Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Pétrole – Exploitation'
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Augé, Benjamin. "Produire du pétrole en zone de conflit : cas de l'Afrique médiane." Paris 8, 2012. http://octaviana.fr/document/172757290#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0.
Full textOil exploration has been changing at break-neck speed since the oil price began to spike around the year 2000. Exploration is now taking place in around 40 countries on the continent. No barriers or difficulties whatsoever stand in the way of companies turning up to search for new reserves, a key raw material to fuel the continuous growth of the global economy. In Africa, western majors are joined by companies from Asia, Russia and Brazil. But on a continent where conflicts are widespread, oil extraction can superimpose itself on unstable situations. This doctoral thesis aims to explain how oil exploration/production can exacerbate pre-existing tensions. To focus on this particular issue, examples will be cited from across Africa but we will look at greater depth at central-east Africa, a vast area composed of the Great Lakes region and eastern Africa. In the 1990s this region was plagued by two wars that raged in Democratic Republic of Congo. Coalition forces fought over a country whose mineral resources are still being looted by neighboring nations and local militias at the expense of the Congolese government. Oil exploration around the borders of eastern Congo has fuelled new conflicts with former adversaries (Rwanda and Uganda). Elsewhere, the theft of crude by Angola around the mouth of the Congo River has been the price that Joseph Kabila's family has had to pay to remain in power. South Sudan, which broke away from the North in 2011, has created a dangerous precedent; the move demonstrated that the 19th century borders of Africa are not definitive. And the role of oil in the process has been decisive
Boukherissa, Malika. "Etude de la stabilité des asphaltènes dans le pétrole brut : choix de dispersants et le mécanisme d'action." Thesis, Metz, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008METZ026S/document.
Full textThe precipitation of asphaltenes during oil extraction plug up the well bore and causes serious damages diminishing the oil productivity. To prevent asphaltene precipitation additives are injected in the well bore to stopping aggregation. The objective of our study was to synthesis and to test the efficiency of a new family of flocculation inhibition based on the ionic liquids containing an imidazolium cation. The flocculation test were carried out with different experimental techniques and it was shown that certain of these molecules are very efficient. An efficient dispersant should delay the flocculation process and and limit the size of the flocculating flocs. Thus, in flocculating fluids, flocs are maintained in suspension and do not hinder the crude oil flux
Eteme, Marie-Josiane Mireille. "Aspects juridiques des contrats pétroliers d'exploration et d'exploitation en mer : approches comparées." Nantes, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012NANT4011.
Full textExploration and production (E & P) contracts are used to regulate the contractual relationship between a sovereign state, owner of oil resources and a private Company exploiting them. E & P contracts have the main characteristic of being in a global economy context, the result of the needs of the general interest and to set on equal terms public and private interests. Historically prédominant form of contract, the concession contract was governed by the host state's domestic law. This tradition is gradually abandoned in favor of the internationalization of petroleum contracts, with the risk of neglecting the necessary balance between the respect of the state sovereignty and the protection of investor private interests. On a comparative approach, this thesis will outline the law of E & P contracts and the different regimes that may regulate litigations arising from them
Gravelin, Blandine. "Les effets du pétrole sur l'organisation socio-spatiale en Amazonie équatorienne." Paris 3, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA030011.
Full textIn the napo province (ne of ecuador), the discovery of oil fields in the 60's has led to the construction of a highway from quito to working zone. It is located around 300m over sea level, on well drained soils. Access from the andean regions and local roads induce the arrival of migrants looking for free land. Settlement and agriculturial development meet geopolitical aims of the country's governements, but very little assistance nor understructure is given. The native groups adapt more or less to the new context. A dozen years after the first roads, oil exploitation goes on as the pionneers do. But colonization does not seem able to create an organized region with its urban network
Dos, Santos Edmilson Moutinho. "Approche évolutionniste de la compétitivité des activités amont de la filière pétrolière dans une perspective de long terme." Dijon, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997DIJOE003.
Full textThe purpose of this work is to analyze the concept of competitiveness of companies and nations in the upstream sector of the international oil industry, trying to identify the possibilities of future development of this sector as well as the interactions that may exist between different actors such as governments, consumers and oil companies to boost or relaunch the competitive position of their enterprises and countries in the international context of the industry. In order to attain that, we analyze the developments of the most important economic attributes that characterize the oil activity as well as its most crucial political aspects. We develop a model of "oil competition" and a definition of "oil competitiveness" that take clearly into consideration both the differences between various oil actors and the dynamic aspects linked to the evolution of the oil industry. We do so by constructing an evolutionist model of competition and competitiveness. This approach emulates a "biological process" where firms and the economic environment interact with each other within a process similar to "natural selection" with the survival of the fittest. This evolutionist model adopts some analytical instruments established by Michael Porter, from the university of Harvard, to interpret the changes and the dissimilarities of behavior of various oil actors as well as to explain their respective role in the new oil world that is being organized. Thus, we introduce the notions of "dominant form of competition" and "generic strategy of enterprises". Then, we use our methodology to analyze the past of the oil industry (the stability and the instability). We conclude this work by discussing about the future evolution of the oil activities in the context of a new long term cycle of investment for the sector
Carrier, Bruno. "Modélisation des coupes lourdes des fluides pétroliers." Aix-Marseille 3, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989AIX30009.
Full textHaefelin, Arnaud. "Le rôle de l'innovation technologique comme facteur de structuration de la sous-filière parapétrolière." Paris 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA010056.
Full textThe oil industry chain is wide : it starts from the exploration of oil and ends with the gasoline for the car tank. Within the industry chain, we can find a activity which becomes more and more important : the "oil and gas services industry". The upstream of the industry is made of two main activities : the exploration and the production. Step by step the majors began to use smaller firms as subcontractors in order to further reduce their cost and to benefit from new technologies available. The purpose of this thesis will be to analyze the influence of the technological evolution on one hand on the cost and market structure, on the other hand on the firms found on the branch. In order to conceptualize the influence of new technology, we will be using different concepts as : - the advantages of the big sized firms. - the diffusion process by schumpeter. - the cycles and innovation strategy. - the technological race concept. - the subcontracting theory. In the oil branch, the most important point of the technological evolution is innovation, which influences the market structure in creating a oligopolistic structure in the industry. The two main components in oil and gas services industry which have benefited from new technologies are geophysics and drilling. Because of the innovation, both of them have been and will be completely transformed by the effect of diversification, segmentation and by the search of cost reduction
Silveira, Mastella Laura. "Semantic exploitation of engineering models : application to petroleum reservoir models." Centre de géosciences (Fontainebleau, Seine et Marne), 2010. https://pastel.hal.science/pastel-00005770.
Full textThis work intends to propose innovative solutions for the exploitation of heterogeneous models in engineering domains. It pays a special attention to a case study related to one specific engineering domain: petroleum exploration. Experts deal with many petroleum exploration issues by building and exploiting three-dimensional representations of underground (called earth models). These models rest on a large amount of heterogeneous data generated every day by several different exploration activities such as seismic surveys, well drilling, well log interpretation and many others. Considering this, end-users wish to be able to retrieve and re-use at any moment information related to data and interpretations in the various fields of expertise considered along the earth modeling chain. Integration approaches for engineering domains needs to be dissociated from data sources, formats and software tools that are constantly evolving. Our solution is based on semantic annotation, a current Web Semantic technique for adding knowledge to resources by means of semantic tags. The "semantics" attached by means of some annotation is defined by ontologies, corresponding to "formal specifications of some domain conceptualization". In order to complete engineering model exploitation, it is necessary to provide model integration. Correspondence between models in the ontology level is made possible thanks to semantic annotation. An architecture, which maps concepts from local ontologies to some global ontology, then ensures that users can have an integrated and shared global view of each specific domain involved in the engineering process. A prototype was implemented considering the seismic interpretation activity, which corresponds to the first step of the earth modeling workflow. The performed experiments show that, thanks to our solution, experts can formulate queries and retrieve relevant answers using their knowledge-level vocabulary
Nan-Nguema, Sandrine. "Mémoires pétrolières au Gabon." Paris 7, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA070076.
Full textGabon's Petroleum memories began in the early 1900s. They are rooted in older memories from which they were fed. Territorial and genealogical knowledge of the nomad tribes represented the main aspect of collective memory during Gabon's pre-colonial period. Memory was transmitted through orality in a context of slavery. This context caused the appearance of a social hierarchy within tribes and among those established along the river Ogooué. Slavery was the first economic cycle to bind Europe to future Gabon. With the colonisation new memory contents based upon specialised economic cycles reshaped Gabonese societies. These cycles were mainly concentrated on small land extensions, in a little country counting few people. The exploiting of the Okoumé was the last of these cycles ; it started at the beginning of the 19th century thirty years before the petroleum conquest would follow the colonial and precolonial cycles inheriting and remoulding their own memories. The first Oil discovery in Gabon on the Mandji Island in 1956 occurred few years before the independence, in 1960. Once again, all the human energies of the country were focused on this cycle, which "petrolized" and urbanized the coast. This cycle reinforced the social hierarchies that pre-existed while adding new ones : national professional categories separated "Expatriates" from "Africans", and "Managers" from "Non Managers". An oil ideology was emerging. Written, it served both the Gabonese state and the oil company. Meanwhile, an orality of an injured memory was spoken among the lower classes of society. These memories were mixing, getting richer with the impact of politics and religion through collective or individual strategies of identity defence
Nyouki, Evariste. "Asymétries et externalités d'informations, stratégies des compagnies et efficacité informationnelle de l'exploration pétrolière." Montpellier 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MON10060.
Full textNdoutoumé, Ngome Jonathan. "Les aspects géopolitiques et géostratégiques de l'exploitation pétrolière dans les pays du golfe de Guinée." Nantes, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007NANT3007.
Full textThe Middle-East, the world’s largest oil producer, no longer seems to be suffiscient guarantee for the current demand, not because its huge oil reserves are empty, but due to the insecurity and instability prevailing there. That is why other areas of production, such as the Gulf of Guinea, gain access to this new oil geopolitics the world knows. The Gulf of Guinea is an area endowed with abundant oil reserves in sea. Though those undeniable potentialities, far from contributing to socio-economic rise, oil turns out to be rather a factor of competition among powers, geopolitical tension among and within states in the Gulf of Guinea. This situation stems from the crucial role played by African states as providers of raw materials. It is what this dissertation tries to demonstrate through the description, the analysis of the geopolitical and geostrategic aspects of oil exploitation in the states of the Gulf of Guinea. This study proposes a global thought on the necessity of good governing in the area, in order to obtain a sustainable and balanced exploitation of oil
Nsatounkazi, Armand-Guy. "La survivance des valeurs traditionnelles et familiales Kongo en milieu pétrolier à Pointe-Noire : le cas des agents et ouvriers d'Elf-Congo et Agip-Recherches Congo." Paris 8, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1927PA081231.
Full textThrough the conflict between tradition and modernity, the oil phenomenon of the pointe-noire of congo has partially contributed in the bursting of some cultural and social kongo values. Workmen and employees, kongo belonging to elf-congo and agip-recherches congo and partly separated from their traditional environment, are now facing problems such as : -remaining thoroughly faithful to the logic of a world sticking to traditional structures which some sides less and less appeal to reality ; - or including more and more modernity, so as to improve the structures ; - or furthermore combining modernism as a complementary element with the traditional society. Today the lineage relations are mainly struck by this problem
Nasr, Eldin Hany. "La confiance dans la joint venture internationale : Le cas de la JVOC du secteur pétrolier égyptien." Caen, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005CAEN0623.
Full textOrtiz, Ortiz Martín. "L'histoire de l'exploitation pétrolière dans l'Etat de Tabasco, 1900-1960." Perpignan, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PERP0506.
Full textThe history of petroleum exploitation at Tabasco State, 1900-1960, is a made study in base of utilization of primary information that comes from documental sources of first hand that are situated in the general Archives of the Nation and in the historical Archives of Pémex at México City. For elaborating this thesis : a) I took the elements that integrate the petroleum socio-economic phenomenon as, the petroleum lessees enterprises and the perforation enterprises, the wells, the fields, the camps, the bombs stations, the warehouses, the ducts and petrochemistries ; b) Too, I took the stages of the same oil develop as, the geophysique exploration of ground, the wells perforation, the production, the transport, the refination, the distribution end the consume of the petroleum. During the explication of origin and develop of petroleum exploitation, I saw ones questions : a) that the information of bibliohemerographic sources repeat the passed information and the archives give us unknown and new information ; b) that the existence of documentals sources in archives is impressive for the investigation in different areas of knowlege ; and c) that today at México, the integral investigation about the petroleum is scarce and minimum
Aoun, Marie-Claire. "La rente pétrolière et le développement économique des pays exportateurs." Paris 9, 2008. http://basepub.dauphine.fr/theses/2008PA090034.
Full textRincon, Nancy. "Traitement anaérobie des eaux de production des champs pétroliers." Toulouse, INSA, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002ISAT0032.
Full textThe anaerobic biodegradability of water separated from extracted crude oil-light, medium or heavy, both individually or mixed together - was studied in 3 types of reactor (batch, SBR, UASB). Water separated from extracted light crude showed good biodegradability whereas that of water separated out from other crudes or mixtures was poor. The poor levels of biodegradability recorded were attributable to the composition of the separated water and not to any toxic effect on the anaerobic sludges. To obtain optimal results with water separated from extracted light crude, and in the operating conditions prevailing here, the maximum loading rate should be less than 2. 5 kg COD/m3. D and the hydraulic retention time above 10 hours. Below 10 hours, excessive acidification and methanogenesis occur. The twinning of ozonization and methanisation did not result in improved biodegradability for water showing low methanisation potential. A rapidly calculated sizing for a UASB rector was carried out, based an a concrete example (storage zone of ULE), and compared to an aerobic treatment system : the aim here was to enable the PDVSA (Venezuelan Petroleum company) to carry out an economic study of both solutions
Di, Meglio Florent. "Production de pétrole : étude dynamique et contrôle des écoulements à bouchons." Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00617949.
Full textFontaine, Guillaume. "Le prix du pétrole : ethnicité et gouvernance des conflits socio-écologiques en Equateur et en Colombie dans les années 1990." Paris 3, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA030081.
Full textOmri, Mohamed Ali. "Fiscalité pétrolière : impact sur l'activité exploration-production des hydrocarbures : cas de la Tunisie." Nice, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995NICE0020.
Full textFollowing the decrease of hydrocarbon production of the country, the tunisian government had taken fiscal measures in order to encourage companies for developping hydrocarbon activities. It is appear, by using an econometric model that the taxation has no significant effect on exploration activity. Otherwise, the taxation effects on production activity is clear by reducing the partition gap between state and company and allowin g the development of marginal discoveries
Khébri, Salah. "Modélisation et optimisation des capacités et structures du raffinage européen aux horizons 1995,2000 et 2010." Dijon, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993DIJOE012.
Full textThe substantial restructuring of the european refininf industry after the second oil shock, resulted in the shutdown of 37% of its 1980 capacity, (up to 50% for France and west Germany). This was the consequence of the shutdown of almost all inland refineries and the concentration of activity in large units, particularly those integrated with petrochemical sites. A decade later, the position of the european refining industry has improved. Utilisation rates exced 80% and margins are, in general acceptable. The question now is what will influence the future profitability of this sector. The modelling and optimization of european refining to 1995, 2000 and 2010, which is the objective of this research, is a tool to determine the optimum capacities and configuration to cover the european demand for petroleum products. Simulations, made with a linear programming model, show that Europe will not be able to cover all product demand, because the marginal costs of naphta and mtbe would be above the opportunity cost of imports. For the horizon years examined, europe will have a capacity deficit in conversion plant, both classic conversion e. G. Fcc and hydrocracking, and in advanced octane upgrading, e. G. Alkylation, isomerisation and mtbe. The capital investment required for the necessary plants is estimated at between 20 and 30 milliard for the period 2000-2010
Mercier, Philippe. "Les stratégies de production pétrolière des pays du Moyen-Orient." Dijon, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998DIJOE006.
Full textThe purpose of this thesis is to analyse the relations between the middle eastern oil producing countries. How economics can contribute to better explain the production behaviours of theses countries ? What about the effects ? This study is based on : - an empirical analysis of the real production strategies of the middle eastern countries, which mostly belong to the OPEC. We will try to concentrate on the following notions : cooperation/conflict/rationality of behaviours. Also, we will demonstrate how the study of international relations, especially the exercise of influence between nations, can contribute an original point of view ; - a theoretical analysis : what kind of solutions the economic theory can provide, as it may be classical or modem (particularly the game theory), to explain these behaviours
Lopera, Sergio Hernando. "Extraction pétrolière et politique énergétique durable : le cas colombien." Grenoble 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005GRE21012.
Full textCingotti, Béatrice. "Étude du mécanisme d'action d'une famille de copolymères inhibiteurs cinétiques susceptibles de modifier la cristallisation des hydrates de méthane." Grenoble INPG, 1999. https://theses.hal.science/tel-01351384.
Full textGarza-Garza, Rodolfo. "L'exploitation pétrolière au Mexique, le cadre juridique, les politiques et la structure de l'industrie." Paris 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA010287.
Full textDivided in three parts, this thesis analyses, respectively, the legal framework for oil exploration and commercial exploitation, the monopolistic structure of these activities in mexico, and the petroleum policies of the Mexican government, several theoretical approches are used in order to better analyse the Mexican model. The first part is about the "regime" concerning underground ownership and the juridical principles for exploration and production of oil, i. E. , the principle of constitutionality, the principle of public utility, the principle of permanent sovereignty over oil ressources, and, mainly, the principle of monopoly ; later, this part analyses the legal "regime" per se, i. E. , the titles which autorise the making of the various petroleum down-stream operations, and the rights and duties which this titles create. The second part tries to put in a theoretical perspective the Mexican "regime", as a model of managed monopoly, with its limitations regarding the freedom of management and the freedom of contractual policy of the state enterprise petroleos mexicanos. This part allows us to see and understand the different relations between the national compary and the state, on the one hand, and between petroleos mexicanos and the union of oil workers, on the other hand, the former being of an administrative caracter, and the latter of an inner political one. Finally, this second part briefly analyses the main features of petroleos mexicanos as an oil compary : vertical and horizontal integration, the organizational structure for the exploration and production of hydrocarbons. The third part studies the oil planning in mexico, mainly the making an implementation of policies which have a direct impact upon the oil exploration and production activities in Mexico
Lopez, Simon. "Modélisation de réservoirs chenalisés méandriformes : approche génétique et stochastique." Phd thesis, Paris, ENMP, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003ENMP1260.
Full textPaoletti, Ciro. "La privatisation modifie-t elle la gouvernance de l'entreprise? L'exemple du secteur pétrolier (ENI) en Italie." Thesis, Paris Est, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PESC0070/document.
Full textENI – Ente Nazionale Idrocarburi – is one of the leading oil group in the world and a major enterprise in Italy. A former public group, it was privatized 15 years ago and it is a good case-study providing an answer to the question included in the title : does privatization modify an enterprise's governance?The answer is complex and it is made harder due to facts and problems occurred during the years and which are exposed in dissertation. It was necessary to consider many questions before realizing whether privatization modified governance and if the latter was successful or not. first of all, which was the period to take in consideration? It was necessary to look at the whole period since the start of privatization till our days, because it was the only way to understand the situation.There was an additional reason, strictly linked to oil-system to look at the longest period: on whole: sometimes 15 up to 20 years are needed to get the results of an investment as the exploitation of an oilfield, hence, it was impossible to consider a short term and it was necessary to look at the whole period.Last, there was one more problem : stakeholders' role. Did stakeholders support a gain-getting and a no-losses policy in the ENI Group ? Was the Group really able in getting always the best result and, in case not, which was its stakeholders' role, or which was its major stakeholder's - that is to say the Italian State – role? And how was this role explained ? Did it optymize entrepreneurial results or not, and, if so, did it allow the Group to get the results in optymization, prices lowering, product improvement, and client satisfaction which, according to the scholars, should be at the same time the task and the result of a privatization ?
Willemez, Alix. "Exploitation durable des ressources énergétiques et minérales marines : aspects juridiques." Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01D016/document.
Full textThe exploitation of terrestrial energy and mineral resources is limited by the rapid increase of the world's population. It was only after the Second World War that States realised that they had to control the ocean in order to extract its resources. 1982 marks the adoption of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. The maritime are: was then divided into zones, over which coastal States most often had rights. This division allowed for a better exploitation of maritime resources. In the territorial sea, for example, States could set up electricity production systems from renewable sources. Further, in the exclusive economic zone, States could allow the exploration and exploitation of hydrocarbons. Finally, on the continental shelf, the evolution of technology will soon allow us to exploit marine mineral resources. The central question is whether it is possible to exploit these resources in a sustainable way without destroying the marine environment. The protection of the environment cannot exist without a strong and applied legislation. It must be a bulwark against the actions of companies or States that have little regard for the long-term impact of their actions. The ocean, immense, with invisible and mysterious bottoms, is vulnerable. Its protection can only take place when the general public, States and companies understand its importance for the survival of Humanity. It is the duty of the men and women of law to render this protection effective
Dilintas, Georgios. "Étude mécanique et numérique de liaisons manchonnées en matériaux composites." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987ECAP0018.
Full textProvost, Elise. "Études thermodynamique et structurale de deux n-alcanes lourds (n-hexacosane et n-octacosane) et de leurs mélanges dans des solvants organiques contenant sept atomes de carbone." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997INPL069N.
Full textMbangare, Mobe Milaiti. "La richesse pétrolière : une malédiction pour les pays d'Afrique de l'Ouest ? Une étude comparative." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/18551.
Full textLoubaki, Mbon Patrick. "Les contrats d'investissements chinois en Afrique subsaharienne : analyse juridique et stratégique des contrats d'exploration et d'exploitation du pétrole." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0450/document.
Full textIn recent years, we have witnessed the great return of China to Africa. To promote a new economic partnership, China set up the bilateral forum on China-Africa cooperation held for the first edition in Beijing in 2000 and brought together Heads of State and businessmen. This forum, which is a model of commercial development, is in line with the White Paper on China's African Policy, published in January 2006, which reveals that China is working on the establishment and development of a new type of partnership. characterized by equality and mutual trust in a 'win - win' spirit at the economic and especially the oil level. The black continent especially south of the Sahara, which has 9.4% of the world's oil reserves, a potential comparable to that of Iraq, now accounts for 11.4% of oil production. Thus, the African continent appears as a providential land for Chinese companies with investment opportunities considered as the realization of prospecting projects through joint ventures. However, it has been found that oil contracts between Chinese companies and African states are unbalanced. Three reasons can explain it: firstly because the African states are economically fragile, then they often in delicacy with the international institutions and thus need the support of great powers, of which China, finally these states are weak, with executives less trained to negotiate oil contracts. This suggests that these contracts are leonine, whose legal nature is not that of state contracts for lack of principle pact sunt servanda. However, in order to attract foreign investment, African states grant immense benefits and guarantees to foreign investors, accept the stability and inviolability of the contract, favor international arbitration and denationalization of the contract. Unfortunately, money from oil contracts does not allow the development of states to the point of fueling internal conflicts. At the point where the responsibility of oil companies is difficult to question, even when it comes to issues of sustainable development or protection of local populations around oil sites
Tonfack, Kenfack Thérèse Flaviane. "Eldorado pétrolier dans le Golfe de Guinée. Risques et menaces sur la sécurité des approvisionnements." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO30043.
Full textThe rarefaction of the oil resource, the insecurity in the main oil region of the world (Arab-Persian Gulf) made the Gulf of Guinea the new oil El Dorado. The offshore character of its production, the Miss information of the real value of its proved reserve, the quality of its crude oil and political & economic legislations current in this region are guarantees of security of the oil supplies for the western world. Since the 90s, the oil resource of the Gulf of Guinea instigates the greeds of majors. Consequence of this attractiveness, Gulf of Guinea became a zone of convergence of the interests of countries developed as well as emergent’s countries. The geo-economic interests and current geopolitics in this region, situated in the heart of Africa, instigate rivalries and confrontations between actors making be afraid of oil war.Certainly, the opening of the Gulf of Guinea on the world represents a great interest in the organized maritime military strategies, and gives a new vision of the stakes. But it does not have to obliterate the reality of the facts. Between geography-economy and geopolitics, the pseudo-guarantee of security of oil supply that would offer the oil of the Gulf of Guinea made more and more the object of deep debates within the scientific and political communities. It is in this context that we chose to be interested at the risks and threaten who in fine can reduce even to interrupt the oil supplies in the Gulf of Guinea, in terms of stakes, risks, threats and potential challenges for decade to come
Tognisso, Djivede Elvire. "Écoulements de fluides complexes en milieu poreux : utilisation de micelles géantes pour la Récupération Améliorée du Pétrole." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR14347/document.
Full textAmong all the Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) methods used to improve oil recovery, chemical methods require the use of complex fluids like polymers or surfactant solutions. Those fluids present particular chemical and mechanical properties allowing to modify viscosity and/or interfacial tension to increase oil recovery. However, polymer solutions show a high sensitivity to shear rates existing close to wells and may lose their mechanical properties when they are injected in a porous media. An alternative method could be to use self arrangement of surfactant molecules (wormlike micelles) to displace oil in porous media. These systems show not only a similar behaviour as polymers but also a low sensibility to temperature and shear rates.The goal of this experimental work is to study the flow of wormlike micelle solutions innatural porous media in order to determine its ability to flow and displace oil in place. Itconsists in a characterization at laboratoty scale. We will use natural porous media in orderto be close to a realistic situation. This study is divided in three parts:- A rheological characterization of the micellar system- A monophasic injection within the porous medium- A diphasic _ow study of oil displacementThe results of this work are compared to standard reference experiments using classicaltechniques such as ASP or polymer injection
Serje, Margarita. "L'envers de la nation : la nature et la nature des choses dans les territoires sauvages et no man's lands en Colombie." Paris, EHESS, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003EHES0146.
Full textNdong, Emane Chuberlin Léandre. "Le pétrole de l'Afrique subsaharienne : un enjeu stratégique dans la genèse de l'industrie pétrolière publique française (1928-1977)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2023SORUL044.pdf.
Full textAt the end of the Second World War, France learnt its lessons from this conflict. Energy was used for geostrategic and geopolitical purposes to demonstrate power. The two great world wars thus revealed oil as an object of influence, relationship and strength capable of granting victory to whoever possessed it. To this end, as the Count of Fels points out: "The nation that has no oil will no longer have a navy, an army and credit, and will fall into the humiliated category of subordinate nations (...). Without oil, there is no real national independence". Thus, all the states embarked on a frantic race to obtain this black oil by all possible means. Since France had no real oil potential on its territory, it turned to its immense colonial empire. On 1 November 1954, the first commercially exploitable French oil discovery was made in the Algerian Sahara. Unfortunately, this discovery took place at the same time as the Algerian national liberation war. This oil discovery was used by the Algerians as a blackmail tool in the negotiations between Algeria and France. These negotiations led to a split in favor of almost total independence for Algeria. A few years later, France made an important discovery in French Equatorial Africa on the island of Ozouri (now Port-Gentil) in Gabon. This was followed by several other oil and gas discoveries in Central Africa, both in Gabon and in Congo-Brazzaville. This is how France is now pinning its hopes on Gabon. This discovery of black gold not only enables France to obtain oil supplies, but also to occupy a respectable place in the great concert of nations. These discoveries of hydrocarbons unequivocally contributed to the birth of the French oil group ELF. Central Africa in general, and Gabon in particular, is an important asset in the realization of the vision of the past of a "free" oil, and in the long term, of a French national oil industry
عد الحرب العالمية الثانية، تعلمت فرنسا من هذا الصراع. تُستخدم الطاقة لأغراض عرض الطاقة الجيوستراتيجية والجيوسياسية. وهكذا تكشف الحربان العالميتان الكبيرتان عن النفط كهدف للنفوذ والعلاقة والقوة قادر على منح النصر لمن يمتلكه. ولهذه الغاية، كما يشير كونت فيلس، "الأمة التي ليس لديها نفط، لن يكون لها بعد الآن بحرية وجيش وائتمان، وستندرج في الفئة المهينة من الدول التابعة (...). بدون النفط، لا يوجد استقلال وطني حقيقي! " هذه هي الطريقة التي تشرع بها جميع الدول في سباق محموم للحصول على هذا النفط الأسود بكل الوسائل الممكنة. لم يكن لدى فرنسا أي إمكانات نفطية حقيقية على أراضيها، لذلك لجأت إلى إمبراطوريتها الاستعمارية الهائلة. في 1 نوفمبر 1954، شهدنا أول اكتشاف نفطي فرنسي قابل للاستغلال التجاري في الصحراء الجزائرية. لسوء الحظ، يحدث هذا الاكتشاف في نفس اللحظة التي تبدأ فيها حرب التحرير الوطني الجزائرية. استخدم الجزائريون هذا الاكتشاف النفطي كأداة للابتزاز في المفاوضات بين الجزائر وفرنسا. أدت هذه المفاوضات إلى انقسام لصالح استقلال شبه كامل للجزائر. بعد بضع سنوات، اكتشفت فرنسا اكتشافًا مهمًا في إفريقيا الاستوائية الفرنسية في جزيرة أوزوري (الآن بورت جنتيل) في الغابون. ويتبع هذا الأخير العديد من الاكتشافات الأخرى للنفط والغاز في وسط إفريقيا، في كل من الغابون والكونغو برازافيل. هكذا تبني فرنسا آمالها الآن على الغابون. هذا الاكتشاف للذهب الأسود يسمح لفرنسا ليس فقط بمصدر النفط، ولكن أيضًا باحتلال مكان محترم في حفلة الأمم العظيمة. من الواضح أن هذه الاكتشافات الهيدروكربونية هي جزء من ولادة مجموعة النفط الفرنسية elf. ووسط أفريقيا بوجه عام، وغابون بوجه خاص، رصيد هام في تحقيق الرؤية القديمة للنفط «الفرنك»، وفي الأجل الطويل، رؤية صناعة النفط الوطنية الفرنسية
Blum, Veronique. "Le contenu informationnel des réserves pétrolières : pertinence des actifs spécifiques mesurée par le modèle d'Ohlson." Thesis, Paris 10, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA100160.
Full textDespite a fifteen years work, the international standard setter, the International Accounting Standard Board (IASB) hasn't succeeded in its attempt to define a specific standard relative to extractive activities. This semi-failure raises the following - maybe unresolved - question : does an informational content proper to specific activities exist, and if it does, which would be its appropriate communication form ? Despite the restrictive aspect of a scope admitting that IASB's primary target is the shareholder, our work subsequently started with the evaluation of his/her perceptions. Consistent with the IASB's point of view, we mobilized the positivist theory in an eleven years longitudinal study, covering a period of low barrel prices - in 1996/1997- and the sudden raise of 2004, to study the way in which the market(s) perceive(s) the disclosures of specific items relative to oil and gas activities. The latter are characterized by the presence of specific assets, sometimes strategic, described by the standard setter as highly uncertain. A literature review offers a retrospective on previous researches questioning the value-relevance of either the volume or the value of oil and gas reserves, and on the Real Options Reasoning that is tested in our empirical work. Our examination, on a international sample, of the link between specific accounting disclosures and the market value relies on the Ohlson's model and provides us with some insights on the identification of multicollinearity as likely present when dealing with specific variables
Dikoume, Albert. "La fiscalité pétrolière comparée dans les États membres de la CEMAC." Paris 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA010271.
Full textJuteau-Martineau, Guilhem. "Quand les instruments de participation reconduisent l'incapacité politique : le cas de la régulation sociale et environnementale des activités pétrolières en Équateur." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2019. http://dante.univ-tlse2.fr/id/eprint/7252.
Full textIn this thesis, we study the social (Reynaud, 1987, 1991) and environmental regulation of oil activities in the Ecuadorian Amazon, through two case studies: the parishes of Pacayacu and Dayuma, where oil exploitation begins in the mid-1970s. From the 1990s, a series of publications (Little, 1992, UPPSAE, 1992, Kimerling, 1993, CESR, 1994, San Sebastian, 2000) links petroleum activities to different environmental, health and socio-cultural impacts. Their mediatization forces the state and oil companies to adopt a series of social and environmental standards. Recently, a series of instruments of institutionalized political participation claim to integrate local populations in the environmental regulation of oil activities. In this thesis, we study the implementation of these norms and their effects on the capacities of populations located in the area of influence of oil activities to collectively reduce their overall vulnerability (Wilches-Chaux, 1989). The historical evolution of the structural vulnerability of populations, particularly economic and social, leads to the diversion of environmental standards from their primary objective (right to a healthy environment): on the one hand, people accept pollution in exchange for punctual economic and social favors granted by the companies; on the other hand companies agree to run off a portion of the oil profits to ensure social peace. We show that under the guise of reform, the new instruments (Lascoumes, Le Gales, 2012) fulfill a function of "socialwashing", staging the social acceptance of oil activities by the populations with the aim of producing an image effect (social participation) in the service of promoting the expansion of the oil border in new territories
Bouteldja, Hana. "Étude hydrodynamique des écoulements gaz-liquide ascendants dans des lits fixes inclinés." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30137/30137.pdf.
Full textBarthet, Cécile. "Effect of the microstructure on the physico-chemical properties of multiblock associative polymers synthesized via RAFT/MADIX micellar polymerization." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30385.
Full textSince the middle of the 20th century, enhanced oil recovery (EOR) techniques have been used to improve the extraction of crude oil. Hydrophobically modified polyacrylamides have shown great properties as rheology modifiers for EOR purposes. However, the synthesis of water-soluble polymers containing hydrophobic segments along the backbone is challenging as hydrophilic and hydrophobic monomers are rarely soluble in the same solvent. The aim of this project was to develop acrylamide-based copolymers for enhanced oil recovery (EOR). In this process, long chain polymer molecules are mixed with water and injected into the oil field in order to drive the oil out of the well. The polymer serves to increase the viscosity of the water, making it more effective at displacing the oil. In this thesis, RAFT/MADIX technique has been combined with micellar polymerization in order to synthesize new associative copolymers with controlled architectures and numerous hydrophobic blocks distributed along the backbone. The associations generate a viscoelastic network in aqueous media resulting in a viscosity increase. The combination of RAFT/MADIX with micellar polymerization allows us to limit the compositional drift observed in conventional micellar polymerization. First, the study of the effect of monomers and salts on the behavior of surfactant micelles has shown that the influence of NaAMPS dominates that of acrylamide in its effect on the micellization behavior of SDS. This study has proven that it is possible to predict how NH would vary depending on the composition of the reactive medium during the synthesis. Understanding the surfactant-monomer interactions thus enables prediction of the microstructure of the polymer. In a second step, it has been demonstrated that the associative polymeric chains were living chains and could be further extended to high molar masses with acrylamide. Increasing the content of NaAMPS in the hydrophilic backbone led to a significant increase in the reactivity ratio. The addition of monovalent salt (especially NaCl) is a useful tool to control the polymer microstructure, enabling switching between a gradient-type composition and a more homogeneous one (rhydrophilic monomers/tBS close to 1). Finally, the examination of structure-property relationships of the associative polymers has highlighted that all polymers displayed associating properties as well as enhanced viscosity compared to homopolyacrylamide. The polymer viscosity strongly decreased upon incorporation of NaAMPS within the backbone while it was unaffected by the presence of NaCl during the synthesis. The polymer displaying the best properties for use in EOR is P(Am90-co-AMPS10-co-(Am/NaCl)10-co-tBS1). The use of NaCl ensures good rheological properties while AMPS enhances the solubility of the copolymer
Simba, Ngabi Marcellin. "Proposition d'une méthode de maîtrise des risques industriels pour le respect de l'hygiène, de la santé, de la sécurité et de l'environnement dans le secteur pétrolier." Phd thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2006. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00001941.
Full textMoussa, Gonoko. "Sur quelques problèmes de transmission à deux exposants apparaissant en physique." Cachan, Ecole normale supérieure, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998DENS0014.
Full textLe, Follotec Amandine. "Déstabilisation des émulsions pétrolières par des polymères triblocs siliconés : relation structure - propriétés interfaciales." Compiègne, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009COMP1817.
Full textWater-in-crude oil emulsions are often formed during crude oil exploitation. For oil refining purpose, chemical demulsifiers are commonly used. In this work, five triblock silicone copolymers with various demulsifying capacities are studied. Results obtained at plane interfaces such as air-water and oil-water do not allow clear distinction between the molecules. Study of curved interfaces reveals that efficient molecules which can destabilise water-in-crude-oil emulsions indeed stabilise oil-in-water emulsions. On the contrary, inefficient molecules stabilise water-in-oil emulsions. Spontaneous curvature of molecules has been investigated by Small Angle Scattering. The following interpretation is therefore envisaged: for two water drops to coalesce the oil lamella between them should break, i. E. Small but highly curved hole must nucleate in it. On the one hand, efficient molecules should favour the hole nucleation and favour the coalescence of water droplets in crude oil emulsions. On the other hand, inefficient molecules inhibit the hole formation and prevent the coalescence of water droplets
Nzaou-Kongo, Aubin. "Exploitation des hydrocarbures et protection de l’environnement en République du Congo : essai sur la complexité de leurs rapports à la lumière du droit international." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE3005.
Full textThe purpose of the study is to analyze the relationships that can be established between the exploitation of hydrocarbons and the protection of the environment in the Republic of Congo. Despite its title, it is a study of international law, in which the law of the sea and especially international environmental law contribute by their respective rules to limit the conditions for the exercise of the activities of exploitation of the hydrocarbons. It is - indeed - under the prism of development in international law and of an almost continuous international evolution, that these relations, appreciated within the framework of the Congolese national law, can take full significance. The study finds a mutual exclusion, for reasons that are due both to the national priority recognized for the exploitation of hydrocarbons and the still significant weakness of environmental rules, as transcribed in domestic law. It makes it possible to base this observation on an isolated approach of each of them, which limits the possibilities of reciprocal interaction. Making these two schemes lowly complement to each other. Based on the requirement emphasized by the ICJ in 1997 of a necessary conciliation between them, the study shows how the emergence in international law of this process of conciliation is translated into domestic law under the effect of the dynamics of the sustainable development. As a result, in spite of the necessary prudence of a developing country, which can only count on this economic and financial rent for the moment, the will of the national authorities to adopt a rational management of the exploitation. In this respect, the positive action of conciliation becomes, in the context of a climate crisis and the need for a new orientation towards the energy transition, the vector of this profound transformation which must be translated into legal reform of the same magnitude. integrating the management of all energy resources into an integrated legal framework favorable to the gradual disappearance of these carbon resources and their replacement by cleaner and renewable energies
Shehab, Fouad. "La sécurité dans le golfe arabo-persique." Clermont-Ferrand 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986CLF10014.
Full textThis thesis studies the security in the Arab-Persian Gulf. A preliminary chapter is devoted to the oil, to the oil concessions, to the politics of exploitation extended by the great oil companies on the states of the region in question, and finally in the existence of the O. P. E. C. The first part of this thesis analyses the importance held by the gulf and the place of this in the international politico-economical strategy of the great powers. The second part examines the various threats of unotablization in this strategic zone and the propositions suggested by the great states of the gulf concerning its security. In order to realize the security of the gulf, this strategic zone must be kept away from all the international conflicts, and the states of this region have to be on good neighborly terms, and the socio-economical and political justice must prevail in this area
Gab-Leyba, Guy dabi. "Essais sur l'efficience et la fiscalité pétrolière dans les pays en développement." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020CLFAD027.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is to highlight the determinants of the efficiency of public policies in developing countries. The results show that countries with natural resources and in fragile situations tend to have less efficient public spending on primary education. The results also reveal that the increase in the share of health expenditure in total household expenditure, the poverty incidence rate, the literacy rate and the location in areas considered as isolated reduce the efficiency of health structures. Conversely, the increase in the incidence rate of malaria and the prevalence rate of malnutrition improve the efficiency of health structures. Regarding the efficiency of credit institutions, the results highlight an improvement in the efficiency score over the period 2000-2015 despite the fact that on average, the efficiency of banks in the CEMAC zone is around 33%. Estimates also show that a large size and high liquidity improve the technical efficiency of credit institutions while an increase in banking risk reduces it. Finally, the assessment of petroleum tax regimes in force in Chad reveals that production sharing contracts allow to Government to capture a higher share of oil rent compared to contracts based on the concession system. In addition, contracts based on production sharing have the characteristic of being progressive. These results have implications for economic policy. Thus, developing countries should give priority to improving the quality of social spending by promoting transparency and good governance in the implementation of development projects and publics policy. In particular, in the health sector, there is an urgent need to improve the quality of health personnel and better programming of operating expenditure aimed at making health infrastructures operational. Then, to increase the profitability of the banks in the countries of the CEMAC zone, it would be advisable to diversify the structures beneficiary of the credits and to implement reforms aiming at improving the business environment. Finally, the Chadian Government should reactivate a counter-cyclical policy in order to guard against fluctuations in oil revenues
Kilani, Meriam. "Multiple product-project decisions coordination support : application to oil and gas development projects." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UPAST027.
Full textThe major challenge addressed in this research concerns the coordination of the multiple interdependent decisions that must be made during the project, either technical, financial, or contractual. Interdependence means that making one decision without considering the impacts for other decisions may imply some underperformance, or even dead ends, iterations, and rework.To overcome this challenge, a more adaptable multi-decision-making process has been proposed, consisting of three blocks: 1/ modeling the decision network and formulating the multi-decision problem; 2/ structuring the problem to propose relevant and plausible scenarios assembled from elementary decision alternatives; 3/ solving the problem by selecting and recommending scenarios.Building the multi-decision-making process is based on multiple possibilities for each block. The decision-maker selects from a set of possible choices to adapt the decision-making process to the precise context.For block #1, we have first articulated the need to build a global decision network that models the decisions under study and the interdependencies they may have with other decisions. We have then argued that graphs and matrices can be used to fulfill this need. Both methods allow to include all decisions and interdependencies of the decision network in one single model, each of them having its advantages and drawbacks, with a kind of complementarity.Then, to formulate the local multi-decision problem, two interactions-based clustering approaches are proposed: the top-down approach (considering decision interdependencies) and the bottom-up approach (with an additional due date-based grouping of decisions). Both help to delineate the focus of decision makers on a specific set of decisions, since considering the whole network of decisions at the same time can be challenging.In block #2, to structure the problem, two matrix-based and one graph-based methods have been proposed. These methods offer the possibility to generate possible scenarios considering compatibility and performance criteria, either sequentially (morphological analysis), simultaneously (QFD), or with a hybrid way (graph exploration). For the two matrix-based methods, an algorithm was proposed to facilitate the identification of plausible scenarios. As for the graph-based method, a lighter heuristic can be applied on live during a decision meeting.Finally, to solve the problem in block #3, several MCDA methods have been listed for evaluating and selecting a recommended scenario: absolute compensatory methods, relative pairwise comparison methods, and relative comparison to reference point methods.According to industrial actors, such a process could improve coordination mechanisms between the major decisions of their projects. Even though decisions were interdependent, they were not often considered as such, and our proposed process permits (according to them) to have a better vision of the decisions to be made together and of the consequences of the choices. A fictitious case study, inspired by real past projects, was used to illustrate the proposed multi-decision coordination process.We are convinced that our research will provide a solid basis for further studies on the coordination of multiple interdependent decisions in complex projects, although there are academic and industrial perspectives that need to be tackled
Pucheu, Mathilde. "Dimensional/Viscosimetric properties and branching rate of poly(sodium 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonate) of high molar mass used for Enhanced Oil Recovery." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Pau, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022PAUU3077.
Full textThe knowledge of the dimensional properties (Mw, Rg, and the distributions), the viscosimetric properties ([η]), as well as, the branching rate of polymers is primordial for the implementation of a satisfactory Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) via polymer flooding. The principal objective of this thesis was to develop analytical methods in order to determine the characteristics of an optimized macromolecule developed by the SNF company, the poly(sodium 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonate) (P(ATBS)). Two categories of P(ATBS) were studied: the models and the industrials. The models of high molar masses (1-6 million g/mol) were synthetized by Controlled Radical Polymerization (CRP), for which the branching was controlled by the addition of a crosslinking agent. While the industrials of higher molar masses (8-19 million g/mol) were obtained by Radical Polymerization (RP), for which the branching could be induced by chain transfer reactions. The characterization of the dimensional/viscosimetric properties and the branching rate for both P(ATBS) categories was performed by Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC), Frit-Inlet Asymmetric Flow Field-Flow Fractionation (FIA4F), capillary viscometry and Multi-Angle Light Scattering (MALS). A correlation of the physico-chemical properties was done to understand the behaviour of the P(ATBS) in solution. A related study was done by Pyrolysis coupled to a Gaz Chromatography and a Mass Spectrometer (Py-GC/MS) for the qualitative and quantitative analyses of the P(ATBS). To this day, the P(ATBS) has never been studied by this technique
Durango, Juan. "Impacts environnementaux de l'exploitation pétrolière en Amazonie équatorienne : de l'étude spatiale de la vulnérabilité à l'évaluation du risque." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30005.
Full textEcuador is the 5th oil producer in Latin America. Most of crude oil reserves lie beneath the north-eastern Ecuadorian Amazon (NEA), representing 15% of the entire country, yet encompassing high biodiversity and cultural heritage. Crude oil and gas production generate toxic wastes potentially polluting the environment. The methodology was set to evaluate hazards and environmental vulnerability, using score indexes and rankings, as independent components of risk. Then, they were combined using spatial overlay methods. An observed hindrance for risk analysis was the quality of public data that were used in this study. In this context, the first aim was to determine accidental oil spill volumes in well-documented oil blocks. Then, putative spill volumes were allocated to poorly-documented oil blocks to obtain a homogeneous map. The second aim was to map key atmospheric emissions associated to gas flaring, i.e., greenhouse gas (CO2, CH4) and black carbon (BC) particles. The third aim was to assess the potential vulnerability of natural heritage using regional scale proxies such as protection status and land use. Finally, the fourth aim was to exemplify the presented risk assessment approach by evaluating total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) potentially flowing to groundwater from oil pits. Main results indicate 10,000.2 t (909.1 t.yr-1; SD = 1,219.5) oil spilled in the NEA during the 2001-2011 period (11 years), according to recorded events. However, a 54.8% increase was found when extrapolating spill rates from well-documented oil blocks to poorly-documented ones. Spatial prediction accuracy ranged from 32 to 97%. Gas flared amounted to 7.6 Gm3 (760 Mm3.yr-1), equivalent to a range of 3.7 - 4.5 kt.yr-1 BC, during 2003-2012 lapse. Total petroleum hydrocarbons in unlined oil pits was estimated to 49,436.4 t. Several maps resulted from this thesis. Spatial emissions indicate spills and gas flaring are occurring at higher rates in settlements of Joya de los Sachas, Dayuma and Shushufindi. The natural heritage vulnerability maps indicated 42% of highly vulnerable surface at the most eastern side of the studied area. Groundwater vulnerability was low to medium in most areas; furthermore, the example considered for risk assessment of groundwater and unlined oil pits, indicated highest potential impacts in settlements of Nueva Loja, Tarapoa and Shushufindi. Publicly available data quality was found to be acceptable. For instance, when comparing airborne emission estimates with some other independent estimates only 2.5-fold difference was found at most. Spatial allocation accuracy of oil spills showed promising methodology for improving hazard mapping. Vulnerability assessment indicated natural heritage proxies to be suitable for building vulnerability indexes at regional scale as land use is significantly correlated to species richness, and protected areas are efficiently conserved in the long term, thus conveying some information on ecological integrity. Moreover, there was only 8.8% of spatial incongruence between the two proxies. Groundwater vulnerability mapping indicated gaps in knowledge that were discussed; some distance thresholds were proposed to select validation sites in future studies. In conclusion, estimates and maps obtained may be valuable for safety and security monitoring, accountability of public institutions and land use planning to lessen future risks
Koumba, Jean-Pamphile. "La crise du système minier au Gabon." Rennes 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006REN20038.
Full textThe end of the 90s was marked by the decline of the mining activity in Gabon, in particular due to the abandon of the uranium extraction in Mounana (south-eastern Gabon) and to the drop of the oil production in Rabi-Kounga, the most important onshore oil-field in sub-saharian Africa. The beginning of the decline has lead to an urban crisis in Gamba and Mounana whose growth was based during four decades on the mining extraction. The extent of the mining system crisis, singulary of the oil industry, has revealed the articulation of two syndromes operating on two distinct spatial scales : the Gillette syndrome and the Dutch disease. The articulation of these two difficulties refers to the Hoyt export base theory as an urban growth model and to the shareholder State model as well