best percentage of the two mixed materials, according to the Palestinian standards.
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Veluru, Sridevi, Husam Talib Hamzah, Bai M. Tukaram, Venkata Rao Poiba, and Husam Salah Mahdi. "A Review on Biodiesel Production from Various Feedstocks by Transesterification." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1258, no. 1 (2022): 012024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1258/1/012024.
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Since fossil fuel emissions will continue indefinitely, we must find a suitable and long-term alternative, owing to the fact that it is biodegradable, non-toxic, and eco-friendly, biodiesel an excellent substitute for diesel engines. EASAC classifies the evolution of biodiesel into four generations. Biodiesel feedstocks and their advantages and disadvantages for different generations of the fuel are thoroughly analysed in this article. An in-depth investigation is provided in this article, of the benefits and drawbacks of various feedstocks used in the manufacturing process of different generations of biodiesel. In terms of the production of biodiesel, transesterification is the best method because it produces high-yield biodiesel with comparable properties to diesel, making it an ideal choice. As far as economics are concerned, this process is also viable. It is possible to meet the energy requirements of the future by blending different oil feedstocks. The system used and the cost of feedstock have the most significant impact on the cost of biodiesel production. Characteristics of biodiesel such as the oxidation stability, cold flow and cetane number, viscosity, and density, are some of the most important characteristics of biodiesel. Biodiesel’s performance in diesel engines was also discussed in this paper, and it was suggested that biodiesel is safer for the environment than Petro-diesel. Unlike Petro-diesel, it degrades four times faster and has with a higher flash point, making storage and handling easier. It’s also nontoxic and causes less irritation to the skin than soap and water. The paper also looked at the production of biodiesel using feedstocks from the first through the fourth generation.
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Patil, S. A., and R. R. Arakerimath. "Parametric Optimization of Biodiesel Fuelled Engine Noise using the Taguchi Method." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 10, no. 4 (2020): 6076–79. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4016256.
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Biodiesel is a renewable, biodegradable, and efficient fuel that can be blended with petro-diesel in any proportion. The noise in the engine resulting from the combustion has a direct effect on the engine’s performance. Many studies have examined the engines’ vibration and noise when using diesel and biodiesel blends. This study examines the optimization of diesel blends, load, and compression ratio in the aspect of reducing noise on a Kirloskar single-cylinder diesel engine. Noise was measured at the engine and its exhaust on a computerized setup and for different loads. The experimental results showed that a blend with 15% biodiesel, at 7kg load, and 18 compression ratio produced the lowest noise. Moreover, the Taguchi method was utilized, and experimental results were validated by an ANN.
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Hossain, M., S. M. A. Sujan, and M. S. Jamal. "Antioxidant Effect on Oxidation Stability of Blend Fish Oil Biodiesel with Vegetable Oil Biodiesel and Petroleum Diesel Fuel." International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 2, no. 2 (2013): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.2.2.75-80.
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Two different phenolic synthetic antioxidants were used to improve the oxidation stability of fish oil biodiesel blends with vegetable oil biodiesel and petroleum diesel. Butylhydroxytoluene (BHT) most effective for improvement of the oxidation stability of petro diesel, whereas tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) showed good performance in fish oil biodiesel. Fish oil/Rapeseed oil biodiesel mixed showed some acceptable results in higher concentration ofantioxidants. TBHQ showed better oxidation stability than BHT in B100 composition. In fish oil biodiesel/diesel mixed fuel, BHT was more effective antioxidant than TBHQ to increase oxidationstability because BHT is more soluble than TBHQ. The stability behavior of biodiesel/diesel blends with the employment of the modified Rancimat method (EN 15751). The performance ofantioxidants was evaluated for treating fish oil biodiesel/Rapeseed oil biodiesel for B100, and blends with two type diesel fuel (deep sulfurization diesel and automotive ultra-low sulfur or zero sulfur diesels). The examined blends were in proportions of 5, 10, 15, and 20% by volume of fish oilbiodiesel.
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Tunio, M. M., M. R. Luhur, Z. M. Ali, and U. Daher. "Performance and Emission Analysis of a Diesel Engine Using Linseed Biodiesel Blends." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 8, no. 3 (2018): 2958–62. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1400524.
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The core object of this study is to examine the suitability of linseeds for biodiesel production. The performance of an engine at different proportions of linseed blends with petrodiesel and the amount of emissions rate were investigated. Initially, linseed biodiesel was produced through transesterification process, and then it was mixed with petrodiesel fuel (D100) blends at volumetric ratios of 10% (LB10), 20% (LB20), and 30% (LB30). The properties of linseed biodiesel and its blends were investigated and compared with petro-diesel properties with reference to ASTM standards. It has been observed that the fuel properties of produced biodiesel are within ASTM permissible limits. The specific fuel consumption (SFC) of LB10 blend has been found lesser compared to LB20 and LB30. SFC of D100 is slightly less than that of all the blends. The brake thermal efficiency (BTE) of LB30 is greater than that of pure diesel D100 at maximum load and greater than that of LB10 and LB20. The heat dissipation rate in all linseed blends is found to have been less than that of D100. Carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and NOx emissions of linseed blends are mostly lower in comparison with D100’s. Among all blends, LB10 was found more suitable alternative fuel for diesel engines and can be blended with petro diesel without engine modifications. It can be concluded that cultivation and production of linseed in Pakistan is very promising, therefore, it is recommended that proper exploitation and use of linseed for energy production may be encouraged through pertinent agencies of Pakistan.
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Ibrahim, I. U., M. Idris, I. A. Hussain, M. U. Kaisan, I. Ajunwa, and A. Shitu. "Investigating the Effects of Pentanol and Biodiesel Blends on the Performance and Emission Characteristic of Compression Ignition Engine." Nigerian Journal of Technological Development 17, no. 4 (2021): 278–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njtd.v17i4.5.
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Emissions from use of fossil fuels have consistently posed significant threat to the environment and wellbeing of man. This has prompted several studies aimed at finding solution to the emissions and their effects. The aim of this research is to investigate the effect of adding pentanol and biodiesel from Moringa Oleifera seed to pure diesel content of 70% by volume. pentanol and biodiesel make up the remaining 30 percent by volume and were also varied, with pentanol percentage being increased from 2 percent to 8 percent so as to carefully monitored the effects of adding pentanol while the Moringa oleifera biodiesel made up the balance for the 30%. These blends were labelled according to the percentage composition of biodiesel and pentanol (B28P2, B26P4, B24P6, B24P6, and B22P8). The physicochemical properties of all blends such as viscosity, density, pour point, acid value and iodine value determined. From the result of the engine performance and emission tests, B24P6 blend has been noted to have the best engine performance parameters, haven shown the best engine brake power of 19.787 kW, and with the highest engine brake thermal efficiency of 19.78%.While in term of engine emission, B22P8 blend, have the lowest Nitrogen oxide (NOx) emission, with a value of 82.4994 ppm which is about 3% lower than that of pure diesel, while B26P4 have the lowest carbon monoxide (CO) emission among all the samples tested with value of 6.1556 ppm which is about 58% lower than that of Petro diesel. However, blends appeared to have good brake mean effective pressure except for B22P8 which have the lowest BMEP, that’s about 2.8% lower than that of Petro diesels. Conclusively, the addition of Moringa oleifera biodiesel with pentanol improved the diesel quality, yielding good improvement in engine performance and emission.
 Keywords: Diesel, biodiesel, pentanol, biofuel blends, Moringa oleifera seed, engine emissions
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Khan, Inam Ullah, Hang Chen, Zhenhua Yan, and Jun Chen. "Extraction and Quality Evaluation of Biodiesel from Six Familiar Non-Edible Plants Seeds." Processes 9, no. 5 (2021): 840. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9050840.
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Biodiesel produced from non-edible plant sources is cost-effective, biodegradable, environment friendly, and compatible with petro-diesel, but new sources and extraction processes still need to be discovered. Here, we explored the fuel properties of seeds from six non-edible plant sources, including Sapindus mukorossi (Soapnut, SP), Vernicia fordii (Tung, TO), Ricinus communis (Castor, CA), Toona sinensis (Juss. TS), Ailanthus altissima (Heaven tree, AA), and Linum usitatissimum L. (Lin seed, LS) from China. The optimum extraction conditions were obtained by optimizing the most important variables (reaction temperature, ratio of alcohol to vegetable oil, catalyst, mixing intensity, and purity of reactants) that influence the transesterification reaction of the biodiesel. All six plants contained high seed oil content (SOC; % w/v) with the highest in the TO-54.4% followed by SP-51%, CA-48%, LS-45%, AA-38%, and TS-35%, respectively, and all expressed satisfactory physico-chemical properties as per international standards of ASTM D6751 and EN14214. Our data provide a scientific basis for growing these plants in unproductive agricultural lands as an alternative energy sources for biodiesel production either standalone or blended with petro-diesel.
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Khaskheli, A. A., G. D. Walasai, A. S. Jamali, Q. B. Jamali, Z. A. Siyal, and A. Mengal. "Performance Evaluation of Locally-Produced Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel with Conventional Diesel Fuel." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 8, no. 6 (2018): 3521–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.2333.
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Increasing environmental concerns forced us to look for cheaper, reliable and secure sources of energy. Fossil fuels like oil, coal, and natural gas are having limited supplies and are depleting fast. Both energy security and environmental concerns have resulted in inclination towards renewable energy sources. Biodiesel does not contain petroleum, but it can be blended with petro-diesel in various mix levels. This research investigated biodiesel produced by the use of cheap waste cooking oil, collected from the local market of Nawabshah, Pakistan. The collected waste oil was converted into biodiesel by trans-esterification process at PCSIR Laboratory, Karachi. The fuel samples were tested in a diesel engine test bed unit at the Thermodynamics Laboratory of Quaid-e-Awam University. Biodiesel blends were compared with the conventional diesel fuel. The comparative analysis of the performance parameters concluded that brake specific fuel consumption of B30 (biodiesel 30%+diesel 70%) mix was 6.9% higher than that of 100% diesel. The brake thermal efficiency of B30 decreased about 4.75% in comparison with conventional diesel.
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Khaskheli, Abid Ali, Gordhan Das Walasai, Abdul Sattar Jamali, Qadir Bakhsh Jamali, Zafar Ali Siyal, and Abdullah Mengal. "Performance Evaluation of Locally-Produced Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel with Conventional Diesel Fuel." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 8, no. 6 (2018): 3521–24. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2532630.
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Increasing environmental concerns forced us to look for cheaper, reliable and secure sources of energy. Fossil fuels like oil, coal, and natural gas are having limited supplies and are depleting fast. Both energy security and environmental concerns have resulted in inclination towards renewable energy sources. Biodiesel does not contain petroleum, but it can be blended with petro-diesel in various mix levels. This research investigated biodiesel produced by the use of cheap waste cooking oil, collected from the local market of Nawabshah, Pakistan. The collected waste oil was converted into biodiesel by transesterification process at PCSIR Laboratory, Karachi. The fuel samples were tested in a diesel engine test bed unit at the Thermodynamics Laboratory of Quaid-e-Awam University. Biodiesel blends were compared with the conventional diesel fuel. The comparative analysis of the performance parameters concluded that brake specific fuel consumption of B30 (biodiesel 30%+diesel 70%) mix was 6.9% higher than that of 100% diesel. The brake thermal efficiency of B30 decreased about 4.75% in comparison with conventional diesel.
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Siddiqui, Shakeel Ahmad, D. C. Vishwakarma, and Akhilesh Kumar Shakya. "Study of Internal Combustion Engine performance using Biodiesel Blended Petro-Diesel." JOURNAL OF COMPUTER AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 09, no. 01 (2018): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.22147/jucit/090104.
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C., Solaimuthu, Rajath Vishnu Aryan, Azeez Mohammed, Yadav Naresh, and Manjunath M. "Production and Performance of Bio-Diesel from Pongamia Oil Methyl Ester." International Journal of Engineering and Management Research 15, no. 1 (2025): 1–5. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14840315.
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Diesel engines are widely used for different applications in industrial power plant, transportation, agriculture etc. despite these advantages, environmental pollution, cost increment, depletion of crude oil becomes a major concern throughout the world. A methyl ester of pongamia was prepared and blended with diesel in four different compositions varying from 25% to 100%. Methyl esters of pongamia oils has several outstanding advantages among other new renewable and clean engine fuel alternatives and can be used in any diesel engine without modification. The engine performance and emission characteristics of pongamia bio-diesel (Pongamia Oil Methyl Ester) and its blends with petro-diesel are presented. The engine tests are conducted on a 4-Stroke Tangentially Vertical (TV1) single cylinder kirloskar engine, throughout the experiment under steady state conditions at full load condition. From the test results, it could be observed that the B25 blend gives optimum performance like higher brake thermal efficiency lower specific fuel consumption and lower emissions like lower in smoke density and oxides of nitrogen. The research findings show that B25 gives lowest emissions which make it a good alternative fuel to operate diesel locomotives without any modification in existing diesel engine.
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Ameen, Maria, Mushtaq Ahmad, Muhammad Zafar, et al. "Prospects of Catalysis for Process Sustainability of Eco-Green Biodiesel Synthesis via Transesterification: A State-Of-The-Art Review." Sustainability 14, no. 12 (2022): 7032. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14127032.
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Environmental pollution caused by conventional petro-diesel initiates at time of crude oil extraction and continues until its consumption. The resulting emission of poisonous gases during the combustion of petroleum-based fuel has worsened the greenhouse effect and global warming. Moreover, exhaustion of finite fossil fuels due to extensive exploitation has made the search for renewable resources indispensable. In light of this, biodiesel is a best possible substitute for the regular petro-diesel as it is eco-friendly, renewable, and economically viable. For effective biodiesel synthesis, the selection of potential feedstock and choice of efficient catalyst is the most important criteria. The main objective of this bibliographical review is to highlight vital role of different catalytic systems acting on variable feedstock and diverse methods for catalysis of biodiesel synthesis reactions. This paper further explores the effects of optimized reaction parameters, modification in chemical compositions, reaction operating parameters, mechanism and methodologies for catalysts preparation, stability enhancement, recovery, and reusability with the maximum optimum activity of catalysts. In future, the development of well-planned incentive structures is necessary for systematic progression of biodiesel process. Besides this, the selection of accessible and amended approaches for synthesis and utilization of specific potential catalysts will ensure the sustainability of eco-green biodiesel.
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Zahan, Khairul, and Manabu Kano. "Biodiesel Production from Palm Oil, Its By-Products, and Mill Effluent: A Review." Energies 11, no. 8 (2018): 2132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11082132.
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The sustainability of petroleum-based fuel supply has gained broad attention from the global community due to the increase of usage in various sectors, depletion of petroleum resources, and uncertain around crude oil market prices. Additionally, environmental problems have also arisen from the increasing emissions of harmful pollutants and greenhouse gases. Therefore, the use of clean energy sources including biodiesel is crucial. Biodiesel is mainly produced from unlimited natural resources through a transesterification process. It presents various advantages over petro-diesel; for instance, it is non-toxic, biodegradable, and contains less air pollutant per net energy produced with low sulphur and aromatic content, apart from being safe. Considering the importance of this topic, this paper focuses on the use of palm oil, its by-products, and mill effluent for biodiesel production. Palm oil is known as an excellent raw material because biodiesel has similar properties to the regular petro-diesel. Due to the debate on the usage of palm oil as food versus fuel, extensive studies have been conducted to utilise its by-products and mill effluent as raw materials. This paper also discusses the properties of biodiesel, the difference between palm-biodiesel and other biodiesel sources, and the feasibility of using palm oil as a primary source for future alternative and sustainable energy sources.
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Khan, Abdussalam, Abu Saleh Ahmed, Muhammad Khusairy Bakri, A. N. R. Reddy, and Md Rezaur Rahman. "Performance of Coconut Biodiesel Fueled Diesel Engine with Exhaust Gas Emission Analysis." Materials Science Forum 1030 (May 2021): 149–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1030.149.
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Biodiesel fuel is biodegradable, Sulphur free, non-toxic and environmentally friendly. Current research focuses on coconut biodiesel production using crude coconut oil. Both one and two step transesterification methods were utilized to analyze the effect of free fatty acid on the transesterification process while the two-step transesterification reported highest yield biodiesel percentage of 84% compared to the one step i.e. 72%. The fuel properties found compatible with standards. The biodiesel blends fueled diesel engine performance tests were performed on diesel engine Water-cooled, four stroke, single cylinder, Direct Injection System (Kubota - RK95-1-NB-RDK). The biofuel blend with 10% of coconut biodiesel and 90% Petro-diesel shown the highest brake horsepower of 8.809KW, engine power of 1.685KW and mechanical efficiency of 15.24%. While in exhaust gas emission analysis, the hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide decrease with the increasing biodiesel blend whereas the nitrogen oxides increased.
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Mostafa, Soha S. M., and Nour Sh El-Gendy. "Evaluation of fuel properties for microalgae Spirulina platensis bio-diesel and its blends with Egyptian petro-diesel." Arabian Journal of Chemistry 10 (May 2017): S2040—S2050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2013.07.034.
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Bajpai, S., P. K. Sahoo, and L. M. Das. "Feasibility of blending karanja vegetable oil in petro-diesel and utilization in a direct injection diesel engine." Fuel 88, no. 4 (2009): 705–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2008.09.011.
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Lamba, Bhawna Yadav, and Wei-Hsin Chen. "Experimental Investigation of Biodiesel Blends with High-Speed Diesels—A Comprehensive Study." Energies 15, no. 21 (2022): 7878. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15217878.
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Biodiesel is a clean-burning, alternative diesel replacement fuel that may be used in existing diesel engines in either pure or blended form without or with modest modifications. In some countries, biodiesel is recommended as a potential alternative to diesel fuel since it is a renewable energy source that is environmentally benign. The main problems with the widespread commercialization of biodiesel are its high viscosity and its limited feedstock, due to which complete replacement of diesel fuel is not possible and the use of blends of biodiesel and petrodiesel are being used increasingly worldwide. The paper presents a behavioral study of the petro-based diesel, and their blend (B20, B40, B60, B80) with Pongamia and Jatropha biodiesel. The results reveal a considerable viscosity lowering due to the dilution effect of increasing diesel concentration in both the cases. In addition, improvements in oxidation stability in both cases have also been observed. The research shows that as the biodiesel concentration increases, the stability of blends decreases. In blending Jatropha curcus methyl ester with EURO-III and EURO-IV HSD, the ester’s viscosity decreased as the diesel level in the blends increased, and blends comprised up to 80 percent biodiesel remained below the viscosity limit. Pongamia pinnata blends with both fuels above 60% diesel; however, exceeds the stipulated viscosity limit of 4.50 cSt at 40 °C.
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Muhammad, Chika, Muhammad Sabiu Jibrin, Muhammad Mukhtar, Abdullahi Muhammad Sokoto, and Aliyu Sarkin Baki. "Appraisal of Physicochemical Properties of Castor Oil Biodiesel Blends with Petro-diesel." Journal of Energy and Environmental Sustainability 6 (July 31, 2018): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.47469/jees.2018.v06.100059.
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Goswami, Ajaygiri K., and Ghyas A. Usmani. "Study of Microalgae-based Methylester as an Alternative Fuel for Petro-Diesel." Journal of Biofuels 6, no. 1 (2015): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0976-4763.2015.00002.1.
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Li, Bo, Yonggang Wei, Hua Wang, and Yindong Yang. "Reduction of Magnetite from Copper Smelting Slag using Petro-diesel and Biodiesel." ISIJ International 58, no. 6 (2018): 1168–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.isijint-2017-723.
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Krishna, M. Jaya, and A. Lakshumu Naidu. "Taguchi Approach and Multiple Regression Analysis for IDI Engine with RBME Optimization." Journal of Mechanical and Mechanics Engineering 8, no. 3 (2022): 8–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.46610/jomme.2022.v08i03.002.
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Diesel engines are suited to human usage. With the trend of Petro diesel running out, experts have been concentrating more on alternative fuels. One such alternative fuel whose fuel characteristics are more similar to diesel is bio-diesel. The majority of researchers came to the conclusion that by using 100% bio-diesel, emissions might be lowered while still retaining efficiency, with a minor increase in NOX emissions relative to diesel fuel. In this study, we looked at adding isopropanol to reduce these NOX emissions. An IDI (Indirect Diesel Injection) single-cylinder, four-stroke diesel engine is selected for testing. It is feasible to ascertain the engine characteristics and emissions of fuels like diesel and rice bran methyl ester (RBME) mixed with iso-propanol additive by conducting tests on IDI engines. The goal of the task is to determine the best settings for each answer, analyse the impact of each input component on the response, compare projected values using Taguchi's Additive Law and multiple regression techniques, and determine Confidence Intervals (CI). The regression formulas are derived from multiple regression analysis with a coefficient of regression up to 83% for the responses Exhaust Gas Temperature (EGT), Brake Thermal Efficiency (BThe), Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC), Hydrocarbons (HC), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Oxygen (O2), Nitrogen Oxides (NOX), and Smoke. RBME+2% Isopropanol is shown to be the optimum fuel overall based on engine performance and emission characteristics, particularly for EGT, BThe, BSFC, O2, NOX, and Smoke.
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Nnaji, J. C. "ADVANCES IN BIODIESEL SYNTHESIS: THE ROLE OF VARIOUS CATALYSTS." Open Journal of Engineering Science (ISSN: 2734-2115) 1, no. 1 (2020): 53–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.52417/ojes.v1i1.83.
Full textAbstract:
Biodiesel is a renewable, clean-burning, and biodegradable fuel which can be synthesized from readily available domestic and natural sources, such as edible, non-edible and waste cooking oils, which may serve as a substitute to petro-diesel. It is produced by catalytic transesterification of fats and oils. A number of researches has been devoted to discovering a benign catalyst, especially heterogeneous acid catalyst that could convert non-edible and waste cooking oils with high free fatty acid into biodiesel, in an attempt to reduce the cost of production. The cost of production of biodiesel is still far higher than that of conventional petro-diesel, owing to the cost of edible oil currently being used, processes involved, and cost of conventional heterogeneous catalysts employed. This study assessed the role of various catalysts; homogeneous, heterogenous and enzyme-catalyzed transesterification reactions, in terms of their advantages and disadvantages in biodiesel production in order to establish very promising catalysts. Some methods of heterogeneous acid catalysts were also highlighted. Amongst the common heterogeneous catalyst, carbon-based solid acid catalysts were recommended as very promising solid acid catalyst that can utilize the non-edible oils in biodiesel production. The advantages of carbon-based solid acid catalysts include cheap readily available raw materials for their synthesis, easier production processes, relative stability, high reusability and potential for utilizing waste and non-edible oils for biodiesel production. 
 Nnaji, J. C. | Department of Chemistry, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria
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Sajjad, Noreen, Raha Orfali, Shagufta Perveen, et al. "Biodiesel Production from Alkali-Catalyzed Transesterification of Tamarindus indica Seed Oil and Optimization of Process Conditions." Molecules 27, no. 10 (2022): 3230. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27103230.
Full textAbstract:
Biodiesel is considered a sustainable alternative to petro-diesel owing to several favorable characteristics. However, higher production costs, primarily due to the use of costly edible oils as raw materials, are a chief impediment to its pecuniary feasibility. Exploring non-edible oils as raw material for biodiesel is an attractive strategy that would address the economic constraints associated with biodiesel production. This research aims to optimize the reaction conditions for the production of biodiesel through an alkali-catalyzed transesterification of Tamarindus indica seed oil. The Taguchi method was applied to optimize performance parameters such as alcohol-to-oil molar ratio, catalyst amount, and reaction time. The fatty acid content of both oil and biodiesel was determined using gas chromatography. The optimized conditions of alcohol-to-oil molar ratio (6:1), catalyst (1.5% w/w), and reaction time 1 h afforded biodiesel with 93.5% yield. The most considerable contribution came from the molar ratio of alcohol to oil (75.9%) followed by the amount of catalyst (20.7%). In another case, alcohol to oil molar ratio (9:1), catalyst (1.5% w/w) and reaction time 1.5 h afforded biodiesel 82.5% yield. The fuel properties of Tamarindus indica methyl esters produced under ideal conditions were within ASTM D6751 biodiesel specified limits. Findings of the study indicate that Tamarindus indica may be chosen as a prospective and viable option for large-scale production of biodiesel, making it a substitute for petro-diesel.
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Khan, N. A., and H. Dessouky. "BIODIESEL PRODUCTION FROM CORN OIL BY TRANSESTERIFICATION PROCESS." Nucleus 46, no. 3 (2020): 241–52. https://doi.org/10.71330/nucleus.46.03.953.
Full textAbstract:
There is much political demand and economic pressure to convert agricultural surpluses into material, such as motor fuel, in which the world is deficient. Transport industry is primary consumer of crude oil. Due to scarcity of known petroleum reserves, the possible alternative fuel for use in present engine technology is biofuels. Europe, USA and Brazil are successfully using biofuels. Biofuels causes less environmental pollution as compared to normal petro fuels. As a fuel, ethanol (gasohol) is used in internal combustion engine while methyester (Biodiesel) is used in diesel engines with same or better performance as compared to petro fuels. Corn is very valuable crop with numerous industrial applications, and is used in more than 300 modern industries, including the manufacture of textiles, paper, adhesives, insecticides, paints, soaps, explosives and many more. Presently the biggest source of ethanol production is from corn (produced by USA). Edible oil can also be extracted from corn which is normally used for cooking and it can be used for biodiesel production. Many countries are experimenting on fats and oil to get feasible data for production of biodiesel. Presently USA prefer to use soybean oil as raw material for commercial production of biodiesel while in Europe rapeseed oil is preferred, so therefore, it depends upon the availability of raw material in particular area and may change from location to location. In Pakistan we started with corn oil to produce biodiesel by transesterification method. In present study different design parameters such as effect of temperature, catalyst concentration, molar ratio, and Stirrer speed were founded for better conversion of neat and used corn oil into biodiesel. The optimum parameters proposed for neat corn oil are 0.5% of catalyst based on weight of corn oil, temperature between 50o o C to 60 C, reaction time 15 minutes, molar ratio of 6:1 and speed of stirrer 155 rpm. In case of used corn oil high catalyst amount was used which was 0.7% based on the weight of oil. Fuel testing results of corn biodiesel was comparable with normal petro diesel fuel.
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Peng, De-Xing. "Tribological and emission characteristics of indirect ignition diesel engine fuelled with waste edible oil." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 68, no. 5 (2016): 554–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-10-2015-0151.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose Energy is the prime mover of economic growth and is vital to the sustenance of a modern economy. Future economic growth depends heavily on the long-term availability of energy from sources that are affordable, accessible and environmentally friendly. Regulating the sulfur content in diesel fuel is expected to reduce the lubricity of these fuels, which may result in increased wear and damage of fuel injection systems in diesel engines. Design/methodology/approach The tribological properties of the biodiesels as additive in pure petro-diesel are studied by ball-on-ring wear tester to find optimal concentration, and the mechanism of the reduction of wear and friction will be investigated by optical microscopy. Findings Studies have shown that low concentrations of biodiesel blends are more effective as lubricants because of their superior polarity. Using biodiesel as a fuel additive in a pure petroleum diesel fuel improves engine performance and exhaust emissions. The high biodegradability and superior lubricating property of biodiesel when used in compression ignition engines renders it an excellent fuel. Originality/value This detailed experimental investigation confirms that biodiesel can substitute mineral diesel without any modification in the engine. The use of biofuels as diesel engine fuels can play a vital role in helping the developed and developing countries to reduce the environmental impact of fossil fuels.