Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Pétroles bruts'
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Kané, Moussa. "Structure et rhéologie des pétroles bruts paraffiniques." Paris 6, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA066239.
Full textBoulif, Mohamed-Naji. "L'influence des prix des produits pétroliers sur les prix des pétroles bruts." Paris 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA020094.
Full textThe study of petroleum prices require a perfect knowledge of petroleum market and, especially, of refining chain. The development of refining structure was the consequence of the petroleum market transformation (increasing light-products demand). This was pushed us to look for a new interpretation of petroleum prices fluctuations. There is no one prices theory but several. To study the influence of downstream on upstream, our method of analysis proved that the crude prices were influenced, essentially, by the prices of three products : gasoil, fuel-oil and the regular gasoline. The yield of different refineries is not interesting in explaining the crude prices. The spotback price was widely significant, but at different degrees according to the selected refinery. The light crudes behaviour was almost identical on the six refining places. The nature of spot market forced the agent who take part to have spontaneous reaction in the intention of a quick adaptation within a fluctuacted market (maximum lag of two months)
Bernié, Jean-Philippe. "Influence de l'électrocoalescence sur la désémulsion des pétroles bruts." Toulouse, INPT, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991INPT006G.
Full textDeschamps, Pascal. "Étude de la cristallisation des paraffines dans les pétroles bruts." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble ; 1971-2015), 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997GRE10274.
Full textNicot, Benjamin. "Détermination de la viscosité des pétroles bruts lourds par relaxation RMN." Paris 6, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA066639.
Full textPetroleum exploration and production has a tremendous need of understanding the underground reservoir rock and saturating uids characteristics. NMR relaxation times (T1, T2) measurements is a powerful technique to provide informations such as porosity, permeability, and oil viscosity (in the range 1-10000cP). With increasing energy demand, heavy crude oil (>10000cP) are now produced, using complex Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) techniques which require a good estimation of the oil viscosity in the reservoir. In this work, we study in details the reasons why the correlations available in the literature fail to estimate heavy crude oil viscosity. We identify several key parameters in the NMR-viscosity correlation. The e ect of molecular weight is studied on a polymer system. The e ect of inter proton distance is discussed and the presence of paramagnetic species is investigated. Besides, the problem of short relaxation time detection is studied in details and, coupled with a distribution of correlation times, lead to the proposition of a methodology to build NMR-viscosity correlations. These correlations have been tested on experimental data from this work and the literature, and provide better viscosity prediction for heavy oils than the correlations from the literature
Burg, Philippe. "Contribution à la modélisation des pétroles bruts à l'aide de la chromatographie en phase gazeuse inverse." Toulouse 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995TOU30033.
Full textMouillet, Virginie. "Spectroscopie des liants routiers : nouvelles approches macroscopiques. Relations pétroles bruts et caractéristiques des liants. Etude des interactions bitumes / polymères par microscopie IRTF." Aix-Marseille 3, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998AIX30036.
Full textAt present, considering crude oils diversity and different formulations, there is a great variety of road bitumens, with chemical compounds or not (polymers,. . . ). So, physico-chemical methods of modified bitumens must set of macroscopic approaches and microscopic approaches too, ideal to characterize in situ differents components. Nevertheless, one of industrial difficulties of bitumens manufacturing is to choose quickly a crude oil or mixture of crude oils leading to the final characteristics wished for bitumens. In order to answer to this industrial matter, a new macroscopic approach of bitumens spectroscopic study, based upon statistical treatment, have been developped to create bitumens maps. These ones present a great benefit industrial as an decisional help. Explanatory patterns by multiple regression or partial least squares have enabled to identify links between chemical and physical parameters. So, inspite of the judicious choice of crude oils, bitumens, during their road service life, asphalts harden due to weathering (temperature, UV,. . . ). Consequently, their mechanical properties are modified. Then, in order to limit theses phenomenons, a polymer can be added. Polymer Modified Bitumens (PMB) are composite materials with a highly complex structure. Understanding how this microstructure is affected by any changes in PMB composition is a very important objective. So, for this purpose, FTIR microscopy and UV Fluorescence microscopy were used in order to characterize in situ differents components. FTIR microscopy displayed promising results to make a mapping of the specimen with respect to local polymer concentration. Most PMB display a biphasic structure with polymer rich areas along with polymer poor regions. The size and the composition of those areas are bitumen dependent. They also dramatically change through the cross linking process. The chemical species that swell the polymer involve certain types of aliphatics and slighty condensed aromatics. In any case, the polymer dispersion is greatly enhanced by the cross linking process
Ahmad, Ahmad. "Caractérisation globale et locale de l'écoulement à surface libre et en charge de systèmes liquide-liquide : application au procédé d’injection pariétale pour le transport des pétroles bruts." Brest, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BRES2013.
Full textThe present dissertation reports on investigations on open-channel flows and Poiseuille flows of liquid/liquid systems. The first part of the dissertation considers the propagation of a gravity current over a denser ambient miscible liquid. A controlled flow rate of fresh water and of polymer solutions were released upon the free surface of an ambient salty water at rest in a basin, in order to characterize with te help of a method based on image analysis and the exploitation of spatio-temporal diagrams, the effect of polymer shear-thinning property on the temporal evolution of front progress and spreading of gravity current in ambient liquid and of mixing layer depth as well. A local study consisting in the development of a large scale PIV, aiming at describe to hydrodynamic fields existing in both fluids completed the previous global study. The second part of the dissertation considers a co-current water/oil flow in a duct, in order to simulate the lubricated pipelining of heavy crude oils which were being represented by oils gifted with high viscosity and a viscoplastic rheological behaviour. The effect of bed slope and flow rates ratio on global pressure drop were characterized in order to define the conditions of process optimal efficiency. A local characterization of the interfacial instabilities completed the previous global investigation
Osta, Sébastien. "Développement de méthodes topologiques pour la détermination de la courbe de distillation (T. B. P. ) de pétroles bruts, à l'aide de la spectroscopie proche infrarouge." Aix-Marseille 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995AIX30091.
Full textCrude oil constitutes a significant part of wealth of the modern economy. Several million tonnes are treated each year in the principal refinery unit, the atmospheric distillation, therefore, real time optimisation of the distillation unit represents a true economic gain, however, classical methods for crude oil analysis are long and complex, near infrared coupled with suitable mathematical modelling techniques permits on-line prediction of the true boiling point (T. B. P. ), and allows anticipatory adjustement of operating parameters. A topological modelling approach, based on a nearest neighbours concept, presents a major advantage self learning method
Raja, Anwar. "Influence de la composition du brut pétrolier sur les propriétés interfaciales gaz-huile, particulièrement dans le cas des bruts paraffiniques en présence de CO2." Lyon 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995LYO10039.
Full textEkulu, Ndiakama Gédéon. "Étude des phénomènes d'agrégation moléculaire dans les bruts pétroliers." Metz, 2005. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/2005/Ekulu_Ndiakama.Gedeon.SMZ0507.pdf.
Full textThe objective of this study was to propose methods of characterization of the crude oils, making it possible to evaluating the risks of asphaltenes flocculation. With this view, we have used four experimental techniques: densimetry, inverse gas chromatography, dynamic light scattering and differential scanning calorimetry allowing to assess necessary thermodynamic and structural properties of crude oils. The firts two techniques brought a thermodynamic characterization of the crude oils, while following ones made it possible to characterize the structures of the crude oils and the aggregates asphaltenic. We have proposed a new method to determine asphaltenes flocculation onset based on the changes of the crude oils density implied by the flocculation process. Inverse chromatography allowed to determine the Hildebrand solubility parameter of crude oil and asphaltenes and to obtain the chemical characterization of them in terms of LSER paramters. Calorimetry and light scattering results gave valuable insight into variation of the colloidal structure of the crude oil with temperature and composition changes
Marques, De Toledo Camargo Ricardo. "Propriétés rhéologiques de suspensions d'hydrate dans des bruts asphalténiques." Paris 6, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA066160.
Full textBoukherissa, Malika. "Etude de la stabilité des asphaltènes dans le pétrole brut : choix de dispersants et le mécanisme d'action." Thesis, Metz, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008METZ026S/document.
Full textThe precipitation of asphaltenes during oil extraction plug up the well bore and causes serious damages diminishing the oil productivity. To prevent asphaltene precipitation additives are injected in the well bore to stopping aggregation. The objective of our study was to synthesis and to test the efficiency of a new family of flocculation inhibition based on the ionic liquids containing an imidazolium cation. The flocculation test were carried out with different experimental techniques and it was shown that certain of these molecules are very efficient. An efficient dispersant should delay the flocculation process and and limit the size of the flocculating flocs. Thus, in flocculating fluids, flocs are maintained in suspension and do not hinder the crude oil flux
Dafri, Driss. "Etude de la floculation des asphaltènes du pétrole brut." Thesis, Metz, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009METZ034S.
Full textThe objective of this study was to identify parameters of aggregation and of flocculation of asphaltenes. Particularly, we worked on the influence of the kinetic factors on the asphaltene deposition and on the changes of asphaltene properties during floc ageing. The flocculation process was studied with the selected, significantly different crude oils. Experiences were done with the use of different solvents and flocculants. We have studied the impact of the alkane chain length on the aggregation mechanism, as well as the influence of acid and basic compounds, the interactions of which with asphaltenes are very strong. The dynamic light scattering technique was used to follow aggregation induced by compositional and temperature changes. Kinetic results were completed with rheological studies that afforded an information not only on the macroscopic flow properties but also on subtle structure changes that cannot be obtained with other techniques. Results obtained allowed a better comprehension of the mechanism of aggregation and flocculation of asphaltenes and will be use to elaborate new methods of asphaltene flocculation prevention
Saab, Joseph. "Extraction, analyse et caractérisation des Acides Naphténiques contenus dans divers bruts pétroliers." Lyon 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004LYO10098.
Full textBilodeau, Jean-François. "Analyse de processus de sauts dans le prix du pétrole brut." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape3/PQDD_0019/MQ47169.pdf.
Full textSzewczyk, Valérie. "Modélisation thermodynamique compositionnelle de la floculation des bruts asphalténiques." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997INPL136N.
Full textVinay, Guillaume. "Modélisation du redemarrage des écoulements de bruts paraffiniques dans les conduites pétrolières." Paris, ENMP, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ENMP1310.
Full textPipelining crude oils that contain large proportions of paraffins can cause many specific difficulties. These waxy crude oils usually exhibit high "pour point", where this temperature is higher than the external temperature conditions surrounding the pipeline. During the shutdown, since the temperature decreases in the pipeline, the gel-like structure builds up and the main difficulty concerns the issue of restarting. This phd attempts to improve waxy crude oil behaviour understanding thanks to experiment, modelling and numerical simulations in order to predict more accurately time and pressure required to restart the flow. Waxy crude oils are described as viscoplastic, thixotropic and compressible fluid. Strong temperature histiry dependence plays a prevailing role in the whole shutdown and restart process. We retain the houska model to describe the thixotropic/viscoplastic feature of the flud and compressibility is introduced in compressible flows. Governing equations are discretized using a finite volume method and the convection terms of yielded/unyielded regions. Then, the combined effects of compressibility and thixotropy have beneficial influence on the restart issue. In fact, a thixotropiic flow, not experimental results allows to validate the numerical code
Rajoub, Yousef. "Etude expérimentale et modélisation de l'endommagement aux abords des puits lors de la production de bruts asphalténiques." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003STR13174.
Full textThe present research work had two main objectices:To get better insight into the mechanisms of asphaltene deposition and asphaltene-induced formation damage. To gather the reliable laboratory data required for the modeling of asphaltenes deposition and plugging. The experiments have been performed using the model system, : toluene/asphaltene/n-heptane. The asphaltene powder has been extracted either from Weyburn crude (n-heptane method) or from Safania crude (n-pentane method). Both coreflood experiments and capillary tests (TBT) were carried out. For coreflood experiments, we used outcrop Fontainebleau sandstone and for the TBT experiments stainless steel capillaries have been used. The experiments aimed et validating the basic laws of asphaltene deposition and plugging implemented in the asphaltene version of our 1-D numerical model (PARIS model: PARticle Injection Simulator). In building up this asphaltene version of the model, we adopted the so-called "colloidal approach". Thus, the asphaltenic crudes are supposed to behave as colloidal systems containing small particle submitted to Brownian motion. These systems may undergoes flocculation upon solvent, pressure or temperature changes. Our experimental results have thoroughly validated the use of this colloidal approach. Indeed, we showed:Firstly that the monolayer deposition takes place according to the well-known scaling law of the diffusion limited deposition regime (DLD): the collection efficiency varies as the Peclet number to the power -2/3. Moreover, our experimental results showed that, in pure toluene, asphaltene deposition is a slow but continuous process. This indicates that, even in their stable state, the asphaltene deposition results in the formation of thick multilayer deposit on the adsorbing surface. [. . . ]
Vinay, Guillaume. "Modélisation du redémarrage des écoulements de bruts paraffiniques dans les conduites pétrolières." Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2005. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00001842.
Full textRaisin, Jonathan. "Détermination d'un critère prédisant l'efficacité du procédé d'électrocoalescance sur la destabilisation d'émulsions eau-pétrole brut." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00684414.
Full textLe, Floch Stéphane. "Etude expérimentale de la biorestauration in situ de sédiments marins contaminés par du pétrole brut." Brest, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002BRES2035.
Full textThe bioremediation of marine sediments polluted by crude oil was studied through two field experiments to evaluate the interest of fertilisation and oxygenation on a muddy sediment, to test the toxicity of these techniques on a marine organism, and to determine the efficiency of two bioremediation products on oil biodegradation kinetic. The experiment on muddy sediment shown that first bioremediation techniques should, in the first place, compensate the oxygen depletion and, only after, they should supply nutrient. The results of the second experiment shown that bioremediation product efficiency is strongly linked to environmental parameters, and particularly to marine hydro dynamism. The efficiency of bioremediation techniques as a response method to cleanup coasts affected by an oil spill has been acknowledged but bioremediation treatments should be implemented as a fine cleanup method once standard cleanup is terminated
Bounaceur, Roda. "Modélisation cinétique de l'évolution thermique des pétroles dans les gisements." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2001. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_2001_BOUNACEUR_R.pdf.
Full textThe aim of this work is to obtain a better understanding of the reactions involved in the thermal cracking of crude oil in sedimentary basins, and to study its kinetics as a function of temperature and pressure. We study the kinetics of pyrolysis of alkanes at low temperature, high pressure and high conversion and we propose three methods of reduction of the corresponding mechanisms. Several compounds having an inhibiting or accelerating effect on the rate of decomposition of alkanes were also studied. This research led to the construction of a general kinetic model of 5200 elementary steps representing the pyrolysis of a complex mixture of 52 molecules belonging to various chemical families: 30 linear alkanes (from CH4 to C30H62), 10 branched-chain alkanes (including pristane and phytane), 2 naphtenes (propylcyc1opentane and propycyclohexane), tetralin, l-methylindan, 4 aromatics (benzene, toluene, butylbenzene and decylbenzene), 3 heteroatomic compounds (a disulfide, a mercaptan and H2S). This model is compared to experimental data coming from the pyrolysis of two oils: one from the North Sea and the other from Pematang. The results obtained show a good agreement between the experimental and simulated values. Then, we simulated the cracking of these two oils by using the following burial scenario: initial temperature of 160°C, 50 m per million years (ma) in a constant geothermal gradient of 30°C/km, implying a heating rate of 1. 5°C/ma. Under these conditions, our model shows that these two oils start to crack only towards 210-220°C and that their time ofhalf-life corresponds to a temperature around 230- 240°C. The model also makes it possible to simulate the evolution of geochemical parameters such as the GOR, the API degree. .
Daniel-David, Delphine. "Etude du mécanisme de désémulsification des émulsions de type eau dans pétrole brut par des polymers siliconés." Compiègne, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006COMP1636.
Full textViscoelastic films of aggregated asphaltenes prevent the coalescence of water droplets in water -in-oil emulsions formed during crude oil exploitation. Demulsifying surfactants are used to promote phase separation before oil refining process. The aim of this PhD thesis is to explain a destabilization mechanism for a silicone polyether copolymer, by relating its structure to its performance. The copolymer was first characterized at the air/water interface in order to understand its adsorption without the presence of the indigenous crude oil components. Various techniques have been used to elucidate the destabilisation mechanism by the copolymer. The proposed destabilisation mechanism is as follows : the copolymer first adsorbs at the crude oil water interface into packing defect sites due to its high affinity for the oil water interface. Then, the copolymer molecules disrupt the asphaltene network, allowing the coalescence of water droplets
Mantha, Philippe. "Le prix du pétrole brut et le Canada : son impact sur le marché de la Bourse de Toronto." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27456.
Full textBenali, Tahar. "Optimisation énergétique des procédés : application à la distillation atmosphérique du pétrole." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0085.
Full textThe objective of this thesis is to demonstrate, on thermodynamic grounds, that introducing a flash in the preheating train of an atmospheric oil distillation process , together with an appropriate feeding of the resulting vapors into the column, could potentially bring substantial energy savings by reducing the duty of the preheating furnace and by reducing the distillation column irreversibilities. This idea has been expended by showing how this can be done while keeping the throughput and the product characteristics unchanged. The outcome is that placing several flashes after the heat exchangers and feeding the corresponding vapor streams to the appropriate trays of the column, reduces the pumparound flows and then the heat brought to the preheating train. The resulting heat deficit may then be compensated in additional heat exchangers by using low level heat recuperated from the products of the distillation and/or imported from other processes. The use of this residual heat reduces the furnace duty by approximately an equivalent amount and could be as high as 21%. The approach can be applied in the design of news processes or in the revamping of existing ones
D'Almeida, Sylvaine. "Rôle de la nature et de la disponibilité de l'azote dans la biodégradation d'un pétrole brut en milieu marin." Aix-Marseille 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988AIX22077.
Full textDjomo, Jean-Emmanuel. "Ecotoxicité en eau douce de certains hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques (HAP) majeurs d'un pétrole brut : effets sur quelques organismes aquatiques tests." Toulouse 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996TOU30016.
Full textMiserazzi, Alison. "Perturbations comportementales, physiologiques et cellulaires chez des mollusques bivalves exposés à un pétrole brut dans un contexte mono ou multistress." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020BORD0055.
Full textThe use of adapted, efficient and reliable tools is fundamental to measure and control the environmental impact surrounding industrial installations. Robust, autonomous and working by remote control, HFNI (High Frequency Non Invasive) Valvometry is one possible solution for the biomonitoring of aquatic ecosystems. Based on valve activity scanning, it enables the study of behavior and different life traits of bivalve mollusks in the natural environment. Animals are used as biosensors representative of water quality and capable of reflecting the occurrence of environmental alteration. Detecting a disturbance and identifying its nature are key elements in the process of reducing environmental risk. As such, the first objective of this work was to analyze the behavioral response to crude oil of bivalve mollusks instrumented with HFNI Valvometry in a multistress context. The second objective was to evaluate the underlying disturbances occurring in their milieu intérieur when exposed to crude oil with the ultimate goal of associating behavioral changes (symptoms) and physiological disorders. To do so, studies were conducted on two species, the freshwater clam Corbicula fluminea and the marine oyster Magallana gigas, under controlled laboratory or semi-natural conditions, with crude oil at environmentally realistic concentrations, constant or variable and in one case lethal. We used various stress factors: water temperature, turbidity, presence of barium, noise pollution and hypoxia. The behavioral response to crude oil was found to be (i) clear and distinguishable in the majority of situations and (ii) concentration-dependent, allowing to propose a global relationship between a valvometric index and crude oil concentration in the range 0 - 60 mg·L-1. Disturbances in the milieu intérieur were assessed using a proteomic approach on tissues directly involved in behavioral activity (gills, muscles, nervous ganglia). Whatever the tissue studied, the species or the exposure conditions, the results reflect a disruption of metabolic and cellular processes with a dose-effect toxicological impact quantified by PAH analyses in tissues or nominal exposure values. As a whole, this new set of analyses (i), confirms the capacities of the valvometry concept in the oil and gas field, (ii) make it possible to approach the relationship between behavior and underlying physiological changes in bivalves and (iii) pave the way to new perspectives for online and remote impact assessment
Gascon, German. "Contribution à l'étude de la séparation/extraction et à l'identification des composés du nickel et du vanadium dans un brut pétrolier." Thesis, Pau, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PAUU3035.
Full textThis PhD work were mainly dedicated to the fractionation of crude oil and petroleum products in order to better caracterize metals compounds (mainly V and Ni) in these complex matrices. It was determined that V and Ni compounds present in the crude oils and residues are concentrated mainly in their more polar fractions, that is to say, resins and asphaltenes. Concerning sulfur compounds, it was found that they are concentrate in the resins and aromatics fractions. All these results were similar to reported in the literature.It was also found the content of V and Ni compounds that precipitate together with the asphaltenes depends linearly of solubility parameter of solvent used for the precipitation of asphaltenes, so, for solvents with solubility parameters close to 16 MPa0.5, the percentage of asphaltene soluble increases. So it can be concluded the true percentage of asphaltenes present in the crude oil is equal to the percentage of insoluble asphaltenes plus the percentage of soluble asphaltenes. For this type of asphaltenes, it was found that they have a molecular weight distribution very similar to insoluble asphaltenes, and not a lower molecular weight, as originally thought (Speight and Mitchell, 1973).With respect to the distribution of molecular weights for the V compounds present in the samples evaluated, at least three molecular weight distributions were identified. Those were identified as compounds with high molecular weight (HMW), medium molecular weight (MMW) and low molecular weight (LMW) following the nomenclature previously reported in the literature. (Desprez et al., 2014).On these distributions, we has found that compounds of V, Ni and S with HMW predominate in the asphaltenes, which is characteristic of nanoaggregate compounds. With respect to the compounds with MMW, these were observed in a greater proportion in maltenes. It should be noted the presence of compounds with HMW in all maltenes evaluated, which for the reasons discussed above, can be considered an unavoidable evidence of the presence of soluble asphaltenes.With respect to the separation/extraction methods developed, it was possible to separate the different distributions of molecular weights initially identified in maltenes and asphaltenes. In the case of maltenes, for the first time in the literature it was possible to extract the various compounds of V and Ni present in these according to their molecular weight. For the separation in maltenes, liquid-liquid extractions on maltene dissolved in heptane were developed. So, with ACN, it has been possible to extract LMW compounds, while extractions with DMF allowed extracting MMW compounds, staying in the remaining maltene mostly compounds with HMW.For the asphaltene extraction, 11 solvents were evaluated. The study of profile obtained to each extract and remanent, allowed to pose a separation scheme that enabled to get up to 4 different molecular weight distributions. These were obtained with ACN, Acetone and DMF used sequentially. It is important to mention it was found that the insoluble fraction gotten with DMF had the highest molecular weight, even in comparison with the HMW asphaltenes soluble in DMF.With respect to the influence of the concentration on the aggregated compounds, it was found that this does not influence on the presence of compounds with HMW. Nanogregate were found in a solution of asphaltenes diluted 40,000 times (25 mg / L).Regarding the characterization of the extracted fractions, only the fraction corresponding to low molecular weights was studied. Determination of the molecular weight distribution by mass spectrometry and comparison of the GPC ICP MS chromatogram with a porphyrin standards, suggests that these V and Ni compounds present in LMW fraction has a structures quite simple. A deeper characterization will be presented in later work
Se determinó que los compuestos de V y Ni presentes en los crudos y residuos evaluados se concentran principalmente en su fracciones más polares, es decir, resinas y asfaltenos. Con respecto a los compuestos de azufre, se encontró que los mismos se concentran en las resinas y aromáticos. Todos estos resultados fueron similares a lo reportado en la literatura. Igualmente se encontró que el contenido de compuestos de V y Ni que precipitan junto con los asfaltenos depende linealmente del parámetro de solubilidad del solvente usado para la precipitación de los asfaltenos, así para solventes con parámetros de solubilidad cercanos a 16 MPa0.5, el porcentaje de se asfalteno soluble incrementa, por lo que se puede concluir que el porcentaje verdadero de asfaltenos presente en el crudo es igual al porcentaje de asfaltenos insoluble más el porcentaje de asfaltenos solubles. Sobre este tipo de asfaltenos, se encontró que los mismos poseen una distribución de pesos moleculares muy similar a la de los asfaltenos insolubles, y no un peso molecular mucho menor, como se pensaba en un principio. Con respecto a la distribución de pesos moleculares para los compuestos de V presentes en las muestras evaluadas, se identificaron al menos tres grandes distribuciones de pesos moleculares. Las mismas se identificaron como compuestos con alto peso molecular o high molecular weight (HMW en inglés), medio peso molecular o medium molecular weight (MMW en inglés) y bajo peso molecular o low molecular weight (LMW por sus siglas en inglés) siguiendo la nomenclatura reportada previamente en la literatura. Sobre estas distribuciones, encontramos que en los asfaltenos predominan compuestos de V, Ni y S con HMW, el cual es característicos de compuestos agregados. Con respecto a los compuestos con MMW, estos fueron observados en mayor proporción en los maltenos. Es de hacer notar la presencia de compuestos con HMW en todos los maltenos evaluados, la cual por las razones antes expuestas, puede ser considerada una evidencia ineludible de la presencia de asfaltenos solubles. Con respecto a los métodos de separación desarrollados, fue posible la separación de las diferentes distribuciones de pesos moleculares inicialmente identificadas en los maltenos y asfaltenos. En el caso de los maltenos, por primera vez en la literatura fue posible separar los diversos compuestos de V y Ni en función de su peso molecular en HMW, MMW y LMW. La separación si hizo empleando extracciones líquido-líquido a maltenos disueltos en heptano con acetonitrilo para la extracción de compuestos con LMW, seguido de extracciones con dimetilformamida para la extracción de compuestos con MMW, quedando en el malteno remanente de la extracción, mayoritariamente compuestos con HMW. Para los asfaltenos, se evaluaron hasta 11 solventes en la extracción de compuestos de V y Ni. El perfil de los compuestos extraídos, permitió separar hasta 4 distribuciones de pesos moleculares diferentes con ACN, acetona y DMF usados secuencialmente. Con respecto a los compuestos con HMW, se encontró que la fracción insoluble con DMF presenta un mayor peso molecular que los asfaltenos con HMW solubles en estos. Con respecto a la influencia de la concentración en la determinación de compuestos con HMW la caracterización de los compuestos de V y Ni, los mismos fueron determinados aun en una solución de asfaltenos diluida 40.000 veces (25 mg/L). En lo referente a la caracterización de las fracciones separadas, solo fue estudiada inicialmente la fracción correspondiente a bajos pesos moleculares. En la misma, la determinación de la distribución de pesos moleculares por espectrometría de masa y la comparación en el cromatograma por GPC-ICP MS de estándares porfirínicos, sugiere que estos compuestos de V y Ni con LMW son metaloporfirinas simples presentes en el crudo con estructuras bastantes sencillas. Una caracterización más profunda será presentada en trabajo posteriores para esta y las demás fracciones
Marty, Pascale. "Utilisation d'un nutriment oléophile associé à une bioaugmentation pour accélérer la biodégradation d'un pétrole brut en milieu marin : essai de modélisation." Aix-Marseille 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994AIX30030.
Full textMarcano, Brito Francia. "Evaluation des paramètres structuraux des asphaltènes et de leurs effets sur les propriétés physiques et chimiques des bruts." Thesis, Pau, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PAUU3008/document.
Full textThe purpose of this work is to provide information that can help in clarifying the mechanism by which asphaltene precipitation occurs in order to optimize the models that predict the phenomenon. The study is divided into three chapters. In the first one, the constituents of aromatic and saturate fractions of some Venezuelan crude oils were associated with the asphaltenes stability. SARA composition was correlated with asphaltene flocculation onsets and the results showed that saturates, similar to resins, have a significant effect on the flocculation process of the asphaltenes. In the second chapter, the concentration of Ni and V was determined in asphaltenes and their fractions A1 and A2. The samples were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry and elemental combustion analysis. Results show that A1 presents higher Ni and V concentrations than A2, in both stable and unstable crude oils. These results can be explained by strong interactions, such as covalent bonds between the petroporphyrins and the asphaltene molecules. In the final section, the asphaltenes phase envelopes were obteined for a system consisting of asphaltene in a mixture toluene/heptane/CO2. The temperature ranges 10-150 °C with varying concentrations of CO2 between 10 and 20 wt%. The experimental results confirm that increase of pressure leads to increase of solubility of the asphaltenes in the medium. Also, there are two temperature regimes having opposite trends. First, the solubility of the asphaltenes increases with the temperature, then after a threshold value of 80 °C, the stability is getting worse with the temperature
Bouden, Amine. "L' information contenue dans les prix des options sur futures de pétrole brut : que disent les densités de probabilités neutres au risque ?" Paris 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA020028.
Full textFlesinski, Lionel. "Étude de la stabilité des émulsions et de la rhéologie interfaciale des systèmes pétrole brut/eau : influence des asphaltènes et des acides naphténiques." Thesis, Pau, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PAUU3022/document.
Full textWater-in-crude oil emulsions are a major issue for oil companies in both production and refining facilities. Thanks to physical and chemical characterizations, Total set a classification which allows the decision of a crude oil ability to create stable emulsions. However the interfacial mechanisms implied and the influence of the indigenous surfactants of crude oil remain unclear. Our work consists in studying the naphthenic acids and asphaltenes contribution to the w/o emulsion stability. The study of realistic crude oils enabled the discovery of a link between the emulsion stability with the formation of a very particular interfacial behavior: a two-imensional gel. Experiments with desacidified oils have proven the destabilizing ability of naphthenic acids and their ionized form, naphthenates. They actually decrease the interfacial gel strength and can even prevent the gel formation. Asphaltenes-free crude oils have permitted to confirm the stabilizing role of asphaltenes. Rather than adsorbing directly on the interface, asphaltenes seem to adsorb on the interfacial gel already formed. The gel strength is thus increased and lead to higher emulsion stability. Thanks to these results and the industrial classification of crude oil developed by Total, a global mechanism explaining the emulsion stability process has been proposed. This mechanism is governed by the competition between asphaltenes, naphthenates and naphthenic acids at the water/oil interface. If the concentration of naphthenic acids and naphthenates is high enough, the interfacial gel cannot be formed and the emulsions are unstable. If the crude oil is not acidic enough, the asphaltenes influence increases dramatically and implies the strengthening of the gel which becomes closer to his glass transition. This generally leads to the formation of more stable emulsions
Pelisson, Bernard. "Vieillissement du polyamide-11 en présence d'huiles brutes et en température." Rouen, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986ROUES021.
Full textCissokho, Malick. "Etude expérimentale des interactions Huile brute/Saumure/Roche sur la récupération d'hydrocarbures par injection d'eau de faible salinité." Phd thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2010. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00530177.
Full textGomes, Gabriel. "Impacts macroéconomiques, financiers et environnementaux des fluctuations du prix du pétrole : trois éssais empiriques." Thesis, Paris 10, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA100084.
Full textThis thesis analyzes how fluctuations in the price of oil affect the economies of commodity exporting countries. More specifically, the aim of this thesis is to investigate the macroeconomic, financial and environmental impacts of oil price fluctuations, by paying particular attention to the oil currency hypothesis. To this end, this thesis is composed of three chapters. The first and second chapters deal with the real exchange rate of the currencies of several oil exporting countries. The third chapter explores the links between the price of biofuels and the current account of emerging and developing countries exporting or importing agricultural raw materials controlling for the potential nonlinear effect exerted by the price of oil on this relationship. Altogether these chapters show that while the price of oil has a macroeconomic effect on oil exporting and agricultural commodities exporting countries, its impact varies across countries and there is no one fits all rule
Galindez, José. "Prix de transfert et l'exportation de brut amélioré. Le Cas du Venezuela." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PSLED039.
Full textOil is the engine of Venezuela's economy, given that it is the main source of income for the country, converting the Venezuelan state into a so-called "oil state". Venezuelan tax legislation has developed different tax control mechanisms since 1943 to the present day, with the purpose of safeguarding the nation's income. The liberalization of the oil industry in the 1990s and the Hydrocarbons Law of 2001 favored the participation of private capital. The concept of "mixed companies", introduced for the first time in the Hydrocarbons Law of 2001, allowed, in exceptional cases, the commercialization of extra-heavy crude oil extracted from the Orinoco oil belt by multinational companies. Given that the world's largest oil reserves are located in the Orinoco oil belt, it is necessary to have efficient tax control rules, such as transfer pricing rules, over these transactions in order to reduce aggressive fiscal planning. Nevertheless, considering the characteristics of extra-heavy oil, it is difficult to determine whether transactions between related companies comply with the arm's length principle, and in particular, the application of the uncontrolled comparable price method, which is the most direct and effective method for the validation of the arm’s length price. Taking into account these difficulties, this dissertation will explore the theoretical application of the uncontrolled comparable price method within two lenses: the methodology proposed by the OECD in its project against “base erosion and profit-shifting” (BEPS) for the valuation of commodity transactions and the international methodology called the formula pricing to obtain reference prices for extra-heavy crude oil from the Orinoco oil belt
Sansot, Jean-Marc Robert René André. "Medição e modelação da cristalização de ceras parafínicas em petróleos brutos e condensados de gás a alta pressão." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/21467.
Full textMEDIÇÃO E MODELAÇÃO DA CRISTALIZAÇÃO DE CERAS PARAFÍNICAS EM PETRÓLEOS BRUTOS E CONDENSADOS DE GÁS A ALTA PRESSÃO O aparecimento de ceras nos petróleos é provocado principalmente pelo abaixamento de temperatura aquando do transporte ou da produção do fluido. No entanto a influência da pressão na formação dos depósitos parafínicos é também importante. Para prevenir o aparecimento destes depósitos sólidos é necessário desenvolver modelos termodinâmicos predictivos capazes de prever o comportamento dos fluidos nos domínios de temperatura e pressão encontrados durante a sua exploração e transporte (0,1 – 100 MPa). Com esta finalidade foram desenvolvidas duas técnicas experimentais para medir dados a alta pressão sobre o aparecimento e a natureza da fase sólida de sistemas sintéticos complexos. Estas técnicas experimentais foram de seguida aplicadas a fluidos reais. Usando os dados experimentais medidos a altas pressões foi possível desenvolver um modelo, completamente predictivo, baseado numa equação de estado cúbica usando regras de mistura clássicas. Este novo modelo permite a representação dos equilíbrios de fase sólidofluido assim como a caracterização da fase sólida de sistemas complexos sintéticos e reais a altas pressões.
MESURE ET REPRÉSENTATION DE LA CRISTALLISATION DES CIRES PARAFFINIQUES DANS LES HUILES BRUTES ET DANS LES GAZ À CONDENSAT SOUS HAUTE PRESSION L’apparition des cires dans les pétroles est principalement provoquée par l’abaissement de la température lors du transport ou la production du fluide. Toutefois, l’influence du paramètre pression sur la formation des dépôts cireux n’est pas négligeable. Pour prévenir l’apparition de ces dépôts solides, il est nécessaire d’élaborer des modèles thermodynamiques prédictifs capables de prédire le comportement de phase de tels fluides dans les domaines de température mais aussi de pression dans lesquels ces derniers sont amenés à se trouver lors de leur exploitation (0,1 – 100 MPa). Dans cette optique, deux techniques ont été développées afin d’acquérir des données expérimentales sous pression sur l’apparition et la nature de la phase solide de systèmes complexes synthétiques ; ces techniques ont ensuite été appliquées sur des systèmes complexes réels. Grâce à ces données expérimentales collectées sous pression, nous avons pu développer un modèle totalement prédictif basé sur une équation d’état cubique couplée à des règles de mélange classique. Ce nouveau modèle est destiné à la représentation des équilibres de phase fluide – solide ainsi qu’à la caractérisation de la phase solide de systèmes complexes synthétiques, mais aussi réels, maintenus sous haute pression.
Provost, Elise. "Études thermodynamique et structurale de deux n-alcanes lourds (n-hexacosane et n-octacosane) et de leurs mélanges dans des solvants organiques contenant sept atomes de carbone." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997INPL069N.
Full textMechraoui, Salah-Eddine. "Étude et développement du contrôle par émission acoustique des phénomènes de corrosions et de fuites appliqué au stockage des produits pétroliers : cas des bacs de stockage." Compiègne, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007COMP1728.
Full textLn the petrochemical industry the storage tanks under operation are very often subjected to high mechanical stress, fatigue, aging and corrosion phenomena reducing their lifespan. These phenomena deteriorate these structures severely and lead generally to catastrophic leaks for nature and significant economic lasses. Therefore, the question of security and safety of such installations became a real priority and the monitoring with different non-destructive testing techniques (NDT) is necessity, such as the acoustic emission (AE). This innovative technique has major advantages in the detection of leaks and corrosion in storage tanks. It’s a global technique which can be applied on line without significant immobilization of the structure. However, to succeed a correct diagnosis, the mastery of this technique is very important for a good results interpretation. Lt is in this way that this thesis was realised. The main objective is to study and analyse separately, in the laboratory scale, the different phenomena sources of the AE in storage tanks such as : new corrosion, old corrosion and leaks. The new corrosion tests are realised on low carbon steel S235JR used in real crude oil manufacturing. The old corrosion tests have been carried out on real steel specimen cut from a real storage tank. Finally leaks are simulated on a S235JR mini-structure. Two type of data classification are used for the treatment : classification by a neural networks classification and a pattern recognition classification of AE events collected from laboratory tests. Based on these results, an approach to the industrial scale problem is proposed, applied and analysed
Loutia, Amine. "La financiarisation des matières premières et des marchandises : formation des prix et co-mouvements." Thesis, Paris 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PA01E045.
Full textThe purpose of this doctoral thesis is to examine the commodity's financialization impact on the commodity markets. ln particular, we focus on its two main consequences; namely the informational role and the correlation between the commodities markets. This thesis consists of three chapters that can be read independently. ln the first chapter, we examine the OPEC's production announcements' informational impact on crude oil's price between 1991 and 2015. ln this analysis, we employ the event study methodology in association with an EGARCH (Exponential Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedastic) model, unlike the relevant literature, to take into consideration the volatile nature of crude oil prices. ln addition, we use two different crude oil price benchmarks (The Western Texas Intermediate (WTI) and the BRENT). Our methodology provides us with some new results. Especially, OPEC's role depends on the crude oil's price level and is more pronounced when this level is low. Moreover, the maintain and the cut production announcements are the most influential. However, their effect is different depending on the benchmark used. The second chapter is very similar to the previous chapter as it employs the same methodology to analyze the effects of OPEC' s announcements. Nevertheless, in sharp contrast to the previous chapter and unlike the existing literature, this chapter examines OPEC's production decisions impact on stocks prices including ail the economic sectors by appropriately using a 3-factor Fama French model. Our results indicate that OPECs announcements effect is higher during oil price's turbulent times and depends on industries specific characteristics. Furthermore, the increase and cut production announcements are the most significant respectively. The last chapter is dedicated to the second aspect of the financialization phenomenon examined in this thesis that is the commodities dependence structure. In this study, we employ the ADCC (Asymmetric Dynamic Conditional Correlations) to mode! the correlations in association with a Markovian changing regimes model to highlight the correlations cycles evolution over time. Our results show a greater integration of the commodities markets and an alteration of the price discovery process
Fetter, Nadège. "Processus géodynamiques, systèmes pétroliers, problématiques environnementales, ou de la versatilité des isotopes du plomb comme outils de traçage." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSEN037/document.
Full textLead is ubiquitous in terrestrial samples and its relationship to its radioactive ascendants, U and Th, makes it a prime tracer of geodynamic processes.The team of Janne Blichert-Toft and Francis Albarède, based in Lyon (France), has demonstrated on several continents, through large compilations of literature data supplemented by new measurements, a correspondence between the distribution of Pb isotopic compositions in the continental crust and major tectonic features (Bouchet et al., 2014 ; Blichert-Toft et al., 2016 ; Delile et al., 2014). The existence of these "geochemical provinces" has firmly established the potential of Pb isotopes as a tool for understanding how the tectonic history of a given region shaped its geochemistry. A first aspect of this PhD aimed at complementing the existing database of Pb isotopic compositions of the European continental crust through the analysis of 104 K-feldspar samples separated from granites originating mainly from Catalonia, Corsica, Galicia, and Kabylie, up until this PhD blank areas on the compiled map. The resulting updated maps showing the distribution throughout Europe and the circum-Mediterranean area of the "geochemical parameters" defined by Albarède et al. (2012), which derive a model age and fractionations between U, Th, and Pb from measured Pb isotopic ratios, confirm the potential of Pb isotopes as powerful tracers of the tectonic heritage of a given region.The core of this PhD, however, was to apply this tool connecting chemistry and geodynamic history to a type of geological sample so far never analyzed for high-precision Pb isotopic compositions: crude oil. To achieve this goal, a novel analytical method was developed which allows the extraction of Pb from a few milliliters of crude oil into an aqueous solution suitable for the standard Pb purification protocol essential for high-precision Pb isotope analysis by MC-ICPMS (Fetter et al., 2019). This method was then applied to a total of 211 crude oil samples from around the world. Hydrocarbon source rocks (black shales) also were analyzed. This unique data set reveals that Pb in crude oil results from the mixing of at least three endmembers of distinct model ages: the more radiogenic endmember is identified as the oil source rocks, while the other two components, of Paleozoic and Proterozoic ages, suggest considerable interactions between crude oil and the surrounding and underlying rocks. A new model was hence proposed for oil migration (Fetter et al., submitted), taking into account the key role of deep-seated waters circulating through the sedimentary basin by calling on a long-neglected phenomenon: mutual solubility of water and oil at high temperatures.Bringing to light the complex dynamics of Pb in crude oil invalidates the use of crude oil as an alternative to K-feldspars to obtain the Pb isotopic signature of the continental crust underlying sedimentary basins. However, it opens up new promising avenues for the yet unexplored use of Pb isotopes as tracers of irresponsible oil prospection related pollution
Cassiède, Marc. "Développement d’une technique de microbalance à cristal de quartz pour la mesure de propriétés thermophysiques de fluides sous pression." Pau, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PAUU3022.
Full textThe topic of this thesis is the development of a quartz crystal microbalance technique under pressure in order to study the phase and rheological behaviour of complex viscoelastic systems, and particularly extra-heavy oils. After the validation of the experimental device by measuring phase transition temperatures of waxy model systems, we turned to the study of viscoelastic systems by means of impedance analysis. For this purpose, we have integrated a network analyzer which allows to determine both resonance frequency and dissipation, as well as the comparison of these parameters on several harmonics. These parameters give access to the acoustic impedance of the resonant system and then the material properties (mass and shear modulus) can be deduced. The first results showed an important deviation from theoretical behaviour on the first overtones and particularly on the fundamental mode. Thus, a deep study of the electrical behaviour of AT-cut quartz resonators has been carried out to understand the deviations obtained on the fundamental harmonic mode. Then, we have characterized in detail the effect of pressure on the electrical impedance of these quartz sensors. Finally, we have shown that the phenomena of roughness and slipping must be taken into account accurately for future rheological investigations
Chambon, Anthony. "Compréhension de l'impact des technologies de l'échangeur pour minimiser l'encrassement par les hydrocarbures." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAI094.
Full textImproving energy recovery in industrial processes requires a better understanding of fouling phenomena in heat exchangers. Fouling is the grow up of unwanted materials on heat transfer surfaces. This study focuses on improving the energy efficiency of petroleum refineries by reducing fouling in heat exchangers of the pre-heat train.For this purpose, a test rig reproducing thermal and flow characteristics encountered in the last heat exchanger of the pre-heat train was used to test a pilot-scale shell-and-tube heat exchanger. Fluids are the same as the ones processed in refineries: crude oil and atmospheric tower bottom, a heavy residue of oil. This study focuses on the influence of the heat exchanger geometry. Internally helically-finned tubes and externally low-finned tube bundles are successively tested. For each one, optimum operating parameters which reduce fouling are identified over a 230-300°C film temperature range and a 1.3-8.8 N/m2 wall shear stress range. The fouling mitigation efficiency of the enhanced tubes is compared with smooth tubes taken as a reference. Compared to smooth tubes, fouling on helically-finned and low-finned tubes is reduced by an order of magnitude when they are operated at equivalent wall shear stress and film temperature.In addition, a numerical (CFD) fouling simulation has been developed to provide a better understanding of the fouling in the heat exchanger with smooth tubes. Dominant phenomena driving fouling in the heat exchanger were determined. The deposition rate is weakly impacted by the spatial variations of the thermo-hydraulic and controls the overall fouling rate. Heterogeneities in fouling rate are caused by the local scattering in the removal rate, which varies in a broad range but whose impact on the overall fouling rate is low. The broad range of the shear stress is the consequence of the fluid flow entrance effects. An attempt to improve accuracy of the fouling model has been undertaken by optimizing the model parameters and by considering aging of the deposit
Dreyfus, Sébastien. "Détermination directe des éléments traces (Ni, V, Cu, Mo, Sn, Ba, Pb) et de leurs rapports isotopiques dans les huiles brutes par ICP/MS. : Définition de nouveaux traceurs géochimiques et application à l'étude du système pétrolier du bassin de Portiguar (Brésil)." Pau, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PAUU3039.
Full textIn the recent years, intensive studies have been dedicated to the geochemical characterization of source rocks and basins. Traces and ultra trace metals in crude oils may be used as geochemical biomarkers in oil-oil or oil-source rock correlation, identification of source rocks depositional environment and in the quantification of oils thermal maturity and biodegradation levels. Elemental signatures such as Ni and V concentrations evolution in crude oils have already been used in oil-source correlation. However new parameters are needed to improve the general knowledge about migration, maturation, mixing and biodegradation of the oil from an inorganic or bioinorganic angle. Sensitive methods are then required to analyze other elements occurring in the petroleum in very low concentration (ex : Mo, Pb, Cu, Sn, Ba,. . . ) The instrumental limitations of the most common techniques used so far (GFAAS, WDXRF, ICP-AES), have been the main reason for the poor knowledge about inorganic constituents of crude oil? Performances of the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) allow the detection of very low concentrations in an organic matrix. During this PhD, analytical methods were developed analyze directly metal elements, and measure lead isotope ratios in crude oil and its fractions (maltenes-asphaltenes) by ICP-MS after sample dilution in xylene. New elemental and isotopic tracers of oil source, maturation, contamination, or biodegradation have been identified
Lautier, Delphine. "La structure par terme des prix des matières premières." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Paris Dauphine - Paris IX, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00152993.
Full textL'analyse théorique de la structure par terme des prix des matières premières étant effectuée, il était intéressant de se pencher sur la façon d'exploiter ses enseignements à des fins de modélisation. C'est l'objet de la deuxième partie du mémoire, qui présente un nouveau modèle de structure par terme – qualifié de modèle asymétrique – justifie les hypothèses qui le sous-tendent, et le positionne par rapport aux autres modélisations.
La troisième partie a pour objectif d'apprécier la qualité de la modélisation effectuée : elle s'intéresse aux résultats des tests empiriques réalisés à partir des modèles de structure par terme. Des simulations me permettent tout d'abord de souligner l'influence des hypothèses concernant le processus stochastique retenu pour les variables d'état et celle du nombre de variables d'état, dans trois modèles différents. Sont ensuite présentés des travaux de nature méthodologique, développés en réponse aux difficultés d'estimation spécifiques que présentent les modèles de structure par terme des prix des matières premières. Enfin, l'exposé des performances des modèles, c'est-à-dire de leur capacité à reproduire la courbe des prix observée, permet de présenter les résultats empiriques obtenus avec le modèle asymétrique.
Deux applications ont été envisagées dans la littérature pour les modèles de structure par terme des prix des matières premières : la couverture dynamique et la valorisation. En ce qui concerne la couverture, la réflexion relative à l'utilisation de modèles de structure par terme est motivée par la volonté de couvrir des engagements à long terme sur le marché physique à l'aide de contrats à terme d'échéance rapprochée. Les travaux portent alors sur la détermination de la stratégie de couverture à mettre en œuvre et sur l'analyse de son efficacité. Dans le domaine de la valorisation, les modèles de structure par terme ont été utilisés en s'appuyant sur la théorie des options réelles. La plupart des recherches entreprises portent sur la décision d'investissement dans le cadre de matières premières minérales, car le caractère irréversible de l'investissement est particulièrement prononcé pour ces dernières. Mes travaux de recherche se sont intéressés à chacune de ces deux applications. Celles-ci ont fait l'objet de plusieurs publications. Elles sont également le sujet de recherches en cours et sont à l'origine de plusieurs projets.
Raisin, Jonathan. "Electrocoalescence eau-huile Emulsions: Vers une efficacité critère." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00647175.
Full textAbi, Chebel Nicolas. "Dynamique et rhéologie interfaciales à haute fréquence d'une goutte oscillante." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009INPT043G/document.
Full textWe present an experimental study of oscillating drop interfacial dynamics at a wide frequency range, especially at high frequency. A characterization method of drops oscillation dynamics has been developed. The oscillations are generated by imposing low amplitude periodic variation of volume to a drop which is attached to a capillary tip. The present method is based on the identification of the drop eigenmodes and the determination of their frequencies and damping rates. It has been applied to characterize several liquid-liquid systems. Three types of interface have been identified. For interfaces of type 1 (heptane/water without added surfactant), each eigenmode is modelled by a weakly damped linear oscillator. Eigenfrequencies and damping rates are well predicted by the linear theory. Interfaces of Types 2 and 3 are obtained by adding crude oil to the disperse phase. Oil native surfactants (asphaltenes, resins) adsorb on the drop interface and provide the latter with viscoelastic behaviour. For young interfaces (type 2 with aging time below 20 minutes), eigenfrequencies remain well predicted by the theory, which deals with non contaminated interfaces, whereas the measured damping rates are significantly higher than the theoretical values. On the other hand, aged interfaces (type 3) exhibit different eigenmodes, of which eigenfrequencies are much higher than the resonance frequencies measured for the young interfaces. At high frequency, the dynamics of aged interfaces are governed by the elasticity of the network constituted by the crude oil amphiphilic species, while the dynamics of young interfaces are governed by interfacial tension. Freely decaying oscillations of a rising drop in a liquid at rest without added surfactant were also considered. Measured frequencies for the first four eigenmodes are in good agreement with the linear theory. However, measured damping rates are much higher than the theoretical rates for non contaminated interfaces. In fact, residual adsorbed species at the heptane/water interface induce Marangoni effects and thus gradients of interfacial tension. Therefore, vorticity production within the boundary layers is enhanced, which explains the observed increase of the oscillation damping rates
Vignet, Caroline. "Altération de la physiologie des poissons exposés à des hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques (HAP) : comportement et reproduction." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LAROS003/document.
Full textPolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are persistent organic pollutants (POPs) which are found in complex mixtures in the environment including aquatic ecosystems. They adsorb on particles, accumulate in sediment and in the first link of the food web. The aim of this study was to measure long term effects of PAHs contamination on a vertebrate model : the zebrafish. In a first study, embryos were exposed on natural sediment spiked with 3 individual PAH (phenanthrene, pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene) during the first four days of their development. In a second study, to evaluate the consequences of long-term chronic exposure to PAHs, zebrafish were exposed, from their first meal (5 days post fertilisation) until they became reproducing adults, to diets spiked with three PAHs fractions at environmentally relevant concentrations (0.3X, 1X and 3X; with the 1X concentration being in the range of 4.6-6.7 μg.g-1 for total quantified PAHs). The fractions used were representative of PAHs of pyrolytic (PY) origin or of two different oils of differing compositions (a heavy fuel (HO) and a light crude oil (LO)). Long term effects on growth, survival, reproduction and behavior were evaluated at different ages. Effects were observed at molecule, tissue, organ and individual scales. In general, for contaminated fish, growth was reduced, larval survival decreased in HO, and reproduction was strongly impaired at hormonal, tissue and phenotypic levels, and behavioral responses were lethargic or hyperactive depending on fractions and stages. Sediment exposure still revealed visible effects when fish were 6 month old. These results hereby showed significant late effects, especially in behavioral responses after an early exposure, including in larvae issued from contaminated fish. In spiked diets contaminated fish, we observed a gradation of effects. Combining all functions, we established of hierarchy in toxicity in the studied fractions: PY < LO ≈ HO. Finally, our results gathered at a multiscale from molecule, to tissue and individuals, indicate that PAH mixtures of different compositions, representative of situations encountered in the wild, can promote lethal and sublethal effects which are likely to be detrimental for fish survival and recruitment into future generations