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1
Dickinson, Richard R. "Fuel Oil." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 4, no. 2-3 (May 1986): 125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014459878600400204.
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As the price of petroleum has increased, the power industry has displaced a great deal of more expensive petroleum and natural gas with coal and nuclear power. The petroleum industry has installed processing facilities to upgrade its heavy fuel oil to make lighter products. These two actions, when combined, have effectively resulted in producing clean products indirectly from coal. A profitable synfuels industry has been created by the refining and power industries without conscious direction on their part—and without government support. The net effect has been to substantially reduce demand for both crude oil and natural gas, stretching future supplies of petroleum energy. This displacement has contributed to the temporary bubble in natural gas and the present oversupply of crude oil, creating downward price pressures on both crude oil and products. Even so, fuel oil prices have remained relatively stable because the industry has installed sufficient capability through its refinery improvements to upgrade fuel oil into more clean products, thereby reducing production of heavy fuel oil. In the future, we can expect the interaction among these fuels to continue to exert their effects. Since there are many consumers who can use either natural gas or fuel oil, their prices will remain tied to each other. Fuel oil prices will set the upper limits to which the burner tip price of natural gas can rise. Conversely, natural gas prices will tend to set the floor under fuel oil prices.
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Jebali, Lassaad, and Anis Kacem. "Impact of fuel energy prices in Tunisia." International Journal of Energetica 3, no. 1 (June 30, 2018): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.47238/ijeca.v3i1.62.
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The policy of subsidizing petroleum derivatives in Tunisia distorts the real prices of goods and services. It does not take care on environment. There is no serious fiscal policies to reduce pollution generated by energy products.The calculation of the correlation matrix between different macroeconomic aggregates does not give a negative effect of oil prices on national GDP. However, this result is serious, because the impact on economic (performance) is hidden, affecting first the general level of prices, unemployment and inflation. Instability of oil prices has no apparent impact. This fact and instability make many difficulties to manage prices and inflation after revolution. Impact on GDP passes through Economic Vulnerability Indicator (EVI) and agricultural sector.
3
Kalinichenko, Antonina, Valerii Havrysh, and Igor Atamanyuk. "The Acceptable Alternative Vehicle Fuel Price." Energies 12, no. 20 (October 15, 2019): 3889. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12203889.
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Historically, petroleum fuels have been the dominant fuel used for land transport. However, the growing need for sustainable national economics has urged us to incorporate more economical and ecological alternative vehicle fuels. The advantages and disadvantages of them complicate the decision-making process and compel us to develop adequate mathematical methods. Alternative fuel (compressed natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, and ethanol fuel mixtures), the standard prices and their ratios were investigated. A mathematical model to determine a critical ratio between alternative and conventional fuel prices had already been developed. The results of this were investigated. The results showed that the critical ratio is not a linear function on annual conventional fuel consumption costs. According to our simulation gaseous fuels were economically more attractive. Whereas, the use of bioethanol blends had more risk.
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Lin, Kun-Chin. "Protecting the petroleum industry: renewed government aid to fossil fuel producers." Business and Politics 16, no. 4 (December 2014): 549–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bap-2014-0019.
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The dual pressures of the global economic crisis in 2008 and high crude prices through the subsequent recovery period have prompted oil-producing countries to adopt a wide range of protectionist measures including subsidies in all forms and trade and investment restrictions. Focusing on fiscal and industrial policy adjustments in the UK and the People's Republic of China since 2008, this paper argues that both governments have sought an increase in tax contributions from the corporate sector in exchange for intensified, targeted support for specific capital investments that will address the challenges of overall decline in domestic oil production and new field exploration and oil recovery opportunities. These novel “rent-sharing” schemes – inadequately captured in recent academic debates over precise measurements of fuel subsidies – raise concerns for fair competition in the upstream market and politicians’ long-term commitment to the transitioning of energy mix toward green and renewable sources.
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Raman, R. Sundara, G. Sankara Narayanan, N. Manoharan, and S. Sendilvelan. "ANALYSIS OF PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF A DIESEL ENGINE FUELLED WITH BIODIESEL." Journal of Mechanical Engineering 46, no. 1 (May 11, 2017): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jme.v46i1.32518.
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The rapid depletion in world petroleum reserves and uncertainty in petroleum supply due to political and economical reasons along with the sharp escalation in the petroleum prices have simulated the search for alternatives to petroleum based fuels especially diesel and gasoline. Moreover, bulks of petroleum fuels are being consumed by agriculture and transport sector for which diesel engine happens to be the prime mover. Though there are wide varieties of alternative fuels available the research has not yet provided the right renewable fuel to replace diesel. Vegetable oil due to their properties being close to diesel fuel may be a promising alternative for diesel engines. Due to their high viscosity, they cannot be directly used in a diesel engine. Transesterification is one method by which viscosity could be drastically reduced and the fuel could be adopted for use in diesel engine. Present investigation focuses on use of Rice Bran Oil in Diesel engine. Performance and exhaust emission characteristics of the engine have been evaluated. Esterified Rice Bran Oil has exhibited performance very close to that of diesel fuel. In the present work it is observed that, the NOX and unburned hydrocarbon emission decreases and carbon monoxide, particulate emission and smoke intensity increases with the use of biodiesel in diesel engine. When compared to non-esterified Rice Bran Oil, esterified Rice Bran Oil emits less smoke and therefore be regarded as an environment friendly fuel.
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Ani, Dorothy Patience, Emmanuel Adah Onoja, and Isaac Terna Humbe. "Partial Fuel Subsidy Removal in Nigeria." International Journal of Social Ecology and Sustainable Development 12, no. 1 (January 2021): 98–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsesd.2021010108.
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The ripple effects of the petrol crisis on the Nigerian economy is multi-faceted: price distortions, volatilities, dutch-disease, corruption, and inefficiencies. This study assessed the effects of partial fuel subsidy removal on agricultural sector and Nigerian economy. The study made use of secondary data obtained from Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletins, Petroleum Product Price Regulatory Agency (PPPRA), National Bureau of Statistics, Benue State Agricultural and Rural Development Authority (BNARDA), and FAO. Johansen co-integration model and t-test were the analytical tools used. After appropriate robustness checks and ensuring data stationarity, the study found that partial fuel subsidy removal had significant positive influence on the country's GDP, significantly reduced inflation rate, and also reduced life expectancy of Nigerians. Specifically, a percentage increase in petrol price significantly increases GDP by 9.8%; a percentage increase in petrol price increases the prices of rice and maize by 0.75% and 1.50% respectively. The study concludes that increased petrol price had positive effects on GDP and adverse effects on the prices of crop produce. Government should diversify and develop other economies and provide adequate infrastuctural facilities to cushion the effects of subsidy removal. Organic and low-input methods of farming should be adopted to reduce the need for fuel inputs to the food system at all levels.
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Laung-Iem, Kornkamol, and Prapita Thanarak. "Determination of Biodiesel Prices in Thailand." Applied Mechanics and Materials 839 (June 2016): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.839.81.
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Biodiesel is a diesel equivalent fuel produced from biological feed stocks, acting as a substitute for petroleum or fossil diesel. Biodiesel production in Thailand began in 2005, with prices stabilizing after 2008. Biodiesel, along with other biofuels, plays a role in Thailand’s Alternative Energy Development Plan (AEDP). The purpose of this study is to examine factors in the Thai biodiesel prices (2009-2014). The study assessed factors in downstream biodiesel prices at consumer locations like gas stations. The price factors assessed in the study included ex-refinery prices, excise taxes, municipal taxes, oil fund contributions, energy conservation fund conributions, marketing margin and exchange rate (USD). Regression results showed that all of these factors were significant (r2 = 0.867). The implication of the study is that while most of the retail price of biodiesel in Thailand is attributable to cost factors, there is some unexplained variance in price. This offers an opportunity for future research.
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Monge, Manuel, Luis A. Gil-Alana, Fernando Pérez de Gracia, and Ignacio Rodríguez Carreño. "Are mergers and acquisitions in the petroleum industry affected by oil prices?" Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy 12, no. 5 (March 3, 2017): 420–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15567249.2016.1163436.
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Klutse, Senanu Kwasi, and Gábor Dávid Kiss. "Test for asymmetry on the ex-pump price of premium gasoline in Ghana, Kenya, and Colombia." Hungarian Statistical Review 4, no. 1 (2021): 73–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.35618/hsr2021.01.en073.
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Once again, the World has been faced with an oil price shock as a result of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus pandemic. This has resurrected an old debate of whether retail fuel prices adjust significantly to either increases or decreases in international crude oil prices. With many countries moving towards the deregulation of their petroleum sub-sector, the impact of the US dollar exchange rate on retail fuel prices cannot be overlooked. This study investigates the rate at which positive and negative changes in international Brent crude oil prices and the US dollar exchange rate affected the increases or decreases in the ex-pump price of premium gasoline between February 2012 and December 2019. Using a non-linear auto-regressive distributed lag model, the exchange rate was found to play a significant role in fluctuations in the retail price of premium gasoline in Ghana and Colombia in the long run, howev-er, the rate of adjustment between the negative and positive changes was not significant, dispelling the perception of price asymmetry. There was no significant relationship between the ex-pump price of premium gasoline and the international Brent crude oil price in Ghana and Kenya in the long run. This study recommends that the aforementioned countries prioritise the creation of ex-change rate buffers to prevent exchange rate shocks that may affect retail fuel prices.
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FARSI, MEHDI, MASSIMO FILIPPINI, and SHONALI PACHAURI. "Fuel choices in urban Indian households." Environment and Development Economics 12, no. 6 (December 2007): 757–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x07003932.
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ABSTRACTThis paper applies an ordered discrete choice framework to model fuel choices and patterns of cooking fuel use in urban Indian households. The choices considered are for three main cooking fuels: firewood, kerosene, and LPG (liquid petroleum gas). The models, estimated using a large microeconomic dataset, show a reasonably good performance in the prediction of households’ primary and secondary fuel choices. This suggests that ordered models can be used to analyze multiple fuel use patterns in the Indian context. The results show that lack of sufficient income is one of the main factors that retard households from using cleaner fuels, which usually also require the purchase of relatively expensive equipments. The results also indicate that households are sensitive to LPG prices. In addition to income and price, several socio-demographic factors such as education and sex of the head of the household are also found to be important in determining household fuel choice.
11
Karpova, Tatiana S., Vladimir I. Moiseev, and Vera A. Ksenofontova. "Simulation of the circulation method for discharging viscous petroleum products." Transportation Systems and Technology 6, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 94–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/transsyst20206294-105.
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Background: In the domestic market, the consumption of fuel oil increases during the winter period, leading to higher prices. At the same time, the cost of inputs and the time for the discharge of viscous oil products are greatly increased. The duration of the discharge process is related to the physico-chemical properties of the fuel oil. Its viscosity depends on the temperature of the product itself and the temperature of the environment, which in our country averages 5.5 C per year.
Aim: Reduction in the length and cost of transport of viscous petroleum products.
Methods: The article proposes a new method for the carriage of viscous petroleum products by rail, ensuring that their fluidity is preserved without the use of thermal insulation of the boiler of the tank-wagon and the means for carrying the heating. Simulation models of the processes of pouring out viscous petroleum products for a traditional and new method of pouring in the circulation method of discharge of viscous petroleum products, which make it possible to estimate the quantity of resources consumed, are constructed.
Results: The work shows the peculiarities of the existing process of discharging viscous petroleum products. Simulation and functional-cost analysis of the discharge process were carried out under the circulatory method for heating viscous petroleum products. The results were compared.
Conclusion: In the new pouring method, the discharge process is similar to the summer period.
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Ingle, Avinash P., Anuj K. Chandel, Rafael Philippini, Sabrina Evelin Martiniano, and Silvio Silvério da Silva. "Advances in Nanocatalysts Mediated Biodiesel Production: A Critical Appraisal." Symmetry 12, no. 2 (February 7, 2020): 256. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12020256.
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The excessive consumption of petroleum resources leads to global warming, fast depletion of petroleum reserves, as well as price instability of gasoline. Thus, there is a strong need for alternative renewable fuels to replace petroleum-derived fuels. The striking features of an alternative fuel include the low carbon footprints, renewability and affordability at manageable prices. Biodiesel, made from waste oils, animal fats, vegetal oils, is a totally renewable and non-toxic liquid fuel which has gained significant attraction in the world. Due to technological advancements in catalytic chemistry, biodiesel can be produced from a variety of feedstock employing a variety of catalysts and recovery technologies. Recently, several ground-breaking advancements have been made in nano-catalyst technology which showed the symmetrical correlation with cost competitive biodiesel production. Nanocatalysts have unique properties such as their selective reactivity, high activation energy and controlled rate of reaction, easy recovery and recyclability. Here, we present an overview of various feedstock used for biodiesel production, their composition and characteristics. The major focus of this review is to appraise the characterization of nanocatalysts, their effect on biodiesel production and methodologies of biodiesel production.
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Sarala, R., M. Rajendran, and B. Sutharson. "Comprehensive Analysis of C.I. Engine Fueled with Methyl Esters of Karanja Oil." Applied Mechanics and Materials 532 (February 2014): 491–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.532.491.
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Recent concerns over the environment, increasing fuel prices and scarcity of its supply have promoted the interest in development of the alternative sources for petroleum fuels. The methyl esters of vegetable oils, known as biodiesel are becoming increasingly popular because of their low environmental impact and potential as a green alternative fuel for diesel engine and they would not require significant modification of existing engine hardware. Methyl ester of Karanja (KME) derived through transesterification process. Experimental investigations have been carried out to examine properties, performance and emissions of different blends ( KB10,KB20, KB30, KB40 and KB50) of KME. However, its diesel blends showed reasonable efficiencies, lower smoke, CO and HC.
14
Radmehr, Riza, and Shida Rastegari Henneberry. "Energy Price Policies and Food Prices: Empirical Evidence from Iran." Energies 13, no. 15 (August 4, 2020): 4031. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13154031.
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During the last decade, the rising trend in energy prices and its potential effect on food prices have become a controversial issue between policy-makers and economists. Therefore, research addressing the relationship between food and macroeconomic variables, such as energy prices, will be useful in providing information for the design of appropriate economic policies. This study uses data from Iran to examine the impacts (short- and long-term) of exchange rate and energy prices on food prices. Iran is a good case study as in recent years its consumers have faced a rapid increase in both fuel and food prices. The variables employed in this study are the prices of ten food products, exchange rate (the value of Iranian rial per US dollar), and petroleum prices. All data in this study are from the Statistical Centre of Iran (SCI). We employ the panel unit root test, Pedroni co-integration tests, Pooled Mean Group (PMG), Mean Group (MG), and Dynamic Fixed Effects (DFE) estimation techniques, applied to a panel of monthly prices for ten food products for the period of March 1995 to February 2018. Results show that in both the short- and long-run, food prices would increase in response to an increase in energy prices. Findings also suggest that the appreciation of the United States Dollar (USD) in terms of the Iranian rial exerts a positive and significant impact on food prices in the long run.
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Kuprys, Algirdas, and Jonas Kugelevičius. "POSSIBILITIES OF USING LIQUEFIED OIL GAS IN TRANSPORT." TRANSPORT 24, no. 1 (March 31, 2009): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/1648-4142.2009.24.48-53.
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The trends of the input of an alternative type of fuel in the transport system of the European Union are analysed. Taking into account the measures of promoting liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) consumption in road transport, a bundle of specific variables was analysed to understand the consumers for making decision to use LPG in cars. It is revealed that the obtained models enable to evaluate the behaviour of consumers and conditioning transition to using an alternative type of fuel in transport industry. The proposed models were assessed conducting statistic and sensitivity analysis. The payoff of the additional equipment of the car was analysed considering the driven distance with an alternative type of fuel. The pay‐off analysis of supplementary equipment depending on the ratio of standard and alternative fuel prices is presented.
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McNabb, J. E. "Uncertainty and the Changing Oil Business Worldwide: Norwegian Petroleum Lawyers' Seminar, October 30, 1986." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 5, no. 2 (April 1987): 123–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014459878700500203.
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The petroleum industry is being challenged by price volatility and substantially reduced cash flow. In recent years, the decline in worldwide oil demand coupled with rising non-OPEC production has resulted in considerable excess productive capacity in the hands of OPEC. If OPEC fails to adhere to production restraint, world oil prices could tumble toward their short-term economic floor of less than $10. It appears more likely, however, that OPEC will manage its surplus capacity reasonably well and prices will fluctuate around the upper teen level for the near term. As the supply and demand balance tightens in the 1990s, prices can be expected to move up significantly. Free-world oil demand is expected to rise about 1% a year, with much of that growth in the developing nations and in the United States. Oil supply from sources outside OPEC will likely decline about 2% a year. The net result will be an expanded market for OPEC oil, and a rising world dependence on Middle East sources. In this environment, companies need responsive strategies and reasonable government policies to preserve their viability and to provide an energy-secure future for consumers.
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Chandran, Suresh, and Murugan Anandarajan. "Decision Support System for Selecting Sustainable Alternatives to Conventional Jet Fuel: Impact of Emissions, Production Costs and Carbon Pricing." Journal of Management and Sustainability 10, no. 1 (March 3, 2020): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jms.v10n1p83.
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The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in June 2015, took a step toward regulating carbon emissions from airlines, following an assessment that airlines contribute to climate change. On July 25, 2016, the final endangerment finding (Note 1) under section 231(a) (2) (A) of the Clean Air Act for aviation emissions was issued by the EPA. The European Union had issued a similar finding previously and had proposed implementing an emission trading scheme in which the airlines would be required to participate in a cap and trade scheme for emissions from jet fuel. Traditional jet fuel is derived from petroleum, whose price is volatile and depends on geopolitical stability. Fuel burn is a significant cost for airlines and affects their profitability and value. Fuel burn is also a significant source of greenhouse gas emissions. An investigation of alternatives to jet fuel and switching from conventional jet fuel based on varying emission profiles, production costs and varying carbon prices is therefore timely. We use a simple decision support system to examine the link between the life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions of a range of fuels, economic costs of production and varying carbon prices. This analysis should be of interest to regulators, traders, risk managers and executives in the airline industry as well as practitioners of sustainability management.
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Granados Hernández, Elías, Xicoténcatl López Andrade, Elizabeth Vega Rangel, Rodolfo Sosa Echeverria, Ana Luisa Alarcón Jiménez, Gilberto Fuentes García, and Pablo Sánchez Álvarez. "Energy consumption and atmospheric emissions from refined petroleum in Mexico by 2030." Ingeniería Investigación y Tecnología 22, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/fi.25940732e.2021.22.1.002.
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One of the basic needs for a country’s economic development is to cover the major fuel demand, and both energy consumption and environmental impacts resulting from the production of such fuels need to be fast and reliable. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to an estimate of energy consumption and atmospheric emissions of some of the pollutant species reported by Pemex Refinacion under different projections. The predictive estimate model was applied considering four different gasoline demand scenarios, as well as different refining technology options to satisfy fuel consumption needs, based on production yields: four different types of refineries, three types of crude oils and eight different processes. Emission estimates were determined applying emission factors, both for the type of fossil fuel energy source used in the direct heating processes for vapor generation, as well by using electric energy. Results show that the equivalent energy consumption relative to the total processes crude is greater in complex refineries (full conversion); however, a greater conversion efficiency allows a smaller volume of crude consumption needed to satisfy the fuel demand with lower emissions relative to other types of technologies. Mexico’s possible refineries need to adapt themselves to different operation scenarios, such as changes in the crude’s yield, the quality of the product, variations in the prices of the crude and of the refined products. Therefore, is important to develop and apply perspectives than maximize productivity and minimize energy consumption, reducing air emissions, in constant change scenarios. Finally, the problem would then be evaluating which would be more convenient to obtain a greater socio-economic benefit: reduce emissions to the atmosphere or to lower operation costs of the refinery.
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Hussain, Hani A. "“Kuwait Petroleum Corporation: New Horizons for National Oil Companies”." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 6, no. 4-5 (September 1988): 323–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014459878800600405.
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Kuwait, in nationalising our production of oil, formed the Kuwait Petroleum Corporation (KPC) to operate as an integrated oil company with satelite specialised companies. Since its formation in 1980, KPC, like other suppliers, has had to cope with soft markets, low prices and the consequent reduced revenues and limitation on development. KPC's goals have been to both stabilise and maximise revenues and diversify its source. This has been facilitated through the use of the expertise in the public companies under its control. As a result KPC has invested US $4.5 billion in upgrading projects, acquired technology through purchasing Santa Fe International and entered downstream marketing successfully in Europe.
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Samoylenko, V. M., K. I. Gryadunov, A. N. Timoshenko, and S. Ardeshiri. "Substantiation of the ratio of biofuel and kerosin in the mixture for its application as aviation fuel." Civil Aviation High Technologies 23, no. 3 (July 3, 2020): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.26467/2079-0619-2020-23-3-17-28.
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Today, technologies for the production of alternative fuels and for the development of engines on different operating principles are actively developing, due to both the tightening of the environmental requirements of ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) for harmful emissions into the atmosphere and the depletion of non-renewable resources, and the interests of the oil importing countries. Strict requirements are imposed on the quality of aviation fuels related to ensuring the reliability of aviation technology and flight safety. Requirement toughening for quality indicators will inevitably lead to higher fuel prices, so today we can observe some concessions in domestic and foreign regulatory documents to certain quality indicators of aviation fuels, for example, to indicators of low-temperature properties. It follows that the use of petroleum fuels will sooner or later become inappropriate. Technologies to produce synthetic and biological fuels from various types of raw materials make it possible to obtain fuel with close quality indicators to traditional kerosene, but it has not yet been completely replaced. Therefore, today we are considering the use of alternative fuels in a mixture with petroleum kerosene in various proportions. The question remains open: in what proportion is it possible to use mixtures of alternative fuel with kerosene on the aircraft without any negative consequences for their operation. Based on the known dependencies, a mathematical model is proposed for calculating some operational indicators of fuel, engine and aircraft depending on the proportion of mixing alternative fuel and kerosene. In accordance with the calculations, the most rational ratio of petroleum kerosene and SPK fuel is substantiated both from the point of view of the necessary operational properties and from the point of view of economic feasibility.
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Plotnikov, S. A., A. N. Kartashevich, M. N. Glushkov, and A. I. Shipin. "Creation and study of the properties of multicomponent biofuels for tractor diesel engines." Traktory i sel'hozmashiny 1, no. 6 (2020): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.31992/0321-4443-2020-6-6-12.
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There is an interest in unconventional fuels, their feedstock are renewable resources of various origins, intended for the production, primarily, of biofuels. Biofuel prices are commensurate with the prices of petroleum-based fuels, and in some cases biofuel prices are even lower. The most significant properties of biofuels for operation do not coincide with the properties of commercial diesel fuel. Due to this, when converting ICEs, originally created for operation on diesel fuel, for biofuels, a list of problems is indicated. One of the productive areas of internal combustion engine adaptation can be the use of multicomponent blended biofuels. Expansion of multi-fuel diesel engines and the approximation of the required properties of biofuels to those for commercial diesel fuel are more expedient to achieve by using multicomponent compositions, the result is that the properties of one fuel can compensate the properties of another. Research in the field of heat engines is usually based on the acquisition of bench test data. Con-sidering the length and complexity of this path, elements of scientific planning of the experiment are increasingly used. To reduce the number of experiments, experimental design based on the Box-Behnken three-factor design was applied. Regression equations were built, the adequacy of the obtained models was assessed, and the significance of its coefficients was evaluated. Based on the data obtained during the research, the percentage of the ingredients of the biofuel composition was determined taking into account the conditions of sufficient stability and kinematic viscosity. A modernized design of the power supply system of an agricultural tractor has been developed for its operation on a biofuel composition. It allows to maintain its viscosity-temperature properties within the framework of the current standard, regardless of the ambient temperature. The confirmation of the possibility of tractor operation on the developed composition of the new fuel was obtained experimentally.
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OSTROVETSKY, Vitalii. "Excise tax on fuel in the system of economic instruments for environmental protection." Fìnansi Ukraïni 2021, no. 2 (April 2, 2021): 113–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.33763/finukr2021.02.113.
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Energy-related CO2 emissions have reached record levels. Such negative trends require intensification of the use of various instruments, economic in particular, which will reduce the negative impact on the ecology , scientific and technological progress and population growth on the planet Earth. One of the most effective and easiest instruments to apply is the excise tax on fuel. In most EU countries, gasoline is subject to an excise tax at rates that are 20-25% higher than the tax rate on diesel fuel. A similar situation is observed in Ukraine. At the same time, it should be noted that excise tax rates in the EU are 3-4 times higher than the rates applied in Ukraine. The world markets are experiencing a collapse in oil prices, as well as gasoline and diesel fuel. The decline in demand is due to the economic consequences of the COVID-19 distribution flow policy. Domestic and international travel is reduced, business and other forms of socio-economic activity are transferred to remote work via the Internet. However, in Ukraine, retail fuel prices remain at the same level. Consequently, producers make profits by taking advantage of changing supply and demand in the relevant markets. Lower excise tax rates in Ukraine compared to the EU, as well as falling world oil prices provide grounds for a gradual increase in excise tax rates on gasoline and diesel fuel in Ukraine. Every 10 Euro increase in the tax rate, other things being equal, will attract UAH 500-600 million to the budget of additional income, increasing the sale price of fuel by 1%. To this end, it is advisable to develop a schedule of such increase, which should be agreed with the main payers of the excise tax on petroleum products (producers and importers), which should be approved in the form of a memorandum or special agreement
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Kornfield, Thomas, and Michael F. Lawrence. "Impacts on Home Heating Costs of Incentives for Alternative Fuel Vehicles." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1520, no. 1 (January 1996): 131–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196152000116.
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Regulatory incentives for increased usage of alternative fuels in motor vehicles could have an impact on home heating costs, potentially increasing the price of natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG, or propane) while decreasing the price of home heating oil. The Alternative Fuels Trade Model (AFTM) is used to estimate these end-use cost impacts by comparing price results from two scenarios: a base case and an unconstrained case. The AFTM is a macroeconomic simulation model for determining prices and quantities that balance the interrelated world oil and gas markets given assumptions about supply, demand, and costs. Under the base case, alternative fuel usage is set at 5.5 percent of total light-duty motor vehicle fuel usage, while under the unconstrained case, alternative fuel-usage levels increase to 32 percent. All prices and expenditures are estimated for the year 2010 and are expressed in 1992 dollars. Increased usage of compressed natural gas (CNG) and LPG by alternative fuel vehicles as a result of either regulatory incentives or market forces will tend to increase annual natural gas and LPG home heating costs, while reducing distillate fuel-oil home heating costs. Per household, natural gas and LPG annual home heating costs are predicted to increase by $4.14 and $20.65, respectively, while annual distillate fuel-oil home heating costs are predicted to decrease by $3.17. The increase for LPG amounts to a 3.7 percent increase over the base case expenditures. These cost impacts are estimated at the national and regional levels and by income classification.
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Mohammadi Ashnani, Mohammad Hossein, Anwar Johari, Haslenda Hashim, and Elham Hasani. "A Decision Support System (DSS) for Sustainable Production of Biofuel." Applied Mechanics and Materials 465-466 (December 2013): 1103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.465-466.1103.
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Great deal of concerns have been aroused after the global surge of prices of petroleum along with shrinking resources of non-renewable fossil fuel and regarding the necessity of renewable energy sources as alternative fuel. Despite the many positive characteristics of biofuels, they cause a variety of environmental, economical, and social challenges that were not known to decision-makers by usual evaluation tools such as life cycle assessment (LCA) and Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). This paper aims to design a Decision Support System (DSS) which covers weakness of existing assessment tools, using Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) and life cycle assessment (LCA) models. Furthermore, a sustainable framework for decision making through assessing and considering wider environmental, economic, and social issues pertinent to different steps of development of biofuel is developed.
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Arun, S. B., R. Suresh, and K. V. Yathish. "Relative Estimation of Various Fuel Properties of Simarouba Glauca and Mahua Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Having Different Blends with Conventional Diesel." Applied Mechanics and Materials 592-594 (July 2014): 724–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.592-594.724.
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Recent concerns over the environment, increasing fuel prices and scarcity of its supply have promoted the interest in development of the alternative sources for petroleum fuels. This paper deals with the production of methyl esters from Simarouba Glauca oil and Mahua oil by transesterification process using potassium hydroxide as a homogeneous catalyst, calcium oxide as a heterogeneous catalyst and methanol as the alcohol. The important properties of Methyl esters such as cloud point, pour point, ash content and carbon residue are tested and compared with other biodiesels. Methyl esters are blended with diesel in different proportions and testing the physicochemical properties such as viscosity, flash point, density and copper corrosion for each blended biodiesel.
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Carpenter, Joseph A., Jennifer Jackman, Nai Yi Li, Richard J. Osborne, Bob R. Powell, and Philip S. Sklad. "Automotive Mg Research and Development in North America." Materials Science Forum 546-549 (May 2007): 11–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.546-549.11.
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Expanding world economic prosperity and probable peaking of conventional petroleum production in the coming decades requires efforts to increase the efficiency of, and the development of alternatives to, petroleum-based fuels used in automotive transportation. North America has been aggressively pursuing both approaches for over ten years. Mainly as a result of lower prices due to global sourcing, magnesium has recently emerged as a serious candidate for lightweighting, and thus increasing the fuel efficiency of, automotive transportation. Automotive vehicles produced in North America currently use more Mg than vehicles produced elsewhere in the world, but the amounts per vehicle are very small in comparison to other materials such as steel, aluminum and plastics. The reasons, besides price, are primarily a less-developed state of technology for Mg in automotive transportation applications and lack of familiarity by the vehicle manufacturers with the material. This paper reviews some publicly-known, recent, present and future North American research and development activities in Mg for automotive applications.
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Gowri, G. Vijaya, M. Kannan, and A. Murugesan. "Investigation of Neem Fatty Acid Ethyl Ester for Electric Power Generation." International Journal of Advances in Applied Sciences 4, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijaas.v4.i2.pp59-65.
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Producing an efficient alternative renewable fuel for power generation is the solution for today’s power crisis. As the oil prices are increasing day- by- day and the fossil fuels are depleting, why to rely on the fossil fuels for energy?. One of the alternative fuels is bio-fuel which can be obtained from sewage, garbage and waste vegetable oils which would otherwise be difficult to dispose leading to pollution. Biodiesel is a substitute for petroleum-based diesel which is derived from vegetable oils by the process of trans-esterification. Biodiesel is prevalently used as automobile fuel. Ethyl esters produced by trans-esterification can be used for rural electrification. In this paper, the electrified quality output obtained using different blends of ethyl ester with diesel and the efficiencies for each blend and pure diesel are studied and the results show that power generation using ethyl ester for rural population will be efficient, reliable and economical.
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Zahan, Khairul, and Manabu Kano. "Biodiesel Production from Palm Oil, Its By-Products, and Mill Effluent: A Review." Energies 11, no. 8 (August 16, 2018): 2132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11082132.
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The sustainability of petroleum-based fuel supply has gained broad attention from the global community due to the increase of usage in various sectors, depletion of petroleum resources, and uncertain around crude oil market prices. Additionally, environmental problems have also arisen from the increasing emissions of harmful pollutants and greenhouse gases. Therefore, the use of clean energy sources including biodiesel is crucial. Biodiesel is mainly produced from unlimited natural resources through a transesterification process. It presents various advantages over petro-diesel; for instance, it is non-toxic, biodegradable, and contains less air pollutant per net energy produced with low sulphur and aromatic content, apart from being safe. Considering the importance of this topic, this paper focuses on the use of palm oil, its by-products, and mill effluent for biodiesel production. Palm oil is known as an excellent raw material because biodiesel has similar properties to the regular petro-diesel. Due to the debate on the usage of palm oil as food versus fuel, extensive studies have been conducted to utilise its by-products and mill effluent as raw materials. This paper also discusses the properties of biodiesel, the difference between palm-biodiesel and other biodiesel sources, and the feasibility of using palm oil as a primary source for future alternative and sustainable energy sources.
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Aman, Zineb, Latifa Ezzine, Younes Fakhradine El Bahi, and Haj EL Moussami. "Improving the modeling and forecasting of fuel selling price using the radial basis function technique: A case study." Journal of Algorithms & Computational Technology 13 (January 2019): 174830261988112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1748302619881120.
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Recently, the petroleum sector in Morocco has been liberalized which has a significant effect for petroleum product distributors. Since the beginning of December 2015, fuel prices are freely determined. This event presents many constraints affecting the balance of the sector plus the competition between its economic players. The lack of accompanying measures by the State makes this vital reform for public finances that stop subsidizing the price of gasoline vulnerable. As all fuel products are imported, we will be interested in the evolution by making forecasts of the price of fuels in the Moroccan market. In this context, our paper aims mainly to study the selling price of diesel and gasoline in order to provide precise forecasts to the company and to respect the permissible error margin of 3%. To this end, we worked with a widely used approach for price forecasting: artificial neural networks technique (radial basis function). Recently, it is suggested to work with artificial neural networks in forecasting field as an alternative to the traditional linear methods. We developed a radial basis function network to come up with conclusions in terms of the superiority in forecasting performance. Consequently, the radial basis function technique proved its strength manifested in the error that was further minimized: 1.95% instead of 2.85% for autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model used in our previous work. The error is further minimized by applying radial basis function technique.
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Aydın, Levent, and Izzet Ari. "The impact of Covid-19 on Turkey’s non-recoverable economic sectors compensating with falling crude oil prices: A computable general equilibrium analysis." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 38, no. 5 (June 29, 2020): 1810–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0144598720934007.
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Human beings face unprecedented Covid-19 pandemic outbreak since the beginning of 2020. This disease started to change economic, social, and individual conventional behaviors. Several economic activities have sharply declined, and demand for commodities is decreasing, such as oil. This commodity has also suffered from disagreement among Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)+ members to deal with the amount of cutting oil production. This situation adds a supply-side problem into declining demand due to Covid-19. Turkey, as an emerging economy, highly depends on imported oil and suffers from this pandemic disease. This study aims to analyze the compensating role of falling oil prices for impacts of Covid-19 on non-recoverable sectors in Turkey, e.g. tourism, travel, and transportation. The main argument in the study, that is falling prices in oil can contribute to compensation for losing revenue from tourism, travel, and transport. Throughout the study, ORANI-G as a multisectoral computable general equilibrium model is employed. Three scenarios, namely Scenario-1, 2A, and 2B, are set to analyze the effects of falling oil prices as compensation for Covid-19 in the selected sectors. Results show that Covid-19 decreases gross domestic product by 1.16 but falling oil prices as 25 and 50% compensate for this decrease by 0.72 and 1.56% gross domestic product increases, respectively. It is concluded that through the falling oil prices, Turkey’s dependence on crude oil imports might provide a new reparation to overcome non-recoverable impacts. This study is scoped with selected sectors and falling oil prices. Other economic and social sectors need to be investigated in terms of challenges of Covid-19 and opportunities for declining crude oil prices. Besides, competitiveness based on the scale of firms and the ability to access business finance should be analyzed within the changing business model in the post-coronavirus period.
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Razali, Halim, Kamaruzzaman Sopian, Baharuddin Ali, and Ali Sohif Mat. "Hydrogen Blended with Gasoline, Diesel, Natural Gas (NGV) as an Alternative Fuel for ICE in Malaysia." Applied Mechanics and Materials 165 (April 2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.165.1.
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The instability of petroleum prices in the world market has caused the price of fuel in Malaysia to increase, especially in the transportation sector. As an alternative, the transition to use hydrogen as fuel was already in the study and research on the ability of hydrogen profit for internal combustion engine in the technical aspect. The governments involvement in the research as source of energy has been undertaken by several government agencies such as MOSTI, universities and automotive manufacturing industries. These agencies are responsible for developing activities, mainly for commercialization. The development of hydrogen energy in this country focuses on the role of hydrogen that includes methods of generating, transporting, storage, production, and long-term planning. Diversity in the use of hydrogen for Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) can be applied through many ways; hydrogen as the primary fuel, hydrogen mixed with gasoline, hydrogen mixed with diesel, and hydrogen mixed with NGV. Compatibility acceptance of ICE with hydrogen as an alternative energy can solve many technical problems such as backfire, knocking, and the reduction of hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide and smoke contaminants during engine ignition delay.
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Akanle, Olayinka, Kudus Adebayo, and Olorunlana Adetayo. "Fuel subsidy in Nigeria: contexts of governance and social protest." International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 34, no. 1/2 (March 4, 2014): 88–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijssp-01-2013-0002.
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Purpose – Fuel subsidy removal has become a recurring issue in Nigeria. Successive governments in the country have interfaced with this issue as they attempted to reform the economy and the petroleum downstream to reduce corruption and waste and make the sector more effective. Importantly however, fuel subsidy removals have always met opposition from the citizens and civil society organisations. The remit of this article is to bring original and current perspectives into the issue and trajectories of fuel subsidy, which has become a major problem in Nigeria's development struggles. Previous works were dated and did not capture most recent popular uprising. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – Purely primary, empirica and normative with primary insight. Findings – A major mechanism that must be put in place is popular and unpoliticized anti-corruption mechanisms and networks especially to sanitize the oil sector in the minimum. Also, government must demonstrate transparency and accountability across sectors and spending including at the government house. Sufficient palliatives like public transport and dedicated social services for the really poor is important before subsidy is implemented. Until these are done, government's intention to successfully Remove Subsidy For Development (RS4D) may be a mirage! Research limitations/implications – This paper presents details of an international work with evolving issues. Originality/value – The paper argues that subsidy removal that will lead to high fuel prices appears unjustified given the wide income gap between workers in Nigeria and those in other oil-producing nations.
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Cherednichenko, Oleksandr, Valerii Havrysh, Vyacheslav Shebanin, Antonina Kalinichenko, Grzegorz Mentel, and Joanna Nakonieczny. "Local Green Power Supply Plants Based on Alcohol Regenerative Gas Turbines: Economic and Environmental Aspects." Energies 13, no. 9 (May 1, 2020): 2156. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13092156.
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Growing economies need green and renewable energy. Their financial development can reduce energy consumption (through energy-efficient technologies) and replace fossil fuels with renewable ones. Gas turbine engines are widely used in transport and industry. To improve their economic attractiveness and to reduce harmful emissions, including greenhouse gases, alternative fuels and waste heat recovery technologies can be used. A promising direction is the use of alcohol and thermo-chemical recuperation. The purpose of this study is to estimate the economic efficiency and carbon dioxide emissions of an alcohol-fueled regenerative gas turbine engine with thermo-chemical recuperation. The carbon dioxide emissions have been determined using engine efficiency, fuel properties, as well as life cycle analysis. The engine efficiency was maximized by varying the water/alcohol ratio. To evaluate steam fuel reforming for a certain engine, a conversion performance factor has been suggested. At the optimal water/methanol ratio of 3.075 this technology can increase efficiency by 4% and reduce tank-to-wake emission by 80%. In the last 6 months of 2019, methanol prices were promising for power and cogeneration plants in remote locations. The policy recommendation is that local authorities should pay attention to alcohol fuel and advanced turbines to curb the adverse effects of burning petroleum fuel on economic growth and the environment.
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Timilsina, Govinda R. "Biofuels in the long-run global energy supply mix for transportation." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 372, no. 2006 (January 13, 2014): 20120323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2012.0323.
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Various policy instruments along with increasing oil prices have contributed to a sixfold increase in global biofuels production over the last decade (2000–2010). This rapid growth has proved controversial, however, and has raised concerns over potential conflicts with global food security and climate change mitigation. To address these concerns, policy support is now focused on advanced or second-generation biofuels instead of crop-based first-generation biofuels. This policy shift, together with the global financial crisis, has slowed the growth of biofuels production, which has remained stagnant since 2010. Based upon a review of the literature, this paper examines the potential long-run contribution of biofuels to the global energy mix, particularly for transportation. We find that the contribution of biofuels to global transportation fuel demand is likely to be limited to around 5% over the next 10–15 years. However, a number of studies suggest that biofuels could contribute up to a quarter of global transportation fuel demand by 2050, provided technological breakthroughs reduce the costs of sustainably produced advanced biofuels to a level where they can compete with petroleum fuels.
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Nakanwagi, Susan, and Ayebare Tom Rukundo. "Covid-19 Pandemic Deranging Energy Transition in Uganda: Challenges and Prospects." Global Energy Law and Sustainability 1, no. 2 (August 2020): 211–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/gels.2020.0030.
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The coronavirus (Covid-19) global pandemic of 2020 is alarming for economic growth and development. Several sectors in the world have experienced shocks, and the energy industry has intensely suffered as characterised by the massive drop in petroleum prices. Only a pick-up in global oil demand would overcome the oil crisis after the lifting of comprehensive lockdown measures and the economic revamp. During this period, environmental advocates are pressing for the transition from traditional fuel sources like coal and oil to renewable energy sources. Moreover, clean energy projects are more likely to be impacted by the pandemic because of the effect on foreign exchange and the global economy. The energy transition has also faced other major setbacks by the Covid-19 crisis. Globally, many policies related to climate and energy, such as the carbon trading scheme of the European Union (EU) have been shelved or postponed. This article thus explores the Covid-19 impact on the global economies with a focus on Uganda which is yet to start actual petroleum production and how they face challenges in adapting to the energy transition movement. The governments are encouraged to realign policies and also extend Covid-19 fiscal recovery packages to cover clean energy investments.
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Yang, S. I., Min Sheng Wu, Chih Yung Wu, Kun Ho Chen, Tien Ming Wu, Yuan Liang Hsu, Pei Hsun Lin, and Yong Yuan Ku. "The Performance of a Diesel Engine Blended with Coffee Bean Residue Pyrolysis Oil." Advanced Materials Research 591-593 (November 2012): 325–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.591-593.325.
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In recent years, global economic development has led to rises in crude oil prices and the greenhouse effect. Developing renewable energy has become a major issue internationally. Biomass energy is one form of renewable energy. Biomass enery as a transportation fuel can be deliverd from fats, starch biomass fuel or biofuel, and cellulose biofuels. Because concerns exist that fats could lead to a food crisis, most nations have focused on researching and developing cellulose. In this study, we used coffee bean residue as a fuel source. We employed the pyrolysis process to produce pyrloysis oil products. We also used appropriate emulsion technology and suitable amounts of petroleum diesel for adding coffee bean residue to investigate the influence that coffee bean residue pyrolysis oil with low-add ratios (5 vol. %) has on diesel engine performance. The results indicated that coffee bean residue pyrlosis oil with low-add ratios resulted in an earlier diesel engine ignition time. Additionally, at low rpms, the diesel engine’s indicated specific fuel consumption (ISFC) was relatively low. However, ISFC was superior at higher rpms. In summary, when adding a portion of coffee bean residue pyrlosis oil to diesel engines, performance was superior during high-rpm operations compared to lower rpm. Pollutant emissions were also significantly improved. The results of this study can provide a reference for future high-add ratios and high-load engine tests.
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Yang, Byungmo, M. A. Kalam, and Haengmuk Cho. "Performance and emission characteristics of turbocharged diesel engine fueled with palm biodiesel blends." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3 (June 23, 2018): 1040. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.9643.
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The exhaustion of fossil fuels and sharp rise in crude oil prices has led to the development of various alternative fuels. Alternative fuels are a necessity to meet rising energy consumption rates and to ensure eco-friendly growth. Alternative fuels that can be regenerated, are sustainable and have clean burning capacity to help promote an eco-friendly development. Whereas there have been various ideas and technologies relating to biodiesel as an alternative fuel, these tend to be restricted to the distant future insofar as compression-ignition engines are concerned. Biodiesel, produced by reacting triglycerides which are the main component of animal or plant-based fatty acids with methanol, is known to be an eco-friendly alternative fuel that can take the place of conventional petroleum diesel. In the present study, biodiesel (palm oil) was mixed at a certain ratio with commercially sold diesel, then introduced into a TCDI engine which was run at low load conditions for engine performance and exhaust gas measurement. Both engine output and torque were reduced, and fuel consumption increased to make up for the reduction in output. There were slight reductions in NOx and CO2 emissions, but changes in CO and HC emissions were negligible.
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Vyshnevetska, Oksana. "CONSUMPTION OF FUEL AND ENERGY RESOURCES AT AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES." INNOVATIVE ECONOMY, no. 5-6 (August 2020): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.37332/2309-1533.2020.5-6.9.
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Purpose. The aim of the article is to assess the achieved level of consumption and trends in the efficiency of energy resources use in agriculture of Ukraine. Methodology of research. The basic provisions of economics, scientific works of leading domestic scientists on the efficient use of energy resources are the theoretical and methodological basis of the study. The following research methods are used in the process of writing the article: monographic (study of organizational and economic and production and technical measures to improve the efficiency of energy resources in agricultural enterprises); economic and statistical (analysis of the current state and efficiency of energy resources); abstract and logical (generalization and formulation of conclusions); graphical (visual display of research results in the form of diagrams and graphs) and method comparison (comparison of economic indicators of energy supply of agricultural enterprises). Findings. It is determined that despite the significant share of consumption of fuel and energy resources in the agro-industrial complex (23% – diesel and 5% – gasoline), their demand has decreased significantly in recent years. Agricultural enterprises have reduced the use of gasoline by 13 times compared to 1990, diesel fuel – by 3 times. This can be explained by the reduction of sown areas by almost 15%, the cultivation of less energy-intensive crops, the reduction of almost four times the fleet of cars, tractors and combines, as well as a significant reduction in livestock production. It was found that the reduction fuel consumption has helped reduce the energy intensity of agricultural products. If in 1994 agricultural enterprises spent 44.7 kg of conventional fuel per thousand hryvnias of gross output at comparable prices in 2010, in 2018 it is only 11.5 kg, or 3.9 times less. It is substantiated that the reduction in the consumption of fuel and energy resources in agriculture is also associated with a continuous increase in their prices and an increase in the disparity in prices for energy and agricultural products. If in 1990 it was necessary to sell 0.2 tons of grain to purchase 1 ton of diesel fuel, in 2019 – 5.6 tons, or 37 times more. The same trend is observed for other types of resources. Originality. Taking into account the forecast indicators of development of agriculture, processing and service enterprises, the need for diesel fuel has been determined. It is expected that the consumption of diesel fuel in agricultural enterprises in 2020 will decrease slightly compared to 2018. Thus, in 2020 the expected consumption of diesel fuel for the agro-industrial complex will be 1430 thousand tons, gasoline – 114.5 thousand tons. Practical value. As a result of the research, it is expected that the main provisions, conclusions and practical recommendations can be used in the process of improving the state regulatory policy to provide petroleum products to agricultural producers through state support in addressing the issue of excise duty on fuel and lubricants, increasing the effectiveness of antitrust measures to maintain price stability during the year, preventing conjunctural price increases during periods of critical mechanized work. This will help increase the competitiveness of agricultural enterprises and the development of rural areas. Scientific developments can be used in the formation of regional targeted and comprehensive development programs agriculture. Key words: fuel and energy resources, efficiency, energy consumption, conditional fuel, demand, oil products.
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Che Hamzah, Nurul Husna, Nozieana Khairuddin, Bazlul Mobin Siddique, and Mohd Ali Hassan. "Potential of Jatropha curcas L. as Biodiesel Feedstock in Malaysia: A Concise Review." Processes 8, no. 7 (July 6, 2020): 786. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8070786.
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Fluctuation in fossil fuel prices and the increasing awareness of environmental degradation have prompted the search for alternatives from renewable energy sources. Biodiesel is the most efficient alternative to fossil fuel substitution because it can be properly modified for current diesel engines. It is a vegetable oil-based fuel with similar properties to petroleum diesel. Generally, biodiesel is a non-toxic, biodegradable, and highly efficient alternative for fossil fuel substitution. In Malaysia, oil palm is considered as the most valuable commodity crop and gives a high economic return to the country. However, the ethical challenge of food or fuel makes palm oil not an ideal feedstock for biodiesel production. Therefore, attention is shifted to non-edible feedstock like Jatropha curcas Linnaeus (Jatropha curcas L.). It is an inedible oil-bearing crop that can be processed into biodiesel. It has a high-seed yield that could be continually produced for up to 50 years. Furthermore, its utilization will have zero impact on food sources since the oil is poisonous for human and animal consumption. However, Jatropha biodiesel is still in its preliminary phase compared to palm oil-based biodiesel in Malaysia due to a lack of research and development. Therefore, this paper emphasizes the potential of Jatropha curcas as an eco-friendly biodiesel feedstock to promote socio-economic development and meet significantly growing energy demands even though the challenges for its implementation as a national biodiesel program might be longer.
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Harrell, D. R., and Thomas L. Gardner. "Significant Differences in Proved Reserves Estimates Using SPE/WPC Definitions Compared to United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Definitions." SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 8, no. 06 (December 1, 2005): 520–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/84145-pa.
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Summary A casual reading of the SPE/WPC (World Petroleum Congresses) Petroleum Reserves Definitions (1997) and the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission(SEC) definitions (1978) would suggest very little, if any, difference in the quantities of proved hydrocarbon reserves estimated under those two classification systems. The differences in many circumstances for both volumetric and performance-based estimates may be small. In 1999, the SEC began to increase its review process, seeking greater understanding and compliance with its oil and gas reserves reporting requirements. The agency's definitions had been promulgated in 1978 in connection with the Energy Policy and Conservation Act of 1975 and at a time when most publicly owned oil and gas companies and their reserves were located in the United States. Oil and gas prices were relatively stable, and virtually all natural gas was marketed through long-term contracts at fixed or determinable prices. Development drilling was subject to well-spacing regulations as established through field rules set by state agencies. Reservoir-evaluation technology has advanced far beyond that used in 1978;production-sharing contracts were uncommon then, and probabilistic reserves assessment was not widely recognized or appreciated in the U.S. These changes in industry practice plus many other considerations have created problems in adapting the 1978 vintage definitions to the technical and commercial realities of the 21st century. This paper presents several real-world examples of how the SEC engineering staff has updated its approach to reserves assessment as well as numerous remaining unresolved areas of concern. These remaining issues are important, can lead to significant differences in reported quantities and values, and may result in questions about the "full disclosure" obligations to the SEC. Introduction For virtually all oil and gas producers, their company assets are the hydrocarbon reserves that they own through various forms of mineral interests, licensing agreements, or other contracts and that produce revenues from production and sale. Reserves are almost always reported as static quantities as of a specific date and classified into one or more categories to describe the uncertainty and production status associated with each category. The economic value of these reserves is a direct function of how the quantities are to be produced and sold over the physical or contract lives of the properties. Reserves owned by private and publicly owned companies are always assumed to be those quantities of oil and gas that can be produced and sold at a profit under assumed future prices and costs. Reserves under the control of state-owned or national oil companies may reflect quantities that exceed those deemed profitable under the commercial terms typically imposed on private or publicly owned companies.
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Gurusala, Naresh Kumar, Richu Zachariah, and Mozhi Selvan V. Arul. "Effect of EGR on Combustion and Emissions Characteristics of a CI Engine Fuelled with Waste Chicken Fat Biodiesel." Applied Mechanics and Materials 592-594 (July 2014): 1481–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.592-594.1481.
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Ever increasing demand and consequent rise in prices of petroleum products, stringent emission standards, the exponential depletion rate of fossil fuel reserves and escalation in the number of vehicles on the road have forced us to look for alternatives to meet the present and future demands of the energy requirements. Biodiesel production from waste oils and fats are cost effective methods which prevent the environmental pollution by proper disposal techniques. In this study, biodiesel was prepared from the waste effect chicken fat using the two stage esterification process. The present investigation deals with the cold exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) with the flow rates of 10, 20, 30% on a four stroke, single cylinder, direct injection (DI) diesel engine fueled with waste chicken fat biodiesel blends to reduce the NOxemissions of the engine. Experimental results showed higher oxides of nitrogen emissions when fueled with waste chicken fat biodiesel without EGR and found reduced NOxemissions about 25% when operating with B20 fuel blend with 30% EGR. The EGR level was optimized as 20% based on the significant reduction in NOx emissions, minimum possible smoke, CO, HC emissions and comparable brake thermal efficiency.
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Babajide, Omotola. "Sustaining Biodiesel Production via Value-Added Applications of Glycerol." Journal of Energy 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/178356.
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The production of biofuels worldwide has been significant lately due to the shift from obtaining energy from nonrenewable energy (fossil fuels) to renewable sources (biofuels). This energy shift arose as a result of the disturbing crude petroleum price fluctuations, uncertainties about fossil fuel reserves, and greenhouse gas (GHG) concerns. With the production of biofuels increasing considerably and the current global biodiesel production from different feedstock, reaching about 6 billion liters per year, biodiesel production costs have been highly dependent on feedstock prices, ranging from 70 to 25; of total production costs, and in comparison with the conventional diesel fuel, the biodiesel is currently noncompetitive. An efficient production process is, therefore, crucial to lowering biodiesel production costs. The question of sustainability, however, arises, taking into account the African diverse conditions and how vital concerns need to be addressed. The major concern about biodiesel production costs can be reduced by finding value-added applications for its glycerol byproduct. This paper, thus, provides an overview of current research trends that could overcome the major hurdles towards profitable commercialization of biodiesel and also proposes areas of opportunity probable to capitalize the surplus glycerol obtained, for numerous applications.
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Hughes, William R. "North American Energy Markets: The Evolution of Energy Interdependence between Canada and the United States." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 4, no. 2-3 (May 1986): 103–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014459878600400202.
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Energy trade between the United States and Canada is growing from a minor aspect of the markets in the United States to a significant development with material impacts on energy prices in the United States and a major aspect of Canada's energy economy. This development is most pronounced in natural gas, where Canada's large resources and flexible approach of negotiated transactions is leading to regrowth of exports. For the United States, Canada serves as a buffer from potential high prices as a result of resource depletion. This price impact is potentially substantial over the next 10 years. Imports will likely double by 1990 and will further increase thereafter. In electric power, the impacts are regional; in the affected regions, Canadian ratepayers will be spared the high costs of overcapacity and will benefit from provincial profits from exports. Ratepayers in the importing regions—New York, New England, and potentially California—will benefit from the fact that Canadian power is available at substantially lower rates than alternative sources in the United States. In petroleum, Canada, Mexico, and the Caribbean are main exporters to the United States. Price decontrol will help free interdependence of domestic Canadian markets with Canadian trade with the United States, but, overall, little change is expected from the present pattern.
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Ahmad, Zubair. "RECHARGE THE ECONOMY; SLOWDOWN THREATENS THE $5 TRILLION VISION." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 7, no. 11 (June 10, 2020): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v7.i11.2020.334.
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The Ups and downs in Indian economy are well known to everyone. This is a routine phase and our economy boost up month after month year after year. The Central bank of our country R.B.I. is look after all the policies relating to money credit, investment and deposits. Before two years the Government of our country took a step of demonetization the results of demonetization are not good enough. The government also introduces GST sometimes back and the taxes are levied by the government on some sectors are very much this is also one of the main reasons of Economic slowdown in our country. In our country GST slab is not equal and it is not uniform on all the commodities our fuel prices are not covered under GST due to this we have to pay a heavy amount in the use of petroleum products. In every sector for example Auto mobile sector, FMCG sector Property sector there is a slowdown and the buyers have no money to buy the products.
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Bogarra-Macias, Maria, Omid Doustdar, Mohammed Fayad, Miroslaw Wyszyński, Athanasios Tsolakis, P. Ding, Andrzej Pacek, Peter Martin, Ralph Overend, and Shane O’Leary. "Performance of a drop-in biofuel emulsion on a single-cylinder research diesel engine." Combustion Engines 166, no. 3 (August 1, 2016): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-2016-324.
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Current targets in reducing CO2 and other greenhouse gases as well as fossil fuel depletion have promoted the research for alternatives to petroleum-based fuels. Pyrolysis oil (PO) from biomass and waste oil is seen as a method to reduce life-cycle CO2, broaden the energy mix and increase the use of renewable fuels. The abundancy and low prices of feedstock have attracted the attention of biomass pyrolysis in order to obtain energy-dense products. Research has been carried out in optimising the pyrolysis process, finding efficient ways to convert the waste to energy. However, the pyrolysis products have a high content in water, high viscosity and high corrosiveness which makes them unsuitable for engine combustion. Upgrading processes such as gasification, trans-esterification or hydro-deoxynegation are then needed. These processes are normally costly and require high energy input. Thus, emulsification in fossil fuels or alcohols is being used as an alternative. In this research work, the feasibility of using PO-diesel emulsion in a single-cylinder diesel engine has been investigated. In-cylinder pressure, regulated gaseous emissions, particulate matter, fuel consumption and lubricity analysis reported. The tests were carried out of a stable non-corrosive wood pyrolysis product produced by Future Blends Ltd of Milton Park, Oxfordshire, UK. The product is trademarked by FBL, and is a stabilized fraction of raw pyrolysis oil produced in a process for which the patent is pending. The results show an increase in gaseous emissions, fuel consumption and a reduction in soot. The combustion was delayed with the emulsified fuel and a high variability was observed during engine operation.
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Stoneman, D. G. "The Impact of Canadian Gas Deregulation—A Producer's Perspective." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 5, no. 1 (February 1987): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014459878700500105.
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The highly competitive situation that has evolved in energy markets and in the gas industry itself has made regulations impractical. In anticipation of this situation the Canadian Petroleum Association (CPA) formulated an Alternate Energy Policy to cope with the rapidly changing market conditions and to avoid the confusion resulting from ambiguous regulations. The policy was also designed to be adequate for the complexities of gas marketing and to meet the challenges of other energy forms by competitive pricing. As a result of the intricate nature of the operations of the Canadian natural gas industry the process of deregulation has been lengthy and difficult. Nevertheless significant changes have taken place. By the fall of 1986 some 400 billion† cubic feet or 35% of the eastern Canadian market was served by renegotiated prices under Competitive Marketing Programs started in November 1985. A deregulated natural gas industry will be characterized by multiple buyers and sellers, negotiated wholesale prices free of restrictions and a non-discriminatory gas transportation system. Issues of deregulation still to be resolved include: conflict between honoring contracts and the needs of changing market circumstances; review of the surplus test which governs export quotas; elimination of the export floor price. There are also concerns in the industry about the hindrances to finding other markets and the elimination of provincial taxes.
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Laiwatthanaphaisarn, Teerapat, and Amata Anantpinijwatna. "Optimization of dimethyl ether production process synthesis using superstructure analysis." MATEC Web of Conferences 192 (2018): 03018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819203018.
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Current world energy consumption is likely to increase over time. This is due to the growth of industry and transportation. The most important and most used energy sources are crude oil and natural gas. The consumption of energy is increasing continuously due to the economic expansion of the world fleet. At present, prices of primary energy sources such as oil and natural gas tend to increase. In addition, oil and gas are limited and likely to run out in the future. Currently, research and research on alternative energy is ongoing. To find the best alternative energy to replace in the future. Dimethyl ether is a substance that can be used as a substitute for liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) because of its similar physical properties. Most of them are used as fuel in vehicles. In addition, dimethyl ether is easier to liquefy than liquefied petroleum gas, giving advantages in terms of storage and transport, and a higher cetane value that can be used in the vehicle. Dimethyl ether is a substance that will burn completely. Dimethyl ether production has a wide variety of options. If the best option is difficult to analyse because of the complexity of the solution. Superstructure analysis will help to find alternatives for the production of dimethyl ether. Superstructure will identify the most economical alternative. The mathematical model is applied to the existing production process and new alternatives. In this work, the alternatives to produce dimethyl ether are displayed and the optimum alternative are chosen.
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Еfimova, M. R., and N. A. Korolkova. "Improvement of the System of Statistical Indicators of the State and Development of the Fuel and Energy Complex of the Russian Federation." Voprosy statistiki 26, no. 12 (December 23, 2019): 27–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.34023/2313-6383-2019-26-12-27-38.
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The article proposes an improved system of statistical indicators for assessing the state and development of the fuel and energy complex of Russia, which defines a methodological approach to identifying factors and trends in its development. The introduction highlights the relevance of modernization of information and methodological support for reaching decisions on new tasks, including those related to the digitalization of the economy and implementation of the national projects’ portfolio. The body of the article critically examines the current configuration of official and departmental statistical information, based on which the authors selected 85 key indicators reflecting the state and development level of the fuel and energy complex of Russia. All of them can be delineated by sectors and analysis tasks. This evaluation system includes 7 blocks: general block characterizing the role of the fuel and energy complex in the economic system; key industry performance indicators; indicators of the production structure by industry; technological indicators of industries; prices for fuel and energy resources; production costs by industry; distribution indicators of fuel and energy resources. The paper analyses development trends in the fuel and energy sectors for 2008-2018. In particular, the authors’ research showed that modern oil production is characterized by a change in the territorial structure, as well as the reinstatement of the role of vertically integrated companies in the development of oil production. The article presents findings on the technological upgrading of Russian oil refining. However, the authors’ research proved that oil refining depth has ceased to be a reliable indicator of the level of technological equipment and modernization level of oil refineries. With regard to the development of the gas industry, there has been a steady increase in gas production, which is supported by maintaining a steady increase in demand for Russian gas in the domestic and foreign markets. The all-time high domestic consumer demand for gas fuel, associated with the Russian Regions Gasification Program implemented by the Ministry of Energy of Russia, was recorded. At the same time, the authors identified the main risk factors in the development of the industry related to Gazprom (a backbone of the energy sector) activities. The persistent positive growth dynamics in commodity production of associated petroleum gas was established. It was also noted that the highest percentage of its beneficial use is characteristic of operators of production sharing agreements. As for the results of the analysis of the coal industry, a matter of interest is the growth of domestic prices for coal products and related derivative trends. Particular attention is paid to the development of the possibilities of using over-the-counter coal price indicators. Replacement of coal with natural gas at a thermal power station in most regions of the country is of interest within the identified development trends of the electric power industry in Russia, which is explained by the environmental friendliness of electricity generation.
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Chishty, Wajid A., Tak Chan, Pervez Canteenwalla, Craig R. Davison, and Jennifer Chalmers. "Benchmarking data from the experience gained in engine performance and emissions testing on alternative fuels for aviation." Journal of the Global Power and Propulsion Society 1 (September 19, 2017): S5WGLD. http://dx.doi.org/10.22261/s5wgld.
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Abstract Alternative fuel for aviation has been the centre of serious focus for the last decade, owing mostly to the challenges posed by the price of conventional petroleum fuel, energy security and environmental concerns. The downslide in the oil prices in the recent months and the fact that energy security is not considered a major threat in commercial aviation, these factors have worked negatively for the promotion of alternative fuels. However, the continuous commitment to environmental stewardship by Governments and the industry have kept the momentum going towards the transparent integration of renewable alternatives in the aviation market. On the regulatory side, much progress have been made in the same timeframe with five alternative fuels being certified as synthetic blending components for aviation turbine fuels for use in civil aircraft and engines. Another seven alternative fuels are in the various stages of certification protocol. This progress has been made possible because of the extensive performance testing, both at full engine conditions and at engine components level. This article presents the results of engine performance and air pollutant emissions measurements gathered from the alternative fuels qualification testing conducted at the National Research Council Canada over the last seven years. This benchmarking data was collected on various engine platforms at full engine operation at sea level and/or altitude conditions using a variety of aviation alternative fuels and their blends. In order to provide a reference comparison basis, the results collected using the alternative fuels are compared with baseline Jet-A1 or JP-8 conventional fuels.
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Decy Arwini, Ni Putu. "Dampak Pencemaran Udara Terhadap Kualitas Udara Di Provinsi Bali." Jurnal Ilmiah Vastuwidya 2, no. 2 (June 16, 2020): 20–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.47532/jiv.v2i2.86.
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The development of transportation technology now has made distance become increasingly meaningless, but without realizing there has been a degradation of the environment as a direct impact of the development of transportation technology. Exhaust emissions produced by each vehicle have now become the main source of pollution, which is about 70% of all factors causing pollution. Unconsciously that so far the air quality that is inhaled by the community has slowly decreased so that it is not realized until an adverse impact appears, then the community then realizes that there has been a very complicated problem as a result of transportation that is less environmentally friendly. Most of the fuel for transportation comes from refined petroleum which is a non-renewable natural resource so that on the one hand it has caused air pollution which greatly affects health besides the amount of raw material for fuel production of these vehicles is also running low so prices are set for consumption society also becomes more expensive.The purpose of this research is to find out how much the level of air pollution in Bali Province at several sample points as a result of motor vehicles, to find out the type and amount of hazardous gas content produced by motor vehicles in Bali Province, to determine the impact caused by the exhaust gas of the vehicle on the health of the respiratory tract of residents of the Province of Bali, as well as ways that can be taken to reduce the negative impact resulting from pollution caused by vehicle exhaust emissions.