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Journal articles on the topic "Petroleum as fuel – Prices – Arizona"
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Dickinson, Richard R. "Fuel Oil." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 4, no. 2-3 (May 1986): 125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014459878600400204.
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As the price of petroleum has increased, the power industry has displaced a great deal of more expensive petroleum and natural gas with coal and nuclear power. The petroleum industry has installed processing facilities to upgrade its heavy fuel oil to make lighter products. These two actions, when combined, have effectively resulted in producing clean products indirectly from coal. A profitable synfuels industry has been created by the refining and power industries without conscious direction on their part—and without government support. The net effect has been to substantially reduce demand for both crude oil and natural gas, stretching future supplies of petroleum energy. This displacement has contributed to the temporary bubble in natural gas and the present oversupply of crude oil, creating downward price pressures on both crude oil and products. Even so, fuel oil prices have remained relatively stable because the industry has installed sufficient capability through its refinery improvements to upgrade fuel oil into more clean products, thereby reducing production of heavy fuel oil. In the future, we can expect the interaction among these fuels to continue to exert their effects. Since there are many consumers who can use either natural gas or fuel oil, their prices will remain tied to each other. Fuel oil prices will set the upper limits to which the burner tip price of natural gas can rise. Conversely, natural gas prices will tend to set the floor under fuel oil prices.
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Jebali, Lassaad, and Anis Kacem. "Impact of fuel energy prices in Tunisia." International Journal of Energetica 3, no. 1 (June 30, 2018): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.47238/ijeca.v3i1.62.
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The policy of subsidizing petroleum derivatives in Tunisia distorts the real prices of goods and services. It does not take care on environment. There is no serious fiscal policies to reduce pollution generated by energy products.The calculation of the correlation matrix between different macroeconomic aggregates does not give a negative effect of oil prices on national GDP. However, this result is serious, because the impact on economic (performance) is hidden, affecting first the general level of prices, unemployment and inflation. Instability of oil prices has no apparent impact. This fact and instability make many difficulties to manage prices and inflation after revolution. Impact on GDP passes through Economic Vulnerability Indicator (EVI) and agricultural sector.
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Kalinichenko, Antonina, Valerii Havrysh, and Igor Atamanyuk. "The Acceptable Alternative Vehicle Fuel Price." Energies 12, no. 20 (October 15, 2019): 3889. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12203889.
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Historically, petroleum fuels have been the dominant fuel used for land transport. However, the growing need for sustainable national economics has urged us to incorporate more economical and ecological alternative vehicle fuels. The advantages and disadvantages of them complicate the decision-making process and compel us to develop adequate mathematical methods. Alternative fuel (compressed natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, and ethanol fuel mixtures), the standard prices and their ratios were investigated. A mathematical model to determine a critical ratio between alternative and conventional fuel prices had already been developed. The results of this were investigated. The results showed that the critical ratio is not a linear function on annual conventional fuel consumption costs. According to our simulation gaseous fuels were economically more attractive. Whereas, the use of bioethanol blends had more risk.
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Lin, Kun-Chin. "Protecting the petroleum industry: renewed government aid to fossil fuel producers." Business and Politics 16, no. 4 (December 2014): 549–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bap-2014-0019.
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The dual pressures of the global economic crisis in 2008 and high crude prices through the subsequent recovery period have prompted oil-producing countries to adopt a wide range of protectionist measures including subsidies in all forms and trade and investment restrictions. Focusing on fiscal and industrial policy adjustments in the UK and the People's Republic of China since 2008, this paper argues that both governments have sought an increase in tax contributions from the corporate sector in exchange for intensified, targeted support for specific capital investments that will address the challenges of overall decline in domestic oil production and new field exploration and oil recovery opportunities. These novel “rent-sharing” schemes – inadequately captured in recent academic debates over precise measurements of fuel subsidies – raise concerns for fair competition in the upstream market and politicians’ long-term commitment to the transitioning of energy mix toward green and renewable sources.
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Raman, R. Sundara, G. Sankara Narayanan, N. Manoharan, and S. Sendilvelan. "ANALYSIS OF PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF A DIESEL ENGINE FUELLED WITH BIODIESEL." Journal of Mechanical Engineering 46, no. 1 (May 11, 2017): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jme.v46i1.32518.
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The rapid depletion in world petroleum reserves and uncertainty in petroleum supply due to political and economical reasons along with the sharp escalation in the petroleum prices have simulated the search for alternatives to petroleum based fuels especially diesel and gasoline. Moreover, bulks of petroleum fuels are being consumed by agriculture and transport sector for which diesel engine happens to be the prime mover. Though there are wide varieties of alternative fuels available the research has not yet provided the right renewable fuel to replace diesel. Vegetable oil due to their properties being close to diesel fuel may be a promising alternative for diesel engines. Due to their high viscosity, they cannot be directly used in a diesel engine. Transesterification is one method by which viscosity could be drastically reduced and the fuel could be adopted for use in diesel engine. Present investigation focuses on use of Rice Bran Oil in Diesel engine. Performance and exhaust emission characteristics of the engine have been evaluated. Esterified Rice Bran Oil has exhibited performance very close to that of diesel fuel. In the present work it is observed that, the NOX and unburned hydrocarbon emission decreases and carbon monoxide, particulate emission and smoke intensity increases with the use of biodiesel in diesel engine. When compared to non-esterified Rice Bran Oil, esterified Rice Bran Oil emits less smoke and therefore be regarded as an environment friendly fuel.
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Ani, Dorothy Patience, Emmanuel Adah Onoja, and Isaac Terna Humbe. "Partial Fuel Subsidy Removal in Nigeria." International Journal of Social Ecology and Sustainable Development 12, no. 1 (January 2021): 98–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsesd.2021010108.
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The ripple effects of the petrol crisis on the Nigerian economy is multi-faceted: price distortions, volatilities, dutch-disease, corruption, and inefficiencies. This study assessed the effects of partial fuel subsidy removal on agricultural sector and Nigerian economy. The study made use of secondary data obtained from Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletins, Petroleum Product Price Regulatory Agency (PPPRA), National Bureau of Statistics, Benue State Agricultural and Rural Development Authority (BNARDA), and FAO. Johansen co-integration model and t-test were the analytical tools used. After appropriate robustness checks and ensuring data stationarity, the study found that partial fuel subsidy removal had significant positive influence on the country's GDP, significantly reduced inflation rate, and also reduced life expectancy of Nigerians. Specifically, a percentage increase in petrol price significantly increases GDP by 9.8%; a percentage increase in petrol price increases the prices of rice and maize by 0.75% and 1.50% respectively. The study concludes that increased petrol price had positive effects on GDP and adverse effects on the prices of crop produce. Government should diversify and develop other economies and provide adequate infrastuctural facilities to cushion the effects of subsidy removal. Organic and low-input methods of farming should be adopted to reduce the need for fuel inputs to the food system at all levels.
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Laung-Iem, Kornkamol, and Prapita Thanarak. "Determination of Biodiesel Prices in Thailand." Applied Mechanics and Materials 839 (June 2016): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.839.81.
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Biodiesel is a diesel equivalent fuel produced from biological feed stocks, acting as a substitute for petroleum or fossil diesel. Biodiesel production in Thailand began in 2005, with prices stabilizing after 2008. Biodiesel, along with other biofuels, plays a role in Thailand’s Alternative Energy Development Plan (AEDP). The purpose of this study is to examine factors in the Thai biodiesel prices (2009-2014). The study assessed factors in downstream biodiesel prices at consumer locations like gas stations. The price factors assessed in the study included ex-refinery prices, excise taxes, municipal taxes, oil fund contributions, energy conservation fund conributions, marketing margin and exchange rate (USD). Regression results showed that all of these factors were significant (r2 = 0.867). The implication of the study is that while most of the retail price of biodiesel in Thailand is attributable to cost factors, there is some unexplained variance in price. This offers an opportunity for future research.
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Monge, Manuel, Luis A. Gil-Alana, Fernando Pérez de Gracia, and Ignacio Rodríguez Carreño. "Are mergers and acquisitions in the petroleum industry affected by oil prices?" Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy 12, no. 5 (March 3, 2017): 420–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15567249.2016.1163436.
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Klutse, Senanu Kwasi, and Gábor Dávid Kiss. "Test for asymmetry on the ex-pump price of premium gasoline in Ghana, Kenya, and Colombia." Hungarian Statistical Review 4, no. 1 (2021): 73–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.35618/hsr2021.01.en073.
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Once again, the World has been faced with an oil price shock as a result of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus pandemic. This has resurrected an old debate of whether retail fuel prices adjust significantly to either increases or decreases in international crude oil prices. With many countries moving towards the deregulation of their petroleum sub-sector, the impact of the US dollar exchange rate on retail fuel prices cannot be overlooked. This study investigates the rate at which positive and negative changes in international Brent crude oil prices and the US dollar exchange rate affected the increases or decreases in the ex-pump price of premium gasoline between February 2012 and December 2019. Using a non-linear auto-regressive distributed lag model, the exchange rate was found to play a significant role in fluctuations in the retail price of premium gasoline in Ghana and Colombia in the long run, howev-er, the rate of adjustment between the negative and positive changes was not significant, dispelling the perception of price asymmetry. There was no significant relationship between the ex-pump price of premium gasoline and the international Brent crude oil price in Ghana and Kenya in the long run. This study recommends that the aforementioned countries prioritise the creation of ex-change rate buffers to prevent exchange rate shocks that may affect retail fuel prices.
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FARSI, MEHDI, MASSIMO FILIPPINI, and SHONALI PACHAURI. "Fuel choices in urban Indian households." Environment and Development Economics 12, no. 6 (December 2007): 757–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x07003932.
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ABSTRACTThis paper applies an ordered discrete choice framework to model fuel choices and patterns of cooking fuel use in urban Indian households. The choices considered are for three main cooking fuels: firewood, kerosene, and LPG (liquid petroleum gas). The models, estimated using a large microeconomic dataset, show a reasonably good performance in the prediction of households’ primary and secondary fuel choices. This suggests that ordered models can be used to analyze multiple fuel use patterns in the Indian context. The results show that lack of sufficient income is one of the main factors that retard households from using cleaner fuels, which usually also require the purchase of relatively expensive equipments. The results also indicate that households are sensitive to LPG prices. In addition to income and price, several socio-demographic factors such as education and sex of the head of the household are also found to be important in determining household fuel choice.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Petroleum as fuel – Prices – Arizona"
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Madyini, Ntandazo. "The effect of the fluctuating crude oil prices on retail fuel prices in South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97459.
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Thesis (MDF)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study was an attempt to analyse the relationship between Brent crude oil prices, the South African rand US$ exchange rate and fuel prices in South Africa. Covering the period between 2003 and 2013, the ultimate objective was to test if there is asymmetric prices adjustment between Brent crude oil prices and the rand US$ exchange rate, on the one hand, and retail fuel prices on the other hand. As a time-series analysis, the study used the Augmented Dickey Fuller and Phillips-Perron tests for stationarity, as well as some cointegration tests. The results show that the effect of the current crude oil price and the exchange rate between the ZAR and the US$ on current fuel prices is insignificant. Instead, the current fuel prices are affected mainly by the previous month’s fuel price, the crude oil price and the exchange rate. Furthermore, the results of the threshold autoregressive model (TAR) do not prove the presence of asymmetry in the fuel price adjustment on a month-to-month basis in South Africa. The conclusion here is that the basic fuel price model is aligned to its import parity objective of symmetric adjustment in fuel prices. However, there exist some structural inefficiencies in South Africa`s fuel market, therefore policymakers should address those short-term inefficiencies in the price transmission from crude oil to fuel prices.
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Savernini, Maira Q. M. "An Econometric Investigation of the Brazilian Ethanol Exports: The Role of Brazilian Sugar Export Prices and World Oil Prices." Ohio : Ohio University, 2008. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1213135904.
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Stoop, Bennie. "Aspects of pricing structure for South African fuels." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/7180.
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M.Phil.This research aims to establish and evaluate the main factors that influence the fuel industry in South Africa. The South African fuel industry, is influenced by different business, economical and logistical factors, which all contribute to a changing fuel environment as well as a changing fuel prices that vary on a monthly basis, as calculated by the Department of Mineral and Energy Affairs(DMEA). These factors including crude oil procurement, petroleum industry, synthetic fuel industry and geographical locations, are fundamentally important, and explained in more detail in the chapters to follow. Oil as main supply source to the fuel industry, plays a vital role to South Africa as industrial developing country. The crude oil imported from the eastern countries is refined into petroleum and alternative fuels, necessary to the economy. The oil price thus influences the petroleum price, which in turn influences the cost of food and accessories. This research will for this reason also focus on aspects such as the actual importation of crude oil, petroleum price structure, price zones, synfuels and alternative fuels, and the affect these aspects have on the fuel industry.
Books on the topic "Petroleum as fuel – Prices – Arizona"
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Associates, Cambridge Energy Research. Power sector outlook: Fuel prices take center stage. Cambridge, Mass: CERA, 2004.
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Mittelstädt, Axel. Energy prices: Trends and prospects. [Paris, France]: OECD, 1985.
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Québec, Québec (Province) Groupe de travail sur le prix des carburants au. Report of the Task Force on Fuel Prices in Québec. [Québec]: The Task Force, 1985.
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Board of Inquiry Respecting Fuel Pricing in the Yukon. Public inquiry into petroleum fuel pricing in the Yukon Territory. [Whitehorse, Yukon]: The Inquiry, 1988.
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Oil, New York (N Y. ). Mayor's Task Force on Home Heating. The big chill?: New York City and home heating oil, winter 2000-2001. New York: Mayor's Task Force on Home Heating Oil, 2000.
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New York (State). Legislature. Assembly. Standing Committee on Energy. Joint public hearing of Assembly Standing Committees on Energy and Consumer Affairs & Protection on the examination of the sudden rise in petroleum prices in New York State and the effect on other energy prices. Albany, N.Y. (Agency Building 4, 13th Floor, Albany 12224): Official Reporter's Office, New York State Assembly, 2000.
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Office, Maine State Planning. An analysis of winter 1989-90 heating oil prices. Augusta, Me: The Office, 1990.
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United States. Congress. House. Committee on International Relations. Oil Price Reduction Act of 2000: Report together with supplemental views (to accompany H.R. 3822) (including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office). [Washington D.C: U.S. G.P.O., 2000.
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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Rules. Providing for the consideration of H.R. 3822, the Oil Price Reduction Act of 2000: Report (to accompany H. Res. 445). [Washington D.C: U.S. G.P.O., 2000.
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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Rules. Providing for the consideration of H.R. 3822, the Oil Price Reduction Act of 2000: Report (to accompany H. Res. 445). [Washington D.C: U.S. G.P.O., 2000.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Petroleum as fuel – Prices – Arizona"
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"Chapitre 4. A little Economics: fossil fuel prices." In Petroleum, natural gas and coal, 153–66. EDP Sciences, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/978-2-7598-2232-4.c012.
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Agbola, Ruby Melody, and Evans Sokro. "Sustainable Energy and the Growth of Small and Medium Enterprises in Ghana." In International Business, 773–90. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-9814-7.ch037.
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The chronic shortage of petroleum fuels, especially gasoline and LPG, and the prolonged and indiscriminate power outages coupled with the recent increment in fuel prices appear to be taking their toll on Ghanaian businesses; hence, some have questioned the degree of security, reliability, and long-term sustainability of the country's energy need. The chapter assesses the impact of the recent power outages on the growth and profitability of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). The study employed a survey design consisting of structured questionnaires involving a total of 190 SMEs across the country. An eight item Likert scale used to assess the impact of the energy crisis on three key measures of business growth revealed a strong positive correlation between the power outages and reduced profitability but a weak correlation with business expansion by way of market development and a statistically insignificant relationship between the power outages and growth in number of employees.
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Agbola, Ruby Melody, and Evans Sokro. "Sustainable Energy and the Growth of Small and Medium Enterprises in Ghana." In Green Technology Applications for Enterprise and Academic Innovation, 133–49. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-5166-1.ch009.
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The chronic shortage of petroleum fuels, especially gasoline and LPG, and the prolonged and indiscriminate power outages coupled with the recent increment in fuel prices appear to be taking their toll on Ghanaian businesses; hence, some have questioned the degree of security, reliability, and long-term sustainability of the country's energy need. The chapter assesses the impact of the recent power outages on the growth and profitability of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). The study employed a survey design consisting of structured questionnaires involving a total of 190 SMEs across the country. An eight item Likert scale used to assess the impact of the energy crisis on three key measures of business growth revealed a strong positive correlation between the power outages and reduced profitability but a weak correlation with business expansion by way of market development and a statistically insignificant relationship between the power outages and growth in number of employees.
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Crane, Hewitt, Edwin Kinderman, and Ripudaman Malhotra. "Energy Today." In A Cubic Mile of Oil. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195325546.003.0011.
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The energy industry is one of the largest of the world’s industries and one that directly influences the lives of the vast majority of the world’s population. However, the industry’s day-to-day conduct generally receives minimal public attention. Such exceptional events as an embargo on fuel shipments, a sudden rise in fuel prices, a widespread electricity shortage or outage, the rare nuclear accident, or a massive hurricane that affects oil production do make the national news, of course, and often receive prolonged coverage. Yet the more common events such as refinery fires, oil tanker wrecks, pipeline leaks and explosions, and coal-mine disasters attract the attention of only a relatively few, and then too often only in passing. And while the public attention to its activities can be fleeting, the industry is massive. Its size and influence are often overlooked, and the investments required to produce our needed energy are difficult to calculate. Using Exxon-Mobil, the largest of the petroleum companies, as a model, we estimate that the depreciated capital costs for the production of oil, gas, and chemical products derived from them are about $2.5 trillion per CMO. New investments required could be twice as large. A lack of public knowledge and the consequent lack of political will can only exacerbate our general inability to understand the enormity of rapidly changing the resources and technologies this industry employs. We begin our analysis of the state of the energy industry by first distinguishing between primary and secondary sources of energy. Next we examine the overall production of energy by the different primary sources. We then discuss the production and consumption of energy in different regions across the globe. We also look at the per capita consumption in these regions because it is germane to the discussion in chapter 4 of the projections for future energy use. Finally, because more than 40% of primary energy is converted into secondary sources or energy carriers (mainly electricity) before its end use, we survey the different secondary energy sources and their markets.
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Araújo, Kathleen. "Rethinking Energy at the Crossroads." In Low Carbon Energy Transitions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199362554.003.0004.
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The discovery of oil in Pennsylvania in 1859 was a relatively inconspicuous precursor to what would become an epic shift into the modern age of energy. At the time, the search for “rock oil” was driven by a perception that lighting fuel was running out. Advances in petrochemical refining and internal combustion engines had yet to occur, and oil was more expensive than coal. In less than 100 years, oil gained worldwide prominence as an energy source and traded commodity. Along similar lines, electricity in the early 1900s powered less than 10% of the homes in the United States. Yet, in under a half a century, billions of homes around the world were equipped to utilize the refined form of energy. Estimates indicate that roughly 85% of the world’s population had access to electricity in 2014 (World Bank, n.d.b). For both petroleum and electricity, significant changes in energy use and associated technologies were closely linked to evolutions in infrastructure, institutions, investment, and practices. Today, countless decision-makers are focusing on transforming energy systems from fossil fuels to low carbon energy which is widely deemed to be a cleaner, more sustainable form of energy. As of 2016, 176 countries have renewable energy targets in place, compared to 43 in 2005 (Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century [REN21], 2017). Many jurisdictions are also setting increasingly ambitious targets for 100% renewable energy or electricity (Bloomberg New Energy Finance [BNEF], 2016). In 2015, the G7 and G20 committed to accelerate the provision of access to renewables and efficiency (REN21, 2016). In conjunction with all of the above priorities, clean energy investment surged in 2015 to a new record of $329 billion, despite low, fossil fuel prices. A significant “decoupling” of economic and carbon dioxide (CO2) growth was also evident, due in part to China’s increased use of renewable energy and efforts by member countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) to foster greater use of renewables and efficiency (REN21, 2016).
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Avery, William H., and Chih Wu. "Economic, Environmental, and Social Aspects of OTEC Implementation." In Renewable Energy from the Ocean. Oxford University Press, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195071993.003.0016.
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The financial analyses presented in Chapters 7 and 8 indicate that commercial development of OTEC will have a significant impact on the economics of U.S. energy production and use. Two scenarios for commercial development are examined in this section: 1. Development of OTEC methanol capacity sufficient to replace all U.S. gasoline produced from imported oil. 2. Development of OTEC ammonia capacity sufficient to replace all gasoline used in U.S. transportation. Commercialization of this option implies a project goal to produce methanol plantships with enough total methanol capacity to replace the gasoline used in the United States that is now produced from imported petroleum, 47 billion gallons of gasoline in 1990 (DOE/EIA, 1990). This would require a total of 427 200-MWe plantships, each producing 199 million gallons of methanol per year (1.8 gallons of methanol give the same automobile mileage as 1 gallon of gasoline. We assume financing based on an initial nominal plant investment of $960M (1990$) and an eighth plant investment of $664M. With repeated manufacture, the cost will be reduced to $438M for the 427th plantship, assuming that an experience exponent of 0.93 applies for all production of identical plantships after the first three. The average plant investment for the total production is then $507M. If financial support is maintained to complete the program, the year 2020 is a reasonable target date for achieving the full fuel production capacity. This implies construction of OTEC plantships at an average rate of 17 per year after commercial production is established. This rate could be accommodated in U.S. shipyards with feasible modifications to satisfy specific OTEC requirements. The U.S. shipbuilding facilities are discussed in Section 4.1. In addition to the investments required for OTEC, methanol automobiles must be in production, and distribution systems for methanol must be installed. The associated costs must be included in the financial analysis. Offsetting these costs are the savings resulting from: 1. Large improvements in the U.S. balance of trade through elimination of oil imports. 2. Tax receipts accruing from reinvigorated U.S. shipbuilding and associated manufacturing industries. 3. Economic benefits of stabilized world fuel prices.
Conference papers on the topic "Petroleum as fuel – Prices – Arizona"
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Kapilan, N., R. P. Reddy, and P. Mohanan. "Studies on Esters of Coconut Oil as Fuel for LPG-Biodiesel Dual Fuel Engine." In ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-42772.
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The rapid depletion in world petroleum reserves and uncertainty in petroleum supply due to political and economical reasons, as well as, the sharp escalation in the petroleum prices, have stimulated the search for alternatives to petroleum based fuels specially diesel and gasoline. Biodiesel is one of the renewable fuels, which will be the good replacement to diesel. But as a sole fuel, it gives poor performance and higher emissions. From the literature survey, it is observed that not much work has been done to use Methyl Ester (ME) of coconut oil as liquid fuel in sole and dual fuel mode of operation. Hence, in the present work, ME of coconut oil is chosen as a sole fuel to run the diesel engine and an alternative pilot fuel to run LPG-Biodiesel dual fuel engine. In dual fuel mode operation, LPG is used as the inducted gaseous fuel. LPG has been chosen as the inducted fuel on account of its easy availability in abundance in the present time. The existing compression ignition diesel engine was modified to work on dual fuel mode. Tests were carried out on a single cylinder, four strokes, water-cooled, direct injection, compression ignition engine using ME of coconut oil as fuel. To study the effect of injection timing, its is advanced and retarded from the standard injection timing recommended for diesel operation. From the results, it is observed that the advanced injection timing results in better performance and lower emissions of the diesel engine. In dual fuel mode operation, first the engine was started with ME of coconut oil as fuel and then the LPG flow rate was increased. With appropriate proportions of the injected (0.45, 0.65 and 0.75 kg/hr) and inducted fuels it is possible to improve the engine performance and reduce its emissions. From the experimental results, it is found that the pilot fuel rate of 0.65 kg/hr is preferred from the point view of brake thermal efficiency, fuel consumption and smooth running. ME of coconut oil were successfully used as sole fuel and pilot fuel. The performance and emission of the engine in sole fuel mode with better injection timing and dual fuel mode with better pilot quantity were compared. From the comparison, it is observed that the ME of coconut oil can be used as pilot fuel in dual fuel engine compared to sole fuel with regard to performance and emissions.
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Wilda, Jon C., and Mark C. Elizer. "Coal Rediscovered." In ASME 1985 Citrus Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/cec1985-3103.
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Despite recent experience in petroleum markets, future oil prices and availability are still major uncertainties that can have significant impact on energy users. Natural gas prices have also seen continual escalation. In COMCO’s coal-based alternative fuel development work, we have taken a long-term outlook, namely that the only sensible fuel strategy for utility and industrial users continues to be the increased utilization of coal. Coal slurry fuels, such as coal-oil mixtures and coal-water mixtures, represent a way for energy users with existing conventional fuel-fired equipment to increase coal utilization without replacing those facilities with costly new coal-fired systems. Paper published with permission.
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Karim, Anak. "Accelerating Digital Transformation in E&P Business." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-21847-ms.
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Abstract As a resourced based economy, Malaysia relies heavily on the energy oil, and gas industry - a critical sector contributing to the economic growth of the Malaysian economy; which makes up in the range of 20% - 25% of the total gross domestic product (GDP) of Malaysia as of 2017. No analysts can properly predict prices of the future, with the highs and lows of crude and natural gas and renewables as the fuel of the future and are perhaps new way of things. This "new normal" in which countries, including Malaysia, must learn to adapt in a more agile manner to the "new way of work" of increased productivity and efficiency (de Graauw, McCreery, & Murphy, 2015). In adapting to the new normal, measures of increased productivity must continue to be pushed forward and implemented. Energy companies and services provider still need to continue with exploration and development (E&P) operations and activities to meet long term strategic objectives and demands of the nation, in line with the aspirations of the national oil company, however, it needs to add more value to every dollar spent as margins have continued to shrink and reduce profit margins of energy producers. This is where Digital Transformation comes into play and the urgency for implementation has gone from novelty solutions to critical business survival. Changing industry trends such as Industrial Revolution 4.0 have made it more prevalent than ever to make better use of capital at a time when productivity is essential. At the same time, the industry needs to continue to explore and develop to meet long-term demands, which continues to grow albeit slower than before.
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Sepehri, Amin, and Brent Nelson. "Analysis of Round Trip Efficiency of Thermal Energy Storage in Northern Arizona." In ASME 2019 Power Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2019-1860.
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Abstract Energy storage systems provide a variety of benefits, including taking better advantage of renewable electricity when available and smoothing demand by shifting demand peaks to times when electricity prices and demand are lower. When low electricity demand occurs during the nighttime, system wide advantages also occur. These lower nighttime ambient temperatures lead to efficiency improvements throughout the grid, including power generators, transmission and distribution systems, chillers, etc. An analysis of ice thermal energy storage carried out by T. Deetjen et al. in 2018 analyzed fuel consumption of the power generation fleet for meeting cooling demand in buildings as a function of ambient temperature, relative humidity, transmission and distribution current, and baseline power plant efficiency. Their results showed that the effective round trip efficiency for ice thermal energy storage could exceed 100% due to the efficiency gains of nighttime operation. However, their analysis was performed on a case study in Dallas, where relatively high humidities lead to a relatively small diurnal temperature variation during the cooling season. In order to expand on this limitation, our study extends this analysis to a mountain west climate, using northern Arizona as a case study. The climate of the mountain west has several key differences from that of the Dallas case study in the previous work, including lower relative humidity, higher diurnal temperature variation, and near- and below-freezing nighttime temperatures during shoulder seasons that also exhibit cooling demand in buildings. To address these differences, this paper updates the models of Deetjen et al. to consider generator fleet efficiency and chiller/icemaking COP for local weather characteristics relevant to the mountain west, as well as considering the differences between fuel mixes of the generator fleet in nighttime and daytime. Compared to Dallas, the larger temperature variation of northern Arizona leads to higher round trip efficiencies (RTE) over the course of the year in most days of the year (e.g. 313 days of the year in northern Arizona in comparison with 182 days in Dallas), demonstrating frequent achievement of over 100% effective round trip efficiency. The presence of a mature commercial market and the possibility of gaining over 100% effective round trip efficiency create a strong case for cooling thermal energy storage as an energy storage approach. Future work will investigate emissions impacts as well as extend the analysis to additional western climates, including the hot dry and marine climates.
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Murali Krishna, B., and J. M. Mallikarjuna. "Renewable Biodiesel From CSO: A Fuel Option for Diesel Engines." In ASME 2006 International Solar Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/isec2006-99051.
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The petroleum-based fuels are limited reserve fuels, with our present known reserves and the growing rate of consumption, it is feared that they are not going to last long. These finite resources of petroleum and highly concentrated in certain regions of the world has given rise to frequent disruptions and uncertainties in its supply and as well as price. This situation has created a problem to increase the prices of these oils. The growing dependence on oil has created great scarcities and hardships with serious economic imbalance. A part from the problem of fast vanishing reserves, Petroleum fueled vehicles discharge significant amount of pollutants. In view of these problems attempts must be made to develop the technology of alternate clean burning fuels. The alternative, which satisfies all these requirements, is bio-diesel. Bio-diesel is methyl or ethyl ester of fatty acid made from virgin or used vegetable oils (both edible and non-edible) and animal fat, by converting the triglyceride oils to methyl (or ethyl) esters with a process known as transesterification. Bio-fuels are important now and offer increase in potential for the future. This paper consists two phases. The phase one dealt with preparation of bio-diesel from Cotton Seed Oil (C.S.O), which is available at cheaper price, as it is byproduct from cotton industries. Its properties were determined experimentally and compared with the conventional diesel fuel. The second phase dealt with conduction of experiments on a single cylinder, 4-stroke, direct injection Diesel Engine without modifications at constant speed 1500 rpm for various loads using 100% bio-diesel and conventional diesel fuel. It noticed that, the performance of the engine is not severely deviated by the substituted renewable biodiesel inaddition considerable decrease in smoke level. It is concluding that the biodiesel is superior fuel from the environmental and performance point of view, addition to this reducing the import of oil and consequentially improving energy security as a renewable alternate fuel.
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Law, Karen H., Michael J. Chan, and Michael D. Jackson. "Societal Costs of Transportation Fuels: Enabling a True Comparison of Alternatives to Conventional Fuels." In ASME 2012 6th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2012 10th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2012-91465.
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Petroleum-based conventional fuels dominate the transportation sector due to simple economics. Per unit of energy, few fuels can rival gasoline and diesel in terms of total cost of ownership to the consumer. While some fuels, such as natural gas and electricity, offer lower fuel costs and/or higher vehicle efficiencies than conventional fuels, the fuel price differentials may not be sufficient to offset the higher initial costs of the vehicles, especially if petroleum prices are low. Even when total costs of ownership are similar or slightly lower for alternative fuels than conventional fuels, differences in attributes, such as vehicle range, fueling time, cargo space, vehicle availability, and fuel availability, and consumer loss aversion suggest that more substantial differences in costs are required before consumers are willing to adopt the alternatives. In order for the transportation sector to achieve greater energy sustainability, the traditional economic paradigm for the vehicle purchase decision must expand to incorporate the true benefits of alternatives to conventional fuels, namely the societal benefits of increased energy security, lower criteria pollutant emissions, and lower greenhouse gas emissions. These benefits are not purely economic and yet are crucial to the future of transportation. To capture these benefits in the economic scheme, the societal costs of transportation fuels to the U.S. have been monetized according to measurable impacts. For energy security, the costs are tied to decreased economic output, loss of national gross product, economic strain and volatility, oil supply shocks and price spikes, supply disruption, and import costs. For criteria pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions, the costs are tied to human health impacts, property damage, loss of agricultural productivity, and destruction of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. These societal costs then applied to the use of specific fuels in two representative market segments, representing distinct applications, duty cycles, fuel consumption, and vehicle lifetime. Incorporating the monetized societal costs of transportation fuels in the total costs of ownership enables a fair comparison that reflects the benefits of alternatives to conventional fuels. As a result, these societal costs provide a justifiable framework for a real discussion on incentives and the direction of energy policy, beyond the mere objective of low fuel prices that has pervaded policy discussions to date.
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Zemke, Peter E., Byard D. Wood, Daniel J. Dye, David J. Bayless, and Jeff D. Muhs. "Economic Analysis of a Vertical Sheet Algal Photobioreactor for Biodiesel Production." In ASME 2007 Energy Sustainability Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2007-36055.
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The combination of a 100% increase in diesel fuel prices since 2002 and a new photobioreactor technology has renewed interest in producing biodiesel, a direct petroleum diesel fuel substitute, from microalgae. A new photobioreactor technology in which the microalgae are grown on vertically suspended membranes promises to increase algal productivity per acre ten-fold compared to microalgae ponds, and 400-fold compared to soybeans. This paper describes the general photobioreactor concept and assesses the economic viability of such technology given the current crude oil prospects. The majority of the data necessary for assessment are obtained from published articles, with experimental results providing the remaining necessary information. Analysis results indicate that the photobioreactor would need to be constructed and operate on the order of dollars per square foot per year.
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Jayakumar, Chandrasekharan, Jagdish Nargunde, Anubhav Sinha, Walter Bryzik, Naeim A. Henein, and Eric Sattler. "Effect of Biodiesel, JP-8 and Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel Fuel on Autoignition, Combustion, Performance and Emissions in a Single Cylinder Diesel Engine." In ASME 2010 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2010-35060.
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Concern about the depletion of petroleum reserves, rising prices of conventional fuels, security of supply and global warming have driven research toward the development of renewable fuels for use in diesel engines. These fuels have different physical and chemical properties that affect the diesel combustion process. This paper compares between the autoignition, combustion, performance and emissions of soybean derived biodiesel, JP-8 and ultra low sulfur diesel (ULSD) in a high speed single-cylinder research diesel engine equipped with a common rail injection system. Tests were conducted at steady state conditions at different injection pressures ranging from 600 bar to 1200 bar. The ‘rate of heat release’ traces are analyzed to determine the effect of fuel properties on the ignition delay, premixed combustion fraction and mixing and diffusion controlled combustion fractions. Biodiesel produced the largest diffusion controlled combustion fraction at all injection pressures compared to ULSD and JP-8. At 600 bar injection pressure, the diffusion controlled combustion fraction for biodiesel was 53% whereas both JP-8 and ULSD produced 39%. In addition, the effect of fuel properties on engine performance, fuel economy, and engine-out emissions is determined. On an average JP-8 produced 3% higher thermal efficiency than ULSD. Special attention is given to the NOx emissions and particulate matter characteristics. On an average biodiesel produced 37% less NOx emissions compared to ULSD and JP-8.
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Curtiss, Peter S., and Jan F. Kreider. "Life Cycle Analysis of Automotive Ethanol Produced From Municipal Solid Waste." In ASME 2009 3rd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer and InterPACK09 Conferences. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2009-90327.
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The trend of increasing petroleum prices has prompted the consideration of other fuels for transportation. Ethanol has received a great deal of attention based on the hope that it is possible to develop a sustainable and relatively environmentally responsible alternative to gasoline. Currently, the biofuels industry depends heavily on the use of cereal crops as the feedstock for the ethanol refineries. This practice, however, has led to concern over the diversion of food supplies to fuel supplies; price increases of corn and corn-dependent products (milk, beef, etc.) have already been blamed on the market forces pushing crops towards fuel production. Additionally, sufficient land water exist in the US for cereal crop-based biofuels. Another method for producing ethanol uses waste products as the main feedstock. The waste can consist of anything fermentable — agricultural field remnants, yard clippings, and paper and food waste all are potentially inputs to the ethanol production process. An added benefit of such a system is the decrease in the amount of material that must be disposed in landfills or dumps. This paper briefly discusses the conversion of municipal solid waste (MSW) to ethanol for use as an automotive replacement fuel.
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Taha, Ahmed A., Tarek Abdel-Salam, and Madhu Vellakal. "Hydrogen, Biodiesel and Ethanol for Internal Combustion Engines: A Review Paper." In ASME 2015 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2015-1011.
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Alternative fuels research has been on going for well over many years at a number of institutions. Driven by oil price and consumption, engine emissions and climate change, along with the lack of sustainable fossil fuels, transportation sector has generated an interest in alternative, renewable sources of fuel for internal combustion engines. The focus has ranged from feed stock optimization to engine-out emissions, performance and durability. Biofuels for transportation sector, including alcohols (ethanol, methanol…etc.), biodiesel, and other liquid and gaseous fuels such as methane and hydrogen, have the potential to displace a considerable amount of petroleum-based fuels around the world. First generation biofuels are produced from sugars, starches, or vegetable oils. On the contrary, the second generation biofuels are produced from cellulosic materials, agricultural wastes, switch grasses and algae rather than sugar and starch. By not using food crops, second generation biofuel production is much more sustainable and has a lower impact on food production. Also known as advanced biofuels, the second-generation biofuels are still in the development stage. Combining higher energy yields, lower requirements for fertilizer and land, and the absence of competition with food, second generation biofuels, when available at prices equivalent to petroleum derived products, offer a truly sustainable alternative for transportation fuels. There are main four issues related to alternative fuels: production, transportation, storage, handling and usage. This paper presents a review of recent literature related to the alternative fuels usage and the impact of these fuels on fuel injection systems, and fuel atomization and sprays for both spark-ignition and compression-ignition engines. Effect of these renewable fuels on both internal flow and external flow characteristics of the fuel injector will be presented.
Reports on the topic "Petroleum as fuel – Prices – Arizona"
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Bushnell, James, Jonathan Hughes, and Aaron Smith. Food vs. Fuel? Impacts of Petroleum Shipments on Agricultural Prices. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, October 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w23924.
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