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Journal articles on the topic 'Petroleum chemicals industry'
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1
PAICE, E. S. "Petroleum Chemicals in relation to the Textile Industry." Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists 64, no. 7 (October 22, 2008): 237–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-4408.1948.tb02512.x.
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Wang, Xiaomeng, and Kim Kasperski. "Quantitative determination of multiple surfactants in water using HPLC-MS/MS." Analytical Methods 10, no. 21 (2018): 2512–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ay00240a.
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Ibrahim, Hassan Al-Haj. "Pyrolysis in the Chemical Industry and Its Major Industrial Applications." Innovation in Science and Technology 2, no. 2 (March 2023): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.56397/ist.2023.03.01.
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Pyrolysis is an irreversible thermochemical treatment process of materials at elevated temperatures in an inert atmosphere. Pyrolysis is used heavily in the chemical industry to produce many forms of carbon and other chemicals from petroleum, coal, wood, oil shale, biomass or organic waste materials, and it is the basis of several methods for producing fuel from biomass. The end products of pyrolysis include solid residual coproducts and ash, noncondensable gases and condensable liquids. These products can be controlled by optimizing pyrolysis parameters such as temperature and residence time.
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Zageris, G. "METHANOL PRODUCTION UNITS OF MODULAR TYPE FOR INDUSTRY DECARBONIZATION." Eurasian Physical Technical Journal 19, no. 3 (41) (September 22, 2022): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31489/2022no3/45-54.
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The production of carbon-containing chemicals is a way to decarbonize gas emissions. In particular, methanol (CH3OH) can be produced from associated petroleum gas, which is currently flared. It makes sense to use simple methods of hydrocarbon gas conversion into synthesis gas, such as partial oxidation of methane to create small modular plants for direct operation in oil and gas fields. The numerical modelling of partial oxidation is considered, taking into account the kinetics of chemical processes and the design of the equipment. In this workthe several models have been built to describe partial oxidation of natural gas with air -the equilibrium and complete 3D models which take into account the phenomena of mass and energy transfer, as well as chemical transformation. The main conclusion of the model comparison is that the full numerical model predicts incomplete oxidation quite well, while the simpler equilibrium model does not. In the future, the results of the numerical modelling of oxygen methane conversion will be investigated and presented.
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ÖZGÜNER, Abdullah Mete. "Orta Anadolu-Orta Karadeniz Petrokimya Kümelenmesinin Önemi." Uluslararası Muhendislik Arastirma ve Gelistirme Dergisi 14, no. 2 (July 31, 2022): 368–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.29137/umagd.874529.
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Chemical industry products, make great scale contributions to the other industrial productions and chemical industrial cluster can only be completed by seaport based petroleum refinery. Increasing demand and imports of Turkey for the petrochemical products will mostly be met when the planned blue stream oil pipeline is connected to the proposed Samsun seaport oil refinery and its coordination with the regional industry and mineral deposites. Great salt mineral reserves like tenardite-glauberite in Ankara Polatlı, trona in Ankara Beypazarı and Kazan and rock salt in Kırıkkale, Çankırı, Çorum which have been discovered within the last few years, have increased twice the reserves and varieties of Central Anatolian salt deposits and will assure the second important raw material of petrochemical industry after nafta. The real loss in petrochemical foreign trade of Turkey, is big imports of primary and secondary chemicals produced from salt raw materials. The salt solutions from the natural gas storing caverns opened within the thick rock salt beds by solution mining process can be transported to future chloralkaline facilities in the region and to the Kırıkkale and proposed Samsun petroleum refineries by pipeline siphoning with minimum cost and the surplus can be swinged into the sea so that the environmental pollution is prevented. It is possible to see the existences of Kırıkkale petroleum refinery, defence industry, iron-steel-coke industry, Samsun sulphuric acid and fertiliser factory, gas-oil pipelines, various salt mineral resources, sea-ports, and transportation lines and other infrastructures suitable for the chemical industrial clustering within Central Anatolia and Central Blacksea Regions.
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Minteer, Shelley D. "(Invited) Bioelectrochemical Strategies for C-H Activation." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, no. 44 (August 28, 2023): 2420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-01442420mtgabs.
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Petroleum hydrocarbons are currently our major energy source and an important feedstock for the chemical industry. Beyond combustion, conversion of chemically inert hydrocarbons to more valuable chemicals is of considerable interest. However, two challenges hinder this conversion. One is the regioselective activation of inert carbon–hydrogen (C–H) bonds. The other is designing a pathway to realize this complicated conversion. This paper will discuss the use of alkane monoxygenases in bioelectrochemical systems for C-H activation, as well as enzyme cascades and hybrid catalytic cascades for the conversion of inert alkanes to complex organic molecules like imines with selectivity far beyond traditional homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts.
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Modi, Prabha, and Ashish Nagar. "A THEORETICAL APPROACH OF DISTINCTIVE ADDITIVES TO OVERCOME THE CHALLENGES IN THE FIELD OF PETROLEUM INDUSTRY." RASAYAN Journal of Chemistry 17, no. 03 (2024): 1154–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.31788/rjc.2024.1738876.
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The petroleum industry faces various challenges such as improving fuel properties, preventing wax deposition, and enhancing operational efficiency. To overcome these challenges, the use of distinctive additives is necessary. Distinctive additives play a crucial role in optimizing diesel fuel properties, including increasing cetane numbers and improving ignition. They can also modify the rheological properties of base oils such as diesel, mineral oil, and poly alpha olefins to address issues like Asphaltene and paraffin wax deposition, scale formation, and corrosion. These additives are essential for drilling fluids, cementing, completion, stimulation, and production of chemicals in the oil and gas industry. In the efficient recovery of oil and gas from the well to the refinery, the use of chemical additives is critical. By incorporating distinctive additives that are tailored to specific challenges faced in the petroleum field, operators can enhance production processes, ensure flow assurance, and meet regulatory requirements. The use of these additives offers solutions to many issues, including wax deposition, corrosion control, scale formation prevention, and enhancement of drilling fluid properties. As the demand for hydrocarbons continues to rise globally, the strategic use of distinctive additives becomes increasingly vital for efficient and enhanced oil and gas recovery in the petroleum industry.
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Al-Robai, Hazim Aziz, Dheyaa J. Jasim, Safiyya A. Jassam, Hayder M. Jasim, Hawzhen Fateh M. Ameen, and Ameer H. Al-Rubaye. "Petroleum’s Influence on the Aquatic Environment." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1262, no. 2 (December 1, 2023): 022025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1262/2/022025.
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Abstract Aquifer, rivers, or lakes are frequently employed as the local sources of water that the petroleum industry uses to drill and hydraulically fracture wells, refine and process petroleum, and create electricity in certain natural gas-based power plants. Oil residues, chemicals from hydraulic fracturing and drilling fluids, and naturally occurring pollutants from the rocks themselves may all be present in the water that is generated along with petroleum. It is also frequently naturally salty. The environmental effects of petroleum activities may change a range of ecological characteristics, such as biodiversity, biomass, and productivity, which may then affect specific species, populations, assemblages, or ecosystems. There are two basic types of long-term and short-term impacts of petroleum contamination in water. The difficulties produced by point pollution in aquatic ecosystems have come to light due to the impact of petroleum compounds on living organisms in aquatic environments.
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Hamid, Sharifah Bee Abd, Md Al Amin, and Md Eaqub Ali. "Zeolite Supported Ionic Liquid Catalyst for the Synthesis of Nano-Cellulose from Palm Tree Biomass." Advanced Materials Research 925 (April 2014): 52–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.925.52.
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Nanocellulose promises to be a very versatile material having wide range of biomedical and biotechnological applications including tissue engineering, drug delivery, wound dressings, medical implants, food, cosmetics, paper and textiles. The current methods for the synthesis of nanocellulose involve harsh chemical treatments which are perpetually hazardous to human and environment. Catalytic synthesis of nanocellulose might be a green approach. Among the various types of catalyst, ionic liquids, which are composed of both cations and anions and have low or negligible vapor pressure, are particularly promising. Ionic liquids also exhibit a relatively wide electrochemically stable window, good electrical conductivity, high ionic mobility, a broad range of room temperature liquid compositions, selective dissolvability to many organic and inorganic materials, and excellent chemical and thermal stabilities. In contrast, zeolite catalysts have been used in petroleum refineries for the removal of sulfur. Zeolite catalysts are also important for the synthesis of bulk chemicals, fine and specialty chemicals, fuels and chemicals. Acidic and metal modified micro porous zeolite catalysts have been used in several commercial processes in petroleum industry, fuel components, abatement of exhaust gas emissions and biomass upgrading, pharmaceutical and fine chemical industries. Currently, zeolite catalysts are synthesized in powder form and to make them industrially useful, such catalysts have to be mixed with a binder and formulated in different shapes. This paper reviewed the introduction, preparation, synthesis and application of nanocellulose from lignocellulosic palm biomass.
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Liu, Yuan, and Ping Zhang. "Review of Phosphorus-Based Polymers for Mineral Scale and Corrosion Control in Oilfield." Polymers 14, no. 13 (June 30, 2022): 2673. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14132673.
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Production chemistry is an important field in the petroleum industry to study the physicochemical changes in the production system and associated impact on production fluid flow from reservoir to topsides facilities. Mineral scale deposition and metal corrosion are among the top three water-related production chemistry threats in the petroleum industry, particularly for offshore deepwater and shale operations. Mineral scale deposition is mainly driven by local supersaturation due to operational condition change and/or mixing of incompatible waters. Corrosion, in contrast, is an electrochemical oxidation–reduction process with local cathodic and anodic reactions taking place on metal surfaces. Both mineral scaling and metal corrosion can lead to severe operational risk and financial loss. The most common engineering solution for oilfield scale and corrosion control is to deploy chemical inhibitors, including scale inhibitors and corrosion inhibitors. In the past few decades, various chemical inhibitors have been prepared and applied for scaling and corrosion control. Phosphorus-based polymers are an important class of chemical inhibitors commonly adopted in oilfield operations. Due to the versatile molecular structures of these chemicals, phosphorus-based polymeric inhibitors have the advantage of a higher calcium tolerance, a higher thermal stability, and a wider pH tolerance range compared with other types of inhibitors. However, there are limited review articles to cover these polymeric chemicals for oilfield scale and corrosion control. To address this gap, this review article systematically reviews the synthesis, laboratory testing, and field applications of various phosphorus-based polymeric inhibitors in the oil and gas industry. Future research directions in terms of optimizing inhibitor design are also discussed. The objective is to keep the readers abreast of the latest development in the synthesis and application of these materials and to bridge chemistry knowledge with oilfield scale and corrosion control practice.
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Lin, Hui Dan, and Geng Jun Gao. "Applied Research of Fault Tree Analysis Method of Liquefaction Dangerous Goods Safety Management in the Yangtze River Water Transportation." Advanced Materials Research 869-870 (December 2013): 343–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.869-870.343.
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In recent years, with the rapid development of petroleum, chemical and energy industry around the Yangtze River, the variety and quantity transportation of dangerous chemicals has also dramatically increased through Yangtze River. This paper applies fault tree analysis method of specific LPG to obtain problems existing in the Yangtze river water transportation safety management and according to these series of problem, it puts forward some relevant management measures, hoping to minimum the possibility and damage of potential risk accident so as to the risk control measures more scientific, strict and meticulous.
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Xi, Wei, Yuanye Ping, and Masoome Agha Alikhani. "A Review on Biosurfactant Applications in the Petroleum Industry." International Journal of Chemical Engineering 2021 (August 30, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5477185.
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The inadequacy of worldwide fossil fuel resources, combined with increasing energy demands, encourages global attention to either using alternative energy resources or improving the recovery factor and produce larger quantities from present reservoirs. Among all enhanced oil recovery (EOR) methods, surfactant injection is a well-known technique that reduces the interfacial tension (IFT) between oil and water and increases oil production. Despite numerous advantages of using surfactants, there are also a few obstacles like environmental impacts, high cost, effect on humans and other organisms due to toxicological potential, and availability from nonrenewable resources. Biosurfactants are microbial surface-active agents that decrease the surface tension (ST) of a liquid phase and the IFT of two diverse phases. They are biotechnological products of high value owing to their widespread applications, low toxicity, relatively easy preparation, and specific performance, applied in different industries like organic chemicals and fertilizers, agrochemicals, metallurgy and mining, cosmetics, foods, medical and pharmaceuticals, beverages, environmental management, and petroleum and petrochemical applications in emulsifying and demulsifying wetting agents, detergent spreading and foaming agents, and functional food ingredients. Biosurfactants are synthesized by microbes; therefore, various genetic diversities of microorganisms provide the considerable capability to produce new types of biosurfactants, which can develop EOR technology. Biosurfactants are classified into ex situ and in situ MEOR processes. The genera Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Sphingomonas, and Actinobacteria are the foremost biosurfactant-producing bacteria. This paper reviews relevant reports and results from various presented papers by researchers and companies on applications of microorganisms and biosurfactant technology with specific emphasis on EOR and MEOR processes, based on recently published articles since 2010 until now.
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Simeonova, Maria, Veneta Georgieva, and Chavdar Alexiev. "Cytogenetic investigations of human subjects occupationally exposed to chemicals from the petroleum-processing industry." Environmental Research 48, no. 2 (April 1989): 145–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0013-9351(89)80030-1.
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Kassenova, Zh. "Residual chemical analysis of amines used as corrosion inhibitors." Bulletin of the Innovative University of Eurasia 80, no. 4 (December 25, 2020): 109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.37788/2020-4/109-114.
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Main problem: Presence of acidic chemicals such as carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulphide, composition of production fluids triggers corrosion. Corrosion in oil and gas industry leads to deterioration of equipment since most of equipment is made of metal alloys. Application of inhibitors is one of the corrosion mitigation methods that needs to be controlled because it is important to identify optimal concentration of the chemicals in production fluids.Residual chemical analysis plays an important rolein identifying the appropriate dosage of corrosion inhibitors and its correction. It is imperative to find the most optimal concentration of amines due to the fact that both overdose and underdose could lead to equipment deterioration. The chemical analysis is hindered by complexity of mixtures that are applied in petroleum industry. Purpose: The main purpose of this article is to find out the most effective method of residual chemical analysis for inhibitors used against sweet and sour corrosion by studying and analyzing corresponding literature review. The analysis should be carried out with robust, sensitive, and accurate instrumentation. Methods :Theoretical study of composition and mechanism of amines used in oil and gas industry as corrosion inhibitors and selection of appropriate instrumental analytical techniques for the residual analysis. Results and their importance: After careful studying and consideration of modern instrumental analytical techniques the most optimal and efficient method in terms of robustness, time saving and cost was selected. Ion chromatography is an adequate method to carry out residual chemical analysis for amines that are used as inhibitors in oil and gas industry to prevent sweet and sour corrosion.
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Fanesa, Putri, Indah Dhamayanthie, and Puji Astuti Ibrahim. "Selection Product Demulsifier To Improve Crude Oil Quality At Pertamina Pendopo Field." Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi 3, no. 11 (November 30, 2022): 1260–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.36418/jist.v3i11.538.
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PT Champion Kurnia Djaja Technologies' role is to produce oil field chemical products on a large scale and then used in applications in the petroleum industry. Petroleum is a fuel derived from fossils. Microorganisms living in the ocean. When these organisms die, their remains will settle to the bottom of the ocean and be covered in mud. Demulsifier or oil field is one of the specific chemicals to separate emulsions for example a mixture of water, petroleum. Product selection is done to analyze the quality of crude oil. The method used for analysis is the bottle test demulsifier in the laboratory by entering 40% water and 60% oil into saniglass and allowed to stand in the water bath and then injected with the chemical that has been observed, then 15, 30, 45, 60 minutes with Note the changes in the water drop, interface, and clarity of each sample, if not optimal, phase 2 testing will be carried out with the bottle test method and get the optimal West Benakat sample results by injecting chemical 1 + 3 the results are sharp interfaces, clear clarity and The BS&W is dry oil, while the Talang Akar sample is optimal in chemical 2 + 3 because the interface is sharp, the clarity is clear and the BS&W is dry oil.
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Aleksandrova, Viktoria V., Vyacheslav B. Ivanov, and Vladislavna I. Tsyganova. "DYNAMICS OF CHEMICALS IN RIVER BOTTOM SEDIMENTS ON THE TERRITORIES IMPACTED BY THE OIL INDUSTRY." Siberian Journal of Life Sciences and Agriculture 14, no. 5 (October 30, 2022): 11–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/2658-6649-2022-14-5-11-26.
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Background. Two thirds of all oil reserves of the Russian Federation are concentrated on the territory of Western Siberia. Field work, production and distribution of petroleum products at the oil and gas field are the main reasons for the negative impact on the ecosystems of the northern territories.
Purpose. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the chemical pollution dynamics of the rivers’ bottom sediments in the Middle Ob region, the region of the Samotlor field.
Materials and methods. Based on the chemical analysis of the sediment samples, concentrations and total values of the following chemical elements were determined: manganese, copper, nickel, lead, chromium, zinc, iron sulfate ions, chloride ions, petroleum products, mercury. Based on the results of long-term studies of the chemical analysis dynamics of the bottom sediments in the Ob, Agan, and Vakh rivers, a correlation and regression analysis of the studied indicators was carried out.
Results. The results of the correlation analysis suggest the existence of negative and positive correlations in the studied indicators. Regression analysis of the migration of chemical elements in sediment samples during the study period shows significant fluctuations in the total concentration of chemical elements in sediments, but there is a general tendency to decrease their concentration in sediments.
Conclusion. Analyzing the ecological state of the studied rivers by the quality of bottom sediments, in general, we can conclude that they are in stable condition. During the study period, there has been a positive dynamics in the concentration of chemical elements in bottom sediments.
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Tolesa, Leta Deressa, and Ming-Jer Lee. "Strategies for Lignin Pretreatment, Decomposition and Modification: A Review." Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan 9, no. 1 (August 6, 2020): 01–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/jbat.v9i1.23392.
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The dependency of chemical industry on nonrenewable sources of energy such as petroleum based carbon feedstock is rising dramatically day to day. Nonetheless, global warming caused by greenhouse gas emissions threatens the environment balance and the climate stability. Accordingly, it is necessary to find a renewable resource to decrease the environmental concern, specifically gaseous emissions from fossil fuels and to provide the energy stock. Outstanding to the significance of lignocellulosic biomass as most remedy to the current environmental issues and substituent of nonrenewable source of energy, this review affords understandings about the role of lignin as polymer and raw material for large molecules. In this review article, types of lignin with their extraction methods, fractionation technology to valuable chemicals, modification of the macromolecules to other polymers with tunableproperties, and an extensive range of applications are discussed widely. The major valuable chemicals produced from lignin via chemical depolymerization are also summarized and illustrated with their molecular structures.
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Mendhe, Aishwary, Jinal Patel, and Ashish Nagar. "Physico-Chemical Studies on Crude Oil of Western Onshore." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 4 (April 30, 2023): 299–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.49930.
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Abstract: Crude oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons with non-metallic elements such as sulphur, nitrogen, oxygen, and other elements. Hydrocarbons are chemicals that are mostly composed of the elements carbon and hydrogen. Crude oil comprises a variety of hydrocarbon molecules that fall into three categories: alkane, cycloalkane, and aromatic. Crude oil is distinguished by a number of chemical and physical features that play an essential role in the oil industry. These qualities are critical in making decisions in the exploration and production of crude oil. Characteristics like density, specific gravity, API gravity, water content, and sulphur content, to name a few, contribute value to the price of crude before it is transported to markets and refineries, so controlling these parameters significantly saves damage to infrastructure like pipelines and refineries. As a result, the study of physical and chemical properties becomes crucial for the petroleum industry. The current work deals with the investigation of physico-chemical characteristics of crude oil of Western onshore.
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da Silva Oliveira, José Carlos, Ricardo Arthur Sanguinetti Ferreira, and Yogendra Prasad Yadava. "Production, Sintering and Mechanical Properties of Ca2MgWO6, a New Complex Cubic Perovskite Ceramic." Materials Science Forum 727-728 (August 2012): 731–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.727-728.731.
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In the present work we have carried out production and characterization of a new complex cubic perovskite ceramic Ca2MgWO6 to evaluate its application viability as inert material for petroleum industry. Ca2MgWO6 was produced by thermo-mechanical processing and calcinations at 1.200°C, using stoichiometric amounts of constituent chemicals CaCO3, MgO and WO3. The calcined material was examined by x-ray diffraction, which identified the phase formation Ca2MgWO6. Calcined material was powdered in a ball mill, compacted as circular discs and subjected to sintering at temperatures of 1.250, 1.300 and 1.350°C. The powders, both those employed in the calcined pellets as those produced by the mill, were characterized by size distribution. The sintered discs were characterized by SEM. The results showed that the ceramics sintered at 1.250°C presented better results in terms of microstructural features and mechanical properties for their possible application as inert material for petroleum industry.
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Li, Houqian, Jiayang Wu, Zhen Jiang, Jiaze Ma, Victor M. Zavala, Clark R. Landis, Manos Mavrikakis, and George W. Huber. "Hydroformylation of pyrolysis oils to aldehydes and alcohols from polyolefin waste." Science 381, no. 6658 (August 11, 2023): 660–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.adh1853.
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Waste plastics are an abundant feedstock for the production of renewable chemicals. Pyrolysis of waste plastics produces pyrolysis oils with high concentrations of olefins (>50 weight %). The traditional petrochemical industry uses several energy-intensive steps to produce olefins from fossil feedstocks such as naphtha, natural gas, and crude oil. In this work, we demonstrate that pyrolysis oil can be used to produce aldehydes through hydroformylation, taking advantage of the olefin functionality. These aldehydes can then be reduced to mono- and dialcohols, oxidized to mono- and dicarboxylic acids, or aminated to mono- and diamines by using homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis. This route produces high-value oxygenated chemicals from low-value postconsumer recycled polyethylene. We project that the chemicals produced by this route could lower greenhouse gas emissions ~60% compared with their production through petroleum feedstocks.
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Nmegbu, Chukwuma Godwin J., Edet Emmanuel A., and Chindah Nmegbu. "Laboratory Determination of Productivity of Bomu Oil Field (Oml 11 as Case Study) Using MEOR Process and Calcium Oxide Nanoparticles." International Journal of Engineering and Modern Technology 8, no. 5 (August 28, 2023): 56–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.56201/ijemt.v8.no5.2022.pg56.70.
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The need for petroleum products in the world is increasing daily, this product can only be gotten from the refining of crude oil a naturally occurring mineral resource which is produced by degradation of organic materials. This crude is gotten from several wells drilled for the sole purpose of the production of this mineral resource but this wells are being shut-down and abandoned because of the decrease in the well’s productivity which causes losses to the operators and poor finances for the petroleum industry. Therefore, the need to increase the recovery of a well is been considered, these methods are called enhanced oil recovery method. These methods include Gas injection method, Steam Injection method, Chemical injection method (chemicals such as surfactants, polymers etc) Microbial method and the use of nanoparticles as additives to help increase the recovery process. The type of enhanced oil recovery used in this work is the microbial enhanced oil recovery, this method makes use of biosurfactants which can also be referred to as microbe surfactants. The biosurfactants are gotten from microorganism they act as surfactants which reduces the interfacial tension between the molecules of the substance and the interface, this biosurfactants can be used for many industrial purposes which includes bioremediation, oil recovery etc. Nanoparticles are also another aspect of the recent technology which can increase the recovery of our well providing more crude and finance for the petroleum industry. This work shows how biosurfactants and nanoparticles when used together can increase oil recovery. The ever-rising global demand for energy and the issue of large volumes of unrecovered oil after primary and secondary oil production operations are driving the development and/or advancement of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) techniques. Conventional EOR processes include thermal, immiscible and miscible gas injection, chemical, and microbial enhanced oil recovery
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Maind, Prof C. M. "Industrial Safety Application Using Ardunio (UNO R3)." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 12, no. 3 (March 31, 2024): 2488–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2024.59269.
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Abstract: The aim of this work is to mitigate the destruction engendered due to fire outbreaks in industries like petroleum, chemicals, oil which leads to loss of life and property. It is very important to have some system that can keep the industry premises secure and also to notify the authorized people within the stipulated time in case of an emergency. The IOT industry The IOT industry protection system using Arduino is a system designed to protect industries from losses due to accidents using Internet of things. Gas leakages may lead to fires leading to huge industrial losses, also instant fire detection is needed in case of furnace blasts or other conditions. Also low lighting in industries may create improper work conditions increasing the probability of accidents.
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Wang, Jason H. J., and Henry Wai-Chung Yeung. "Strategies for Global Competition: Transnational Chemical Firms and Singapore's Chemical Cluster." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 32, no. 5 (May 2000): 847–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a32147.
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The strong performance of Singapore's chemical industry in recent years has increased public awareness about the importance of this obscure sector in the Singapore economy. In the public rhetoric, much of this robust growth is attributed to the industrial policies implemented by the Singapore government. However, the ultimate decision to built a multibillion dollar chemical-processing plant in resource-scarce Singapore still depends very much on the global strategies of transnational chemical firms (CTNCs). The authors propose a firm-level perspective to aid in understanding the development of Singapore's chemical industry. They argue that the global strategies of CTNCs have a vital role to play in promoting growth within the Singapore chemical industry cluster. Conceived under the 1991 Strategic Economic Plan, the idea of clustering represents a radically different approach to the development of the petroleum-refining, petrochemicals, specialty chemicals, and pharmaceutical industries where previously each was deemed a separate activity. Based on field research into over forty subsidiaries and local suppliers of CTNCs in Singapore, the authors highlight the importance of two major contextual influences on the global strategies of CTNCs: rising global competition and the huge market potential offered by developing countries. Given these circumstances, CTNCs have relied on their established capabilities to formulate spatial strategies for increasing global competitiveness. In Singapore, subsidiaries of CTNCs have tapped into cluster-based advantages to enhance their capabilities, thereby contributing to the further growth of Singapore's chemical industry cluster.
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Huo, Jiajie, and Brent H. Shanks. "Bioprivileged Molecules: Integrating Biological and Chemical Catalysis for Biomass Conversion." Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 11, no. 1 (June 7, 2020): 63–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-101519-121127.
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Further development of biomass conversions to viable chemicals and fuels will require improved atom utilization, process efficiency, and synergistic allocation of carbon feedstock into diverse products, as is the case in the well-developed petroleum industry. The integration of biological and chemical processes, which harnesses the strength of each type of process, can lead to advantaged processes over processes limited to one or the other. This synergy can be achieved through bioprivileged molecules that can be leveraged to produce a diversity of products, including both replacement molecules and novel molecules with enhanced performance properties. However, important challenges arise in the development of bioprivileged molecules. This review discusses the integration of biological and chemical processes and its use in the development of bioprivileged molecules, with a further focus on key hurdles that must be overcome for successful implementation.
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Patel, Zarana, Jinal Patel, and Ashish Nagar. "EVALUATION OF CNSL DERIVATIVE AS ECO-FRIENDLY FLOW IMPROVER FOR INDIAN CRUDE OIL." RASAYAN Journal of Chemistry 17, no. 03 (2024): 1134–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31788/rjc.2024.1738881.
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Paraffin deposition is a serious flow assurance issue faced by the Petroleum industry which can be mitigated by different techniques among which chemical treatment is the most practical solution to reduce the pour point and improve the cold flow properties of crude oil. However, the utilization of environmentally hazardous chemicals for mitigation of this severe issue also causes additional threats. Thus, motivated by such a problem, current research endeavor to synthesize and application of ecofriendly products for the mitigation of paraffin deposition. Cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) collected from cashew nut shells was esterified with ethanol amine. The CNSL derivative (CD) was tested as a pour point depressant and cold flow improver for paraffinic crude oils. The pour point of doped crude oil was significantly reduced reaching a maximum of 120C and viscosity was tremendously dropped up to 90%. CD demonstrated remarkable paraffin inhibition efficacy of up to 56%. Photomicrographs of treated crude oil were inspected, revealing changes to the wax shape and microstructure. Thus, CNSL can be utilized as a flow improver for waxy crude oil and it has potential as a renewable chemical feedstock for the manufacturing of pour point depressants and other oilfield chemicals.
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SJ, Olukaejire, Ifiora CC, Osaro PA, Osuji LC, and Hart AI. "Petroleum Exploration in the Niger Delta Region and Implications for the Environment: A Review." Journal of Energy Research and Reviews 16, no. 5 (April 30, 2024): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jenrr/2024/v16i5350.
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Petroleum exploration and production in the Niger Delta, Nigeria, has been a significant source of revenue and foreign exchange for the country. Nevertheless, this industry has also been blamed for serious environmental pollution in the region. This review aims to shed light on the implications of petroleum exploration in the Niger Delta region and the resultant environmental damage it has caused. One of the most severe consequences of petroleum exploration in the Niger Delta is the frequent occurrence of oil spills. Due to aging infrastructure, poor maintenance, and criminal activities such as oil theft, pipeline spills have become a recurrent problem. Oil spills lead to the destruction of farmland, loss of biodiversity, poisoning of water sources, and widespread contamination of ecosystems. Petroleum exploration and production activities release substantial pollutants into the atmosphere, posing a significant threat to both human health and the environment. The burning of natural gas during oil production, also known as flaring, is particularly prevalent in the Niger Delta. This practice results in the emission of toxic gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and sulfur dioxide, contributing to climate change, respiratory diseases, and acid rain. Petroleum exploration in the Niger Delta has led to significant damage to forests and mangrove ecosystems. The destruction of these vital habitats has serious implications for species survival. Oil exploration activities often release harmful chemicals and wastes into the region's water bodies. These pollutants infiltrate the groundwater and surface water, leading to contamination that poses severe risks to human health and aquatic life. Contaminated water supplies have been linked to increased instances of skin diseases, as well as liver and kidney problems among the local population. The negative environmental implications of petroleum exploration in the Niger Delta also have severe socioeconomic consequences. Displaced fishermen and farmers face declining livelihoods, while sporadic employment opportunities generated by the oil industry do not compensate for the long-term damage inflicted on the region.
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Tan, Bee Chea, Ismail Mohd Saaid, Shiferaw Regassa Jufar, Suzalina Zainal, and Abdelazim Abbas Ahmed Awadelseed. "Recent Advances in Enhanced Polyamidoamine Inhibitors for Silicate Scales in the Petroleum Upstream." IIUM Engineering Journal 25, no. 2 (July 14, 2024): 17–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v25i2.2933.
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Chemical flooding is regarded as a promising enhanced oil recovery technique to recover more hydrocarbon from reservoirs. However, the dissolution of quartz minerals in a highly alkaline environment poses the risk of silicate scaling near the production well region from the mixing of two different waters. Commercial scale inhibitors are effective, but they are also harmful to the environment. This paper aims to provide insights into current advances in environment-friendly or “green” scale inhibitors for petroleum upstream. Previous research works have demonstrated that green chemicals are effective in mitigating silicate, carbonate, and sulfide scales. Polyamidoamine or amide-based inhibitors have been widely investigated in recent literature due to several advantages. The addition of anionic compounds in these inhibitors enhanced scale inhibition efficiency by roughly 10%. Nevertheless, the reported findings were deliberated for industrial wastewater treatment. Meanwhile, understanding the performance of polyamidoamine or amide-based scale inhibitors in petroleum upstream is inadequate to a certain extent. The formation process of silicate scales inside a reservoir is rather complicated by looking at the influence of water salinity, composition of brine, temperature, pressure, and rock type. Hence, it is essential to study and develop green scale inhibitors that are effective and environmentally friendly to meet increasingly stringent disposal regulations in the petroleum industry. ABSTRAK: Pembanjiran kimia merupakan teknik pemulihan minyak. Ia berpotensi dalam memperoleh lebih banyak hidrokarbon dari takungan. Namun, pelarut mineral kuarza dalam persekitaran beralkali tinggi memberi risiko penumpukan silikat berhampiran kawasan takungan pengeluaran. Ia disebabkan oleh pencampuran dua jenis cecair berbeza. Perencat penumpukan silikat komersial adalah berkesan, tetapi sangat berbahaya pada alam sekitar. Kajian ini bertujuan bagi menambahbaik kemajuan perencat silikat mesra alam terkini atau perencat silikat hijau bagi bidang saliran petroleum. Kajian terdahulu telah membuktikan bahawa bahan kimia mesra alam adalah berkesan dalam pengurangan penumpukan silikat, karbonat dan sulfida. Perencat poliamidoamina atau perencat bersumber amida telah dikaji secara meluas dalam beberapa kajian sejak kebelakangan ini kerana kelebihannya yang banyak. Penambahan sebatian anionik dalam perencat ini mampu meningkatkan keberkesanan perencat silikat sebanyak 10%. Namun, laporan kajian terdahulu adalah khusus bagi rawatan sisa air industri. Sementara itu, pemahaman tentang prestasi perencat silikat bersumberkan poliamidoamina atau perencat bersumber amida dalam saliran petroleum masih tidak mencukupi. Proses pembentukan penumpukan silikat dalam takungan adalah agak rumit berdasarkan faktor saliniti air, komposisi air garam, suhu, tekanan dan jenis batuan. Oleh itu, kajian dan pembangunan berkesan tentang perencat silikat mesra alam adalah penting bagi memenuhi peraturan pelupusan sisa yang semakin ketat dalam industri petroleum.
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Nica, Ionut. "Impact of Operational Research on Performance Control of a Project in the Oil and Gas Industry." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 5, no. 3 (March 19, 2020): 320–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2020.5.3.1829.
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The explosive development of the human society in contrast to the limited character of resources determines the need for successful implementation of mathematic models in the decision-making process concerning the use of available resources. The oil industry includes a series of global processes such as mining, extraction, refining, transport (road, rail, ship and pipeline) and oil products. The products of this industry with the highest degree of utilization are gasoline and diesel but the portfolio is much broader, kerosene, bitumen, fuel and raw materials for other chemicals such as solvents, pesticides, fertilizers and materials plastic. The oil industry comprises three major areas: "upstream" extraction; refining - "midstream" and transportation and marketing of downstream products. In most cases refining is considered to be part of downstream, Oil and petroleum products are essential for many industries and their importance is vital in maintaining and developing the industrial area in the current configuration.
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Nica, Ionut. "Impact of Operational Research on Performance Control of a Project in the Oil and Gas Industry." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 5, no. 3 (March 19, 2020): 320–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2020.5.3.1829.
Full textAbstract:
The explosive development of the human society in contrast to the limited character of resources determines the need for successful implementation of mathematic models in the decision-making process concerning the use of available resources. The oil industry includes a series of global processes such as mining, extraction, refining, transport (road, rail, ship and pipeline) and oil products. The products of this industry with the highest degree of utilization are gasoline and diesel but the portfolio is much broader, kerosene, bitumen, fuel and raw materials for other chemicals such as solvents, pesticides, fertilizers and materials plastic. The oil industry comprises three major areas: "upstream" extraction; refining - "midstream" and transportation and marketing of downstream products. In most cases refining is considered to be part of downstream, Oil and petroleum products are essential for many industries and their importance is vital in maintaining and developing the industrial area in the current configuration.
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Adel Sharif Hamadi. "STUDY THE EFFECT OF GLYCOLS BASE COSOLVENT ADDITIVES ON BREAKING OF CRUDE OIL EMULSION." Diyala Journal of Engineering Sciences 3, no. 2 (December 1, 2010): 39–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.24237/djes.2010.03204.
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Emulsion breaking is one of complex process used in many practical applications such as the petroleum industry, painting and waste-water treatment in environmental technology. Chemical demulsification is the most widely resolved method of treating water-in-crude oil emulsions and involves the addition of chemical reagents to destroy the protective action of emulsifying agents and allow accelerating the emulsion breaking process. Our experimental results showed that, the addition of glycols chemicals as a cosolvents like ethylene glycol methyl ether (EGME), monoethylene glycol (MEG), polyethylene glycol (PEG-1500), in combination with commercial demulsifier RP-6000 will enhancing the process of emulsion demulsification. The demulsification experiments were carried out at controlled temperature 65oC and screened by bottle test using about 100 ppm demulsifier doses. The maximum amount of water separated after 120 min found to be 87.7% for (75/25) (RP6000/PEG1500) .Where, the water separations for (75/25) (RP6000/MEG) and (75/25) (RP6000/EGME) for demulsifier were 71% and 65.2% respectively
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Wang, Ji Ping. "Sustainability Trends in Home Laundry: Challenges and Opportunities for Textile Chemists." Advanced Materials Research 441 (January 2012): 778. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.441.778.
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Considering a life cycle of consumer apparel, the largest energy consumption is not in fiber production, not in fabric manufacturing and even not in textile wet processing such as dyeing/finishing. It is in home laundry. Making home laundry more sustainable has become a common goal for laundry industry, appliance industry, government agency and consumers. Four mega trends in home laundry resulted from energy saving and sustainability efforts are: a) lower washing temperature, b) less water usage, c) less petroleum chemicals and d) more mechanical actions. These trends are fundamentally changing the landscape of consumer apparel performance in home laundry such as wrinkle formation, color fastness, dye transfer stain removal, soil re-deposition, whiteness maintenance and many more. These trends not only provide textile chemists with challenges, but also opportunities for textile innovations.
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Alkan, Hakan, Felix Kögler, Gyunay Namazova, Stephan Hatscher, Wolfgang Jelinek, and Mohd Amro. "Assessment of the Biogenic Souring in Oil Reservoirs under Secondary and Tertiary Oil Recovery." Energies 17, no. 11 (May 31, 2024): 2681. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17112681.
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The formation of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in petroleum reservoirs by anaerobic microbial activity (through sulfate-reducing microorganisms, SRMs) is called biogenic souring of reservoirs and poses a risk in the petroleum industry as the compound is extremely toxic, flammable, and corrosive, causing devastating damage to reservoirs and associated surface facilities. In this paper, we present a workflow and the tools to assess biogenic souring from a pragmatic engineering perspective. The retention of H2S in the reservoir due to the reactions with iron-bearing rock minerals (e.g., siderite) is shown in a theoretical approach here and supported with literature data. Cases are provided for two fields under secondary (waterflooding) and tertiary flooding with microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR). The use of the Monte Carlo method as a numerical modeling tool to incorporate uncertainties in the measured physical/chemical/biochemical data is demonstrated as well. A list of studies conducted with different chemicals alone or in combination with various biocides to mitigate biogenic souring provides an overview of potential inhibitors as well as possible applications. Furthermore, the results of static and dynamic inhibition tests using molybdate are presented in more detail due to its promising mitigation ability. Finally, a three-step workflow for the risk assessment of biogenic souring and its possible mitigation is presented and discussed.
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Dessbesell, Luana, Chunbao (Charles) Xu, Reino Pulkki, Mathew Leitch, and Nubla Mahmood. "Forest biomass supply chain optimization for a biorefinery aiming to produce high-value bio-based materials and chemicals from lignin and forestry residues: a review of literature." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 47, no. 3 (March 2017): 277–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2016-0336.
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Technological development has enabled the production of new value-added products from lignocellulosic residues such as lignin. This has allowed the forest industry to diversify its product portfolio and maximize the economic returns from feedstock, while simultaneously working towards sustainable alternatives to petroleum-based products. Although previous research has explored industrial-scale production opportunities, many challenges persist, including the cost of woody biomass and its supply chain reliability. While numerous studies have addressed these issues, their emphasis has traditionally been on bioenergy, with little focus on biochemical, biomaterials, and bioproducts. This review seeks to address this gap through a systematic study of the work recently reported by researchers. A lot of work has been published from United States and Canada with an emphasis on bioenergy production (84.8%), 4.6% of the work is focused on biomass to materials and chemicals, and 10.6% addressed both. Between 2012 and 2015, the majority of published research focused on biomass to materials and chemicals and both biomass to energy and biomass to materials and chemicals. This fact highlights recent interests in diversified biorefinery portfolios. However, further work concerning forest biomass supply chain optimization and new high-value bio-based materials and chemicals is necessary.
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Guo, Hai Bo, Ying Zhu, and Zheng Wang. "Low Carbon Strategies for Industry Energy Plan of Heilongjiang Province." Advanced Materials Research 361-363 (October 2011): 1009–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.361-363.1009.
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Heilongjiang Province, whose pillar industries are made up of petroleum and coal exploitation, chemicals fabrication and mechanical devices manufacture, is one of the most important industrial bases in China. The leading enterprises from the three pillar industries make up the 59.2% of the total quantity and contribute the 57.3% of the total GDP in Heilongjiang Province. But as a matter of fact, according to the latest statistics, unit GDP carbon emissions of these three industrials are as high as 4. They are the typical industries whose characteristics are high energy consumed and intense carbon emission. As a result, adopting new energy and switching the developmental pattern to a low carbon model are a crucial step in Heilongjiang Province. The authors study this research by the methods of calculating the relevant datum and comparative analysis, and put forward three low carbon energy strategies: making full use of the bio-energy with the leading representatives of Ethanol Alcohol Gasoline and Dimethyl Ether (DEM); increasing investment on wind power project, and utilizing the potential water resources. With the operation of these strategies, we can reduce the carbon emissions and lead the industry to a green and sustainable way.
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Aysel Gasimzadeh, Aysel Gasimzadeh. "INVESTIGATION OF EFFECT OF NEW REAGENT COMPOSITIONS ON VARIOUS CRUDE OIL EMULSIONS OF AZERBAIJAN." PAHTEI-Procedings of Azerbaijan High Technical Educational Institutions 10, no. 06 (October 10, 2021): 04–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/pahtei1006202104.
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The article is devoted to the decomposition of strong water-crude oil emulsions formed during the preparation of crude oil for transportation. In the petroleum industry, there is a great need to develop new chemicals to improve the degradation efficiency of stable water- crude oil emulsions. Decomposition of strong water-oil emulsions is considered a key part of crude oil preparation for transportation. Therefore, the development of new demulsifying compositions to improve the degradation efficiency of stable crue oil emulsions remains relevant. This paper presents the results of studies of dehydration processes of Azerbaijani oils and emulsions depending on the degree of watering. The composition is based on Disulfan 4411, Disulfan 13280, Sarola 412, Difron 9426, ND-12 and Gossipol, they were also used to prepare Azerbaijani oil for transportation during laboratory tests of demulsification efficiency (except Difron 9426). During laboratory tests, it was determined that the best results on the degree of residual dehydration of petroleum phases were achieved using a composition called KAV-22. Keywords: Muradhanly, Bulla, Balakhany, Neft dashlari, Dehydration, Surahany, KAV-22.
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Wang, Mengzhen, Xingong Ding, and Baekryul Choi. "FDI or International-Trade-Driven Green Growth of 24 Korean Manufacturing Industries? Evidence from Heterogeneous Panel Based on Non-Causality Test." Sustainability 15, no. 7 (March 25, 2023): 5753. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15075753.
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Manufacturing, as an energy-intensive industry, plays a major role in economic growth. Its green growth is the focus of national planning for sustainable development, especially for a country such as Korea, which has a scarcity of fossil energy of its own. While internationalization has brought Korea scarce energy, serious carbon emissions have become a pressing issue. It is still necessary to explore the relationship between globalization and green growth in manufacturing. Thus, our paper aims to observe their relationship by using 24 manufacturing industries from 2011 to 2019. Through the panel Granger non-causality test and the Dumitrescu–Hurlin test, we find that imports and inward foreign direct investment (FDI) causes green growth at the overall manufacturing level, but their causality relationships exist in different industries. The green-growth causality relationship of inward FDI mainly exists in capital-intensive and internationally competitive manufacturing industries (manufacture industries of basic metals; furniture; food products; coke, briquettes, and refined petroleum products; and chemicals and chemical products, except pharmaceuticals and medicinal chemicals). Furthermore, the green-growth causality relationship of imports primarily exists in the fossil-energy-consumption-intensive manufacturing industry (manufacture industries of motor vehicles, trailers, and semitrailers and coke, briquettes, and refined petroleum products). Furthermore, in our regression analysis, we find that only inward FDI robustly promotes the Korean manufacturing sector’s green growth; the positive effect is in the range from 0.005 to 0.009. Though the parameter estimates are positive and significant for FDI, they are close to zero, suggesting very limited positive effects that are close to almost zero. Conversely, imports have no significant impact, which we speculate is related to the import structure of Korea. Hence, the Korean manufacturing development model suggests that developing countries with similar country characteristics need to develop and guide the formation of capital-intensive and competitive industries. Additionally, it is imperative to decarbonize energy-intensive industries and to work on renewable energy development and diffusion. Finally, it is essential to introduce various green monitoring mechanisms to reduce carbon emissions. The government needs to strengthen its support for research and development of innovative technologies to reduce carbon emissions as well as promote the development of environmental and energy-saving related professional service enterprises.
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Algburi, Abbas Khaleel Ibrahim. "Evaluation of Corrosion Inhibition of Carbon Steel in Crude Oil by Using Different Green Corrosion Inhibitors and Various Rotation Speeds." Journal of Petroleum Research and Studies 13, no. 1 (March 15, 2023): 97–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.52716/jprs.v13i1.582.
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Corrosion is a major problem in the petroleum industry, which often occurs to crude oil production equipment and to petroleum product transportation pipelines as well. In order to protect these parts from corrosion, much small quantities of inhibitors are constantly injected, which gradually formulate a fluffy layer of inhibitor over the metal surface so as to protect it from corrosion. Recently, the impact of corrosion inhibitors on the environment has been raising more attention and concern. New regulations related to environment have been designated, imposing a change in the use of toxic chemicals to the utilization of the so-called “green chemicals”. Experiments on carbon steel corrosion protection have been conducted in a medium of crude oil has an API gravity of 30.6 by using different concentrations, ranging between 100 – 400 ppm of different green inhibitors such as corn oil, sunflower oil, flaxseed oil and castor oil with a different rotation speeds, namely, 0, 500, 1250 and 2000 rpm. The weight loss outcomes have showed that the rate of carbon steel corrosion in the crude oil decreases with the rise of inhibitors’ concentration, while corresponds with the increase of the rotational speed. In addition, it was found that the maximum inhibition efficiency achieved for the inhibitors corn oil, sunflower oil, flaxseed oil and castor oil in crude oil was using a concentration of 400 ppm, a rotation speed of 0 rpm and an ambient temperature (25 °C) is 41.85%, 50.76%, 63.55% and 92.63%, respectively.
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Checa, Manuel, Sergio Nogales-Delgado, Vicente Montes, and José María Encinar. "Recent Advances in Glycerol Catalytic Valorization: A Review." Catalysts 10, no. 11 (November 3, 2020): 1279. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10111279.
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Once a biorefinery is ready to operate, the main processed materials need to be completely evaluated in terms of many different factors, including disposal regulations, technological limitations of installation, the market, and other societal considerations. In biorefinery, glycerol is the main by-product, representing around 10% of biodiesel production. In the last few decades, the large-scale production of biodiesel and glycerol has promoted research on a wide range of strategies in an attempt to valorize this by-product, with its transformation into added value chemicals being the strategy that exhibits the most promising route. Among them, C3 compounds obtained from routes such as hydrogenation, oxidation, esterification, etc. represent an alternative to petroleum-based routes for chemicals such as acrolein, propanediols, or carboxylic acids of interest for the polymer industry. Another widely studied and developed strategy includes processes such as reforming or pyrolysis for energy, clean fuels, and materials such as activated carbon. This review covers recent advances in catalysts used in the most promising strategies considering both chemicals and energy or fuel obtention. Due to the large variety in biorefinery industries, several potential emergent valorization routes are briefly summarized.
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Okolo, N. "Oil Spill Preparedness in Kenya." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1991, no. 1 (March 1, 1991): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1991-1-105.
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ABSTRACT Following oil spills and petroleum fire incidents in Kenya, and in light of the recent increase in environmental awareness worldwide, the oil industry in Kenya and its affiliates have taken tangible steps to enhance alertness and implement emergency response plans. A National Oil Pollution Committee was formed in 1989 and charged with (1) assessing the existing capability of the industry to cope with oil spills, and (2) defining the maximum credible incident that the industry can handle, including establishing stock levels of equipment and chemicals, setting up plans, and organization and development of regular practice drills. Since the oil industry in Kenya cannot provide resources capable of responding to, and effectively controlling all emergencies which might occur, the National Oil Pollution Committee includes representatives of two government corporations, Kenya Ports Authority and Kenya Pipeline Company, and the four government ministries of Transport and Communications, Energy, Tourism and Wildlife, and Environment and Natural Resources. The Kenya Ports Authority has been appointed as the oil spill coordinator responsible for manpower, storage and maintenance of the equipment stockpile, and equipment employment in case of an oil spill.
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Wagner, Thomas V., Fatma Al-Manji, Jie Xue, Koen Wetser, Vinnie de Wilde, John R. Parsons, Huub H. M. Rijnaarts, and Alette A. M. Langenhoff. "Effects of salinity on the treatment of synthetic petroleum-industry wastewater in pilot vertical flow constructed wetlands under simulated hot arid climatic conditions." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 28, no. 2 (September 1, 2020): 2172–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10584-8.
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AbstractPetroleum-industry wastewater (PI-WW) is a potential source of water that can be reused in areas suffering from water stress. This water contains various fractions that need to be removed before reuse, such as light hydrocarbons, heavy metals and conditioning chemicals. Constructed wetlands (CWs) can remove these fractions, but the range of PI-WW salinities that can be treated in CWs and the influence of an increasing salinity on the CW removal efficiency for abovementioned fractions is unknown. Therefore, the impact of an increasing salinity on the removal of conditioning chemicals benzotriazole, aromatic hydrocarbon benzoic acid, and heavy metal zinc in lab-scale unplanted and Phragmites australis and Typha latifolia planted vertical-flow CWs was tested in the present study. P. australis was less sensitive than T. latifolia to increasing salinities and survived with a NaCl concentration of 12 g/L. The decay of T. latifolia was accompanied by a decrease in the removal efficiency for benzotriazole and benzoic acid, indicating that living vegetation enhanced the removal of these chemicals. Increased salinities resulted in the leaching of zinc from the planted CWs, probably as a result of active plant defence mechanisms against salt shocks that solubilized zinc. Plant growth also resulted in substantial evapotranspiration, leading to an increased salinity of the CW treated effluent. A too high salinity limits the reuse of the CW treated water. Therefore, CW treatment should be followed by desalination technologies to obtain salinities suitable for reuse. In this technology train, CWs enhance the efficiency of physicochemical desalination technologies by removing organics that induce membrane fouling. Hence, P. australis planted CWs are a suitable option for the treatment of water with a salinity below 12 g/L before further treatment or direct reuse in water scarce areas worldwide, where CWs may also boost the local biodiversity.
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Pisarenko, p., M. Samoilik, A. Taranenko, Yu Tsova, and M. Sereda. "BIOREMEDIATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL WITH PETROLEUM PRODUCTS." Agriculture and Forestry, no. 3 (September 28, 2021): 145–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.37128/2707-5826-2021-3-12.
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Petroleum products are recognized as one of the most environmentally hazardous soil contaminants. The sources of this pollution are the enterprises of petroleum and chemical industry, transport, landfills. Soil has the ability to absorb many chemicals and retain them in the surface, fertile layer. Petroleum products change the mechanical, chemical, biochemical and physico-chemical characteristics of the soil, which can lead to the destruction of plants and microorganisms and affects on the soil self-cleaning. The degree of petroleum products impact on plants and microorganisms depends on many factors: temperature and humidity of the air and soil, the amount of nutrients, soil type, the concentration of pollutants. The effect of petroleum products on plants is due direct toxic effects and transformation of the soil environment. At the cellular and physiological level, the effect of petroleum hydrocarbons on plants is appeared in the violation of the structure of chloroplasts and photosynthesis. Hydrocarbons damage the membranes of chloroplasts, mitochondria, root cell membranes. Plants that grow in conditions of petroleum pollution of the soil contain more substances with stress-protective properties. The impact of soil contamination on plants can be direct and indirect. Direct impact - is the impact of petroleum components on plants, indirect impact - are changes in morphological, physicochemical and biological properties of the soil. Moreover, petroleum pollution can have negative and stimulating effects on plants. Therefore, determination the phytotoxic effect in soils contaminated with petroleum products, for selection the optimal methods of soil remediation is relevant today. The question of probiotics uses for remediation contaminated soil is not enough studied in Ukraine. Wide use of probiotic is prevented by insufficient study of this area: deficiency of scientific and scientific-practical base, comparative studies of different probiotics, methods of calculating the required doses to obtain a given cleansing effect and more. Thus, there is a need for further studies of effects of petroleum products on plants and methods of remediation of contaminated soils with probiotics. The article evaluates the phytotoxicity of contaminated soil with petroleum products before and after cleaning with probiotics. To assess the phytotoxic effect of petroleum products were used indicators: seedling height, root length, phytomass of seedlings and phytomass of plants root system. In the experiment were used test-plants: peas (Pisum sativum), oats (Avéna satíva). Remediation of contaminated soil was performed by biological method using probiotic Sviteko-Agrobiotic-01 (dilution 1: 100). The probiotic was applied on the second day after petroleum contamination. The obtained results showed that petroleum products pollution has a different effect on peas and oats in different periods from the moment of pollution. Contaminated soil with petroleum products hadn’t significant phytotoxic effect on Pisum sativum seeds on the 2nd day after contamination. Оn the 30th day after contamination research results showed clear toxic effect on Pisum sativum seeds by concentration of petroleum products of 5000 and 10000 mg/kg; Оn the 180 days after contamination research results showed toxic effect on Pisum sativum seeds at all research concentrations. Contaminated soil with petroleum products had phytotoxic effect on Avéna satíva seeds on the 2nd day after contamination starting from the concentration of petroleum products 5000 mg/kg (such as decreasing the length of the roots and the ground part of plants). On the 30th and 180 th day after contamination petroleum products hadn’t toxic effect on Avéna satíva seeds in the all range of the studied concentrations. It was found that contaminated soil for Pisum sativum becomes toxic mostly on 30th day after the introduction of petroleum products and soil toxicity increase over the time. For Avéna satíva, the soil becomes toxic from the moment of contamination at concentrations of petroleum products 5000 mg/kg and the toxicity of the soil decreases over time. The research results confirmed the effectiveness of biological method (use probiotics) of cleaning the soil from petroleum products. It is established that probiotics clean the soil up to the 5th class of toxicity (no toxicity) at almost all concentrations of petroleum products. Only in the variant with Pisum sativum at concentration of petroleum products 20,000 mg/kg the phytotoxic effect was more than 20% (low toxicity). The average value of the efficiency of soil remediation from petroleum products by probiotics at sowing Pisum sativum was 75%, at Avéna satíva - 74%. Therefore, the experiment showed high efficiency of bioremediation from petroleum products in comparison with soil self-cleaning. On the basis of research results it is planned to develop methodical bases of complex system of remediation of technogenic polluted soils by the way of application of newest environmentally benign methods (using probiotic).
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Gatti, Martin Nicolás, Nora Nancy Nichio, and Francisco Pompeo. "Advances for Biorefineries: Glycerol Hydrogenolysis to 1,3-Propylene Glycol." Reactions 3, no. 3 (September 19, 2022): 451–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/reactions3030032.
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Humanity’s growing dependence on non-renewable resources and the ensuing environmental impact thus generated have spurred the search for alternatives to replace chemicals and energy obtained from petroleum derivatives. Within the group of biofuels, biodiesel has managed to expand worldwide at considerable levels, going from 20 million tn/year in 2010 to 47 million tn/year in 2022, boosting the supply of glycerol, a by-product of its synthesis that can be easily used as a renewable, clean, low-cost raw material for the manufacture of products for the chemical industry. The hydrogenolysis of glycerol leads to the production of glycols, 1,2-propylene glycol (1,2-PG) and 1,3-propylene glycol (1,3-PG). In particular, 1,3-PG has the highest added value and has multiple uses including its application as an additive in the polymer industry, the manufacture of cosmetics, cleaning products, cooling liquids, etc. This review focuses on the study of the hydrogenolysis of glycerol for the production of 1,3-PG, presenting the main reaction mechanisms and the catalysts employed, both in liquid and vapor phase. Engineering aspects and the effect of the operating variables to achieve maximum yields are discussed. Finally, studies related to the stability and the main deactivation mechanisms of catalytic systems are presented.
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RAO, PRADNYA, CHINMAY SATAM, ASHOK GHOSH, and PETER W. HART. "Multifunctional starch-based barrier materials." August 2021 20, no. 8 (September 1, 2021): 511–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj20.8.511.
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Natural and renewable polymer-based barrier materials play an inevitable role in a sustainable economy. Most commercially available barrier materials are either based on multiple layers of synthetic polymers or petroleum-based chemicals. Tremendous amounts of research are being done in academia and industry to replace these synthetic barrier materials with natural and environmentally friendly materials. The current work summarizes the application of starch-based materials for various barrier applications, such as water vapor, oxygen, liquid water, oil, and grease. Also, exotic starch-based barrier materials for the application of sound, ultraviolet, and thermal barrier applications are reviewed. The potential of starch-based materials to offer antimicrobial and antiviral properties is discussed. Finally, commercially available starch-based barrier materials have been summarized.
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Rekos, Kyriazis C., Ioannis D. Charisteidis, Evangelos Tzamos, Georgios Palantzas, Anastasios I. Zouboulis, and Konstantinos S. Triantafyllidis. "Valorization of Hazardous Organic Solid Wastes towards Fuels and Chemicals via Fast (Catalytic) Pyrolysis." Sustainable Chemistry 3, no. 1 (February 25, 2022): 91–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/suschem3010007.
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The management of municipal and industrial organic solid wastes has become one of the most critical environmental problems in modern societies. Nowadays, commonly used management techniques are incineration, composting, and landfilling, with the former one being the most common for hazardous organic wastes. An alternative eco-friendly method that offers a sustainable and economically viable solution for hazardous wastes management is fast pyrolysis, being one of the most important thermochemical processes in the petrochemical and biomass valorization industry. The objective of this work was to study the application of fast pyrolysis for the valorization of three types of wastes, i.e., petroleum-based sludges and sediments, residual paints left on used/scrap metal packaging, and creosote-treated wood waste, towards high-added-value fuels, chemicals, and (bio)char. Fast pyrolysis experiments were performed on a lab-scale fixed-bed reactor for the determination of product yields, i.e., pyrolysis (bio)oil, gases, and solids (char). In addition, the composition of (bio)oil was also determined by Py/GC-MS tests. The thermal pyrolysis oil from the petroleum sludge was only 15.8 wt.% due to the remarkably high content of ash (74 wt.%) of this type of waste, in contrast to the treated wood and the residual paints (also containing 30 wt.% inorganics), which provided 46.9 wt.% and 35 wt.% pyrolysis oil, respectively. The gaseous products ranged from ~7.9 wt.% (sludge) to 14.7 (wood) and 19.2 wt.% (paints), while the respective solids (ash, char, reaction coke) values were 75.1, 35, and 36.9 wt.%. The thermal (non-catalytic) pyrolysis of residual paint contained relatively high concentrations of short acrylic aliphatic ester (i.e., n-butyl methacrylate), being valuable monomers in the polymer industry. The use of an acidic zeolitic catalyst (ZSM-5) for the in situ upgrading of the pyrolysis vapors induced changes on the product yields (decreased oil due to cracking reactions and increased gases and char/coke), but mostly on the pyrolysis oil composition. The main effect of the ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst was that, for all three organic wastes, the catalytic pyrolysis oils were enriched in the value-added mono-aromatics (BTX), especially in the case of the treated wood waste and residual paints. The non-condensable gases were mostly consisting of CO, CO2, and different amounts of C1–C4 hydrocarbons, depending on initial feed and use or not of the catalyst that increased the production of ethylene and propylene.
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Libecap, Gary D. "Redefining Efficiency: Pollution Concerns, Regulatory Mechanisms, and Technological Change in the U.S. Petroleum Industry. By Hugh S. Gorman. Series on Technology and the Environment. Series Editors, Jeffrey Stine, and Joel Tarr. Akron, OH: University of Akron Press, 2001. Pp. xv, 451. $49.95, cloth; $39.95, paper." Journal of Economic History 63, no. 1 (March 2003): 294–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050703531801.
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In this well-written, documented, and technically complete book, Hugh Gorman describes the response of the American petroleum industry to pollution over the course of the twentieth century. The industry, which grew and matured during this period as an integral part of modern industrialization, faced serious, and often dramatic pollution problems. They were inherent in production from common oil pools that encouraged haste, waste, and excessive surface storage; in transportation through pipelines and tanker trucks and ships; and in refining and storing complex hydrocarbons that easily escaped into the air, soil, or aquifers. Reaction to pollution brought new technologies, organizational forms, firm collaboration, and regulation—all of which are described and documented from primary and secondary sources throughout this volume. Gorman partitions efforts to address pollution into two “ethics”—an efficiency ethic that characterized industry action through the 1960s and an environmental ethic that came into being in the 1970s. The efficiency ethic describes antipollution efforts to reduce the costly wastes associated with extraction and shipment, including saving lost oil from “gusher” wells and leaky tanks and pipelines, as well as capturing natural gas and water voided in production that could be re-injected and used to propel oil to the surface. Efficiency also required greater productivity and less waste in refining through reducing vapor and hydrocarbon discharges and recycling acids and other chemicals. The firms could capture the benefits of internalizing the externalities associated with these pollutants. In tables 2.1 and 4.3 Gorman lists some of the pollution and waste-related problems encountered in oil production, shipment, and refining that were addressed effectively by firms without much government intervention. He describes the role of the major trade association, the American Petroleum Institute, in generating information for oil firms to reduce externalities.
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Albu, Madalina. "Sustainable Remediation of Soils Contaminated with Petroleum Products." Advanced Engineering Forum 42 (September 7, 2021): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.42.151.
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In nature, it acts, simultaneously or successively, synergistically or antagonistically, on small or larger spaces, for a long or very short time, numerous natural or artificial processes that pollute, leading to the alteration of the quality of the environment. The basic activity carried out within the oil scaffolding consists in the extraction of crude oil and gases from the deposits in their exploitation, their collection, separation of phases (crude oil, reservoir water, gas), crude oil treatment, storage and sending to users. Contamination of the field related to drilling-extraction wells with crude oil, heavy petroleum products, salt water, various chemicals, etc. has a random character, but with undesirable implications on soil, surface water and / or groundwater, depending on the nature of the pollutant, its quantity and area of spread Pollution sources in the oil industry, both systematic and accidental, have a greater or lesser spread, depending on the size of the field, the type and composition of the extracted fluids, the extraction technology used, the age of oil exploitation in the area, relief and hydrographic network. Having available the data provided by the pollution diagnosis, it is possible to assess the risk that the investigated pollution represents for the people on the site and for the natural environment. If it turns out that the risk is significant, then the decision is made to switch to depollution works. The choice of an appropriate depollution path is made on the basis of relevant technical and economic criteria, which is a feasibility study. The proposed depollution technology must be the most appropriate for the case at hand and, at the same time, be available on the technology market. The most important part of the paper is dedicated to presenting the results of an experimental study on the depollution of soils contaminated with liquid petroleum products by sparging technologies, in order to ensure a sustainable remedy. The results of the soil analysis used in the experimental determination are presented, as well as the physic - chemical characteristics of the main soil pollutants. In the experimental part, laboratory decontamination of systems consisting of polluted soils was performed at the laboratory level, using air as a depollution agent. The processing of the data obtained from the experimental determinations allowed obtaining qualitative and quantitative information related to the decontamination speed depending on the nature of the soil, the nature and concentration of the pollutant and the temperature of the decontamination air. Estimating the cost places this technology at a low level compared to thermal technologies and slightly higher than microbiological technologies.
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Riise, Trond, Jorunn Kirkeleit, Jan Harald Aarseth, Elisabeth Farbu, Rune Midgard, Åse Mygland, Randi Eikeland, et al. "Risk of MS is not associated with exposure to crude oil, but increases with low level of education." Multiple Sclerosis Journal 17, no. 7 (February 22, 2011): 780–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1352458510397686.
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Background: Offshore workers in the Norwegian upstream petroleum industry are exposed to a number of chemicals such as organic solvents, mineral oils and other hydrocarbons, possibly contributing to an increased risk of multiple sclerosis (MS). Objective: To estimate the risk of MS in this population compared with the general working population in Norway, adjusting for education. Methods: Using the Norwegian Registry of Employers and Employees we included all 27,900 offshore workers registered from 1981 to 2003 and 366,805 referents from the general working population matched by gender, age and community of residence. The cohort was linked to the Norwegian MS Registry and the Norwegian Education Registry. Results: There was no increased risk of MS among the offshore workers. We found a marked and linear inverse relationship between level of education and the risk of MS in the total study population, with a rate ratio of 0.48 (95% CI, 0.53 to 0.88) for workers with a graduate degree compared to workers with elementary school only. Conclusions: These findings do not support a major aetiological role of petroleum-based products, but rather point to smoking and other lifestyle factors related to the level of education as being important for the risk of MS.
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Wu, Mengting, Wei Liu, Zhifei Ma, Tian Qin, Zhiqin Chen, Yalan Zhang, Ning Cao, et al. "Global Trends in the Research and Development of Petrochemical Waste Gas from 1981 to 2022." Sustainability 16, no. 14 (July 12, 2024): 5972. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16145972.
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As a highly energy-intensive and carbon-emitting industry with significant emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), the petroleum and chemical industry is a major contributor to the global greenhouse effect and ozone layer destruction. Improper treatment of petrochemical waste gas (PWG) seriously harms human health and the natural environment. This study uses CiteSpace and VOSviewer to conduct a scientometric analysis of 1384 scholarly works on PWG and carbon sequestration published between 1981 and 2022, revealing the basic characteristics, knowledge base, research topic evolution, and research hotspots of the field. The results show the following: (1) In the early stages of the petrochemical industry, it was processed tail gas, plant leakage waste gas, and combustion flue gas that were investigated in PWG research. (2) Later, green environmental protection technology was widely studied in the field of PWG treatment, such as biotechnology, catalytic oxidation technology, membrane separation technology, etc., in order to achieve efficient, low energy consumption and low emissions of waste gas treatment, and the number of publications related to this topic has increased rapidly. In addition, researchers studied the internet of things and technology integration, such as the introduction of artificial intelligence, big data analysis, and other technologies, to improve the accuracy and efficiency of exhaust gas monitoring, control, and management. (3) The department has focused on how to reduce emissions by optimizing petrochemical process lines or improving energy efficiency. Emission reduction and low-carbon transition in the petrochemical industry will become the main trend in the future. Switching from renewable carbon to feedstock carbon derived from captured carbon dioxide, biomass, or recycled chemicals has become an attractive strategy to help curb emissions from the chemical industry. The results of our analysis can provide funding agencies and research groups with information to better understand the global trends and directions that have emerged in this field from 1981 to 2022 and serve as a reference for future research.
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Azimifard, Arezoo, Seyed Hamed Moosavirad, and Shahram Ariafar. "Designing steel supply chain and assessing the embedded CO2 emission based on the input-output table by using DEMATEL method." Management Decision 56, no. 4 (April 9, 2018): 757–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/md-05-2017-0478.
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Purpose Nowadays, green supply chain (SC) management acts as an important strategic issue for the manufacturers. The effective SC design requires the development of analytical models and design tools. Because of the key role of steel in the infrastructure of industries, this metal is called the development metal. Despite the importance of this industry and its economic and environmental impacts through its SC, the SC structure of this industry has been less studied at the macro level. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is twofold: first, to design the structure of a steel industry SC at three levels; and second, to find the most effective and efficient carbon dioxide emitted industry among the supplier industries of the steel industry SC in China as a case study. Design/methodology/approach In this paper, due to the relationships among different industries, DEMATEL as a multi-criteria decision-making method has been applied. Findings A SC structure for the steel industry has been designed at three levels. The results indicated that the industries that had the highest relationship with the steel industry are mine industry, electricity, water, and gas industry, and optical and electrical equipment industry, which were recognized as the first-level suppliers for the steel industry. On the other hand, considering the relationship among the embodied carbon dioxide emissions of various industries in China as a case study, it can be said that among the steel suppliers, the most important polluting industries, respectively, are mining industry, electricity, water, and gas industry, optical and electrical equipment industry, machinery industry, chemicals and chemical products industry and coke, refined petroleum and nuclear fuel industry. Practical implications The developed SC can help in providing the steel industries’ managers a basic model for their supplier selection problem at the macro level. This paper can also help the industrial managers to understand the causal relationships among the suppliers of their industries. Finally, this paper can help government and industries managers to discover the most polluted industrial suppliers in the steel industry. Originality/value The novelty of this study belongs to the usage of DEMATEL method based on the input-output table to discover the relationships among the industries as well as identifying the main raw material suppliers of the steel industry at three levels. Furthermore, this research discovers the relationships among the embedded carbon dioxide emission of various industries in steel SC to determine the most important polluting industries in steel SC.
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Kleynhans, Ewert, and Moloto J. Sekhobela. "Shift-share analysis of production in the manufacturing industry of South Africa’s Southern District Municipality." Journal of Economic and Financial Sciences 4, no. 1 (April 30, 2011): 9–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/jef.v4i1.332.
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In this study, the development and structure of value-added production in the manufacturing industries of the Southern District Municipality (SDM) of South Africa are investigated. The field of study focuses on spatial economic development, with the aim of identifying industries that can offer future growth and job creation. The methodology of shift-share analysis, often applied to studies of Economic Geography, is used for the empirical analysis. The SDM district municipality includes the local municipalities of Klerksdorp, Potchefstroom, Ventersdorp, Merafong City and Wolmaransstad. The economy of these municipalities is mainly dependent on gold mining, which is declining as their gold reserves are becoming depleted which will lead to a large section of its population being unemployed in the near future. Shift-share analysis provides insight into the shifts of production between various sectors over time and is comprehensible to policymakers. It provides further insight into the national share effect on production of the sectors in the region, as well as the regional industrial mix and the competitive share effects. It was found that the sectors with the highest growth potential are Transport Equipment, Petroleum and Chemicals, Furniture, Metal Products, and Wood and Paper Products, and they merit attention in future development initiatives.