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1
Harding, Gareth, Ellen Kenchington, and Zhensui Zheng. "Morphometrics of American Lobster (Homarus americanus) Larvae in Relation to Stock Determinations in the Maritimes, Canada." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 50, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f93-005.
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Morphological characteristics of the first larval stage of the American lobster (Homarus americanus) enabled the separation of the Maritime population with stepwise discriminant function analysis into three groups: the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence and its outflow around Cape Breton Island, the Atlantic inshore region of Nova Scotia, and the offshore banks bordering the Gulf of Maine. Once the effect of environmental temperature on larval size was removed, the differences between Georges and Browns banks and the Atlantic inshore disappeared. The remaining differences, chiefly in the dimensions of the second and fifth abdominal segments and the rostrum, between larvae from the Cape Breton sites and elsewhere may be due to other environmental factors or partial genetic isolation. Conservation and management practices over the past century have increased gene flow between regions, and most of this appears to be from the release of Gulf of St. Lawrence lobsters in the Gulf of Maine. A reassessment of previous studies on adult morphology, benthic movements, larval dispersal, enzyme electrophoresis, and commercial landing patterns supports the separation of the Gulf of St. Lawrence stock from the rest of the Canadian Maritimes.
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Belland, René J. "A multivariate study of moss distributions in relation to environment in the Gulf of St. Lawrence region, Canada." Canadian Journal of Botany 83, no. 3 (March 1, 2005): 243–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b04-172.
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Moss distribution patterns in the Gulf of St. Lawrence were investigated using multivariate analyses to determine the relationship of the patterns to environmental factors. Distance-based redundancy analysis was used to ordinate 29 operational geographical units (OGU) or sampling units based on their moss floras, and hierarchical cluster analysis in combination with indicator analysis was used to produce classifications of both species and sampling units. Climatic variables, in particular, warmth of the growing season, were the most important factors determining species distribution; this resulted in a northsouth gradient through the study area. Oceanity was also shown to be important and manifested as an eastwest gradient. Edaphic factors, in particular, amount of calcareous rock outcrop, had a secondary influence and modified the patterns established by climate. Ordination of OGUs showed the effects of environment to be more variable in the northern half of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, which may in part explain the higher species richness there. Seven OGU groups were recognized based on cluster analysis of floristic composition. Although indicator species were few, most groups were distinguished by unique sets of regionally rare species. Eleven species elements were identified based on species occurrence in OGUs. The elements constituted sets of overlapping distributions showing southern, northern, and eastern biases in the Gulf region. Multivariate analysis was shown to be effective tool for extracting mossenvironment patterns, even at medium geographic scale.Key words: Gulf of St. Lawrence, mosses, environment, richness, distribution, ordination, cluster analysis.
3
Levy, E. M. "Background Levels of Dissolved/Dispersed Petroleum Residues in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, 1970–79." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 42, no. 3 (March 1, 1985): 544–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f85-072.
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A 10-yr program of monitoring the incidence and distribution of dissolved/dispersed petroleum residues in the Gulf of St. Lawrence confirmed that the major source is the Atlantic water that enters through Cabot Strait and demonstrated that a substantial decline in the background levels occurred during the mid-1970's. The present level, about 0.4 μg/L, is similar to those of other unpolluted areas off the east coast of Canada and in the Arctic where it appears that the input from atmospheric deposition exceeds those from accidental spills, deliberate discharges, and other point sources.
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Lefèvre, Marylise A., Michael J. W. Stokesbury, Frederick G. Whoriskey, and Michael J. Dadswell. "Atlantic salmon post-smolt migration routes in the Gulf of St. Lawrence." ICES Journal of Marine Science 69, no. 6 (July 1, 2012): 981–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fss092.
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Abstract Lefèvre, M. A., Stokesbury, M. J. W., Whoriskey, F. G., and Dadswell, M. J. 2012. Atlantic salmon post-smolt migration routes in the Gulf of St. Lawrence – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69: 981–990. The migration of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) post-smolts from the Rivière Saint-Jean on the north shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence (Canada) was studied during 2009 and 2010. Salmon from rivers in this region spend ≥2 years at sea before returning to spawn, and are believed to migrate to ocean feeding areas off Greenland. To determine residency time in the nearshore environment, and to define the migration routes of post-smolts, tagged post-smolts were tracked passively in Jacques Cartier Strait and at the two exits of the Gulf of St. Lawrence to the Atlantic Ocean (Cabot Strait and the Strait of Belle Isle). Post-smolts moved rapidly south in the nearshore area; two of them were detected 45 km south of the estuary exit, suggesting that they were moving towards the centre of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. One tagged post-smolt was detected exiting the Gulf of St. Lawrence via the Strait of Belle Isle after 44 d and exhibited a minimum swimming speed of 14.4 km d−1. There was no apparent linkage between the detection patterns of post-smolts and surface water temperatures or surface water currents close to shore. Post-smolts, however, appeared to orient to higher salinity.
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Belland, René J., and Marc Favreau. "The moss flora of the Gaspé Peninsula (Quebec, Canada): list of species and preliminary analysis." Canadian Journal of Botany 66, no. 9 (September 1, 1988): 1780–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b88-244.
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Extensive field studies and evaluation of previously published reports reveal a moss flora of at least 310 species for the Gaspé Peninsula. Forty species are reported for the first time from the peninsula, and Brachythecium glaciale is new to Quebec. While the Gaspé flora cannot be considered a distinctive one within the Gulf of St. Lawrence region, the large number of rare species is significant. Their presence in the Gaspé can be attributed to the diverse geology and topography of the peninsula. The bulk of the moss flora is clearly of boreal affinity, but many species have temperate, montane, or arctic – alpine distributions. Of special interest is the large proportion of species with various types of disjunct distributions, either within eastern North America or to other parts of the world, especially western North America. Some patterns strongly support the idea of survival in refugia in the Gulf of St. Lawrence region during the last glaciation.
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Roy, Suzanne, Frédérick Blouin, André Jacques, and Jean-Claude Therriault. "Absorption properties of phytoplankton in the Lower Estuary and Gulf of St. Lawrence (Canada)." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 65, no. 8 (August 2008): 1721–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f08-089.
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Models of ocean colour rely on information about phytoplankton absorption, which varies according to community composition and photoacclimation. Here we show that pigment packaging, which is strongly determined by the size structure of local algal populations, represents a dominant factor in the Estuary and Gulf of St. Lawrence, accounting for ~50%–80% of the reduction in phytoplankton absorption at 440 nm during the spring bloom periods and for 24%–48% before and after the blooms. This is consistent with the importance of diatoms in this environment. Comparison between three methods of estimating packaging gave average values within less than 20% of each other during the blooms. Changes in pigment composition, which also affect phytoplankton absorption, were more important outside bloom periods (particularly in the Gulf), although this influence was relatively modest (11%–13%). This was accompanied by an increase in photoprotective pigments and an absorption peak in the ultraviolet range (~330 nm). Regional variations in phytoplankton absorption reflected bloom conditions, whereas detrital particulate material was highest in the upstream Saguenay region (often more than 60% of the absorption of total particulate material at 440 nm (ap(440))) and was at least 20%–30% elsewhere. This information is a first step towards the development of regional models of ocean colour.
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Laforest, Sonia, Vincent Martin, and Michel Boulé. "QUEBEC REGION'S SHORELINE SEGMENTATION IN THE ST. LAWRENCE RIVER: RESPONSE TOOL FOR OIL SPILL." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2005, no. 1 (May 1, 2005): 317–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2005-1-317.
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ABSTRACT The Quebec Region's shoreline description of the St. Lawrence River began in 1985 with the first shoreline interpretation by Environment Canada. This description was available as a paper version and was no longer adequate for oil spill response. An update was required in order to split the shoreline into segments and to digitize the information. A partnership was developed between Environment Canada, Eastern Canada Response Corporation and the Canadian Coast Guard to conduct the aerial survey and to do the segmentation. The cartography of segmentation covers the fluvial part of the St. Lawrence River (Montreal Region) up to the Gulf (including the Lower-North Shore and the St. Lawrence Islands). The database, developed specifically for that project, is oil spill-oriented. It includes geomorphologic information, from the supratidal to the lower intertidal zone, some statistical information and other requirements for the cleanup operation. For this operational database, useful for the response operation, links were developed with other databases and specialized oil spill software. The first system is GENIE Web, which is a Georeference Environmental Network for Information Exchange on the Web. The second system, ShoreAssess©, is a managing tool for SCAT teams in the field. Finally, a partnership with the Geography Department at the Université du Québec in Rimouski (UQAR) will help us to keep the St. Lawrence River coastal evolution up to date.
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Aubry, Eliane, D. A. Methven, and Tom Hurlbut. "Length–depth relations of Enchelyopus cimbrius fourbeard rockling (Gadiformes: Phycidae) from the southern Gulf of St Lawrence and Cabot Strait in relation to abiotic factors." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 89, no. 8 (August 5, 2009): 1643–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315409000800.
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Research vessel survey data collected by Fisheries and Oceans Canada in the southern Gulf of St Lawrence (1971–2002) and Cabot Strait (1994–1997) were analysed to determine if Enchelyopus cimbrius the fourbeard rockling, distributed itself with larger individuals occurring in deeper water. A positive size–depth relationship was first observed for the European plaice, Pleuronectes platessa in the North Sea and has been reported for other fish. Positive relationships were found between the total length of E. cimbrius and depths where it occurred in this study. However, the biological relationship was not significant since the linear regression slopes were very weak, explaining less than approximately five per cent of the variance observed. Data were analysed further to determine the water depth, temperature and salinity ranges where the fourbeard rockling was most abundant. Enchelyopus cimbrius occurred throughout the depth-ranges sampled with highest catches occurring at 25–50 m (southern Gulf of St Lawrence) and deeper than 200 m (southern Gulf of St Lawrence and Cabot Strait). Low catches at intermediate depths (~50–100 m) in the southern Gulf of St Lawrence may have been due to the lack of suitable mud substrate and colder bottom temperatures in the Magdalen Shallows, a large central region of the southern Gulf. Enchelyopus cimbrius was mostly caught at relatively narrow temperature and salinity ranges of 4–6°C and 34–34.9 ppt in both regions, and only occurred in areas with a mud substratum, predominantly in the eastern Northumberland Strait, Baie des Chaleurs and in the deeper water of the Cape Breton Trough, Laurentian Channel and Cabot Strait. Enchelyopus cimbrius was caught throughout the day and night, contradicting a previous study that characterized it as being nocturnal in shallow coastal waters off Newfoundland.
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Hayward, Nathan, Sonya A. Dehler, and Gordon N. Oakey. "The structure of the northeastern Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada: new insight from geophysical data analysis." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 38, no. 11 (November 1, 2001): 1495–516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e01-043.
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An improved compilation of magnetic and gravity data has been interpreted in conjunction with seismic reflection profiles to provide new information about the complex structure of the northeastern Gulf of St. Lawrence, Atlantic Canada. This region was affected by plate divergence and convergence events during the Grenville and Appalachian orogenies and the opening of the Iapetus Ocean. The Anticosti Basin, which developed as a foreland basin over the margin of Laurentia, is filled with a thick succession of Cambrian to Silurian sedimentary strata. Most of the interpreted magnetic and gravity anomalies have sources within the basement rocks, which is interpreted as Grenville crust beneath much of the study area. A V-shaped zone of lower amplitude gravity and magnetic anomalies in the center of the region is associated with a slight thickening of Cambrian to Middle Ordovician sedimentary rocks over a downthrown block of anorthositic Grenville crust, with a locally lower density and magnetization. Extensional faults bordering the zone presently display 130250 m of downthrow at basement depths, increasing to the southeast, but show no disruption of strata younger than Middle Ordovician. A magnetic low 200 km to the northeast is of similar geophysical character and is associated with a similar geological structure. Numerous NE-trending normal faults associated with segmentation of the Grenville basement are manifested in the magnetic and seismic data. Related anomaly sources are also present within the overlying Ordovician calcareous and clastic rocks that were deposited during extension associated with the onset of the Taconian orogeny. Other anomalies are associated with faulting and folding of shallower strata, and seismic data indicate that some of the NE-trending faults were reactivated as thrusts towards the close of the Taconian orogeny in the Late Ordovician. The geophysical data show no evidence of significant deformation north of the western margin of Newfoundland that would be associated with later compressive events of the Acadian orogeny.
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Magnan, Gabriel, Michelle Garneau, and Serge Payette. "Holocene development of maritime ombrotrophic peatlands of the St. Lawrence North Shore in eastern Canada." Quaternary Research 82, no. 1 (July 2014): 96–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2014.04.016.
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AbstractMacrofossil analyses were used to reconstruct long-term vegetation successions within ombrotrophic peatlands (bogs) from the northern shorelines of the St. Lawrence Estuary (Baie-Comeau) and the Gulf of St. Lawrence (Havre-St-Pierre). Over the Holocene, the timing and the ecological context of peatland inception were similar in both regions and were mainly influenced by fluctuations in relative sea level. Peat accumulation started over deltaic sands after the withdrawal of the Goldthwait Sea from 7500 cal yr BP and above silt–clay deposits left by the Laurentian marine transgression after 4200 cal yr BP. In each region, the early vegetation communities were similar within these two edaphic contexts where poor fens with Cyperaceae and eastern larch (Larix laricina) established after land emergence. The rapid transitions to ombrotrophy in the peatlands of Baie-Comeau are associated with particularly high rates of peat accumulation during the early developmental stage. The results suggest that climate was more propitious to Sphagnum growth after land emergence in the Baie-Comeau area. Macrofossil data show that treeless Sphagnum-dominated bogs have persisted over millennia and that fires had few impacts on the vegetation dynamics. This study provides insight into peatland vegetation responses to climate in a poorly documented region of northeastern America.
11
Atkinson, Kerry-Lynn, and Christian Lacroix. "Evaluating reintroduction methods for the Gulf of Saint Lawrence aster (Symphyotrichum laurentianum) on Prince Edward Island." Botany 91, no. 5 (May 2013): 293–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2012-0074.
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The Gulf of St. Lawrence aster (SLA; Symphyotrichum laurentianum (Fernald) G.L. Nesom) is an annual plant species endemic to the Gulf of St. Lawrence region. Owing to the dynamic nature of the environment that the SLA inhabits, severe and major threats to both the aster and its habitat exist. The Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada listed the species as threatened in Canada in 2004. This status was assigned based on the species' limited distribution, fluctuating population size, and continued pressures on its habitat. Surveys have revealed that both site and population numbers have been further and drastically reduced on Prince Edward Island. In 2007, only one populated site of 482 individuals remained. It is possible that this species has been extirpated from Prince Edward Island. Recovery of this species on Prince Edward Island is feasible. Promising results related to seeding and the transplantation of greenhouse-grown seedlings at four in situ sites demonstrated that SLA plantlets have the potential to serve as seed stock to re-establish populations. Over the 2 years of the transplantation experiment, the pooled overall survivorship was 52.8%. Specific site manipulations that were tested may also increase the potential survivorship of the transplants and facilitate second-generation germination.
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Moritz, C., D. Gravel, L. Savard, C. W. McKindsey, J. C. Brêthes, and P. Archambault. "No more detectable fishing effect on Northern Gulf of St Lawrence benthic invertebrates." ICES Journal of Marine Science 72, no. 8 (July 16, 2015): 2457–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsv124.
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Abstract Trawling has been reported worldwide to alter seabed structure, and thus benthic habitats and ecosystems. Usually, a decrease in species richness and biomass is observed, and community structure is modified towards more opportunistic species. The Gulf of St Lawrence (Canada) has been intensely exploited since the 17th century, including net, longline, dredge and trawl fishing activities. Recently, the collapse of groundfish stocks induced a shift in fishing practices toward shrimp trawling, which is currently considered a sustainable fishing activity in the region. However, no long-term study has evaluated the potential effects of trawling disturbances on benthic mega-invertebrates. We investigated whether shrimp trawling had long- (ca. 20 years), mid- (ca. 10 years), and short-term (ca. 4 years) impacts on benthic mega-invertebrate taxa richness, biomass, and community structure. Scientific and fishery trawling data analyses showed that no significant long-, mid-, or short-term effect was detected on taxa richness. Significant but weak effects on biomass and community structure were detected at the mesoscale, i.e. at the scale of fishing grounds. In this long-exploited ecosystem, we suggest that a critical level of disturbance was attained by the first gear passages, which occurred decades ago and had irreversible impacts on the seabed by removing vulnerable taxa and structures that provided three-dimensional habitats. It is likely that benthic communities have subsequently reached a disturbed state of equilibrium on which current trawling disturbance has limited or no further impacts.
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Dinauer, Ashley, and Alfonso Mucci. "Spatial variability in surface-water <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub> and gas exchange in the world's largest semi-enclosed estuarine system: St. Lawrence Estuary (Canada)." Biogeosciences 14, no. 13 (July 6, 2017): 3221–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-3221-2017.
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Abstract. The incomplete spatial coverage of CO2 partial pressure (pCO2) measurements across estuary types represents a significant knowledge gap in current regional- and global-scale estimates of estuarine CO2 emissions. Given the limited research on CO2 dynamics in large estuaries and bay systems, as well as the sources of error in the calculation of pCO2 (carbonic acid dissociation constants, organic alkalinity), estimates of air–sea CO2 fluxes in estuaries are subject to large uncertainties. The Estuary and Gulf of St. Lawrence (EGSL) at the lower limit of the subarctic region in eastern Canada is the world's largest estuarine system, and is characterized by an exceptional richness in environmental diversity. It is among the world's most intensively studied estuaries, yet there are no published data on its surface-water pCO2 distribution. To fill this data gap, a comprehensive dataset was compiled from direct and indirect measurements of carbonate system parameters in the surface waters of the EGSL during the spring or summer of 2003–2016. The calculated surface-water pCO2 ranged from 435 to 765 µatm in the shallow partially mixed upper estuary, 139–578 µatm in the deep stratified lower estuary, and 207–478 µatm along the Laurentian Channel in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Overall, at the time of sampling, the St. Lawrence Estuary served as a very weak source of CO2 to the atmosphere, with an area-averaged CO2 degassing flux of 0.98 to 2.02 mmol C m−2 d−1 (0.36 to 0.74 mol C m−2 yr−1). A preliminary analysis revealed that respiration (upper estuary), photosynthesis (lower estuary), and temperature (Gulf of St. Lawrence) controlled the spatial variability in surface-water pCO2. Whereas we used the dissociation constants of Cai and Wang (1998) to calculate estuarine pCO2, formulations recommended for best practices in open ocean environments may underestimate pCO2 at low salinities, while those of Millero (2010) may result in overestimates.
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Weise, Andréa M., Maurice Levasseur, François J. Saucier, Simon Senneville, Esther Bonneau, Suzanne Roy, Gilbert Sauvé, Sonia Michaud, and Juliette Fauchot. "The link between precipitation, river runoff, and blooms of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense in the St. Lawrence." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 59, no. 3 (March 1, 2002): 464–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f02-024.
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Blooms of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense, which is responsible for paralytic shellfish poisoning, are annually recurrent events in the Estuary and Gulf of St. Lawrence, Québec, Canada. The analysis of abundance data for this algal species between 1989 and 1998 at Sept-Îles, a presumed initiation site in the north western Gulf of St. Lawrence, revealed yearly fluctuations in the onset, duration, and magnitude of toxic A. tamarense blooms. Hydrological and meteorological data for the region indicate that rainfall, Moisie River runoff, and wind are highly related to the pattern of bloom development each year. Results from the 10-year data set reveal that in this system: (i) high Moisie River runoff from a prolonged spring freshet or from heavy rainfall events in the summer and fall can initiate A. tamarense blooms; (ii) high Moisie River runoff combined with prolonged periods of weak winds (<4 m·s1) favour the continued development of blooms; and (iii) winds >8 m·s1 disrupt blooms. Salinity, which reflects the general state of the water column in terms of freshwater input and stability, had a strong negative correlation with the probability of observing A. tamarense cells at this station and could thus be used as a predictive tool for the presence of cells in this system.
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Ouellet, Patrick, Alice Olga Victoria Bui, Diane Lavoie, Joël Chassé, Nicolas Lambert, Nadia Ménard, and Pascal Sirois. "Seasonal distribution, abundance, and growth of larval capelin (Mallotus villosus) and the role of the Lower Estuary (Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada) as a nursery area." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 70, no. 10 (October 2013): 1508–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2013-0227.
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Capelin (Mallotus villosus) spawning in the St. Lawrence Estuary is concentrated in the Upper Estuary (UE). The northwest Gulf of St. Lawrence (NW GSL) was presented as the principal nursery for capelin originating from the estuary. In 2009 and 2010, we investigated the abundance, distribution, and size structure of capelin larvae in this system, and a particle tracking model was used to simulate larval dispersion. There was evidence of retention and larval growth in the Lower Estuary (LE), and older larvae were found in the LE by the end of summer. In October 2009, it was possible to link the cohorts of large larvae to emergence events in the UE in spring. Capelin larvae were more abundant or bigger (mean length) in the LE relative to the NW GSL in fall 2006, 2008, and 2009. We conclude that the LE is the habitat of a unit of the GSL capelin population composed of individuals that are retained in this region following hatching in the UE and that there is limited mixing with larvae originating in the NW GSL.
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Grant, D. R. "Glacial style and ice limits, the Quaternary stratigraphic record, and changes of land and ocean level in the Atlantic Provinces, Canada." Dynamique et paléogéographie de l’inlandsis laurentidien 31, no. 3-4 (January 17, 2011): 247–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1000276ar.
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Evidence from scattered stratigraphie sections, from the relationship of a sequence of ice flow indicators to a raised interglacial marine platform, together with the limits of freshly glaciated terrain against weathered bedrock areas, indicates that late Wisconsinan glaciers spread weakly toward, and in many areas not beyond, the present coast. These were fed by a complex of small ice caps located on broad lowlands and uplands. The limiting factor was the deep submarine channels that transect the region. Thus, Laurentide ice was limited to northern Gulf of St. Lawrence. With this pattern of centripetal flow toward the Gulf, large areas remained unglacierized. There is now better geological corroboration of Fer-nald's hypothesis of nunatak botanic réfugia, though there was, perhaps during early Wisconsinan time, grounded ice in the Gulf and an outlet glacier in Laurentian Channel. Raised postglacial shorelines fit the model, with a general tilt toward the main shield ice sheet, but with two broad domes reflecting the ice complexes over New Brunswick and Newfoundland. Older emerged and submerged shorelines beyond the glacial limit complicate the pattern. At present northern regions are still rebounding while a zone of subsidence is migrating inland from the continental margin.
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Gulllemette, Magella, John H. Himmelman, and Austin Reed. "Availability and consumption of food by common eiders wintering in the Gulf of St. Lawrence: evidence of prey depletion." Canadian Journal of Zoology 74, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z96-005.
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To quantify the influence of common eiders (Somateria mollissima) on their food supply in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, eastern Canada, we measured prey availability and patch utilization during two consecutive winters. In this region, eiders fed predominantly near submerged reefs where large populations of blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) and green sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus droebachienensis) were present. Density and biomass of mussels and urchins were estimated for two reefs at the beginning of the winter of 1985 – 1986 using SCUBA and quadrat sampling. Prey selection was assessed by comparing the size of prey from stomach contents of shot eiders with that of prey found in the habitat. Patch use was quantified from elevated blinds by regularly counting eiders from December to April. Mussels in the habitat were small (mean length 6.5 mm) and formed dense beds (mean density 25 398 individuals/m2), whereas urchins were large (mean diameter 35 mm) and occurred at lower densities (114 individuals/m2). However, the average biomass for these two prey species was similar, 2.8 and 3.1 kg wet mass/m2 for mussels and urchins, respectively. The mussels eaten by common eiders tended to be larger than the average size of those available. In contrast, urchins eaten were smaller than the average size present in the habitat. Depending on the reef, consumption of food by eiders ranged from 48 to 69% of the biomass for eiders feeding on mussels and from 3 to 6% of the biomass for urchins. We compared these estimates with those from similar studies and concluded that eiders substantially deplete mussel beds in winter, which in turn seems to affect their distribution.
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Jarry, Vincent, Eric Theriault, Roger Percy, and Claude Rivet. "CONTINGENCY PLANS FOR THE SALVAGE OF A BARGE CONTAINING BUNKER C OIL AND PCB: THE IRVING WHALE EXPERIENCE." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1997, no. 1 (April 1, 1997): 1004–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1997-1-1004.
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ABSTRACT To illustrate the Canadian approach in developing contingency plans, we will use the example of lessons learned in the framework of the Irving Whale recovery project. The Irving Whale sank in 1970, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence (Canada), between the Iles-de-la-Madeleine (Québec) and Prince Edward Island. The barge came to rest in 67 meters (220 feet) of water, and contained an estimated 3100 tons of Bunker C oil and 7.5 tons of PCB s (Aroclor 1242). The recovery operation was successfully completed in the summer of 1996. Descriptions of some of the various tools, strategies, and emergency measures implemented to protect the environment are presented, including: (1) a brief description of the coordination of scientific and technical advice; (2) the geographic information system used for resource mapping and a shore-line restoration guide; (3) remote sensing; (4) trajectory modelling for oil and PCB spills; and (5) wildlife protection activities. All of these tools were coordinated through two regional environmental emergencies teams (REETs) established in Canada. The two REETs (one for the Atlantic region and the other for the Quebec region) provided the lead government authority for oil spill response, in this case the Canadian Coast Guard, with scientific and technical advice on environmental issues related to the project
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Strongman, D. B. "Trichomycetes in aquatic insects from Prince Edward Island, Canada." Canadian Journal of Botany 85, no. 10 (October 2007): 949–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b07-095.
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Trichomycetes, an ecological grouping of fungi and protists associated with the guts of aquatic arthropods, are distributed globally. The diversity of this unique species complex is, however, more completely documented in some parts of the USA and Europe than in Canada. Twenty species of trichomycetes were collected from insect hosts at six sites in Prince Edward Island, situated in the Gulf of St. Lawrence about 14 km off the east coast of New Brunswick. Five new species of Harpellales (Fungi, Kickxellomycotina), Caudomyces longicollis Strongman sp. nov. from Antocha sp. (Tipulidae), Legeriomyces minae Strongman sp. nov. from mayflies, and Smittium ditrichosporum Strongman sp. nov., Smittium insulare Strongman sp. nov., and Smittium tynense Strongman sp. nov. from chironomids are described. Smittium brevisporum L.G. Valle & Santam. and Smittium gracilis L.G. Valle & Santam., previously known only from Spain, are recorded for the first time in North America. A number of species of Harpellales and Amoebidiales (Phylum Mesomycetozoa) previously recorded from the region (P.E.I. and N.S.), and several that are common and widely distributed, were also recovered. Stachylina pedifer Lichtw. & M.C. Williams was collected from chironomids in a stream exposed to seawater during high tide. Trichomycete diversity is high on P.E.I., as it is in many regions where extensive surveys have been conducted, including islands such as Australia and New Zealand. More data from islands may help shed some light on distribution patterns for these obligate endobionts and provide some insights into mechanisms for dispersal.
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Greenan, B., L. Zhai, J. Hunter, T. S. James, and G. Han. "Estimating sea-level allowances for Atlantic Canada under conditions of uncertain sea-level rise." Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 365 (March 2, 2015): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-365-16-2015.
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Abstract. This paper documents the methodology of computing sea-level rise allowances for Atlantic Canada in the 21st century under conditions of uncertain sea-level rise. The sea-level rise allowances are defined as the amount by which an asset needs to be raised in order to maintain the same likelihood of future flooding events as that site has experienced in the recent past. The allowances are determined by combination of the statistics of present tides and storm surges (storm tides) and the regional projections of sea-level rise and associated uncertainty. Tide-gauge data for nine sites from the Canadian Atlantic coast are used to derive the scale parameters of present sea-level extremes using the Gumbel distribution function. The allowances in the 21st century, with respect to the year 1990, were computed for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) A1FI emission scenario. For Atlantic Canada, the allowances are regionally variable and, for the period 1990–2050, range between –13 and 38 cm while, for the period 1990–2100, they range between 7 and 108 cm. The negative allowances in the northern Gulf of St. Lawrence region are caused by land uplift due to glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA).
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Plourde, S., C. Lehoux, C. L. Johnson, G. Perrin, and V. Lesage. "North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) and its food: (I) a spatial climatology of Calanus biomass and potential foraging habitats in Canadian waters." Journal of Plankton Research 41, no. 5 (July 17, 2019): 667–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbz024.
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Abstract This study aimed at identifying potentially suitable foraging habitats for the North Atlantic right whale (NARW; Eubalaena glacialis) in the Gulf of St Lawrence (GSL), on the Scotian Shelf (SS) and in the Bay of Fundy (BoF), Canada, based on the distribution densities of their main prey, Calanus copepod species. More than 4800 historical Calanus spp. water column integrated samples as well as 221 vertically stratified sampling stations were used to create a 3D (latitude, longitude and vertical) climatology of Calanus spp. biomass densities for spring and summer–fall when NARW are feeding in Canadian waters. We then combined this 3D preyscape with bio-energetic considerations to highlight potentially suitable NARW foraging habitats in the region. Our 3D climatological approach successfully identified the known feeding areas of Grand Manan (BoF) and Roseway Basin (western SS), confirming its validity. Expanding our analyses to the GSL and other parts of the SS, we identified in both regions areas previously unknown where Calanus spp. biomass densities exceeded minimum levels suitable for foraging NARW. Our results represent a key contribution to the identification of important foraging areas for NARW in Canadian waters, especially in the context of climate change and the documented shift in NARW distribution.
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Barrette, Martin, Louis Bélanger, and Louis De Grandpré. "Preindustrial reconstruction of a perhumid midboreal landscape, Anticosti Island, Quebec." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 40, no. 5 (May 2010): 928–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x10-040.
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The knowledge of natural disturbance dynamics and preindustrial landscapes is essential to implement sustainable forest management. Recent findings identify the lack of a forest dynamics model, different from the standard cyclic model of Baskerville (1975. For. Chron. 51: 138–140), for balsam fir ( Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) ecosystems of maritime eastern Canada. With the use of historical forest maps and dendrochronology, we reconstructed the range of variability of the preindustrial landscape (6798 km2) and inferred on the natural disturbance dynamics of the balsam fir forest of Anticosti Island. The preindustrial landscape was characterized by a forest matrix of overmature softwood stands with inclusions of younger softwood stands ranging from 0.1 to 7837 ha in size. Widespread stand-initiating events were apparently rare in the preindustrial landscape over the last 160 years. Since our results were not well represented by the cyclic model, which predicts the occurrence of a mosaic of stands in different age classes, we proposed an alternative forest dynamics model for eastern balsam fir ecosystems near the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Forest management inspired by this alternative model may be more appropriate to maintain or restore ecological characteristics of balsam fir forests of this region within their range of natural variability.
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Reeb, C. A., and J. C. Avise. "A genetic discontinuity in a continuously distributed species: mitochondrial DNA in the American oyster, Crassostrea virginica." Genetics 124, no. 2 (February 1, 1990): 397–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/124.2.397.
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Abstract Restriction site variation in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of the American oyster (Crassostrea virginica) was surveyed in continuously distributed populations sampled from the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada, to Brownsville, Texas. mtDNA clonal diversity was high, with 82 different haplotypes revealed among 212 oysters with 13 endonucleases. The mtDNA clones grouped into two distinct genetic arrays (estimated to differ by about 2.6% in nucleotide sequence) that characterized oysters collected north vs. south of a region on the Atlantic mid-coast of Florida. The population genetic "break" in mtDNA contrasts with previous reports of near uniformity of nuclear (allozyme) allele frequencies throughout the range of the species, but agrees closely with the magnitude and pattern of mtDNA differentiation reported in other estuarine species in the southeastern United States. This concordance of mtDNA phylogenetic pattern across independently evolving species provides strong evidence for vicariant biogeographic processes in initiating intraspecific population structure. The post-Miocene ecological history of the region suggests that reduced precipitation levels in an enlarged Floridian peninsula may have created discontinuities in suitable estuarine habitat for oysters during glacial periods, and that today such population separations are maintained by the combined influence of ecological gradients and oceanic currents on larval dispersal. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that historical vicariant events, in conjunction with contemporary environmental influences on gene flow, can result in genetic discontinuities in continuously distributed species with high dispersal capability.
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Garbary, David J. "Demonstrating climate change in Prince Edward Island – A procedure using climate normals and weather data suitable for classroom use." Proceedings of the Nova Scotian Institute of Science (NSIS) 49, no. 2 (March 10, 2018): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.15273/pnsis.v49i2.8165.
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A simple method to assess climate warming is described, which is suitable for post-secondary classes in environmental sciences. This method is based on climate normals and subsequent weather data, and is demonstrated using Government of Canada archived climate/weather data from sites in Prince Edward Island including Charlottetown Airport, Alliston and New Glasgow. The method uses a simple statistical analysis based on one or two sample Student’s t-tests as well as scatter plots and linear regression to highlight the direction and magnitude of changes. Statistically significant increases of annual average temperature of 0.7°C to 1.3°C were calculated for the period after the end of the 1961-1990 climate normals for Alliston and Charlottetown, and a 0.9°C change was demonstrated for New Glasgow after the 1971-2000 climate normals. These values suggest a recent rate of change three times greater than a previous estimate of up to 0.9°C per century for the Gulf of St. Lawrence region, with a major temperature increase occurring in the late 1990s. Changes were most pronounced during September and December, and two sites showed a significant increase in continuous frost-free days during the growing season, as well as a decline in the number of days with frost during spring and fall. Keywords: Climate change, climate normals, Prince Edward Island, weather
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Guillemette, Magella, John H. Himmelman, Cyrille Barette, and Austin Reed. "Habitat selection by common eiders in winter and its interaction with flock size." Canadian Journal of Zoology 71, no. 6 (June 1, 1993): 1259–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z93-172.
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We studied habitat selection in relation to prey density and water depth in the common eider, Somateria mollissima L., wintering in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, eastern Canada. In this region, eiders are confronted with low temperatures, ice cover, and reduced day length. We predicted that they should select feeding habitats characterized by high prey density and shallow water to minimize the time and energy spent while diving. About 1000 flocks were localized by triangulation on our study site (20.5 km2). We inferred the diving depth and the habitat being used from the position of eiders on bathymetric and community maps. The highest density of prey occurred in shallow water reefs where there were patches of blue mussels, Mytilus edulis L., and green sea urchins, Strongylocentrotus droebachienensis (Müller). Despite the fact that eiders can dive to depths as great as 42 m to feed, they strongly aggregate in shallow water, and their distribution closely coincides with the highest density of prey. The degree of selection for the reef habitat varies with seasonal variations in the size of flocks and in the total number of eiders present. Although flocking as an antipredator behaviour cannot be rejected, we interpret the high degree of flocking by eiders in our study area as a strategy to facilitate feeding in winter.
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Wood, S. A., T. R. Frasier, B. A. McLeod, J. R. Gilbert, B. N. White, W. D. Bowen, M. O. Hammill, G. T. Waring, and S. Brault. "The genetics of recolonization: an analysis of the stock structure of grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) in the northwest Atlantic." Canadian Journal of Zoology 89, no. 6 (June 2011): 490–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z11-012.
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Although historically distributed along the northeast coast of the United States (US), grey seals ( Halichoerus grypus (Fabricius, 1791)) were considered locally extinct until the late 1980s when three naturally re-established pupping colonies were discovered. Two large populations in Canada, the Gulf of St. Lawrence (GSL) and Sable Island (SI) seals, are possible sources of immigrants for the recovering US population. To assess the stock structure of grey seals in the northwest Atlantic, tissue samples were collected from Canadian and US populations for genetic analyses. We examined nine highly variable microsatellite loci (n = 158; mean number of alleles per locus = 7.22). When population differentiation was assessed without a priori inference of potential subpopulations, all individuals were placed into one population. Pairwise FST values showed little difference in allele frequencies between the SI and the GSL or the Canadian and the US samples. We sequenced a 319 bp segment of the mitochondrial control region and identified 25 haplotypes (n = 163). Nucleotide diversity was similar at SI, GSL, and the US sites. Based on mtDNA haplotypes, no significant difference was found between the SI and GSL populations or the Canadian and the US populations. Although grey seals are philopatric, our study demonstrated that the genetic structure of the northwest Atlantic grey seal population is not different from the null hypothesis of panmixia.
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Hamilton, K. G. A., and D. W. Langor. "LEAFHOPPER FAUNA OF NEWFOUNDLAND AND CAPE BRETON ISLANDS (RHYNCHOTA: HOMOPTERA: CICADELLIDAE)." Canadian Entomologist 119, no. 7-8 (August 1987): 663–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent119663-7.
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AbstractThe faunas of Newfoundland and Cape Breton include 217 leafhopper species, of which 24 are introduced and 65 are native, common to both islands. Newfoundland has 116 species, of which 86 are new provincial records and 2 are new nearctic records of introduced European species. Cape Breton has 172 species, of which 109 are new records for Nova Scotia. A species previously known as far north as Virginia was found in Cape Breton, 2 New England species were found as far north as Newfoundland, 2 high boreal species were found as far south as Cape Breton, and 42 species previously known from west of Maine were found as far east as Cape Breton. One new subspecies and 14 new species are described: Cosmotettix unica, Oncopsis minor terranovae and Typhlocyba (Edwardsiana) unicorn from Newfoundland, Colladonus balius, Cribrus micmac, and Typhlocyba (Zonocyba) hollandi from Cape Breton, Oncopsis speciosa from both islands, Erythroneura maritima and M. inundatus from the Gulf of St. Lawrence region, Limotettix (Ophiolix) schedia, Latalus (Jassargus) remotus and Macrosteles galeae from eastern bogs, and Empoasca volsella, E. zanclus and Kyboasca papyriferae from Cape Breton westward across Canada. Three new synonyms are created: Amphigonalia Young, 1977 = Neokolla Melichar, 1926, Scaphytopius sarissus Beirne, 1952 = S. cinnamoneus (Osborn, 1915), and Typhlocyba frigida Hamilton, 1983 = T. tersa Edwards, 1914. Three genera are reduced to subgenera: Jassargus Zachvatkin, 1953 in Latalus DeLong & Sleesman, 1929, Lemellus Oman, 1949 in Sorhoanus Ribaut, 1946, and Scleroracus Van Duzee, 1894 in Limotettix Sahlberg, 1871. New World species formerly placed in Agallia Curtis are transferred to Agalliota Oman. Oncopsis prairiana Hamilton, 1983 and its subspecies are made subspecies of O. minor (Fitch 1851). The composition of the faunas of the two islands is compared with those of adjacent areas of the mainland, and evidence is found for an offshore glacial refugium.
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B. V. Sanford, A. C. Grant. "Geology and Petroleum Potential of the Gulf of St. Lawrence Region: ABSTRACT." AAPG Bulletin 74 (1990). http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/20b2280f-170d-11d7-8645000102c1865d.
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Pinet, Nicolas, Maurice Lamontagne, Mathieu J. Duchesne, and Virginia I. Brake. "Hunting for Quaternary Faults in Eastern Canada: A Critical Appraisal of Two Potential Candidates." Seismological Research Letters, December 23, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220200322.
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Abstract This study documents two potential neotectonic features in the seismically active St. Lawrence estuary and western part of the Gulf of St. Lawrence of Quebec, Canada. Historically, the region is the locus of series of damaging earthquakes, including the 1663 M 7 earthquake, which suggests the occurrence of coseismic surface ruptures beneath the St. Lawrence River. In the western Gulf of St. Lawrence (Lower St. Lawrence seismic zone), a potential fault scarp identified on a vintage seismic profile has been investigated through high-resolution seismic and multibeam bathymetry data. On the seafloor, the scarp corresponds to an ∼1.8 m high (maximum) feature that is located above a buried escarpment of the Paleozoic bedrock. Holocene units are draping over the escarpment on one profile, but are possibly cut on two others. The scarp meets several of the criteria generally associated with neotectonic features. However, a close look at the data indicates that the staircase geometry of the top of the bedrock and its expression at the surface is linked, at least partially, with the presence of an erosion-resistant unit. This makes a neotectonic reactivation possible but not proven. In the Tadoussac area, ∼40 km north of the Charlevoix seismic zone, the offshore extension of the St. Laurent fault corresponds to an ∼110 m high bathymetric escarpment with well-preserved triangular facets. Such “fresh” morphology is unique in the St. Lawrence River Estuary and may attest to Quaternary displacements, yet other interpretations may also explain the unusual preservation of the escarpment. These two case studies illustrate the difficulty to unambiguously document Holocene fault scarps, even in the marine domain in which the sedimentary succession is generally continuous.
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Boivin-Rioux, Aude, Michel Starr, Joël Chassé, Michael Scarratt, William Perrie, and Zhenxia Long. "Predicting the Effects of Climate Change on the Occurrence of the Toxic Dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella Along Canada’s East Coast." Frontiers in Marine Science 7 (January 7, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.608021.
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Alexandrium catenella produces paralytic shellfish toxins that affect marine fisheries and aquaculture as well as ecosystem and human health worldwide. This harmful algal species is extremely sensitive to environmental conditions and potentially to future climate change. Using a generalized additive mixed model (GAMM) we studied the potential effects of changing salinity and temperatures on A. catenella bloom (≥1000 cells L–1) occurrence along Canada’s East Coast throughout the 21st century. Our GAMM was applied to two high greenhouse gas emissions scenarios (RCP 8.5) and one mitigation scenario (RCP 4.5). Under present-day conditions, our model successfully predicted A. catenella’s spatio-temporal distribution in Eastern Canada. Under future conditions, all scenarios predict increases in bloom frequency and spatial extent as well as changes in bloom seasonality. Under one RCP 8.5 scenario, A. catenella bloom occurrences increased at up to 3.5 days per decade throughout the 21st century, with amplified year-to-year variability. Blooms expanded into the Gulf of St. Lawrence and onto the Scotian Shelf. These conditions could trigger unprecedented bloom events in the future throughout our study region. In all climate scenarios, the bloom season intensified earlier (May–June) and ended later (October). In some areas of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, the thermal habitat of A. catenella was exceeded, thereby locally reducing bloom risk during the summer months. We conclude that an increase in A. catenella’s environmental bloom window could further threaten marine fauna including endangered species as well as fisheries and aquaculture industries on Canada’s East Coast. Similar impacts could be felt in other coastal regions of the globe where warming and freshening of waters are intensifying.