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1
Fordyce, Jordan. "Single-mode interband cascade lasers for petrochemical process monitoring." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Montpellier (2022-....), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UMONS070.
Full textAbstract:
Les lasers à cascade interbandes (ICL) fournissent des sources pour la gamme spectrale du moyen infrarouge compris entre 3 et 6 µm particulièrement efficaces en termes de consommation d’énergie. Cette gamme spectrale est particulièrement intéressante pour la détection des gaz impliqués dans l’industrie pétrochimique, car des gaz tels que le méthane, l'éthane et le dioxyde de carbone présentent une forte absorption dans cette gamme de longueur d’onde. L'identification correcte d'un gaz présent dans un échantillon nécessite des lasers avec une émission monomode et une certaine accordabilité en longueur d’onde. L'amélioration de cette plage de réglage possible avec une source laser offre de nouvelles opportunités dans des applications liées à la spectroscopie. Une alternative à ce qui est actuellement disponible dans le commerce peut être réalisée grâce à l'utilisation de guides d'ondes à fente, qui peuvent être fabriqués en utilisant de la photolithographie conventionnelle, réduisant ainsi le coût de fabrication.Deux nouveaux types d'ICL ont été conçus, fabriqués, et étudiés dans le cadre de cette thèse : un ICL à fentes à section unique et un ICL à fentes multiples accordé par Vernier (SVT). Une étude approfondie des étapes de fabrication et en particulier de la gravure sèche a été réalisée pour obtenir une gravure verticale des matériaux constituants les ICLs. Les premiers ICLs à fentes ont été fabriqués démontrant un e une émission monomode en régime continu à température ambiante avec une émission proche de 3.4 µm. Sur cette base, l'ICL SVT a été fabriqué pour étendre la plage d'accord et démontrer que l'accord par effet Vernier pouvait être mis en œuvre sur ce système de matériaux<br>Interband cascade lasers (ICLs) provide sources for the mid-infrared spectral range between 3 – 6 µm with low power consumption and efficient performance. This spectral range is of particular interest to the detection of gases involved with petrochemical processing, such as methane, ethane, and carbon dioxide due to their strong absorption in this range. Correct identification of a gas present in a sample requires single-mode emission and some tuning to match the absorption line, depending on the environmental conditions. Increasing the tuning range possible with one laser source opens up new possibilities in spectroscopic applications. An economical design alternative to what is currently commercially available can be realized through the use of slotted waveguides, which can be fabricated using photolithography, reducing the cost of fabrication.Two new types of ICLs have been designed, fabricated, and studied in this thesis: a single-section slotted ICL and a multi-section slotted Vernier tuned (SVT) ICL. An extensive study of the fabrication step and in particular dry etching was carried out to achieve vertical etching of the materials constituting the ICLs. First, the slotted ICLs were fabricated demonstrating single-mode emission in continuous wave operation at room temperature with emission close to 3.4 µm. Building from this foundation, the SVT ICL was fabricated to extend the tuning range and demonstrate that Vernier tuning could be implemented on this material system
2
Alsahli, Tariq. "Investigation of the decision making process for technology investment in the Saudi Arabia petrochemical industry." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2012. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/investigation-of-the-decision-makingprocess-for-technology-investment-in-thesaudi-arabia-petrochemical-industry(854b114e-3803-465f-916d-bb15d0f585ad).html.
Full textAbstract:
Companies and organizations in different industries around the world make use of different technologies for many reasons and purposes, such as to improve performance and to stay competitive. This raises some questions and concerns about the use, benefit, risk and the investment decision-making process for the selected technology. A review of the available literature shows that the decision-making processes related to investments in general are difficult and complex. As a result of this, many organizations that have invested in technology have not achieved the required benefits; this leads to unsuccessful investment decisions and loss of opportunities. This can occur when decision makers and planners do not pay enough attention to some critical factor that may affect the investment, or they may just not have planned sufficiently carefully for it. This research aims to examine and investigate the gaps and factors behind technology investment decisions, with a focus on several of the more important factors and elements that may have a huge impact on these decisions. These include investment justification techniques, technology selection, organizational readiness, technology alignment, and benefits realization. The unique aspect of this research is that these five elements have not previously been linked in research publications or reports, particularly within the petrochemical industry. Thus, the research focuses on these five elements to identify the critical factors and difficulties to support decision makers in order to achieve successful technology investment in the petrochemical industry. To address the research aims, the issues affecting investment decision-making within a number of the biggest petrochemical companies in Saudi Arabia were investigated.
3
WIMMER, ANA CHRISTINA SOUZA. "APPLICATION OF THE ELECTROLYTIC PROCESS IN THE TREATMENT OF WASTEWATER FROM A PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRY." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2007. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=11608@1.
Full textAbstract:
CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO<br>A indústria petroquímica constitui um dos mais importantes
setores industriais no Brasil. A grande diversidade dos
processos de fabricação praticados faz aumentar a
necessidade de caracterização dos efluentes gerados
em cada planta industrial. Em geral, os efluentes
apresentam elevado teor de matéria orgânica, cuja remoção é
necessária para atender às normas técnicas
de descarte de efluentes industriais. Um dos processos de
tratamento utilizados é a coagulação química seguida de
tratamento biológico. Na coagulação química, sais de
alumínio ou ferro são usados como coagulantes. Devido às
grandes flutuações de carga orgânica, as quais dificultam a
dosagem do coagulante, buscam-se alternativas para
aprimorar o tratamento. Neste contexto, a eletrocoagulação
pode servir como alternativa à coagulação química ou como
pré-tratamento. O presente trabalho consistiu de ensaios de
coagulação química (Jar Test) e de eletrocoagulação em
escala de laboratório, utilizando efluentes gerados em uma
indústria petroquímica fabricante de borracha sintética. Os
ensaios permitiram comparar as eficiências de remoção de
matéria orgânica por eletrocoagulação e por coagulação
química, bem como comparar as eficiências
desses tratamentos em escala de laboratório com aquelas
obtidas na etapa de tratamento físico-químico (coagulação
química e floculação) da ETEI - Estação de Tratamento de
Efluentes Industriais da indústria citada. Em todos os
casos, as eficiências de remoção de carga orgânica foram
avaliadas pela DQO (Demanda Química de Oxigênio). Nos
ensaios de coagulação química em laboratório, utilizou-se
como coagulante o sulfato de alumínio. Os parâmetros
investigados foram o pH ótimo de coagulação e a dosagem
ótima de coagulante. Os ensaios do processo eletrolítico
foram realizados em batelada com eletrodos de alumínio. Os
parâmetros investigados foram a temperatura, o potencial
aplicado, o pH inicial, a distância entre eletrodos, o
número de eletrodos e o desgaste dos mesmos. As eficiências
de remoção de DQO pelo processo de eletrocoagulação
apresentaram valores até três vezes maiores que a média
mensal obtida na ETEI da indústria em questão, pelo
processo de coagulação química e floculação, no período da
coleta das amostras, indicando a possibilidade de aplicação
do tratamento eletrolítico ao efluente estudado.<br>The petrochemical industry constitutes one of the most
important industrial sectors in Brazil. The great diversity
of processes of manufacture makes to increase the necessity
of characterization of the effluents generated in each
industrial plant. In general, the effluents presents high
grade of organic matter, whose removal is necessary to
expect to the technical standards of discarding of
industrials wastewaters. One of the used processes of
treatment is the chemical coagulation followed by
biological treatment. In chemical coagulation, aluminum
or iron salts are used as coagulants. Because of the large
fluctuations of organic load, which makes difficult the
dosage of the coagulant, alternatives are being
looked for the improvement of the treatment. In this
context, the electrocoagulation may be an alternative to
the chemical coagulation or can serve as a preliminar
treatment. The present work consisted of assays of
chemical coagulation (Jar Test) and of electrocoagulation
in scale of laboratory, using effluent generated in a
petrochemical industry manufacturer of synthetic
rubber. The assays had allowed to compare the efficiencies
of removal of organic matter by electrocoagulation and
chemical coagulation, as well as comparing the
efficiencies of these treatments in scale of laboratory
with those gotten in the stage of treatment physical-
chemical (chemical coagulation and flocculation) of
Industrial Effluent Treatment Station of the cited
industry. In all the cases, the efficiencies of organic
load removal had been evaluated by the COD (Chemical
Oxygen Demand). In the chemical coagulation experiments in
laboratory, the aluminum sulphate was used as coagulant.
The investigated parameters have been pH excellent of
coagulation and the excellent dosage of coagulant. The
assays of the electrolytic process had been carried through
in batch with aluminum electrodes. The investigated
parameters have been the temperature, the applied
potential, pH initial, the distance between electrodes, the
number of electrodes and the consuming of them. The
efficiencies of COD removal for the electrocoagulation
process reached values up to three times higher that the
monthly average observed in the treatment station of the
studied industry in the chemical coagulation and
flocculation stage. The results indicate the possibility of
application of the process in the treatment of the studied
effluent.
4
Niemand, Marinus. "Assessing the suitability of holonic control to the commodity petrochemical industry." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2005. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-05042005-121757/.
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Van, der Westhuizen Rina. "The use of multidimensional GC techniques for the analysis of complex petrochemical products." Thesis, Stellenbosch: University of Stellenbosch, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/4639.
Full textAbstract:
90 leaves on CD format, preliminary i-ix pages and numbered pages 1-81. Includes bibliography, list of figures in color to pdf format (OCR).<br>Thesis (MSc (Chemistry and Polymer Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2005.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The composition of petrochemical products obtained from Fischer Tropsch (FT) technologies is of the highest complexity possible and may contain thousands of components. Chemicals produced from FT feedstocks often contain trace level contaminants that can poison catalysts or that affect product performance in down-line processes. Single dimension GC analysis of these mixtures provides incomplete information because of lack of separation power. This study evaluates the separation power of heart-cut GC-GC, comprehensive GCxGC and sequential GC-GC for three selected challenging petrochemical applications. The fundamental theoretical aspects of the techniques are discussed. Oxygenates are removed as far as possible in C10 – C13 alkylation feedstocks, used in the production of linear alkyl benzenes, because the oxygenates may have deactivating effects on some expensive alkylation catalysts. Residual oxygenates may still be present and can consist of hundreds of components. Detection of individual components at ng/g levels is required. Heart-cut GC-GC is used to illustrate the separation and enrichment power for oxygenates in an alkylation feedstock. The stationary phase in the first dimension column was selected to provide separation of the oxygenates from the hydrocarbons in a relatively narrow window. The oxygenate fraction is then enriched by repeated injections and collection on the cryotrap. After sufficient enrichment, the trap is heated and the oxygenates are analysed on the second dimension column. Comprehensive GCxGC and Sequential GC-GC are compared for the separation and analysis of the oxygenated chemical component classes in the alkylation feedstock, before removal of oxygenates. Cyclic alcohols can occur in detergent alcohols produced from FT feedstocks. These cyclics are regarded as impurities because they affect the physical properties of the detergents. The cyclic and noncyclic alcohols in a narrow C12 – C13 detergent alcohol distillation cut have similar boiling points and polarities, and separation of individual components is thus difficult to achieve. Comprehensive GCxGC and sequential GC-GC are evaluated for the separation of the alcohol component classes. The study shows that both approaches provide component class separation but the high resolving power of the second column and the optimal chromatographic operating conditions of sequential GC-GC provide better separation of the individual components. The study illustrates the immense power of the three multidimensional GC techniques namely heart-cut GC-GC, comprehensive GCxGC and sequential GC-GC. The three multidimensional GC techniques each have their own advantages, disadvantages and unique applications and should be used as complementary rather than as competitive analytical tools.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Fischer Tropsch (FT) petrochemiese produkte is van baie hoë kompleksiteit en kan uit duisende komponente bestaan. Chemikalië afkomstig van dié voerstrome bevat soms spoorhoeveelhede onsuiwerhede wat deaktiverend op kataliste kan inwerk of wat die werkverrrigting van finale produkte kan beïnvloed. Enkeldimensie GC analises van die komplekse mengsels is meesal onakkuraat as gevolg van geweldige piekoorvleueling. Die studie evalueer die skeidingsvermoë van drie multidimensionele tegnieke, Heart-cut GC-GC, Comprehensive GCxGC en Sequential GC-GC vir geselekteerde petrochemiese toepassings. Die fundamentele teoretiese aspekte van die tegnieke word bespreek en drie analitiese toepassings word beskryf. Oksigenate word so ver moontlik verwyder uit C10 – C13 paraffien-voerstrome, wat gebruik word in die vervaardiging van liniêre alkielbenzene, aangesien dit deaktiverend kan inwerk op alkileringskataliste. Die oorblywende oksigenate kan uit honderde komponente bestaan sodat analise van individuele komponente tot op lae ng/g vlakke nodig is. Heart-cut GC-GC word gebruik om die skeiding en verryking van die oksigenate in die alkileringsvoerstroom te illustreer. Die stationêre fase in die eerste-dimensie kolom is so gekies dat skeiding tussen oksigenate en koolwaterstowwe verkry word. Met herhaalde inspuitings verhoog die oksigenaat-konsentrasie op die cryo val en - na voldoende verryking - word die val verhit en die oksigenate geanaliseer op die tweede dimensie kolom. Die skeiding en analises verkry met Comprehensive GCxGC en Sequential GC-GC word vergelyk vir die chemiese klasse-skeiding van die alkileringsvoer (voor verwydering van oksigenate). Sikliese alkohole kan voorkom in detergent-alkohole vervaardig vanaf FT voerstrome. Dit word as onsuiwerhede beskou aangesien dit die fisiese eienskappe van die finale produkte beïnvloed. Die sikliese en nie-sikliese alkohole se kookpunte en polariteite is baie naby aanmekaar sodat skeiding van individuele komponente moeilik verkry word. Comprehensive GCxGC en Sequential GC-GC word evalueer vir die skeiding van die alkohol. Die studie toon aan dat albei die tegnieke skeiding gee van die chemiese komponent-klasse maar dat die hoë-resolusie tweede-dimensie kolom en die optimisering van die experimentele kondisies van die Sequential GC-GC sisteem beter skeiding van individuele komponente gee. Die uitsonderlike skeidingsvermoë van die drie multidimensionele tegnieke, Heart-cut GC-GC, Comprehensive GCxGC en Sequential GC-GC word geïllustreer in die studie. Elke tegniek het sy eie voordele, nadele en unieke toepassings en die drie tegnieke behoort as komplementêre eerder as kompeterende tegnieke gebruik te word.
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Wan, Ismail Wan Khairuzzaman. "The impact of the new technology of process control on workers : a case study of a Malaysian petrochemical plant." Thesis, University of Derby, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.274063.
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Rafferty, John Gerard. "Robust weld quality : a quality system model for welding engineering and fabrication methodology in the petrochemical, process, structural and offshore industry sectors." Thesis, University of the West of Scotland, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.244009.
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Cardete, García Mª Alicia. "Implementation of a selector for sludge settling enhancement in an activated sludge system treating petrochemical wastewater." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/667866.
Full textAbstract:
Due to the recent approval of the Best Available Techniques Reference Document for Wastewater Treatment in the Chemical Sector (Decision (UE) 2016/902), the European industry is urged to improve the wastewater treatments, in order to attain more stringent regulations. Particularly, petrochemical activated sludge systems focused on organic matter removal must face two frequent issues, which difficult sludge settling: i) Development of filamentous bulking due to low food-to-microorganism (F/M) ratio in the biological reactor ii) Unintended biological nitrification, which leads to denitrification in the clarifier. These tendencies were confirmed in a pilot petrochemical continuous stirred tank reactor (500 L), where sludge volumetric index (SVI) values of 350 mL g-1 were obtained. Nitrification was studied with an experimental petrochemical bench-scale bioreactor (1L), which provided concentrations up to 350 mg NOx--N L-1.
To overcome the filamentous bulking, a one-compartment selector was implemented in the pilot activated sludge system. The selector could be operated as anoxic or aerobic. Both configurations succeeded to solve the excessive proliferation of filaments with average SVI values below 75 mL g-1, provided dissolved oxygen concentrations higher than 2 mg L-1 were guaranteed in the main reactor. However, the aerobic selector showed the more robust and consistent performance, aiming to its full-scale implementation. Its optimum design parameters were determined at hydraulic retention time of 30 minutes and F/M of 35 g sCOD g-1 VSS d-1. Its performance improved with the biodegradability of the wastewaters supplied in the range of 10 to 50 g BOD g-1VSS d-1. Otherwise, the selector was unable to enhance sludge settling when being provided with high concentrations of particulate matter (up from 65 g tCOD g-1 VSS d-1). Nevertheless, the inclusion of the aerobic selector doubled the nitrification rates in the activated sludge system. Since conventional methodologies to limit nitrification may not be convenient for existing installations due to process or site constraints, a new strategy has been bench-scale developed. Two petrochemical bioreactors have been supplied with cost-effective concentrations of 0.4 and 0.9 mg g-1VSS d-1 of folic acid in comparison to a control. Afterwards, the vitamin supply has been stopped in order to
assess about habituation effects. Despite both doses have succeeded to control nitrification, the addition of folic acid has also affected the operational parameters of the biological system. The supply of the lower vitamin concentration provided a reduction on nitrification rates of 93.6% and improved the sludge volumetric index compared to control (17.4 in front of 67.3 mL g-1). However, its full-scale feasibility is conditioned to the availability of spare aeration capacity, since oxygen demand increased 85.7%, probably due to an older sludge age (71.4% reduction in observed sludge yield). Reductions up to 97.1% in nitrification rates were obtained during and 60 days after the dosage of the higher vitamin concentration. Despite other advantages, such as increasing the organic matter removal efficiency (60.0%) and reducing oxygen demand (14.7%) relative to control, the high dosed reactor exhibited a worse sludge settling (93.1 mL g-1) and more sludge production (57.1% increase in observed sludge yield). These results suggest new dosing alternatives, such as supplying a discontinuous folic acid concentration of 0.9 mg g-1VSS d-1.
To conclude, this manuscript provides industrial engineers with guidelines to upgrade their existing wastewater treatments. Although the experimentation has been conducted with petrochemical effluents, the methodology and conclusions could be extrapolated to other industrial sectors with similar characterization of wastewater. With regard to future steps, this research sets the basis for the development of the action mechanism for nitrogen heterocyclic compounds, as nitrification inhibitors, which is of interest for the wastewater and the agricultural field.<br>Con la aprobación de la nueva versión del BREF de aguas residuales, la industria química europea está obligada a mejorar sus procesos de tratamiento de agua para adaptarse a especificaciones de vertido más restrictivas. Particularmente, los sistemas de fangos activos petroquímicos focalizados en la degradación de materia orgánica deben afrontar dos limitaciones frecuentes que dificultan la decantación del lodo: fuerte tendencia al bulking filamentoso por baja razón alimento-biomasa (F/M) y nitrificación biológica no deseada. Ensayos piloto con efluentes petroquímicos han demostrado que la inclusión de un selector aerobio en el sistema de fangos activos permite superar el bulking filamentoso, obteniendo siempre valores de índice volumétrico de fangos inferiores a 75 mL g-1. Los parámetros de diseño óptimos para el selector son un tiempo de residencia de 30 minutos y una razón F/M de 35 g DQO g-1 VSS d-1. Se debe alimentar al selector los efluentes más biodegradables y con el mínimo contenido en materia orgánica particulada. Sin embargo, con la implementación del selector, la nitrificación se ha duplicado. Puesto que las técnicas convencionales de control de nitrificación no resultan adecuadas por limitaciones de proceso y de implementación, se ha desarrollado como alternativa, la dosificación de ácido fólico al reactor biológico. En ensayos de laboratorio con un reactor petroquímico, dosis continuas de 0,4 y 0,9 g g-1 VSS d-1 de vitamina han permitido limitar la nitrificación a concentraciones inferiores a 10 mg NOx—N L-1 sin aportar toxicidad al efluente. La alta concentración, incluso ha mantenido este efecto hasta 60 días después de cortar la dosificación de vitamina. Sin embargo, el ácido fólico ha modificado los parámetros operativos del sistema biológico. La concentración baja ha aumentado el consumo de oxígeno (85,7%). La concentración alta ha aumentado la eficiencia en degradación de materia orgánica (60,0%), la producción de biomasa (57,1%) y ha empeorado la decantación del lodo (93±29 mL g-1). Estos resultados aconsejan ensayar otras estrategias posológicas, tales como dosis discontinuas de 0,9 g g-1 VSS d-1. Esta investigación proporciona las bases para un desarrollo futuro del mecanismo de acción de las moléculas heterocíclicas nitrogenadas, como inhibidores de la nitrificación.
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Van, der Westhuizen Katriena Elizabet. "Comprehensive multidimensional gas chromatography for the analysis of Fischer-Tropsch products." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/18006.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (PhD)--University of Stellenbosch, 2011.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The analysis of Fischer–Tropsch–derived (FT–derived) synthetic crude and derived products
is very challenging because of the highly complex nature of these products. In this study, the
use of comprehensive multidimensional gas chromatography (GCxGC) with time-of-flight
mass spectrometry (TOF-MS) and flame ionisation detection (FID) was investigated for the
analysis of these products and the technique was found to be invaluable for the analysis of
these complex mixtures.
The compositions of FT synthetic crude, produced at low temperature (LT–FT) and high
temperature (HT–FT) processes were compared and the effect that changes in FT reaction
temperature has on product formation was investigated. Results for conventional onedimensional
GC (1D-GC) and GCxGC were compared. It was found that conventional 1D–GC
does not have sufficient peak capacity to separate the thousands of compounds in the HT FT
products. GCxGC provides a huge peak capacity of tens-of-thousands to separate highly
complex mixtures. Structured chromatograms, where groups of compounds with similar
properties are grouped together, aid in peak identification. Moreover, sensitivity at low
microgram per milliliter levels is obtained. These attributes enabled accurate analysis of
various complex feed and product streams in the FT refinery, and also various final fuel
products.
The use of GCxGC alone was demonstrated, and also combined with high performance liquid
chromatography (HPLC), supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) and nuclear magnetic
resonance (NMR) when even more separation power was needed. HPLC–GCxGC enabled
the separation of alkene and cyclic alkane compound classes in oligomerisation products.
These compound classes have similar mass spectra, elute in adjacent regions and co–elute
even to some extent on the GCxGC contour plot, making differentiation difficult. SFC is a
good replacement for HPLC for these applications because it does not use solvents as mobile
phases. CO2 is easily evaporated after the separation and does not interfere with the GCxGC
separation of the analytes. SFC is also a very good technique to separate the compound
classes of alkanes, alkenes, aromatics and oxygenates, and is therefore highly
complementary to GCxGC. The combination of GCxGC with NMR data was also found to be very valuable for the
identification of branched alkane isomers in LT–FT diesels. GCxGC provides excellent
separation of individual compounds but the identification of isomers (except for mono–methyl
branching) is difficult because the mass spectra of most of these isomers are similar and not
all compounds are in the mass spectral libraries. NMR, on the other hand, is able to
distinguish between the individual types of branched isomers but has limited separation
power for the complex mixtures. By combining the two techniques, the best of both was
obtained.
The study found GCxGC to be invaluable for the analysis of the highly complex FT–derived
products, while its combination with other techniques such as HPLC, SFC and NMR provided
even more separation power.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die hoogs komplekse samestelling van sintetiese ru–olie en afgeleide produkte, afkomstig
van Fischer–Tropsch (FT) sintese, bied groot uitdagings aan die analis. Die studie het die
gebruik van GCxGC met ’n TOF-MS en FID bestudeer vir die analise van FT produkte en het
bevind dat die tegniek van onskatbare waarde is vir die analise van die hoogs komplekse
mengsels.
Die samestellings van produkte van lae- en hoë-temperatuur FT prossesse is vergelyk en die
effek van ’n verhoging in die reaksie–temperatuur op die produk samestelling is ondersoek.
Resultate vir 1D–GC and GCxGC is vergelyk en dit was duidelik dat 1D-GC nie naastenby
voldoende piekkapasiteit het om al die komponente van die produkte wat tydens die hoëtemperatuur
prosses gevorm word, te kan skei nie. Die GCxGC se piekkapasiteit daarteenoor
is in die orde van tienduisende wat die skeiding van hoogs komplekse mensels moontlik
maak terwyl die tegniek hoogs gestruktureerde kontoerplotte verskaf wat help met identfikasie
van komponente. Die tegniek is verder ook baie sensitief en kan komponente op lae μg/mL
vlakke waarneem. Hierdie eienskappe het akkurate analise van verskeie FT produkstrome
moontlik gemaak.
Die kombinasie van GCxGC met HPLC, SFC en KMR het selfs meer skeidingskrag verskaf
waar nodig. HPLC–GCxGC het die skeiding van alkene en sikliese alkane moontlik gemaak.
Hierdie komponent klasse se massaspektra is feitlik dieselfde en terselfdertyd elueer die twee
groepe reg langs mekaar, en oorvleuel soms selfs tot ’n mate, op die GCxGC kontoerplot,
sodat dit moeilik is om daartussen te onderskei. SFC is ’n goeie alternatief vir HPLC in
meeste toepassings aangesien die tegniek net CO2 gebruik, wat maklik verdamp by
kamertemperatuur en nie oplosmiddels gebruik wat se pieke steur met die van die laekookpunt
komponente op die GCxGC kontoerplot nie. Skeidings van die komponentgroepe
alkane, alkene, aromate en oksigenate is moontlik met SFC en daarom komplimenteer dit die
GCxGC skeiding goed aan.
Die kombinasie van GCxGC met kern–magnetiese resonansie (KMR) is van waarde gevind
om die verskillende tipes vertakkings in ’n lae-temperatuur FT diesel te identifiseer. GCxGC verskaf uitstekende skeiding van individuele komponente maar die identifikasie van
die verskilende isomere, behalwe vir die mono-metiel vertakkings, is moeilik aangesien die
massaspektra van baie van die komponente soortgelyk is en die komponente nie in die
massa spektrum–biblioteke voorkom nie. KMR, aan die ander kant, kan tussen die individuele
vertakkings onderskei maar het beperkte skeidingskrag vir komplekse mensels. Deur die
twee tegnieke te kombineer is die beste van albei tegnieke bekom.
Die studie het bevind dat GCxGC van onskatbare waarde is vir die analise van die komplekse
sintetiese FT produkte terwyl die kombinasie met ander tegnieke soos HPLC, SFC and KMR
selfs meer skeidingskrag verskaf.
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Adami, Gustavo. "Indicadores de eficiência de produção: uma análise na indústria petroquímica." Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, 2015. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/5151.
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Previous issue date: 2015-12-23<br>Nenhuma<br>Características existentes no processo de produção da indústria de fluxo contínuo, particularmente a petroquímica, requerem que a medição de eficiência inclua características diferentes da indústria de produção intermitente, tais como a maneira de quantificação dos produtos finais e a natureza das perdas que são consideradas no cálculo da eficiência de produção. Indicadores de eficiência global de produção tipicamente são derivados do OEE (Overall Effective Equipment), proposto por Nakajima (1988) para a indústria de produção intermitente e, por vezes, são utilizados em indústrias de produção contínua sem uma análise prévia de suas limitações. Doze indicadores identificados na literatura foram analisados e comparados com características do processo de produção da indústria petroquímica, obtidos a partir da revisão teórica e de entrevistas com profissionais e pesquisadores dessa indústria. Dessa análise identificou-se que o indicador OAE (Overall Asset Efficiency) apresenta maior aderência em relação à classificação de perdas e às características do processo de manufatura da indústria petroquímica. Os resultados de eficiência global de produção obtidos através da utilização do OAE foram confrontados com os provenientes do OEE e do TEEP (Total Effective Equipment Productivity), com base em dados reais de uma empresa localizada no Pólo Petroquímico do Rio Grande do Sul. Os resultados obtidos através do cálculo de eficiência utilizando o indicador selecionado OAE, se mostraram mais descritivos da realidade da empresa quando comparados com aqueles atualmente utilizados. Outras práticas que geram interferências sobre o cálculo do OEE também foram identificadas nas entrevistas. Ainda, foi identificada a necessidade de uma discussão mais ampla no sentido de melhor definir os conceitos de capacidade e nível de atividade na indústria petroquímica e sua estimação operacional para fins de análise de eficiência, bem como, a incorporação de termos relativos à eficiência de insumos e custeio na análise de eficiência operacional global dessa indústria.<br>Due to singular characteristics present in the production of continuous flow process industry, especially petrochemical, efficiency measurement require different features of intermittently producing industry, such as how to quantify the final products and the cause of the losses that are considered in the calculation of production efficiency. Production efficiency indicators are typically derived from the OEE (Overall Equipment Effective) proposed by Nakajima (1988) for intermittent production industry, they are sometimes used in continuous manufacturing industries without a prior analysis of their limitations. Twelve indicators identified in the literature were analyzed and compared with features of the petrochemical industry production process, obtained from theoretical review and interviews with professionals and researchers in this industry. This analysis identified that the indicator OAE (Overall Asset Efficiency) has a better production losses structure and fits the characteristics of petrochemical manufacturing process. The results of overall production efficiency obtained using the OAE were compared with results from OEE and TEEP (Total Effective Equipment Productivity), based on manufacturing data from a company located in Rio Grande do Sul petrochemical complex. The results obtained from the efficiency calculation utilizing the selected indicator OAE, are more descriptive of the company situation when compared to those currently used. Other practices that causes interference on the calculation of OEE were also identified in the interviews. It was also identified the necessity for a broader discussion in order to better define the concepts of capacity and activity level in the petrochemical industry and also the operational way define them in order to make analysis of efficiency as well as the incorporation of terms concerning the efficiency of inputs and costing the analysis of overall operational efficiency of this industry.
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Aboussaoud, Wael. "Étude du rôle d’adsorbants alumino-silicatés dans un procédé d’ozonation d’eaux usées pétrochimiques." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2014. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/12219/1/aboussaoud.pdf.
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Les eaux usées issues de l’industrie pétrochimique contiennent des composés organiques peu ou pas biodégradables dont le traitement nécessite de faire appel à des nouvelles techniques de traitement sophistiquées. L’objectif de ce travail est d’étudier le rôle d’adsorbants alumino-silicatés dans un procédé d’oxydation avancée associant, dans un même réacteur, adsorption et oxydation à l’ozone pour le traitement de ce type d’effluents. Dans un premier temps, l’étude s’est centrée sur l’évaluation des performances du procédé pour l’élimination d’une molécule modèle, le 2,4-diméthylphénol, dans un réacteur agité semi-batch. Avant de coupler l’ozonation et l’adsorption, chacun des phénomènes mis en jeu a été étudié indépendamment, ce qui a permis la compréhension des mécanismes qui régissent le couplage. Deux modes de couplage ont été testés, un traitement simultané ozonation/adsorption et un traitement séquentiel ozonation puis adsorption. Dans les deux configurations, l’ajout des matériaux alumino-silicatés a eu un effet très limité sur la cinétique globale de dégradation de la molécule modèle. Par contre, l’ajout des matériaux a un effet très marqué sur la cinétique d’élimination du COT, principalement dû à un effet d’adsorption de sous-produits d’oxydation spécifiques. Il a aussi été démontré que la restauration des propriétés du solide est possible, permettant ainsi sa réutilisation. Dans un second temps, le procédé a été appliqué au traitement d’un effluent réel rejeté par une usine pétrochimique chinoise, en suivant la même démarche que celle adoptée lors de l’étude réalisée sur la molécule modèle et en utilisant un réacteur à lit fluidisé semi-batch. Les mêmes phénomènes ont été observés, confirmant l’efficacité de ce procédé pour le traitement des eaux usées pétrochimiques.
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Palou, Garcia Anna. "Desarrollo de nuevas metodologías espectrales para el control analítico de productos y procesos petroquímicos y farmacéuticos." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/285412.
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En esta memoria se proponen nuevas soluciones analíticas basadas en la espectroscopia del infrarrojo cercano (NIR) y la imagen química NIR (NIR-CI) para la resolución de problemas reales de la industria farmacéutica y petroquímica. La rapidez y el carácter no destructivo y no invasivo de estas técnicas son las características determinantes para su aplicación en el control de calidad industrial, mientras que su gran versatilidad es la clave para su adaptación a las características y necesidades de cada empresa.
En la industria petroquímica, se desarrollan estrategias capaces de reducir tiempo y costes de los análisis, mejorando tanto la exactitud como la reproducibilidad de los resultados y la representatividad de las muestras analizadas. La espectroscopia NIR constituye una alternativa ventajosa respecto a los distintos métodos analíticos de referencia establecidos para abordar la gran variedad de análisis que requieren los productos petroquímicos para asegurar su calidad final. En el contexto de la industria petroquímica se han realizado dos estudios orientados a la determinación de parámetros de interés de gasóleos y parafinas respectivamente:
En la industria farmacéutica, se proponen nuevos métodos analíticos capaces de dar una visión rápida y general del estado real de las muestras a lo largo de un proceso. Para ello, se ha utilizado el NIR-CI que permite extraer, en muy poco tiempo, una gran cantidad de información y presentarla de una forma sencilla y visual. Los modelos desarrollados evidencian los efectos de los tratamientos y las condiciones a los que han sido sometidas las muestras durante el proceso de estudio. Esto permite el ajuste del diseño de nuevos fármacos y su proceso de producción, pero también posibilita el control del futuro proceso de producción, asegurando la calidad del producto. Estos conceptos se incluyen en lo que se conoce como tecnología analítica de procesos (PAT).
Las metodologías desarrolladas constituyen alternativas reales a métodos utilizados convencionalmente, mejorando la rapidez y los costes de análisis y confirmando las posibilidades del control de procesos en tiempo real, sin disminuir la calidad de los resultados analíticos. Los resultados obtenidos mediante la aplicación de estas técnicas, son indicativos del potencial del NIR y NIR-CI en el control de calidad industrial.<br>ABSTRACT
In this thesis, new analytical solutions based on near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR) and NIR chemical imaging (NIR-CI) for solving real problems in the pharmaceutical and petrochemical industry are proposed. The expeditiousness and non-destructive and non-invasive character of these techniques are decisive in their application to the quality control of industrial products, while their versatility is crucial to adapt them to the features and needs of each company.
In the petrochemical industry field, strategies capable of reducing time and costs of analysis, improving both accuracy and reproducibility of the results and the representativeness of the analysed samples have been developed. NIR spectroscopy is an advantageous alternative regarding the analytical reference methods established to address the wide variety of analysis that petrochemicals require to ensure the final quality. In the context of the petrochemical industry two studies focused in determining parameters of interest in diesel and paraffin have been carried out:
In the pharmaceutical industry, new analytical methods able to give a quick overview of the actual state of the samples along the process are proposed. NIR-CI has been used to quickly extract a lot of information of the sample and present it in a simple and visual way. The sample treatments and conditions during the study are reflected in the developed models. It allows adjusting the design of new drugs and their production process and also enables the control of the future production processes ensuring product quality. All these possibilities are comprised in the Process Analytical Technology (PAT) concept.
The developed methodologies are demonstrated to be real alternatives to conventionally used methods. They improve the speed and cost of analysis as well as the possibilities for process control in real time, without decreasing quality of analytical results. The results obtained by using these techniques, joined to their advantages are indicative of the potential of NIR and NIR-CI in industrial quality control.
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Aworinde, Samson Mayowa. "The control of selectivity in partial oxidation of hydrocarbons." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/276367.
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Galli, F. "REDUCTION OF THE CARBON FOOTPRINT OF FUELS AND PETROCHEMICALS STARTING FROM VEGETABLE OILS." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/332036.
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In this work developments and innovative studies are proposed for the current biodiesel technology in order to make the whole productive process more efficient. In particular, three main aspects were deeply investigated, the oil deacidification, as a pre-step to the oil transesterification, working on the optimization of the operative parameters and developing a suitable kinetic model able to predict, in a wide range of concentrations and temperatures, the acid conversion and the eventual double phase system formation. Moreover, the extraction of carotenes from crude palm oil was investigated, focusing on finding the operative parameters that permitted its complete preservation. Experimental results showed that at the optimized condition these molecules were adsorbed on the catalyst, giving encouraging information regarding their extraction from crude oils. Secondly, the transesterification reaction was studied in a novel way, trying to overcome the mass limitation due to the low methanol solubility in oil using a suitable co-solvent and CaO as catalyst. Good results were obtained when THF was used, the biodiesel yield was comparable to the homogeneous catalyzed process. Finally, a possible improvement of biodiesel to valuable chemical was studied. In particular the synthesis of epoxidized biodiesel was firstly optimized and then performed on biodiesel and distilled biodiesel, obtaining with this latter substrate a product with an epoxide content comparable to a commercial product, giving positive suggestion for its application as bioplasticizer.
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Fabian, Vanessa Machado. "A competitividade e o processo de inovação: um estudo em empresas do Pólo Petroquímico do Sul." Universidade do Vale do Rio do Sinos, 2006. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/2673.
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Previous issue date: 29<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior<br>Pode-se dizer que as empresas petroquímicas brasileiras, após o processo de privatização e abertura comercial da década de 90, passaram a conviver em um ambiente competitivo que desencadeou mudanças institucionais nas organizações, fazendo-se necessário que essas empresas adotassem novas estratégias e agissem de forma pró-ativa em relação a essas mudanças. As empresas deste setor passaram a buscar novas formas de enfrentar a concorrência internacional. Como as escalas de produção das petroquímicas brasileiras são inferiores às escalas dos concorrentes estrangeiros, prejudicando a competição através da estratégia de custo, uma das formas para garantir a competitividade do setor é a busca da diferenciação de produtos, o que evidencia a importância da inovação para estas empresas sobreviverem no mercado O presente estudo buscou analisar como o setor petroquímico, especificamente o Pólo Petroquímico do Sul, se adaptou a essas mudanças institucionais e verificar como se processam a geração, a implementação e a di<br>It is possible to say that Brazilian petrochemical companies, after the privatization process and market opening to foreign products, conducted by the Brazilian government during the ninety’s, found themselves in a fierce competitive scenario, that carried them into significant institutional changes. Petrochemical companies became encouraged to look for a way of staying alive in such international competition. Sinceproduction capacities of Brazilian petrochemical plants are lower than foreign competitions, making difficult competition based on cost strategies, upgrades in products become primordial to competitiveness. This fact indicates how important is the innovation process in the companies to keep them surviving in the new market. The present study tried to analyze how the Petrochemical Industry Economy, specially the South Petrochemical Pole, could fit into the necessary institutional changes, and to verify how the companies of this Industrial Complex proceed with generation, implementation and diffusion
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MALLOCI, EMANUELA. "Applicazione del processo a fanghi aerobici granulari per il trattamento di reflui petrolchimici." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11584/266894.
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Aerobic granular sludge was successfully cultivated in two lab scale Granular sludge Sequencing Batch Reactors (GSBR, A and B) to remove organic matter and nitrogen from two different petrochemical wastewaters (PWs). The aim of this study was to define the best operating conditions (i.e., shear forces, inoculum source, Ca2+ concentration, pH) to achieve complete granulation and satisfactory long-term process performance. One PW was produced by the Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) and characterized by high concentrations of organic matter, ammonium and toxic substances like cyanides and phenols (IGCC wastewater); the other PW, collected from the equalization tank of the refinery wastewater treatment plant, was a poorly biodegradable mixture of all the refinery discharges which contained, among the others, sulfide, hydrocarbon and low concentrations of COD and ammonium (MS18 wastewater). In order to promote granulation and biomass acclimation during reactors’ start-up, synthetic influents were initially fed to the GSBRs and gradually replaced by real PWs, while a sufficiently high volumetric organic loading rate (vOLR, 3 kgCOD/m3d) was granted by dosing proper amounts of readily degradable organic carbon (sodium acetate, NaAc). Compact and well-settling granules developed into both reactors, which were able to treat 100% MS18 (GSBR-A) and 100% IGCC (GSBR-B) wastewater, showing good process performance in terms of organic matter (TOC) and NH4-N removal efficiencies (GSBR-A, 85% and 75%, respectively; GSBR-B, 94% and 78%, respectively). Mature granules in both GSBRs showed high density (GSBR-A, 58 gTSS/Lgran; GSBR-B, 65 gTSS/Lgran) leading to good solid-liquid separation (GSBR-A, SVI8, 39 mL/gTSS; GSBR-B, SVI8, 10 mL/gTSS) and high biomass retention (GSBR-A, 7,5 gVSS/L; GSBR-B, 4,7 gVSS/L). Although a slight inhibition occurred as the PW fraction in the synthetic influents was progressively increased, granular biomass always showed a quick recovery.
As the synthetic influents were completely replaced by PWs, the supply of NaAc was progressively reduced and finally suspended in order to minimize the operating costs (the corresponding vOLR was reduced to 0,71 kgCOD/m3d and 1,15 kgCOD/m3d in GSBR-A and GSBR-B, respectively). However, both GSBRs maintained satisfactory process performance and their ability to withstand toxic substances contained in PWs.
The results achieved in this study indicate that the aerobic granular sludge technology may be considered as a valid option for the treatment of petrochemical wastewaters, alone (GSBR-A) or in combination (GSBR-B) with conventional systems.
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Sá, Ubiratan Gomes de Carvalho. "Trajetória da empresa e evolução das práticas de inovação de produto e processo: o caso das empresas do Complexo Petroquímico de Triunfo." Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, 2012. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/4027.
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Previous issue date: 2012-07-10<br>Nenhuma<br>Os estudos das trajetórias de empresas buscam identificar as razões da longevidade através dos fatores relevantes de manutenção da competitividade em longos períodos de tempo. Nas empresas intensivas em capital e tecnologia, as práticas de inovação tecnológica estão subordinadas à estratégia. Isso ocorre pela importância que elas têm no desempenho da firma. As empresas do setor petroquímico se encaixam nessa descrição. Elas também são importantes na atividade econômica do país e do Rio Grande do Sul pela presença à montante em várias cadeias de suprimento, uma vez que fornece matéria-prima a outras indústrias de transformação; pelo caráter estratégico à jusante do refino do petróleo e utilização de gás natural; e pela participação ativa na balança comercial exportando produtos e importando insumos e equipamentos. As empresas do Complexo Petroquímico de Triunfo passaram por vários episódios de turbulência que transformaram suas estruturas. Estes coincidem, grosso modo, com mudanças no ambiente econômico e regulatório, eventos como crises econômicas, consolidação da indústria química e petroquímica, surgimento e barateamento de novas tecnologias complementares. Para compreender essas transformações e os impactos nas práticas de inovação tecnológica, foram avaliadas as principais teorias que tentam explicar os fatores que influenciam na competitividade das empresas. A abordagem escolhida foi a Teoria do Equilíbrio Pontuado por considerar a evolução das empresas como resultado da dinâmica entre fatores externos e internos nas modificações estruturais geradoras de breves turbulências seguidas de um período de relativa estabilidade no qual essas transformações se consolidam. Uma pesquisa qualitativa foi realizada nas quatro empresas atualmente em operação no Complexo Industrial de Triunfo na modalidade estudo de casos múltiplos. A coleta e a análise de dados, abrangendo o intervalo de tempo desde o início das operações até 2011, indicam a ocorrência de três momentos de turbulência e dois de estabilidade. A contribuição desta pesquisa está na confirmação do uso da Teoria do Equilíbrio Pontuado em estudos longitudinais de trajetória de empresas e não apenas em curtos períodos de tempo. A comparação com outros estudos semelhantes pode contribuir para o desenvolvimento da teoria.<br>Trajectories of firms studies’ seek to identify the reasons for their longevity through the relevant factors of being competitive in long periods of time. The ones intensive in capital and technology have technological innovation practices subordinated to strategy due to its importance for the firm performance. The petrochemical companies fit this description. They are also important for both national and regional economic activity by the upstream presence in several supply chains, since they provide raw material for other manufacturing industries, their strategic place at downstream petroleum refining and natural gas use, and through active participation in national trade accounts by exporting products and importing materials and equipment. Companies located at Triunfo Petrochemical Complex in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil went through several episodes of turbulence which transformed their structures. These coincide roughly with changes in the economic environment and regulatory events such as economic downturns, worldwide consolidation of chemical and petrochemical industry, and emergence of new and cheaper complementary technologies. To understand these changes and impacts on the technological innovation practices were evaluated a set of theories that attempt to explain the factors influencing firm’s competitiveness. The chosen approach was the Theory of Punctuated Equilibrium by considering companies’ evolution as a result of the dynamics among external and internal factors that trigger structural changes generating turbulence followed by a brief period of relative stability in which these transformations are consolidated. A qualitative study was conducted in four companies currently operating in the Triunfo Petrochemical Complex using the multiple case study methodology. The data collection and analysis covering the time interval from the start of operations until 2011 indicate the existence of turbulence for three times and two periods of stability. This research can contribute on confirming the Theory of Punctuated Equilibrium use for longitudinal studies of companies’ trajectory, not only for short periods of time. Comparison with other similar studies may contribute to the development of this theory.
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Mammen, John Joe. "Retrofit of heat exchanger networks of a petroleum refinery crude unit (CDU) using pinch analysis." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/860.
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Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Technology: Chemical Engineering, In the Faculty of Engineering,
Cape Peninsula University of Technology
2014<br>Energy efficiency has become an important feature in the design of process plants due to the rising cost of energy and the more stringent environmental regulations being implemented worldwide. In South Africa as in other African countries, most of the chemical plants were built during the era of cheap energy with little emphasis placed on energy efficiency due to the abundance of cheap utility sources such as coal and crude oil. In most of these plants, there exists significant potential for substantial process heat recovery by conceptual integration of the plant’s heat exchangers. Pinch Technology (PT) has been demonstrated to be a simple and very effective technique for heat integration and process optimization. This study applies the PT approach to retrofit the heat exchangers network of the Crude Distillation Unit (CDU), of a complex petroleum refinery with the aim to reduce utilities requirement and the associated gaseous pollutants emission.
This objective is accomplished by firstly conducting an energy audit of the unit to scope for potential energy saving. The existing Heat Exchanger Network (HEN) was re-designed using the remaining problem analysis (RPA) to achieve improved process energy recovery while making maximum use of the existing exchangers. The aim is to maintain the existing plant topology as much as possible. This network was later relaxed trading heat recovery with number of heat transfer unit so as to optimize the capital cost. These were implemented in AspenPlus v7.2 environment. The cost implications of the retrofitted and evolved networks including the capital and operating costs were determined on a 5 years payback time basis.
The Problem Table (PT) analysis revealed that the minimum utilities requirements are 75 MW and 55 MW for the hot and cold utilities respectively. Compared to the existing utilities requirements of 103 MW for hot utility and 83 MW for cold utility, this represent a potential savings of about 26 % and 33 % savings for the hot and cold utilities respectively. The target utilities usage in the re-designed network after applying Remaining Problem Analysis (RPA) was found to be 55 MW for the cold utility and 75 MW for hot utility. The relaxed HEN required a cold utility of 62.5 MW and hot utility of 81 MW. From the total cost estimation, it was found that, although an energy saving of 34% can be achieved by the re-designed network before relaxation, the capital cost, US$ 1670000 is significantly higher than for the existing network (about US$ 980000). The final relaxed network gave an energy saving of 34% and with total cost of US$ 1100000.
It was recommended from the study after cost comparisons of the four different networks (the original network, the MER network, the relaxed network and a grass-root design) that the best network for the retrofit purpose was the relaxed HEN, because there is no major shift in
deviation from the topology of the original network. From the analysis it was found that a 34% saving in energy cost could be achieved from this retrofit. The Total Annual Cost (TAC) for this network gives credence to the fact that this retrofit which applied the rules of pinch analysis can bring about real saving in energy usage.
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Wu, Chun-Hao, and 吳汮澔. "Petrochemical Process Safety Management Analysis - A Study on Cyclohexanone Process." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/b8zz2x.
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碩士<br>國立高雄應用科技大學<br>土木工程與防災科技研究所<br>103<br>Petrochemical is the leading industry in our country, and it is not only closely related to our daily life but also a supported industry of the others. However most of process equipment and pipelines in the petrochemical factories have been too old. The situation of corroding and leaking have become badly. Furthermore, lots of flammable or explosive chemical materials stored have resulted in several large fire and explosion, caused casualties and the loss of factories. This thesis uses a qualitative safety evaluation method, HAZOP (Hazards and Operability Studies), to figure out the process related factors of hazard and provide a proper suggestion. We further combine with a semi-quantitative risk evaluation method, LOPA (Layer Of Protection Analysis), to evaluate the probability and the severity rank of accidents and analysis the acceptable risk level in order to reduce accident frequency.
According to our method, the accident frequency of cyclohexanone process can be reduced from 3~10% to 0.01~0.001%, meanwhile, achieve the acceptable risk level for each different severity rank. Through the proposed method for PSM (Process Safety Management) to monitor superior hazards and implement regulatory measures, the major accidents can be efficiently avoided.
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Tsai, Chia-lun, and 蔡佳倫. "Flare Gas Characterization and Recovery for Petrochemical Industrial Process." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/csq78h.
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碩士<br>國立中山大學<br>環境工程研究所<br>102<br>In the petrochemical process, due to process design, or actual handling safety requirement, even preventive safety, the gases generated from the process are discharged directly as waste gases to the flare for incineration. The combustion efficiency of flare is declared as high as 98%, but the emitted waste gas contains a lot of VOCs, though they are treated by incineration, some VOCs may not be destroyed completely and are emitted to the atmosphere. At present, the energy cost rises successively, hence, reducing the emission of the aforesaid air pollutants could not only attain the goal for energy saving and carbon reduction, but also reduces the costs (air pollution fee, fuel cost). Flare gas recovery is the most frequently used method. The gas recovery equipments in the process are used, or gas compressors are mounted at the pipe end to prevent the waste gases from entering the flare, so as to effectively reduce the emission of air pollutants from the flare.
This study investigated the process of a petrochemical factory by collecting the field data of flare gas recovery and utilization systems of flare gas recovery system, waste gas burning system and furnace, including chemical composition component of the recovered flare gases, flow rate and flue gas analysis. The influence of flare gas recovery on the gas burning system is calculated and discussed, including the influence of air pollutant emission, combustion efficiency, and greenhouse gas emission (e.g. CO2).
This study discussed the flare gas recovery and reuse of flare gases, including direct recovery as products, or as fuels for various facilities, even for electric power plants. In Taiwan, no matter from the perspective of technology or feasibility, applying compressor to recover flare gases directly as fuel is feasible. The recovery ratio of two compressors operated in parallel can be increased from <40% to 75~85% in comparison to one single compressor. The recovered flare gas can be used as gas fuel. When the hydrogen content of the flare gas declined, the combustion efficiency of gas-fired boiler decreased. In other words, increasing the hydrogen content tended to increase the combustion efficiency of flare gases to some extent.
This study further discussed the cost-benefit of various recovery techniques. If the reciprocating compressor was used to recover flare gas as fuel for boilers, the payback period is 2.38 years. If the natural gas for gas generator is replaced by the recovered flare gas, the payback period is 2.38 years, too. In terms of gas-to-liquid (GTL technology), the payback period is estimated to be 3.12 years.
Moreover, flare gas recovery would reduce the consumption of boiler fuel, as well as the emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) indirectly. Approximately 111,455 MT CO2 emission can be reduced annually with the reduction efficiency up to 83.3%.
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Wang, Chiang-Lin, and 王江林. "Feasibility Study of Nitritification Process With Aerobic Fluidized Bed Treating Petrochemical Process Wastewater." Thesis, 1993. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/12640357880595005051.
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Mathis, Susanne Taylor. "Training trends in the oil and gas and petrochemical industries." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/26438.
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This purpose of this report is to gain insight into the current training trends for training new operations personnel within the oil and gas and petrochemical industries in the United States. Companies in these industries face an increasing number of training challenges presented by an array of factors including: regulatory compliance mandates, an aging workforce, training costs and the need to maintain or improve production rates while decreasing safety and environmental incidents. In response to these challenges Learning and Development (L&D) leaders and practitioners in these industries must provide sound instructional strategies that meet the learning needs of their employees while meeting the requirements of their employers and regulatory requirements. This report focuses on the design and delivery tools and methods, the training management tools, and the challenges faced by training professionals in this industry, including the gaps and areas of greatest training concern. The study also investigates the future plans to accommodate training methods and tools used to address younger employees.<br>text
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Ke, Chung-Wen, and 柯忠文. "A Case Study of Petrochemical Plants’ Annual Maintenance Process Analysis." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/54473754590479215914.
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碩士<br>國立雲林科技大學<br>營建工程系<br>104<br>The petrochemical plants have faced disasters frequently in recent years for equipment aging and environmental corrosion and erosion of internal raw materials. The increase of productive capacity and debottlenecking or betterment works of equipment result in the requirement for equipment renewal.
In process requirements and products, diversified and a lot of hazardous substances are stored in the field, a light mistake in the construction when the plant is in operation is likely to cause work safety disaster and chain reaction. Considering the safety and productive capacity, the equipment replacement is usually arranged in the period of annual maintenance.
This study analyzed the tower tank renewal operation during the annual maintenance of a petrochemical plant, and discussed the schedule planning and execution at common work site coordinating all schedules. This study also discussed individual operation to compare the schedule planning with the actual construction and to analyze the conditions before and after the execution of contract. The analysis results and suggestions can serve as reference for the future planning and undertaking of such cases. It also described the construction essentials, classified the operating environments, and sorted and improved the required documents and construction deficiencies. In addition, the feasibility of other engineering was discussed for the engineering staff's reference during annual maintenance.
The results showed that the annual maintenance operation has high uncertainty. The contract item and quantity are highly variable; the damage (quantity of spreading welds) and coordination with field situation (modify crane specification timely) are known only in stoppage. There are two deficiencies in execution, by execution as per planning and proper response, so that the lagging items can catch up with the schedule, the construction is completed as scheduled. In the discussion about other engineering, other engineering are extended from the advantages of the new construction method, as long as the operating conditions are met, a working face and operating time can be increased simultaneously.
Keywords: petrochemical plant; annual maintenance; tower tank
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Chu, Bei-Bei, and 朱蓓蓓. "Statistical analysis of process safety accidents in oil refining and petrochemical industry." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/14519079032902454887.
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碩士<br>國立交通大學<br>工學院產業安全與防災學程<br>102<br>Crude oil refining processes or refineries are classified as high risk operations because of their potential for major accidents such as fire and explosions. Hence incident investigation has been an integral part of process safety management regulations. It is a regulatory requirement for petrochemical and refining companies to conduct thorough accident investigation after an unfortunate event to identify the root causes and to take corrective actions to prevent the same and similar accidents from happening again.
However, recent accidents occurred in Taiwan involving the petrochemical and refining processes revealed the unfortunate fact that the lessons learned mentality or practices is nonexistent. This is primarily due to the fact that Occupational Safety and Health Act of the Ministry of Labor do not specifically differentiate occupational injuries from chemical process or manufacturing process related accidents. Secondly, the mandatory requirement on major accident reporting or the monthly occupational injury report requires no information on the root causes or main contributors of incidents or accidents.
This study is aimed to design an accident database suitable for the refining industry. This is accomplished by referencing major accident databases of the United States, Japan, the European Union and 20 process-related accident reports compiled by a domestic petroleum company. Information gathered from these accidents is further classified into 60 major causal factors and minor causal factors. These factors are further analyzed by using British Petroleum’s Comprehensive List of Causes and classified as direct causes, indirect causes and root causes. The Four Quadrant Analysis technique is utilized to identify the major causal factor contributor of the 20 accidents is equipment related such as design, maintenance management such as preventive maintenance, inspection and testing, and operation. The findings are similar to those of the European Union Major Accident Reporting System.
The frequency analysis reveals the fact that most of the accidents occurred during lunch break, or shift change. The modes of operations involved in these accidents were pumping, normal operations. Piping and pressurizing systems were the most common equipment encountered in the accidents. And the most frequently occurred accident was fire.
It is hoped that the major causal factors and minor causal factors contributing to the accidents of the domestic petroleum company can alleviate the consequences of limited compilation, analysis, dissemination and utilization of accident information within and between companies.
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Yeh, Wei-Lun, and 葉暐倫. "Reduction of stack VOCs from petrochemical production process via Platinum/Palladium catalytic combustion." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/71340996103684718835.
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碩士<br>國立屏東科技大學<br>環境工程與科學系所<br>100<br>Abstract
Student ID: N9931002
Title of Thesis: Reduction of stack VOCs from petrochemical production process via Platinum/Palladium catalytic combustion
Total Pages: 72
Name of Institute: National Pingtung University of Science and Technology
Name of Department: Department of Environmental Science and Engineering
Date of Graduation: July 2012 Degree Conferred: Master
Name of Student: Wei-Lun Yeh Adviser: Dr. Kuo-Ching Chang
The Contents of Abstract in this Thesis：
The stack VOCs from petrochemical production process is one of the main sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the air in Lin Yuan Industrial Zone, an important petrochemical center in Taiwan. After evaluating the characteristics of the VOC’s from the production process of some petrochemical facility in the Linyuen industrial Zone, the platinum / palladium catalytic incinerator is applied as stack end treatment.
The online flame ionization detection (NIEA A723.72B) published by Environmental Protection Administration (EPA), R.O.C. (Taiwan), is applied to determine total hydrocarbons and total non-methane hydrocarbon contents from the discharge pipeline and tested under different conditions: various combustion temperature, VOCs concentrations ,and exhaust gas flow rates, toevaluate the efficiency as the basis for the operation parameters.
The experiment consisted of two stages. At first stage, it was to evaluate the temperature and flow-rate dependence of heat recovery with feeding containing no VOCs. The feeding containing VOCs was applied to the second stage to study the relation between incoming concentration and destructive removal efficiency (DRE) of VOCs under various operation conditions, and evaluated energy consumption of the operation conditions.
The results showed: (1) operation at heating temperature 350 ℃ and exhaust gas flow rate 600, 960, and 1,200 Nm3/hr,respectively,the exit concentration of VOCs could be reduced to less than 150 ppm, and DRE could reach to more than 95 %,complying with the Environmental Protection Administration Act, R.O.C.(Taiwan). Repeat the same operation at lower heating temperature
, 330 and 340 ℃, DRE could still attain to more than 95 %, the results still complied with the Act; (2) the optimal operation condition with exhaust concentration of 4,766 ppm, at 350 ℃, 600 Nm3/hr achieved the best DRE (98.05 %); (3) the average energy cost of the optimal operation condition was NT$19.9 per 1,000 Nm3 exhaust; (4) at same combustion temperature, the higher the exhaust concentration and stronger exhaust gas flow rate, the poorer heat recovery; (5) the energy consumption increases as the combustion temperature and exhaust gas flow rate increased,and decreased as the exhaust concentration increases.
Keywords:VOCs, Platinum/Palladium catalyst, Catalytic cinerators, Destruction removal efficiency
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Sadek, Ashraf S. "Conceptual model process for implementing operability and maintainability in the industrial petrochemical industry /." 1994. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/33054821.html.
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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1994.<br>Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 60-64).
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Huang, Yi-Hsiang, and 黃奕翔. "Process Design for Recovery of Organics from Petrochemical Effluents by Extraction and Distillation." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/38235751571528919100.
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Tzu-WeiHuang and 黃子維. "An analysis of the Key Factors in Process Safety Management in Petrochemical Industries by Way of Analytic Hierarchy Process." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/h7qj3d.
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碩士<br>國立成功大學<br>工程管理碩士在職專班<br>104<br>This study is an analysis of the key factors in process safety management in petrochemical industries. Petrochemical industry is a high-risk industry. This study contains collecting risk evaluations of high-risk processes, analyzing and comparing the risk analysis methodologies with local and international process safety related regulations. Through professionals’ evaluation in the petrochemical industry, the key factors in four main criteria and nineteen criteria in its hierarchy are determined, with the application of Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), questionnaire design, case study, and data analysis. After reviewing 24 questionnaires, the results of the influential factors and their weight percentages are as follows: (1) The four main criteria are evaluation, regulations, execution, and improvements; of them, evaluation is the most important. When the analysis results are summarized, the professional knowledge of the participants was determined to be the most important factor in the evaluation criteria, the applicability of equipment regulations was determined to be the most important factor in the regulations criteria, rigorous staff training was determined to be the most important factor in the execution criteria, and constant improvement was determined to be the most important factor in the improvements criteria. (2) The study indicates that rigorous staff training, constant improvement, professional knowledge of participants, proposition of harm prevention and adjustment, availability of complete protective equipment, establishment of safety auditing programs are key factors in process safety management in petrochemical industries. These key factors make up over 50 percent of the entire weight percentage.
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LEE, AN-HSIANG, and 李安祥. "The Study of Stabling The Performance Indicators of Process Safety Management for Petrochemical Pipelines." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/66798183363158823067.
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碩士<br>國立中正大學<br>勞工關係研究所<br>104<br>The research which is developed a model for domestic petrifaction pipeline process safety management establishment of performance indicators. Citing API RP 1173 Pipeline Safety Management System (PSMS) for the architecture foundation, discussing on relating processes of performance assess and implementation steps of investigating the management systematized; that is mainly referenced Occupation Health and Safety Assessment Series (OHSAS) 18001 certification standard and the regulation of performance measurement of Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems (ILO-OSH), Center for Chemical Process Safety (CCPS), proposal on developing and leading process safety performance indicators arguments, and combine with maintenance specification of pipeline inspection and operation requirements of engineering on improvement which are issued by American Petroleum Institute (API), American National Standards Institute (ANSI), to establish petrifaction pipeline safety management system aspects, the crux item and performance indicators should be evaluated. Opinions induction and modification through by national experts of industry, official and university analyzing to propose planning management, operation implementation, supervision measurement, continuous improvement as the main measure aspects, 11 crux operation items, 44 performance measurement indicators and conducting survey of expert, with Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to stipulate relative weight and ordering of performance indicator, then according to the each of measure aspects, crux operation items and weight of performance indicators stipulate for value distribution, work out a “self-rating scale of performance indicator”. Try to fill in “self-rating scale of performance indicator” with each of cases, the result reflected domestic petrifaction pipeline safety management take performance assess of plan and implement seriously, with regard to importance of sustainable improvement not enough clearly. Risk assessment of program quality requirements and staff involved improvement proposals, both required to advance strengthen the importance of the items, the research recommend specific responsibility to advance implementation of safety performance indicator plan. Set up a risk assessment group, management measures to help solve the problem of assessing possible errors, analysis and discussion by the diversity of the risks, ensure that conform with assessment of completeness and quality, and counseling examine by the expert, scholar, safety engineer who has experience in risk assessment, reducing the error occurred. Continuous bring into new knowledge of international standard to use, strengthening staff process procedures, standard train to increase staff’s ability of proposals involved. Constructing learning platform, using similar process to discuss and share on performance indicator with each of cases, to establish performance assess model, continuous improvement performance of self-management.
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TSENG, WEN-JU, and 曾文如. "A Research on Process Safety Management in the Petrochemical Industry Case of F Company." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/s82fay.
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碩士<br>國立雲林科技大學<br>高階管理碩士學位學程<br>107<br>Fossil fuel industry belongs to one of the fundamental industries, which is especially intense in capital and technology. This industry contributes tremendously to a nation's economy. However, flammable, explosive and toxic substances are produced during the process of manufacturing and storing fossil fuel related goods. Should accident happen, it will cause severe economic damage and environmental pollution which the society have to pay the overwhelming cost to solve it.
To prevent industrial accidents, we need complete facilities and a standard procedure to follow. Every corporation should establish a detailed system and a strong industrial security awareness to decrease accidents in fossil fuel industry significantly and also, to ensure the sustainability of the corporation.
This thesis adapted the use of case study method, taking F Cor. as an example, and analyzed the reasons that these accidents occurred. And the fundamental reasons are the lack of industrial security idea, the insufficiency of manufacture risk management, and last but not the least, the inability of learning from former mistakes. By discovering these problems, we should first take the consideration of two major management methods which are respectively the Process Safety Management (PSM) from OSHA【1.Occupational Safety and Health Standards(OSHA) 29 CFR 1910.-API】(USA) and the occupational safety and health management system from Taiwan. These two management approaches could be considered aiding the corporation to establish its own PSM system【2.API RP 750 Management of Process Hazard(1990 edition)。3.API RP 754(2015 edition】, PSM coordinators and a PSM standard to activate relevant efforts; hence the corporation can take up its responsibility and maintain its security. In order to assist corporation to ensure their security regarding equipment and outsourcing, this thesis especially studies Mechanical Integrity Management and Contractor Management among all 14 elements in the PSM. By establishing complete facilities and regulating contractor agreement, hoping that this thesis could be basic assistance of preventing industrial accidents.
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LEE, JUNG-YUANG, and 李榮源. "A Case Study of the Development of Process Safety Performance Indicators for a Petrochemical Plant." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/94728108919559920357.
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碩士<br>國立高雄應用科技大學<br>高階經營管理研究所碩士在職專班<br>102<br>There are increasing number of unusual chemical incidents occurred in recent years in Taiwan. The incident investigations found that poor process and safety management system is the primary reason to blame. These incidents can be prevented if the safety management system can detect and correct the possible faults in advance.
The U.S. Chemical Safety Board has issued several outstanding investigation reports. The investigation report of BP refinery explosion in 2005 points out that Process Safety Performance Indicator (PSPI) plays an important role in safety management. Several developed countries and safety-oriented organizations have developed and implemented process safety performance indicators guidance to various industries for reference.
This study tries to apply the safety guidance by using a Taiwanese chemical process factory as a pilot plant. The safety performance indicators, both leading and lagging, are developed for the selected factory. These indicators are introduced to the safety monitoring system to mitigate risk of chemical processes.. The proposed indicators are monitored and audited currently to examine validity and reliability. Through the implementation of the proposed safety performance indicators for the Risk Control System (RCS), major accidents can be avoided.
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Johnston, Keith Stanley. "The impact of technical specifications on the life cycle costs of process columns in petrochemical facilities." Diss., 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/26787.
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Advances in materials technology, information and management systems have led to improvements in the engineering design, procurement, construction, installation and commissioning of process columns. The development of the front-end engineering design (FEED) process has led to the incorporation of best practices in the specification of equipment on projects during the design phase. The aim of the research is to investigate whether technical specifications have an impact on the life cycle costs of process columns. Adding to the initial capital cost of equipment, in the form of technical specification requirements, in an attempt to reduce life cycle costs, is always challenged during the project phase of a product life cycle. The principle of designing for the full product life cycle of process columns requires that consideration for both the project and operating life cycle be made at the stage of basic engineering. What is important to note is that the potential for life cycle cost savings at the beginning of a product life cycle is higher than during the operating life cycle. Figure S.1 illustrates this concept, and what is observed is that the potential for life cycle cost savings diminishes as the product life progresses over time. Process columns were chosen as the type of equipment to be investigated based on the nature, size and complexity of the equipment when compared to other equipment on a processing unit. Process columns are amongst the highest capital cost pieces of equipment in petrochemical units and usually have many auxiliary pieces of equipment associated with it in a system i.e. reboilers, condensers, pumps etc.<br>Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2009.<br>Graduate School of Technology Management (GSTM)<br>unrestricted
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CHUNG, CHANG-CHANG, and 鄭春長. "Collaborative Operation Mode of Petrochemical Plant Overhaul Process -Take the Aromatic Hydrocarbon Plant Tower for Example." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/kbrtuh.
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碩士<br>國立高雄科技大學<br>資訊管理系<br>107<br>The current petrochemical plant is targeting the overhaul workflow operation model. In the part of the process handover, it has always been conveyed in paper and spoken language as a means of communication. The situation is that it is impossible to accurately describe the progress of the project. Easy to cause information to fall, Inefficient, Lack of notification records, etc., Communicate progress messages by word of mouth and paper. It is easy to cause a situation in which the progress of the entire process cannot be clearly understood. As a result, the entire construction period of the overhaul may be prolonged, resulting in profit loss.
Based on the difficulties of the current situation, this study is based on collaborative work. Use the platform as a handover schedule, Notification status, Can also upload live photo handover progress or status notification, Improve the current mode of operation of oral and paper delivery. In this way, the information on the progress of the handover work can be instantaneous and accurate, and the efficiency can be improved.
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Chang, Chu-Chung, and 張竹鈞. "Petrochemical Material 1,3-Butadiene(C4H6) Apply the Technical Product Newly Process and the Original Process System to the Environmental Effect Assess Analysis." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/20395365423566325779.
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碩士<br>國立中央大學<br>環境工程研究所碩士在職專班<br>95<br>At present in Taiwan''s technical newly process in the poisoning raw material use, Often neglects the product life cycle assessment the environment consideration,This research is the concept and the basis which appraised using the life cycle "the Executive Yuan environmental protection verification poisoning matter use to the new goal use work main point" the stipulation, Analysis pertrochemical material 1,3- butadiene utilization after technical product hard disk (HDD) the original system process (before use) the newly process(use) the life cycle assessment the method appraised as the environment impact influence that, and appraised the target overhead construction understood 1,3- butadiene(C4H6) material attacks the influence in the technical industry use to the latent environment the degree.
This research standard of procedure by the CNS14040 life cycle assessement systematic series standard, outside the collection production activity data for six mouth of material and the reorganization related information bank will use again Boustead Model、SimaPro7、EcoPro、Gibi ,The computer information bank applies mechanically, and completes the preliminary questioning goal life cycle environment impact assessment analysis, obtains various projects impact assess the pass; Again produces the class step by the 1,3- butadiene(C4H6) material investment which makes to the end product, completes the 1,3- butadiene material with the instrumental analysis examination by the reasonable data and the supposition to appraise in the newly process life cycle, and by is new, the old system process in analyzes the comparison to be allowed to obtain the product impact appraisal to close the tangential point, Discharges and the capital energy
influence effect in the operational phase greenhouse effect gas, the comparative analysis result provides the technical industry to assess the product environment design and continues forever the management the reference.
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Shen, Kun-Rong, and 沈坤榮. "Process Research of Shale Natural Gas Liquid (NGL) in the Petrochemical Industry: Ethylene and Vinyl Acetate Monomer." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/w58dpa.
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碩士<br>淡江大學<br>化學工程與材料工程學系碩士班<br>104<br>Recently, since the breakthrough of shale gas mining technology, unconventional shale gas and shale oil resources set off a wave of global-oil-gas and hugely impact the petrochemical industry. The aim of this study is at the design of separating natural gas liquid (NGL) from shale gas. Then we separate ethane from the NGL as raw material for ethylene and, its derivative, vinyl acetate monomer (VAM).
In the NGL separation process, we have to use a train of distillation columns to separate shale gas. The 97.1 mol% purity of ethane enters the cracking furnace mixed with the low-pressure steam in order to produce ethylene. Ethylene, oxygen and vaporized acetic acid enter the tubular reactor which contains 1,100 tubes with 0.037 m in diameter and 10 m in length filled with catalyst. The operating pressure is set at 6.6 atm, and temperature between 150oC and 165oC. We use boiler feed water to keep the reactor temperature below 180oC to prevent the degradation of the catalyst while generating low-pressure-steam for process purpose. Additionally, due to its highly exothermic nature of oxidation reaction, process safety is also considered in the study. Azeotropic column separates acetic acid from vinyl acetate and water and further purified to obtain vinyl acetate monomer (VAM). This study designs a plant capacity of 100,000 metric tons per year of 99 mol% purity of ethylene and a plant capacity of 30,000 metric tons per year of 99 mol% purity of VAM. It is noteworthy that in regarding to the distillation columns, we use a “three-step design procedure” to minimize the reboiler’s heat duty and save the energy consumption. In addition, pinch technology is carried out to heat-integrate the plant-wide VAM process.
Two kinds of software are utilized in the research－Aspen Plus and SuperTarget. The first is applied to implement the process synthesis and design; the second is applied to perform the pinch analysis and the synthesis of heat exchanger network.
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Di, Chan-yi, and 底展毅. "The Working Process and Industry Safety for Refrigeration Contractors-The Case Study of Petrochemical Factories in Kaohsiung." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/56824872300631674345.
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碩士<br>國立高雄大學<br>高階經營管理碩士在職專班(EMBA)<br>99<br>The industrial safety requirement is quite strict in petrochemical factories. Firstly, before entering the factory, cigarettes and lighters must be handed over. Moreover, a flame arrestor must be installed at the end of car muffler. Secondly, before starting to work in the factory, one has to apply the detection of “field concentration of flammable gas” to avoid gas explosion on hot-work.
The working process of refrigeration and air-condition almost contains all engineering work, including complex work, multiple processes, and various materials. It is so complicated that any loss or neglect would cause uncompensated result.
After in-depth interview, we find all bosses of refrigeration and air-condition contractors have same thoughts that working processes must be highly valued and specified in the work ordering to prevent industry-safety accident, which is the main point of this thesis.
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Hwang, Yuang-Fu, and 黃永孚. "A STUDY FOR COMPUTATIONAL MODEL OFEMISSION RATES OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDSOF THE 5 OPERATING FACILITIES OFTHE PETROCHEMICAL PROCESS." Thesis, 2001. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/58614352778682143964.
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碩士<br>元智大學<br>機械工程研究所<br>89<br>Abstract
In this study, the examined results of the the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of the 5 operating facilities (the equipment component, the tank, the vent pipe, the loading rack, and the flare) of the petrochemical processes using the leak, detection, and repair (LDAR) method and the emission, detection, and protection (EDAP) method for the 20 petrochemical factories are employed to compute the VOCs emission rates. Their reduced emission rates of VOCs may then be obtained if the second examination of the LDAR method and the EDAP method is done after the improvement works of air pollution problems are finished by the masters of the petrochemical factories.
For all of the 5 operating facilities of the petrochemical processes, the legal latest date of the Air Pollution Control and Emission Standard of VOCs of the Environment Protection Agency (EPA) in Taiwan is July 1 of 1999. Thus, the computational results of this study may be the first data bank system in Taiwan about the total emission rates and the total reduced emission rates of 5 operating facilities of the petrochemical processes.
The computed total VOCs emission rate of the 5 operating facilities before the improvement works of the masters of factories are finished is 11,439.71 tons/year. The computed total reduced VOCs emission rate is 7814.19 tons/year. Thus, the total reduction rate of the VOCs emission rates computed in this study is 68.31%.
In this study, a computational model is successfully developed to evaluate the VOCs emission rates and the VOCs reduced emission rates of the 5 operating facilities of the petrochemical processes. The computed results present the significant effect to reduce the VOCs emission rates from the 20 petrochemical factories. Therefore, it can be anticipated to use extensively this technique of this study in Taiwan in future to reduce effectively and essentially the VOCs emission rates of all petrochemical factories.
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Hu, Ying-piao, and 胡英標. "Analysis of Financial Structures and Value Creation Process after Y2008 Financial Tsunami-A Case Study of Petrochemical Industry." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/44922929284598006578.
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碩士<br>國立臺灣科技大學<br>財務金融研究所<br>102<br>Taiwan’s petrochemical industries face two major difficulties after Y2008 financial crisis. The cost of crude oil reached highest level and the new naphtha cracker plant is prohibitted to build by the environmental issues. Except Taiwan's CPC and Formosa Petrochemical these two upstream manufcaturers, creating corporate value is very important for middlestream and downstream manufcaturers to keep growing and competitive in the world. I take the middlestream and downstream manufcaturers, Chang Chun Plastics Co., Ltd.(“CCP”), as a case study to analyze the process of value creation about high-value and overseas expansion with EVAOE (Economic Value-Added On Equity).
This case would show how to separate EVAOE into six factors like DuPont formula. Because CCP is not an exchange listed company, this study would demonstrate public traded companies information of Eternal Chemical Co., Ltd. and Taiwan Prosperity Chemical Corporation as the comparable cases. Furthermore, exploring the optimal capital structure of CCP is another research focus of this study.
As the result shows, CCP’s significant capital expenditures for overseas factoriesin recent years causes CCP’s EVAOE is lower and turns to negative trend. CCP could change this situation soon by raising the availability of the equipments, increasing sales volume and accelerating high-value process. This study suggests that the current capital structure of CCP could increase the debt ratio from 50% to 60% and would take advantage of the tax shield effect to reduce the weighted average cost of capital in order to maximize the valueof the company. As for financial supporting, CCP may not get the optimal cost of debt by issuance of corporate bonds. Due to the low interest rates in the financial market, CCP could finance from banks directly.
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Hung, Chen-Hsiang, and 洪晨翔. "Utilization By-product Lime from Petrochemical Industry for CO2 Fixation and Cement Replacement via High-gravity Carbonation Process." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/88413131175335702963.
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碩士<br>國立臺灣大學<br>環境工程學研究所<br>103<br>For the past few years, the climate has been greatly influenced by greenhouse
effects, which is also the main factor that causes global warming. In addition, the
emission control and the regulation technology of carbon dioxide has been getting more
and more attention in the research community. The study of carbonated alkaline waste
of By-product lime (fly ash) produced by Circulating Fluidized Bed Boiler (so called
CFB) in Petrochemical Industry is used to fixate the carbon dioxide. Furthermore, the
study tries to find the best parameters in the carbonation process through changing
parameters to investigate the effect of conversion, among which rotation speed of
Rotating Packed Bed (550-950rpm), tank temperature (20-60 oC) and Solid-liquid ratio
of water and fly ash (15-35 ml/g) are the most important parameters. The carbonated
CFB fly ash will not only be analyzed quantitatively by Thermogravimetric analysis,
but also analyzed qualitatively by Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscope; moreover, we
add Portland cement to make a replaceable feasibility assessment regarding whether the
CFB fly ash is fresh or carbonated. For the purpose of assuring added CFB fly ash will
not cause chemical and structural destruction, we have to take Normal Consistency,
Flow Test, Setting Time, Autoclave Expansion, Drying Shrinkage, Compressive
Strength in account for the Cement mortars. The study result shows that the carbonated
CFB fly ash is definitely better than fresh CFB fly ash, as it is available to fixate carbon
dioxide and reduce the quantity of cement to regulate energy dissipation.
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Huang, Ming-Shun, and 黃明順. "Investigation of Key Factors for Workplace Safety at Cogeneration Plants in the Petrochemical Industry Using the Analytic Hierarchy Process." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/50759369598891582046.
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碩士<br>國立高雄應用科技大學<br>工業工程與管理系碩士在職專班<br>104<br>Effectively lowering the cost of energy use and operating more environmentally friendly cogeneration plants are the keys to the continued operation in the petrochemical industry. Preventative measures for workplace safety are crucial issues due to the complex operating parameters of cogeneration plants and close correlation to petrochemical refinery operations.
As such, this study used the analytic hierarchy process to investigate the key factors for preventing accidents. Factors for managing workplace safety were located using data collection and literature review and expert questionnaires and interviews were screened using content analysis to establish hierarchical evaluation indicators and determine the relative importance of each indicator.
The results of this study and the evaluation indicators established can be referenced by the cogeneration plants in the petrochemical industry when evaluating workplace safety incidents.
Keywords：petrochemical industry; cogeneration; accident; safety management; AHP
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張維鈞. "Using DEMATEL to Explore the Effectiveness and Key Success Factors of Process Safety Management Indexes in the Petrochemical Industry." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/ds247z.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>中華大學<br>工業管理學系<br>106<br>The petrochemical industry is an important basic industry in Taiwan and is characterized by its technology-intensive, capital-intensive and high-risk nature. The purpose of this study is to establish assessment indicators for process safety management in the petrochemical industry in Taiwan, and to further use DEMATEL to discuss the effectiveness and impact of process safety management assessment indicators in the petrochemical industry in order to extract the key successes factors of process safety management in the petrochemical industry. In this study, the process safety management indicators in the petrochemical industry were established through literature analysis and interviews with experts, and 10 experts were invited to conduct DEMATEL expert surveys. The results show that the process safety management indicators in the petrochemical industry established in this study include four major dimensions of planning, personnel, process and equipment, and a total of 15 assessment indicators. According to the results of DEMATEL analysis, four assessment indicators, including personnel's expertise and capabilities, process technology, education, training and drills, and technology change management, are key success factors of the process safety management for Taiwan's petrochemical industry. The above research results are combined into relevant research conclusions to provide reference for the strategic planning of process safety management in the petrochemical industry in Taiwan.
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LIANG, YA-YI, and 梁雅羿. "Analyze the impact of the petrochemical industry on the environment and improve Process Safety Management of Factory of Taiwan." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/f4t362.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立勤益科技大學<br>化工與材料工程系<br>107<br>The manufacturing industry is the foundation of Taiwanese livelihood and the people are the key of the country. Nowadays, generations of factories, “zero waste, zero emissions, and zero accidents” are the key to promoting. According to the data of the Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, Executive Yuan, R.O.C., The petrochemical industry has a production value of 1.78 trillion NTD, accounting for 13.8% of the manufacturing industry, indirectly boosting the output value of 7.06 trillion and contributed about 2.03% of GDP in 2017.
However, its energy consumption accounted for 30.1%, its accidents and pollution, some organic substances are harmful to the environment and the human body, were also notice by citizen. Although the regulations of environmental protection regulations could urge enterprises to reduce emissions and pollution, this method is to cure the symptoms, not the disease.
This article is based on process safety management extends to environmental management and energy use. Some factories of Taiwan are doing self-management due to “Occupational Safety and Health Act” and “Labor Inspection Act”. However, the lack of penalties, relevant knowledge and experience, consequents the occupational disasters unimproved. Thus, after the examination of petrochemical industry, the higher risk element “MI”, “MOC” and “PSSR” of the PSM should be incorporate into the parent law to promote the government to face the problems.
The petrochemical industry supervision is a routine matter of Industrial Development Bureau, Ministry of Economic Affairs, but the effect was not significant. However, novel way, examination of petrochemical industry, setting up the three baseline indicators "Process Safety Management", "Environmental Protection" and "Energy Efficiency" could be real enterprise promotion.
The examination of petrochemical industry is running by government and enterprises. The priority test four processes plant area in each four major subsidiaries as Acrylate Plant, Aromatics Second Plant, Olefin Third Plant and B Glycol factory. They selected by the degree of risk, including the main indicators (The number of accidents in the past three years, the number of shutdowns in the past three years, and the multiples of chemical operation risks from 0 to 64000.) and the secondary indicators (The numbers of dispose of environmental protection, the numbers of dispose of dispose of occupational safety event, and the numbers of dispose of petition of occupational safety in the three years.).
However, the data of environmental impacts and occupational safety records is more objective. In the fourth chapter of this paper indicates that the top of risk rank is the Formosa Petrochemical- Mailiao first plant. It selected by environmental impact including poisonous compounds, air pollutants, waste generation, and sewage discharge. Moreover, the data related of PSM of “Occupational Safety and Health Act” inform that the top three of worst rank of PSM are MI, PHA and PSSR. Furthermore, the worst PSM execution is Isooctanol plant (2EH).
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WANG, I.-FENG, and 王一峰. "The Study of Analytical Hierarchy Process to Choosing the Petrochemicals Suppliers." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/y3javu.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立臺北科技大學<br>管理學院工業工程與管理EMBA專班<br>107<br>The Petrochemicals industry is a high-capital-intensive, high-tech-intensive industry. Its upstream raw material prices and supply are mainly affected by factors such as crude oil, supply and demand, and economy. Although the information is open and transparent, Petrochemical companies have to consult internationally in addition to self-production and sales. Traders intermediaries, resales, and transportation. Such suppliers are mixed. In addition to long-term stable sources, delivery dates, and specifications, there is no literature or research to systematically analyze suppliers selection indicators or factors.
Due to the high proportion of raw material costs in the petrochemical industry (several 85~90%), plus the special conditions and annual repairs, they are characterized by 24-hour continuous production. Once the production of raw materials is lacking, the whole plant will be forced to stop. As a result of huge losses in production capacity and sales, in addition to the price, stable and reliable raw material suppliers will become the key competitive key for petrochemical plants. Therefore, if a set of fast and effective raw material supplier selection factors can be set, It helps to timely check and reduce the hidden supply risk of suppliers.
This study confirms the indicators through the Delphi method, and then uses the Analytic Hierachy Process (AHP) to select the importance of each indicator of the petrochemical raw material supplier, and selects the top 50%. Selection indicators, including: industry reputation (12.69%), financial status (12.24%), geographic risk tolerance (7.86%), document delivery speed (7.73%), past trading experience (7.23%), production capacity (7.00%), In addition to its academic value, it can also be applied to the petrochemical industry immediately. It can also be studied to integrate the operating rate, capacity and financial status of Asian or global petrochemical plants. The geographical risk and even economic, political, policy and other factors for the collection and analysis of big data will make this research more evolved into a prediction of the price and trend of petrochemical raw materials.