To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Petroleum degradation.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Petroleum degradation'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 37 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Petroleum degradation.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Phillips, Pamela June. "Microbial degradation of hydrocarbons in aqueous systems." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2003. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/842666/.
Full textAbstract:
There is a vast worldwide consumption of petroleum hydrocarbons and accidental release in to the environment is common. For example petroleum forecourt retail outlets have 'interceptors' to prevent release of hydrocarbons into the environment. The aim of this study was to investigate options for in-situ bioremediation of the hydrocarbon substrates within these 'interceptors' in a laboratory model. The initial studies on bioremediation were undertaken with diesel as the substrate. It was shown that the addition of nitrogen and phosphorus to the system increased hydrocarbon mineralisation by a factor of 16, resulting in increased carbon dioxide evolution. There was strong evidence indicating that nitrogen and phosphorus were the limiting factor for hydrocarbon metabolism in this aqueous system. Trichoderma harzianum and a soil bacterial isolate LFC D1 FI were assessed and shown to degrade hexadecane and pristane. The positive affect of adding a cosubstrate was evident in flask studies; the rates of degradation by LFC D1 FI and T. harzianum were approximately doubled and tripled respectively in the presence of glucose compared to treatments without glucose. Previous attention has focused on the ability of Phanerochaete chrysosporium to degrade polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; in this study the degradation of aliphatics was investigated. Spores from P. chrysosporium induced on the hydrocarbon substrate were found to be necessary to degrade hexadecane. Pseudomonas putida was unable to grow in liquid media containing hydrocarbons, however on solid media and in an aqueous environment containing acid-washed sand, degradation of hydrocarbons was evident, hi the presence of sand P. putida degraded both hexadecane and pristane by 70% of the initial concentration added; in the absence of sand no degradation in the aqueous system was seen. This suggests surface attachment plays an important role in hydrocarbon degradation by P. putida. The attachment and use of the sessile P. putida in aliphatic hydrocarbon degradation is discussed.
2
Wilson, Nicola Gail. "Enhanced oil degradation by bacteria when immobilized to an oleophilic substratum." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/2603.
Full textAbstract:
Three immobilization matrices, Biofix (kaolinite microspheres), Drizit (polypropylene fibres) and polyester polyurethane were used as substrata for use in bioremediation. Enhanced biodegradation of petrol (Slovene diesel) and Ekofisk crude oil occurred with immobilization of Pseudomonas fluorescens to Biofix and Drizit in freshwater and saltwater systems. When compared to free bacteria, immobilization resulted in; increased growth, accelerated ability of the cells to utilize oil, and enhanced biodegradation as determined by gas chromatography. In the freshwater systems Drizit immobilized cells reduced the lag phase to one day in comparison to six in a free system and increased biodegradation of the n-alkanes by 67 %. Immobilization resulted in enhanced production of a rhamnolipid biosurfactant over the first three days of incubation in comparison to free living bacteria which showed a lag phase of two days. All three supports were compared by; scanning electron microscopy, cell loading capacity, absorption of oil, their abilities to enhance oil biodegradation and the effect of drying and storage on the immobilized cells. Biodegradation of hydrocarbons by immobilized cells was dependent on the biocarrier, with polyurethane immobilized cells failing to enhance biodegradation of Ekofisk crude oil. Drizit was the most effective biocarrier tested and the most suitable immobilization substratum for use as a bioremediation agent. Investigation into the location of the genes for alkane degradation in immobilized Pseudomonas fluorescens was undertaken. Plasmid DNA was detected using gel electrophoresis, and caesium chloride-ethidium bromide gradient was carried out to confirm the presence of the plasmid, but no plasmid band was visualized. The successful immobilization system was scaled-up, optimized by supplementation with nitrates and phosphates and applied to microcosms that modelled environmental conditions. Enhanced biodegradation of Ekofisk crude oil was demonstrated on a larger scale, in an estuarine microcosm, with the immobilized systems showing an average degradation of 41.9 % in comparison to 7.1 % in the microcosm containing free indigenous bacteria.
3
Omukoro, Dickson Ebikabowei. "Petroleum operations and environmental degradation in Nigeria : the consequences of the state's failure to sustainably develop its petroleum resources." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2017. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=235313.
Full textAbstract:
The need for a sustainable development of natural resources has, in recent time taken centre stage in most natural resource rich countries. Environmental degradation resulting from the unsustainable development of petroleum resources has also resulted in the impoverishment of a large number of people. In countries like Nigeria, revenue accruing from energy and natural resources projects has become the mainstay of the nation's economy. However, the main beneficiaries of the wealth created by the exploration and production of petroleum are the state who owns all natural resources in line with the provisions of Nigerian law and the companies that exploit these resources. As a result, local landowners, do not directly benefit from petroleum exploitation even though they bear the direct consequences of petroleum exploitation. One consequence is the reduction of productive agricultural lands which has disrupted some of the traditional occupations of the people in the Niger Delta where the bulk of Nigeria's petroleum production takes place. It is this disruption that is the focus of this thesis. Despite Nigeria's support for the sustainable development of Nigeria's petroleum resources, environmental degradation resulting from the exploitation of petroleum has continued unabated. This raises a fundamental question as to the effectiveness of the regulatory regime governing petroleum activities in Nigeria. Using doctrinal and socio-legal methodology, this thesis explores the existing regulatory regime to ascertain if it is robust enough or effective to ensure the sustainable development of Nigeria's petroleum resources. It considers what impact, if any, does a failure in the regulatory regime have on the local population. Having established the failure of the legal regime, the study examines the consequences of the State's failure to sustainably develop its petroleum resources and consider if s Having established the failure of the legal regime, the study examines the consequences of the State's failure to sustainably develop its petroleum resources and consider if such failure has any impact on the stability and sustainability of petroleum projects themselves. Perhaps the most surprising finding to emerge from this study is that while the failure of the regulatory regime has negatively impacted the local population, the resulting social unrest or risks does not negatively impact the stability and sustainability of petroleum projects in real terms when compared with the cost of improving environmetal practices. In the search for solutions to address the failure of the existing regime and its consequences, the study examined relevant provisions of the new Petroleum Industry Bill (PIB) intending to ascertain if there are significant improvements capable of ensuring the sustainable development of Nigeria's petroleum resources. It concludes that while the PIB contains some improvements on the existing regulatory regime, there are problematic provisions that require some attention if the nation is to achieve the goal of sustainable development of its petroleum resources.
4
Heath, David John. "Characterisation of waxy gas-condensates by high temperature capillary gas chromatography and oxidative degradation." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/460.
Full textAbstract:
High molecular weight (HMW) hydrocarbons (defined herein as C35+ compounds) are difficult to characterise by conventional analytical methods. Very few studies have reported precise and reproducible quantification of such compounds in fossil fuels. Nonetheless, such components have important effects on the physical and biological fate of fossil fuels in the geosphere. For example, the phase behaviour of waxy gas condensates is significantly affected by the varying proportions of HMW compounds. Similarly HMW compounds are amongst the most resistant petroleum components to biodegradation. The current study reports the development of reproducible quantitative high temperature capillary gas chromatography (HTCGC) methods for studying both these aspects of the chemistry of HMW hydrocarbons. In addition those hydrocarbons which remain unresolved when analysed by gas chromatography (so called unresolved complex mixtures UCMs) are also studied. UCMs may account for a large portion of the hydrocarbons in many fossil fuels yet very little is known about their composition. Knowledge of these compounds may be important in enhancing the prediction of phase behaviour. Oxidative degradation and GC-MS is used to elucidate the types of structures present within the UCM. The concentrations of C3S4h. ydrocarbons in two unusually waxy gas condensates from high temperature wells in the North Sea were determined by HTCGC. The whole C, 5+ fraction comprised about 20% of the total hydrocarbons and consisted of compounds with carbon numbers extending up to and beyond Coo. By paying particular attention to sample dissolution and injection, good reproducibility and precision were obtained. For example, for authentic n-C, to n-C60 alkanes a relative standard deviation of under 5% for manual injection, linear response factors (1.01 Cm to 0.99 C6), and a linear calibration for 5 ng to 25 ng on-column were found. Limits of detection are reported for the first time for HMW n-alkanes. The limits were found to be as low as 0.8 ng for Cto to 1.87 ng for C60. Tristearin is proposed as a suitable HTCGC internal standard for quantification since the FID response factor (1.1) was close to that of the HMW n-alkanes and response was linear. Importantly, when co-injected with the two waxy North Sea condensates, tristearin was adequately separated from the closest eluting alkanes, n-C59 and n-C60 under normal operating conditions. Qualitative characterisation of the HMW compounds in the waxy gas condensates and in synthetic wax blends (polywax 1000) using HTCGC-EI MS and HTCGC-CI MS produced molecular ions or pseudo molecular ions for n-alkanes up to n- C6o. The spectra of some HMW compounds contained fragment ions characteristic of branched compounds but detailed characterisation was very limited. This study has also shown, for the first time, the significance of the unresolved complex mixture in gas condensatesU. CM hydrocarbonsa ccountedf or over 20% of the total hydrocarbons in a waxy North sea condensateT. he condensatew as first distilled and the distillate UCMs isolated. Thesew ere found to be between 64 to 97 % unresolved after molecular sieving (5A) and urea adduction. The UCMs were oxidised using CrO3/AcOHw hich produced5 -12% C02, and 55-83% dichloromethane-solublep roducts. Thus 65-94% of the original UCMs were accounted for as oxidation products. The remainder were thought to be water soluble acids which could not be determined in the presence of the AcOH reagent. Of the recovered oxidised products, 27- 81 % were resolved and these comprised mainly n-monocarboxylic acids (19-48 %). The average chain length was found to be C12 indicating the average length of alkyl groups. Branched acids, ketones, ketoacids, ndicarboxylic acids, branched dicarboxylic acids, lactones, isoprenoid acids, alkylcyclohexane carboxylic acids and toluic acids accounted for the majority of the remaining resolved products. The distillate UCMs all showed variations in amountso f productsb ut not in composition. Retro-structurala nalysis suggestedth at the UCM in the gasc ondensatew as mainly aliphatic and branched.T he numbero f isomerso f simple brancheda lkaneso ver the UCM molecular weight range (determined by cryoscopy) was calculated to be over 15000. Overall, oxidation provided structural information for about half of the UCM. HTCGC was also used to measure the biodegradability of HMW alkanes in a waxy Indonesian oil. Traditional alkane isolation techniques (TLC and CC) discriminated against HMW compounds above C40 whereas adsorption onto alumina in a warm cyclohexane slurry provided an aliphatic fraction still rich in HMW compounds and suitable as a biodegradation substrate. A waxy Indonesian oil was subjected to 136 day biodegradation by Pseudomonas fluorescens. Extraction efficiencies of over 90 % (RSD <5 %) were obtained for n-alkanes up to C6o using continuous liquid-liquid extraction. Over 80 % of the oil aliphatic fraction was degraded within 14 days. After 136 days only 14% of the original aliphatic fraction remained, yet surprisingly no decreases in the concentrations of compounds above C45 were observed. However, the use of a rapid screening biodegradation method proved conclusively that Pseudomonasfluorescens was capable of utilising n-alkanes up to C60 once the bacteria had acclimated to the HMW alkanes. This is the first report of bacterial utilisation of an n-alkane as large as C.
5
Basu, Pradipta Ranjan. "Evaluation of biological treatment for the degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in a wastewater treatment plant." Texas A&M University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/2418.
Full textAbstract:
Biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbon can be an effective treatment method
applied to control oil pollution in both fresh water and marine environments.
Hydrocarbon degraders, both indigenous and exogenous, are responsible for utilizing
petroleum hydrocarbon as their substrate for growth and energy, thereby degrading
them. Biodegradation of hydrocarbons is often enhanced by bioaugmentation and
biostimulation depending on the contaminated environment and the competence of the
hydrocarbon degraders present. An evaluation of the performance of the biological
treatment of petroleum hydrocarbon by the hydrocarbon degrading microbes at the
Brayton Fire School??s 4 million gallon per day (MGD) wastewater treatment plant was
the main research objective. Samples were taken for two seasons, winter (Nov 03 ?? Jan
03) and summer (Jun 04 ?? Aug 04), from each of the four treatment units: the inlet tank,
equalization tank, aeration tank and the outfall tank. The population of aliphatic
hydrocarbon degraders were enumerated and nutrient availability in the system were
used to evaluate the effectiveness of on-going bioaugmentation and biostimulation.
Monitoring of general effluent parameters was conducted to evaluate the treatment
plant??s removal efficiency and to determine if effluent discharge was in compliance with
the TCEQ permit. The aeration tank is an activated sludge system with no recycling.
Hydrocarbon degraders are supplied at a constant rate with additional nutrient
supplement. There was a significant decrease in the population of microbes that was
originally fed to the system and the quantity resident in the aeration tank. Nutrient levels
in the aeration tank were insufficient for the concentration of hydrocarbon degraders,
even after the application of dog food as a biostimulant. The use of dog food is not
recommended as a nutrient supplement. Adding dog food increases the nitrogen and
phosphorus concentration in the aeration tank but the amount of carbon being added with
the dog food increases the total chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biochemical
oxygen demand (BOD). An increase in the concentration of total COD and BOD further
increases the nitrogen and phosphorus requirement in the system. The main objective of
supplying adequate nutrients to the hydrocarbon degraders would never be achieved as
there would be an additional demand of nutrients to degrade the added carbon source.
This research study was conducted to identify the drawbacks in the treatment plant
which needs further investigation to improve efficiency.
6
Wright, Jonathan David. "The degradation of 4-hydroxybenzoate and related aromatic compounds by Rhodotorula rubra and Penicillium citrinum isolated from diesel oil contaminated soil." Thesis, University of Hull, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.259737.
Full text
7
Roy, Michelle-Claire. "Petrogenic Hydrocarbons in the Peace-Athabasca Delta and their Potential for Microbial Degradation." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/38749.
Full textAbstract:
Microbial biodegradation is the primary mechanism by which petrogenic hydrocarbons (PHCs) are removed from the environment. Though hydrocarbon biodegradation is widely studied in marine systems, knowledge of how it occurs in freshwater systems is still lacking. The Peace-Athabasca Delta (PAD), located in northeastern Alberta, is an ideal location to study microbial hydrocarbon degradation since it has a long history of exposure to PHCs. What’s more, these PHCs are predominately sourced from bituminous deposits and are therefore relevant to the Canadian Oil Sands Industry. This thesis investigated the genetic potential for hydrocarbon degradation of PHCs via metagenomic reconstruction of microbial communities in lakes of the Peace and Athabasca Deltas, as well as reference lakes in the nearby boreal uplands. In order to properly evaluate the microbial community and its potential for hydrocarbon degradation, a comprehensive analysis of PHCs (including n-alkanes, polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs), and petroleum biomarkers of terpanes, hopanes, and steranes) was performed. PHC analysis showed that n-alkanes in lake sediments from all three regions were highly similar and predominately biogenic, while PAC composition was significantly different in each region. Restricted-drainage lakes of the Athabasca Delta had the highest concentrations of PACs from petrogenic sources. Closed-drainage lakes in the Peace Delta had lower concentrations of PACs that likely originated from a mixture of pyrogenic and petrogenic sources. Closed-drainage lakes in the boreal upland region had the lowest concentrations of PACs likely sourced from pyrogenic wood combustion with traces of petrogenic PACs, possibly from atmospheric deposition of dust. Petroleum biomarkers of terpanes, hopanes, and steranes were successfully used to identify the long-range fluvial, and possibly atmospheric, transport of bituminous compounds more than one hundred kilometers from their potential source. This validates the future use of these biomarkers in environmental forensics. Microbial communities in all three regions under study were highly diverse, and their composition was significantly different in both sediment and water. Targeted gene analysis identified a total of 3885 genes involved in the degradation of n-alkanes and PACs in sediment and water. The results show that organic carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur content, as well as PAC and short-chain alkane concentrations were important chemical predictors of change in degradation gene composition. Furthermore, genes for anaerobic degradation of PHCs were identified in syntrophic bacteria, methanogens, nitrate and sulfate reducers, demonstrating the potential for syntrophic hydrocarbon degradation in PAD lakes. Though this thesis confirms the genetic potential for hydrocarbon degradation in PAD and boreal upland lakes, further research is necessary to determine whether these microbial communities can actively degrade the PHCs present in these lakes.
8
Trifilieff, Sylvie. "Etude de la structure des fractions polaires de petroles (resines et asphaltenes) par degradations chimiques selectives." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987STR13026.
Full textAbstract:
Oxydation des asphaltenes de quatre petroles lourds avec du tetroxyde de ruthenium et identification des molecules d'acides formees par spectrometrie de masse. L'etude de la ou des fonction(s) acide(s) sur chaque produit, associee a une experience de simulation de maturation sur argile, a conduit a proposer un mecanisme d'incorporation de ces molecules dans les asphaltenes. Il s'agirait de reactions de type fridel-crafts, catalysees par la matrice minerale. L'etude de la structure des resines a ete etudiee par hydrogenolyse avec du nickel de raney et les molecules formees par chromatographie en phase gazeuse couplee a de la spectrometrie de masse
9
Le, Thi Nhi Cong, Thi Ngoc Mai Cung, Thi Thanh Vu, Ngoc Minh Nghiem, Phuong Ha Hoang, Thi Lien Do, and Thi To Uyen Do. "Pyrene degradation of biofilm-forming Paracoccus sp. DG25 isolated from oil polluted samples collected in petroleum storage Duc Giang, Hanoi." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-190617.
Full textAbstract:
In this study, a well biofilm-forming bacterial strain was isolated from oil contaminated water and sediment samples collected in petroleum storage Duc Giang, Hanoi. It was identified as Paracoccus sp. DG25 and registered in the GenBank database with the accession numbers KJ608354. Several biophysical and bio-chemical conditions for the biofilm formation of the strain were estimated such as pH, temperature, carbon sources and nitrogen sources. As the results the biofilm forming capacity was highest at pH 7, 37 oC, on maltose and supplemented with KNO3. Using these optimal conditions, the formed biofilm degraded 76.07 % of pyrene after 7 day-incubation, with the initial concentration of 300 ppm by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. To our knowledge, there is rare publication on pyrene degradation by biofilm-forming bacteria. Therefore, the obtained results show that biofilm formed the strain Paracoccus sp. DG25 may considerably increase the degrading efficiency of pyrene and may lead to a new approach to treat polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons containing in petroleum oil contaminated water in VietnamTrong nghiên cứu này, từ các mẫu đất và nước nhiễm dầu lấy tại kho xăng Đức Giang, Hà Nội, chúng tôi đã phân lập được chủng vi khuẩn có khả năng tạo màng sinh học tốt. Chủng vi khuẩn này đã được phân loại và định tên là Paracoccus sp. DG25 với số đăng ký trên ngân hàng Gen là KJ608354. Chúng tôi cũng đã nghiên cứu một số điều kiện hóa lý ảnh hưởng tới khả năng hình thành màng sinh học như pH, nhiệt độ, nguồn Carbon và nguồn Nitơ. Kết quả cho thấy, chủng DG25 có khả năng tạo màng tốt nhất ở các điều kiện pH 7, 37 oC, nguồn Carbon là maltose và nguồn Nitơ là KNO3. Sử dụng các điều kiện tối ưu này để tạo màng và đánh giá khả năng phân hủy pyrene của màng tạo thành. Bằng phương pháp sắc ký lỏng cao áp, chúng tôi đã đánh giá được hàm lượng pyrene bị phân hủy sau 7 ngày nuôi tĩnh bởi màng sinh học của chủng DG25 lên tới 76,07 % với nồng độ ban đầu là 300 ppm. Cho tới nay, chưa có nhiều công bố về hiệu quả phân hủy pyrene của các chủng vi khuẩn tạo màng sinh học. Do vậy, kết quả đạt được này mở ra khả năng sử dụng màng tạo thành bởi chủng DG25 để nâng cao hiệu quả phân hủy pyren và có thể mở ra phương pháp mới nhằm xử lý các hợp chất hydrocarbon thơm có trong nước ô nhiễm dầu ở Việt Nam
10
Caivano, Antonio. "The impact of nutrients on microbial Hydrocarbon degradation at deep-sea Temperature and Hydrostatic Pressure." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020.
Find full textAbstract:
Currently available physical and chemical remediation technologies are not effective in the deep sea, where ultimate fate of oil is strongly dependent on degradation by microorganisms. In order to setup an efficient bioremediation strategy, the effect of the environmental constraints on oil degrading communities’ metabolism needs to be assessed.
In this work, natural surface seawater communities were incubated under different T, P and in different dilutions of the medium ONR7a. Then, after 1 day, 1 week and 3 weeks, cell number, SO4, NH4 and DIC concentration were assessed.
When only one environmental stress (low T or high HP) is applied, a positive effect of nutrients’ concentration is highlighted, with increased growth rates and DIC production; at 23 °C and 20 MPa, a lower cell growth is observed with respect to atmospheric pressure samples, but a relatively high value of oil degradation is mostly sustained by respiration to DIC: this result evidence the possibility to setup an effective biostimulation strategy in deep seas characterized by milder temperatures (Sulu, Mediterranean, Red Sea). High Ammonium concentrations are needed to sustain large production of proteins for cell maintenance process required for adaptation to HP. Moreover, at 23 °C and 20 MPa, significant Sulphate uptake occurs, whose role in HP adaptation needs to be clarified. Also at low T and atmospheric pressure oil biodegradation mostly relies on respiration to DIC, however biodegradation rates seems to be more affected by T reduction than HP increase.
When both low T and high HP are applied, cellular metabolism is still active but any growth is observed, drastically reducing the oil biodegradation, that relies only on respiration to DIC. Surface communities subject to combination of 2 stresses may need more than 3 weeks to adapt to the deep sea environment and start a growth phase.
11
Le, Thi Nhi Cong, Thi Ngoc Mai Cung, Thi Thanh Vu, Ngoc Minh Nghiem, Phuong Ha Hoang, Thi Lien Do, and Thi To Uyen Do. "Pyrene degradation of biofilm-forming Paracoccus sp. DG25 isolated from oil polluted samples collected in petroleum storage Duc Giang, Hanoi: Research article." Technische Universität Dresden, 2014. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A29093.
Full textAbstract:
In this study, a well biofilm-forming bacterial strain was isolated from oil contaminated water and sediment samples collected in petroleum storage Duc Giang, Hanoi. It was identified as Paracoccus sp. DG25 and registered in the GenBank database with the accession numbers KJ608354. Several biophysical and bio-chemical conditions for the biofilm formation of the strain were estimated such as pH, temperature, carbon sources and nitrogen sources. As the results the biofilm forming capacity was highest at pH 7, 37 oC, on maltose and supplemented with KNO3. Using these optimal conditions, the formed biofilm degraded 76.07 % of pyrene after 7 day-incubation, with the initial concentration of 300 ppm by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. To our knowledge, there is rare publication on pyrene degradation by biofilm-forming bacteria. Therefore, the obtained results show that biofilm formed the strain Paracoccus sp. DG25 may considerably increase the degrading efficiency of pyrene and may lead to a new approach to treat polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons containing in petroleum oil contaminated water in Vietnam.Trong nghiên cứu này, từ các mẫu đất và nước nhiễm dầu lấy tại kho xăng Đức Giang, Hà Nội, chúng tôi đã phân lập được chủng vi khuẩn có khả năng tạo màng sinh học tốt. Chủng vi khuẩn này đã được phân loại và định tên là Paracoccus sp. DG25 với số đăng ký trên ngân hàng Gen là KJ608354. Chúng tôi cũng đã nghiên cứu một số điều kiện hóa lý ảnh hưởng tới khả năng hình thành màng sinh học như pH, nhiệt độ, nguồn Carbon và nguồn Nitơ. Kết quả cho thấy, chủng DG25 có khả năng tạo màng tốt nhất ở các điều kiện pH 7, 37 oC, nguồn Carbon là maltose và nguồn Nitơ là KNO3. Sử dụng các điều kiện tối ưu này để tạo màng và đánh giá khả năng phân hủy pyrene của màng tạo thành. Bằng phương pháp sắc ký lỏng cao áp, chúng tôi đã đánh giá được hàm lượng pyrene bị phân hủy sau 7 ngày nuôi tĩnh bởi màng sinh học của chủng DG25 lên tới 76,07 % với nồng độ ban đầu là 300 ppm. Cho tới nay, chưa có nhiều công bố về hiệu quả phân hủy pyrene của các chủng vi khuẩn tạo màng sinh học. Do vậy, kết quả đạt được này mở ra khả năng sử dụng màng tạo thành bởi chủng DG25 để nâng cao hiệu quả phân hủy pyren và có thể mở ra phương pháp mới nhằm xử lý các hợp chất hydrocarbon thơm có trong nước ô nhiễm dầu ở Việt Nam.
12
Kheradmand, Houshang. "Contribution a l'etude de la degradation et la stabilisation de polyacrylamides en solution aqueuse." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987STR13020.
Full text
13
Bayramov, Emil. "Quantitative Assessment of Vegetation Renaturation and Soil Degradation and their Control by Climate and Ground Factors along Rights-of-Way of Petroleum/Gas Pipelines, Azerbaijan." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2013. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-103603.
Full textAbstract:
The construction of Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan (BTC) Oil and South Caucasus Gas (SCP) pipelines was completed in 2005. The Azerbaijan section of BTC Oil and SCP Gas pipelines is 442 km long and 44 m wide corridor named as the Right-of-Way. BTC and SCP pipelines are aligned parallel to each other within the same 44m corridor. The construction process of the pipelines significantly disturbed vegetation and soil cover along Right-of-Way of pipelines. The revegetation and erosion control measures were conducted after the completion of construction to restore the disturbed footprints of construction activities. The general goals of the present studies, dedicated to the environmental monitoring of revegetation and planning of erosion control measures were: to evaluate the status of the revegetation in 2007 since the completion of the construction activities in 2005, to determine the climate and ground factors controlling the vegetation regrowth and to predict erosion-prone areas along Right-of-Way of pipelines. Regression and root mean square error analysis between the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) of IKONOS images acquired in 2007 and in-situ estimations of vegetation cover percentage revealed R2 equal to 0.80 and RMSE equal to 6% which were optimal for the normalization of NDVI to vegetation cover. The total area of restored vegetation cover between 2005 and 2007 was 8.9 million sq. m. An area of 10.7 million sq. m. of ground vegetation needed restoration in order to comply with the environmental acceptance criteria. Based on the Global Spatial Regression Model, precipitation, land surface temperature and evapotranspiration were determined as the main climate factors controlling NDVI of grasslands along Right-of-Way of pipelines. In case of croplands, precipitation, evapotranspiration and annual minimum temperature were determined as the main factors controlling NDVI of croplands. The regression models predicting NDVI for grasslands and croplands were also formulated.
The Geographically Weighted Regression analyses in comparison with the global regression models results clearly revealed that the relationship between NDVI of grasslands and croplands and the predictor variables was spatially non-stationary along the corridor of pipelines. Even though the observed R2 value between elevation and NDVI of grasslands was low (R2= 0.14), the accumulation of the largest NDVI patterns was observed higher than 150m elevation. This revealed that elevation has non-direct control of NDVI of grasslands through its control of precipitation and temperature along the grasslands of Right-of-Way. The spatial distribution percentage of NDVI classes within slope aspect categories was decreasing in the southern directions of slope faces. Land surface temperature was decreasing with elevation but no particular patterns of land surface temperature in the relationship with NDVI accumulation within the aspect categories were observed. Aspect categories have non-direct control of NDVI and there are some other factors apart from land surface temperature which require further investigations.
Precipitation was determined to be controlling the formation of topsoil depth and the topsoil obviously controls the VC growth of grasslands as one of the main ground factors. The regression analysis between NDVI of grasslands and croplands with groundwater depth showed very low correlation. But the clustered patterns of vegetation cover were observed in the relationship with groundwater depth and soil moisture for both grasslands and croplands. The modeling of groundwater depth relative to soil moisture and MODIS NDVI of grasslands determined that the threshold of groundwater depth for vegetation growth is in the range of 1-5 m. MODIS NDVI and soil moisture did not reveal a significant correlation. Soil moisture revealed R2 equal to 0.34 with elevation, R2 equal to 0.23 with evapotranspiration, R2 equal to 0.57 with groundwater depth and R2 equal to 0.02 with precipitation. This allowed to suspect that precipitation is not the main factor controlling soil moisture whereas elevation, evapotranspiration and groundwater depth have non-direct control of soil moisture. Therefore, soil moisture has also non-direct control of vegetation cover growth along the corridor of pipelines. The variations of soil moisture in the 1-3 m soil depth range may have the threshold of depth controlling vegetation cover regrowth and this requires more detailed soil moisture data for further investigations. The reliability of the Global Spatial Regression Model and Geographically Weighted Regression predictions is limited by the MODIS images spatial resolution equal to 250 m and spectral characteristics. The Morgan-Morgan-Finney (MMF) and Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) predictions revealed non-similarity in the spatial distribution of soil loss rates along Right-of-Way. MMF model revealed more clustered patterns of predicted critical erosion classes with soil loss more than 10 ton/ha/year in particular ranges of pipelines rather than Universal Soil Loss Equation model with the widespread spatial distribution. Paired-Samples T-Test with p-value less than 0.05 and Bivariate correlation with the Pearson\'s correlation coefficient equal to 0.23 showed that the predictions of these two models were significantly different.
Verification of USLE- and MMF- predicted erosion classes against in-situ 316 collected erosion occurrences collected in the period of 2005-2012 revealed that USLE performed better than MMF model along pipeline by identifying of 192 erosion occurrences out of 316, whereas MMF identified 117 erosion sites. USLE revealed higher ratio of frequencies of erosion occurrences within the critical erosion classes (Soil Loss > 10 t/ha), what also showed higher reliability of soil loss predictions by USLE. The validation of quantitative soil loss predictions using the measurements from 48 field erosion plots revealed higher R2 equal to 0.67 by USLE model than by MMF. This proved that USLE-predicted soil loss rates were more reliable than MMF not only in terms of spatial distributions of critical erosion classes but also in the quantitative terms of soil loss rates. The total number of erosion-prone pipeline segments with the identified erosion occurrences was 316 out of 38376. The number of erosion-prone pipeline segments realistically predicted by USLE model e.g. soil loss more than 10 t/ha was 97 whereas MMF predicted only 70 erosion-prone pipeline segments. The regression analysis between 354 USLE and MMF erosion-prone segments revealed R2 equal to 0.36 what means that the predictions by USLE and MMF erosion models are significantly different on the level of pipeline segments. The average coefficients of variation of predicted soil loss rates by USLE and MMF models and the number of accurately predicted erosion occurrences within the geomorphometric elements of terrain, vegetation cover and landuse categories were larger in the USLE model. This supported the hypothesis that larger spatial variations of erosion prediction models can contribute to the better soil loss prediction performance and reliability of erosion prediction models. This also supported the hypothesis that better understanding of spatial variations within geomorphometric elements of terrain, land-use and vegetation cover percentage classes can support in the selection of the appropriate erosion models with better performance in the particular areas of pipelines. Qualitative multi-criteria assessment for the determination of erosion-prone areas revealed stronger relations with the USLE predictions rather than with MMF. Multi-criteria assessment identified 35 of erosion occurrences but revealed more reliable predictions on the level of terrain units. Predicted erosion-prone areas by USLE revealed higher correlation coefficient with erosion occurrences than MMF model within terrain units what proved higher reliability of the USLE predictions and its stronger relation with the multi-criteria assessment.
14
Hussein, Emad Ibraheim. "Investigation into the mechanism(s) which permit the high-rate, degradation of PAHS and related petroleum hydrocarbons in sequencing batch reactors by attached cells in a controlled mixed bacterial community." unrestricted, 2006. http://etd.gsu.edu/theses/available/etd-12012006-073228/.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Georgia State University, 2006.Title from title screen. George E. Pierce,committee chair; Eric S. Gilbert, Sidney A. Crow, committee members. Electronic text (135 p. : ill. (some col.)) : digital, PDF file. Description based on contents viewed Aug. 20, 2007. Includes bibliographical references (p. 120-124).
15
Araujo, Juliana Eschholz de. "Caracterização genômica e metabólica de Planctomycetes isolados de solos de manguezais brasileiros." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11138/tde-10102018-171413/.
Full textAbstract:
Os Planctomycetes são bactérias que possuem características peculiares, ainda pouco conhecidas. São bactérias de difícil cultivo, sendo descritas em diversos ambientes, mas frequentemente isoladas de ambientes marinhos, principalmente em associações com algas. Aqui apresentamos um amplo estudo deste grupo em solos de manguezais, e reportamos de maneira inovadora o isolamento dessas bactérias. A comparação das comunidades de Planctomycetes em manguezais com diferentes históricos de contaminação permitiu fazer inferências sobre a resposta da comunidade ao ambiente. A análise de sequências pertencentes a este filo, obtidas a partir de amostras dos manguezais - tanto sequências do gene 16S DNAr ou sequências metagenômicas - permitiu inferir sobre a diversidade e as funções destes grupos nos solos dos manguezais estudados. Destacam-se dentre estas o aumento da biodiversidade deste grupo em áreas contaminadas, e as evidências de sua participação na degradação de xenobióticos (demonstrada por predição metagenômica baseada em biblioteca de 16S rDNA, e análise de sequencias metagenômicas). Com estes resultados, foram encontrados em dados metagenômicos, a ocorrência de genes envolvidos na biodegradação de compostos intermediários centrais das vias de degradação. Adicionalmente, mesmo com a dificuldade no cultivo de membros desse grupo, foram obtidos 43 isolados afiliados filogeneticamente principalmente às espécies Blastopirellula marina, Rhodopirellula baltica e Planctomycetes sp. e Pirellula. Foram selecionados dois isolados (Rhodopirellula sp. MGV e Rhodopirellula baltica BR-MGV) para estudos genômicos e metabólicos (via análise de consumo de diferentes fontes de carbono-Biolog). Além disso, foi realizado teste de degradação de hidrocarbonetos com os 43 isolados aferindo as respostas ao contato com contaminantes como hexadecano, naftaleno, fenantreno e fenol. Cinco isolados mostraram a capacidade em degradar três diferentes hidrocarbonetos exceto fenantreno. Estes isolados (Blastopirellula cremea Hex-1 MGV, Blastopirellula marina Nap-Phe MGV, Blastopirellula cremea Hex-2 MGV, Blastopirellula cremea Hex PRIS-MGV e Blastopirellula marina Nap PRIS-MGV) foram enviados a uma análise genômica e suas anotações indicaram a presença de genes envolvidos em vias de degradação de hidrocarbonetos corroborando com o teste realizado em laboratório de degradação dos hidrocarbonetos. Além disso, foi observada através das anotações dos genomas desses microrganismos a ocorrência de síntese de metabólitos secundários, sendo os principais terpenos, bacteriocinas e resorcinol.Planctomycetes are bacteria with peculiar characteristics and still little known. They are bacteria of difficult cultivation, being described in diverse environments, but often isolated from marine environments, mainly in associations with algae. Here we present an extensive study of this group in mangrove soils and report in an innovative way the isolation of these bacteria. The comparison of the communities of Planctomycetes in mangroves with different contamination histories allowed to make inferences about the response of the community to the environment. The analysis of sequences from this phylum, obtained from samples of the mangroves - both sequences of the 16S DNAr gene or metagenomic sequences - allowed to infer about the diversity and the functions of these groups in the mangrove soils studied. The highlights are the increase of this group\'s biodiversity in contaminated areas, and evidence of its participation in the degradation of xenobiotics (demonstrated by 16S rDNA library-based metagenomic prediction and metagenomic sequence analysis). With these results, the occurrence of genes involved in the biodegradation of central intermediates of the degradation pathways was found in metagenomic data. In addition, even with the difficulty in the cultivation of members of this group, 43 isolates belonging to this phylum were obtained phylogenetically, mainly the species Blastopirellula marina, Rhodopirellula baltica and Planctomycetes sp. and Pirellula. Two isolates (Rhodopirellula sp. MGV and Rhodopirellula baltica BR-MGV) were selected for genomic and metabolic studies (via consumption analysis of different sources of carbon-Biolog). Furthermore, a hydrocarbon degradation test was performed with this library of 43 isolates, assessing the responses to contact with contaminants such as hexadecane, naphthalene, phenanthrene and phenol. Five isolates showed the ability to degrade three different hydrocarbons except phenanthrene. These isolates (Blastopirellula cremea Hex-1 MGV, Blastopirellula marina Nap-Phe MGV, Blastopirellula cremea Hex-2 MGV, Blastopirellula cremea Hex PRIS-MGV and Blastopirellula marina Nap PRISMGV) were sent to a genomic analysis and their notes indicated the presence of genes involved in hydrocarbon degradation pathways, corroborating with the laboratory test for hydrocarbon degradation. In addition, the synthesis of secondary metabolites was evaluated through the annotations of the genomes of these microorganisms, being the main terpenes, bacteriocins and resorcinol.
16
Bayramov, Emil [Verfasser], Manfred [Akademischer Betreuer] Buchroithner, and Chingiz [Akademischer Betreuer] Ismayilov. "Quantitative Assessment of Vegetation Renaturation and Soil Degradation and their Control by Climate and Ground Factors along Rights-of-Way of Petroleum/Gas Pipelines, Azerbaijan / Emil Bayramov. Gutachter: Manfred Buchroithner ; Chingiz Ismayilov. Betreuer: Manfred Buchroithner." Dresden : Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2013. http://d-nb.info/106815134X/34.
Full text
17
Rocha, Otidene Rossiter S? da. "Avalia??o de diferentes processos oxidativos avan?ados no tratamento de res?duos de petr?leo." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2010. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/15902.
Full textAbstract:
Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
OtideneRSR_DISSERT.pdf: 1647726 bytes, checksum: 2a45d120fb2b82e3a84f67c77eff85a3 (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2010-09-01Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico
The petroleum industry deals with problems which are difficult to solve because of their relation to environmental issues. This is because amounts of residue are generated which vary in type and danger level. The soil contamination by non aqueous liquid phase mixtures, specifically hydrocarbon petroleum has been a reason for great concern, mainly the aromatic and polycyclic aromatic, which present risk to human health due to its carcinogenic and mutagenic character. The Advanced Oxidative Processes (AOP) are efficient technologies for destruction of organic compounds of difficult degradation and, often, they are present in low concentrations. They can be considered clean technologies, because there is no formation of solid by-products or the transfer of pollutor phases. This work focuses on the study of the degradation of petroleum industrial waste, by Advanced Oxidation Processes. Treatments tackling petroleum residues, contaminated soil, and water occurring in the production of petroleum reached the following Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) degradation levels: solid residues 100% in 96 treatment hours; water residue - 100% in 6 treatment hours; soil contamination (COT degradation) - 50.3% in 12 treatment hours. AOP were effective in dealing with petroleum residues thus revealing themselves to be a promising treatment alternative
A ind?stria de petr?leo lida com problemas de dif?cil solu??o em rela??o ?s atividades voltadas para a prote??o ambiental, devido ? gera??o de res?duos de diversos tipos e n?veis de periculosidade. A contamina??o do solo por compostos de fase l?quida n?o aquosa, especificamente os hidrocarbonetos de petr?leo tem sido motivo de preocupa??o, principalmente os arom?ticos e poliarom?ticos, apresentam risco ? sa?de humana devido a seu car?ter carcinog?nico e mutag?nico. Os Processos Oxidativos Avan?ados (POA) s?o tecnologias eficientes para destrui??o de compostos org?nicos de dif?cil degrada??o biol?gica e, muitas vezes, presentes em baixas concentra??es. Podem ser consideradas tecnologias limpas, pois n?o h? a forma??o de subprodutos s?lidos e nem a transfer?ncia de fase dos poluentes. O objetivo desse trabalho foi estudar a degrada??o de res?duos da ind?stria de petr?leo, por Processos Oxidativos Avan?ados. Foram realizados tratamentos de borra de petr?leo, solo contaminado com petr?leo e ?gua de produ??o de petr?leo alcan?ando uma degrada??o de Hidrocarbonetos Polic?clicos Arom?ticos (HPA) de 100 % em 96 horas de tratamento para a borra, 100% em 6 horas de tratamento para ?gua de produ??o de petr?leo e uma degrada??o de Carbono Org?nico Total (COT) de 50,3% em 12 horas de tratamento para o solo contaminado com petr?leo. Os POA foram eficientes no tratamento de res?duos de petr?leo apresentando-se como uma alternativa promissora no tratamento desses res?duos
18
BRASILEIRO, Ilza Maria do Nascimento. "Tecnologia eletroquímica aplicada na degradação de poluentes da indústria de petróleo." Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, 2006. http://dspace.sti.ufcg.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/riufcg/1568.
Full textAbstract:
Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-08-28T16:30:59Z
No. of bitstreams: 1
ILZA MARIA DO NASCIMENTO BRASILEIRO - TESE PPGEP 2006..pdf: 2336923 bytes, checksum: 7428c7728ba45c4c9d6d5bc534fc602b (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-28T16:30:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ILZA MARIA DO NASCIMENTO BRASILEIRO - TESE PPGEP 2006..pdf: 2336923 bytes, checksum: 7428c7728ba45c4c9d6d5bc534fc602b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-07-07
A presença de água associada ao petróleo provoca uma série de problemas nas etapas de produção, transporte e refino. Na produção e transporte os maiores inconvenientes está ligada à necessidade de superdimensionamento das instalações de coleta, armazenamento e transferência, incluindo bombas, linhas de tubulações, tanques, etc, além do maior consumo de energia e segurança operacional. Em virtude de sua composição (material em suspensão, microrganismos, sais e gases dissolvidos) a água de produção pode sofrer variações de temperatura e pressão, provocar problemas de corrosão e/ou incrustação, causando danos às tubulações, equipamentos e acessórios (válvulas, instrumentos, etc.), podendo redundar em acidentes humanos e/ou ambientais. No processo de extração e refinação do petróleo, por exemplo, o efluente gerado apresenta concentrações elevadas de sulfetos, N-amoniacal, fenóis, óleos e graxas. Todos estes são compostos altamente nocivos ao meio ambiente e necessitam de tratamento antes do descarte para se enquadrarem às normas ambientais e com isso não causar danos ao meio ambiente. Os processos eletroquímicos possuem um grande potencial no tratamento de efluentes devido ao reduzido tempo de tratamento, pequena área de instalação quando comparada aos processos convencionais, além da possibilidade de serem associadas a outros processos no pré ou pós-tratamento de efluentes e não exigem, de maneira geral, insumos químicos. O principal objetivo de este trabalho é à aplicação da tecnologia eletroquímica na oxidação de poluentes advindos do processo de produção/refino da indústria de petróleo, para este propósito foi estudado e desenvolvido um reator que possa funcionar com eficiência no processo de eletroxidação. Além disto, o trabalho aborda o estudo da incrustação nos eletrodos, a mesma que causa diminuição considerável no rendimento do processo. O reator utilizado em este estudo foi um reator eletro número total de experimentos e consequentemente diminuir os custos operacionais do estudo em questão. Foram analisados os seguintes parâmetros dependentes: salinidade (mg/L), potencial elétrico (V), vazão volumétrica (l/h) e intervalo de eletrólise (h). Como indicadores da eficiência do tratamento eletroquímico foram analisados os seguintes parâmetros independentes: percentual de remoção de sulfeto, N-amoniacal, fenol e índice de incrustação relativo. Após a análise de todos os resultados feitos com o efluente sintético, puderam-se estabelecer as condições limites para os parâmetros (dependentes) a serem estudados no processamento com o efluente real do Pólo Industrial de Guamaré/RN e que apresentaram os melhores resultados. As melhores condições operacionais para as variáveis de entrada foram: vazão volumétrica de 380 l/h, potencial elétrico de 4 V e intervalo de eletrolise de 0,29 horas. O percentual de remoção de sulfeto foi avaliado na forma de perfil de concentração, e conforme o esperado, a remoção foi em torno de 100 %. A remoção do fenol foi em torno de 100 %, para o tempo total de eletrólise, que foi de 2 horas. Com a finalidade de avaliarmos o nível de incrustação nos eletrodos que também foi um dos objetivos de nossa pesquisa, foram realizadas análises físico-quimicas de alcalinidade e dureza em CaCO3, índice de incrustação por cronoamperometria e microscopia eletrônica de varredura dos eletrodos.
The presence of water associated to the oil provokes a series of problems in the production, transport and refining stages. In the transport and production stages the greatest inconvenient are the necessity of supersizing the collection of installations, storage and oil/water transfer. Here are included pumps, tubings, tanks, etc., beyond the biggest energy consumption and operational security. In virtue of its composition (suspended material, microorganism, salts and dissolved gases). The water production may suffer temperature and pressure variation, to provoke corrosion and/or incrustation problems, causing damages to the tubings, equipment and accessories (valves, instruments, etc.) being able to result in human and/or environmental damages. In the extraction and refinement of oil process, for example, the generated effluent presents high concentration of sulphide, N-ammoniacal, phenols, oil and greases. All these compounds are highly harmful to the environment and need treatment before the discharging in order to fit itself to environmental norms and did not cause damages to the environment. The electrochemical processes possess a great potential in effluents treatment due to the reduced time of treatment, small area of installation when compared to the conventional processes beyond the possibility to be associates to other processes such as before and posttreatment effluent, and they do not demand, in general way chemical reagents. The main objective of the present work is the application of the electrochemical technology in the oxidation of pollutants coming from the production/refining process of oil industry, for this purpose, was studied and developed an electrochemical reactor that can operate with efficiency in the electro-oxidation process. Moreover, the work approaches the study of the incrustation in the electrodes, which the same which causes the greatest decreasing in the electro-oxidation process efficiency. The reactor used in this study was following dependent parameters had been analyzed: salinity (mg/L), electric potential (V), volumetric flow rate (l/h) and electrolysis time (h). As efficiency indicators the following independent parameters had been analyzed: sulphide removal, N-ammoniacal and phenol percentage and relative index of incrustation. After analysis of all results mode with the synthetic effluent had been able to be established the conditions limits for the parameters (dependents) to be studied in the processing with the real effluent of the Industrial GuamaréPolo/RN and that they had presented the best results. The best operational conditions for the entrance variables had been: volumetric flow rate of 380 l/h, electric potential of 4 V and electrolysis time of 0,29 h. The sulphide removal percentage was evaluated in the form of concentration profile, and according to the expectation the removal was around 100 %. The phenol removal was around 100%, for the total electrolysis time that was of 2 hours. With this purpose of evaluating the incrustation level in the electrodes that also was one of the aims of our research, was carried out physical-chemistry analysis of alkalinity and hardness in CaCO3, incrustation index for chronoamperometric technique and scanning electronic microscopy of the electrodes.
19
Pietraszek-Mattner, Sarah R. "Characterizing progression of aerobic degradation of Paleozoic petroleums in Indiana soils using molecular ratios and carbon isotopic signatures." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3162258.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of Geological Sciences, 2004.Title from PDF t.p. (viewed Dec. 1, 2008). Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 66-01, Section: B, page: 0166. Chair: Lisa M. Pratt.
20
Paulino, Ana Adalgisa Dias. "Degradacao termica e catalitica da borra oleosa de Petroleo com materiais nanoestruturados al-mcm-41 e AL-SBA-15." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2012. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/13018.
Full textAbstract:
Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:09:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
AnaADP_TESE.pdf: 2810011 bytes, checksum: 6f11363dfc6e540fe688b7737b77893b (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2012-11-04Aiming to reduce and reuse waste oil from oily sludge generated in large volumes by the oil industry, types of nanostructured materials Al-MCM-41 and Al-SBA-15, with ratios of Si / Al = 50, were synthesized , and calcined solids used as catalysts in the degradation of oily sludge thermocatalytic oil from oilfield Canto do Amaro, in the state of Rio Grande do Norte. Samples of nanostructured materials were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TG / DTG), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), absorption spectroscopy in the infrared Fourier transform (FT-IR) and adsorption nitrogen (BET). The characterization showed that the synthesized materials resulted in a catalyst nanostructure, and ordered pore diameter and surface area according to existing literature. The oily sludge sample was characterized by determining the API gravity and sulfur content and SARA analysis (saturates, aromatics, resins and asphaltenes). The results showed a material equivalent to the average oil with API gravity of 26.1, a low sulfur content and considerable amount of resins and asphaltenes, presented above in the literature. The thermal and catalytic degradation of the oily sludge oil was performed from room temperature to 870 ? C in the ratios of heating of 5, 10 and 20 ? C min-1. The curves generated by TG / DTG showed a more accelerated degradation of oily sludge when it introduced the nanostructured materials. These results were confirmed by activation energy calculated by the method of Flynn-Wall, in the presence of catalysts reduced energy, in particular in the range of cracking, showing the process efficiency, mainly for extraction of lightweight materials of composition of oily sludge, such as diesel and gasoline
Com o objetivo de reduzir e reutilizar o res?duo de borra oleosa de petr?leo, gerado em grandes volumes pela ind?stria petrol?fera, materiais nanoestruturados dos tipos Al-MCM-41 e Al-SBA-15, com raz?es de Si/Al = 50, foram sintetizados, calcinados e utilizados como s?lidos catal?ticos na degrada??o termocatal?tica da borra oleosa de petr?leo, proveniente do campo petrol?fero Canto do Amaro, no estado do Rio Grande do Norte. As amostras dos materiais nanoestruturados foram caracterizadas por an?lise termogravim?trica (TG/DTG), difra??o de raios X (DRX), microscopia eletr?nica de varredura (MEV), espectroscopia de absor??o na regi?o do infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FT-IR) e adsor??o de nitrog?nio (BET). A caracteriza??o mostrou que os materiais sintetizados resultaram em um catalisador nanoestruturado, ordenado e com di?metro de poros e ?rea superficial de acordo com a literatura existente. A amostra de borra oleosa foi caracterizada atrav?s da determina??o do grau API e do teor de enxofre e da an?lise do SARA (saturados, arom?ticos, resinas e asfaltenos). Os resultados mostraram um material equivalente ao petr?leo m?dio, com grau API de 26,1, baixo teor de enxofre e com quantidade consider?vel de resinas e asfaltenos, acima da apresentada na literatura. A degrada??o t?rmica e catal?tica da borra oleosa de petr?leo foi realizada da temperatura ambiente at? 870?C, nas raz?es de aquecimento de 5, 10 e 20oC min-1. As curvas geradas pela TG/DTG apresentaram uma degrada??o mais acelerada da borra oleosa quando se introduziram os materiais nanoestruturados. Esses resultados foram ratificados pela energia de ativa??o, calculada atrav?s do m?todo de Flynn-Wall, em que a presen?a dos catalisadores reduziu a energia, em especial na faixa de craqueamento, mostrando a efici?ncia do processo, principalmente para a extra??o de materiais leves da composi??o da borra oleosa, como diesel e gasolina
21
LI, KUN-DA, and 李昆達. "Microbial degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons:treatment of petroleum refinery wastewater." Thesis, 1991. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/83420907310716864726.
Full text
22
Sheu, Jhig-Chia, and 許智欽. "The degradation of petroleum substances by mixed culture." Thesis, 1999. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/32398409444143210845.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立雲林科技大學
環境與安全工程技術研究所
87
There are some petroleum substances degradation bacteria strains such as motor oil、kerosene、diesel oil、paraffin、phenol、toluene and xylene utilizer were isolated from Taiwan environment by our laboratory in this three years。But，There are some petroleum substances degradation bacteria strains such as motor oil、kerosene、diesel oil、paraffin、phenol、toluene and xylene utilizer were isolated from Taiwan environment by our laboratory in this three years。But the degradation efficiency of petroleum compound by pure strain is not effective，hence we try mix different strain to increase the degradation rate。Oxygen uptake rate、oil & grease decompose rate、COD degradation rate and TOC degradation rate were applied to determine the petroleum compound utilization separately，and the relationship with oil & grease decompose rate were calculated in order to estimate the degradation efficiency for pollution source。 The study focus on motor oil and diesel oil，the primary screen for degradation capability with different combination of mixed bacteria strains by oxygen uptake rate，and then evaluate the degradation efficiency test。For motor oil，the oil & grease decompose rate of pure strain is 59.06 %，the best mixed strains is 82.61 %；for diesel oil：pure strain is 66.52 %，the best mixed strains is 89.40 %。The relation coefficient of oil & grease decompose rate and oxygen uptake rate for motor oil and diesel oil are 0.7685 and 0.7629。 Form this study，we know that oxygen uptake rate can be as a index to evaluate the degradation rate of petroleum substances by mixed culture，and it also can determine the best combination of mixed bacteria strain for bioaugment agent。The best combination for motor oil are motor oil strain (Pseudomonas stutzeri)、diesel oil strain (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and kerosene strain (Pseudomonas aeruginosa)；for diesel oil are diesel oil strain (Pseudomonas aeruginosa)、kerosene strain (Pseudomonas aeruginosa)、toluene strain (Pasteurella haemolytica) and xylene strain (Pseudomonas vesicularis)，with those combination to get the best treatment efficiency for pollution treatment。 the degradation efficiency of petroleum compound by pure strain is not effective，hence we try mix different strain to increase the degradation rate。Oxygen uptake rate、oil & grease decompose rate、COD degradation rate and TOC degradation rate were applied to determine the petroleum compound utilization separately，and the relationship with oil & grease decompose rate were calculated in order to estimate the degradation efficiency for pollution source。 The study focus on motor oil and diesel oil，the primary screen for degradation capability with different combination of mixed bacteria strains by oxygen uptake rate，and then evaluate the degradation efficiency test。For motor oil，the oil & grease decompose rate of pure strain is 59.06 %，the best mixed strains is 82.61 %；for diesel oil：pure strain is 66.52 %，the best mixed strains is 89.40 %。The relation coefficient of oil & grease decompose rate and oxygen uptake rate for motor oil and diesel oil are 0.7685 and 0.7629。 Form this study，we know that oxygen uptake rate can be as a index to evaluate the degradation rate of petroleum substances by mixed culture，and it also can determine the best combination of mixed bacteria strain for bioaugment agent。The best combination for motor oil are motor oil strain (Pseudomonas stutzeri)、diesel oil strain (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and kerosene strain (Pseudomonas aeruginosa)；for diesel oil are diesel oil strain (Pseudomonas aeruginosa)、kerosene strain (Pseudomonas aeruginosa)、toluene strain (Pasteurella haemolytica) and xylene strain (Pseudomonas vesicularis)，with those combination to get the best treatment efficiency for pollution treatment。
23
Wu, Feng-Ming, and 吳俸銘. "Cultivation and application of petroleum substances degradation bacteria." Thesis, 2001. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/18991477868417181875.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立雲林科技大學
環境與安全工程系碩士班
89
Petroleum hydrocarbons contain numerous substances including aliphatics, aromatics and resins can cause variability、carcinogenic and restrain growth of organism. In wastewater treatment system of refining sometimes it occurs shock-loading, and causes biotreatment systems running abnormal. We can add the bioaugmentation agents to solve the problem. This study isolated the indigenous hydrocarbon degrading bacteria strains, and investigated their optimal growth condition. And cultivate these bacteria in the fermentor and produce bioaugmentation agents. The bioaugmentation agent products can use to treat wastewater of petroleum industry and bioremediation of contamination region by spill oil. Three petroleum degradation bacteria were isolated from Taiwan nature environment, these bacteria were identified as diesel oil utilizer Pseudomonas aeruginosa DS-4, kerosene utilizer Burkhol cepacia KS-1 and phenol utilizer Agrob radiobacter PH-2. The optimal cultivation condition of DS-4 strain were determined: 0.5 % (v/v) diesel oil as carbon source, 500 mg/L (NH2)2CO+(NH4)2SO4 as nitrogen source, 500 mg/L KH2PO4 as phosphorus source, the optimal surfactant as Tween 40, pH 7 and 30℃. The optimal cultivation condition of KS-1 strain were determined: 1.0 % (v/v) kerosene as carbon source, 750 mg/L (NH2)2CO+(NH4)2SO4 as nitrogen source, 1000 mg/L KH2PO4 as phosphorus source, the optimal surfactant as Tween 40, pH 7 and 30℃. The optimal cultivation condition of PH-2 strain were determined: 500 mg/L phenol as carbon source, 500 mg/L (NH2)2CO+(NH4)2SO4 as nitrogen source, 1000 mg/L KH2PO4 as phosphorus source, pH 7 and 30℃. Petroleum degradation bacteria were cultivated in the fermentor under optimal condition. DS-4 strain cultivated with diesel oil as sole carbon source, it’s maximum specific growth rate μmax＝0.51 hr-1, saturated constant Ks＝1.21 g/L and saturated inhibited constant Ki＝1.96 g/L. 78 hours fermentation get maximum cell concentration 11 g/L. KS-1 strain cultivated with kerosene as sole carbon source, it’s maximum specific growth rate μmax＝0.21 hr-1, saturated constant Ks＝0.39 g/L and saturated inhibited constant Ki＝7.06 g/L. 82 hours fermentation get maximum cell concentration 6.4 g/L. PH-2 strain cultivated with phenol as sole carbon source, it’s maximum specific growth rate μmax＝0.26 hr-1, saturated constant Ks＝148.26 mg/L and saturated inhibited constant Ki＝668.64 mg/L. 48 hours fermentation get maximum cell concentration 6.3 g/L. When the strains was cultivated to log phase, the fermentation broth blended with wheat brans to produce bioaugmentation agents by warm air-dry method. Diesel oil biodegraded by mixed bioaugmentation agents can get good degraded result. Diesel oil and C12-C22 can be degraded 80 % and 75 % in 7 days. Kerosene biodegraded by single KS-1 strain bioaugmentation agents and mixed bioaugmentation agents weren’t obvious different. Kerosene and C9-C14 can be degraded 60 % and 55 % in 7 days.
24
Chen, Yi-ting, and 陳宜庭. "The teatment of oil fumes by using petroleum degradation bacteria." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/22764038814139713086.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立雲林科技大學
環境與安全工程系碩士班
93
The oil fumes include liquid and gaseous harmful substances, such as cyclic organic compounds and polar polymer etc. At present, the domestic kitchen ventilators in the house and the electrostatic precipitator and wet scrubber used by food industry are used to treat oil fumes. The principle of the treatment is to collect the waste oil and cooking smokes with the waste water and discharge it to the sewer. This method did not really treat oil fumes efficiently. Therefore the study tries using microorganism to degrade the liquid oil fumes which include soybean oil and two harmful substances, acrylamide and acrolein. Five petroleum degradation bacteria strains were isolated from Taiwan environment. They were identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa DS-4, Pseudomonas stutzeri MO-1, Aeromonas hydrophila B-1, Pasteurella haemolytica TO-3 and Pseudomonas vesiculari s XY-2. At first, soybean oil is as the carbon source. The five strains are cultured respectively in the shaker flask. To screen the best bacteria strains combination, which are DS-4 and MO-1. The best oil degrading efficiency of biofilter in experimental group is up to 99.98% in 13 days. The result indicates that the oil degrading efficiency in liquid culture is better than that in the biofilter. The oil degrading efficiency in liquid culture is more than 90% in 66 hours, while it needs to take 13 days to reach the same effect in the biofilter. In order to improve the treatment efficiency and cutdown the cost, we’ll simulate the contact aeration process to try the pilot experiment by using a bioreactor. The experimental group is to be added sponge support and its oil degrading efficiency is up to 99% in 4 days, and the microorganism grow well. While the oil degrading efficiency is only 52％ in the control bioreactor because there is no sponge support to where microorganism can attach to grow. At final, the degrading test of traditionally harmful substance in oil fumes is carried out in the shaker flask culture; the acrylamide can be removed completely in 96 hours. Although the acrolein is volatile, there is still some part biodegraded. It shows that the combination of DS-4 and MO-1 can remove the harmful compositions effectively. To sum up the results of experimental tests, a bioreactor of contact aeration process will be performed in the full-scale experiment in the future to get the result of removing oil fumes and investigate the further study about the treatment expenses and time.
25
Kao, Min-Siou, and 高敏修. "Electricity Generation and Degradation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Microbial Fuel Cells." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/69620633814078495901.
Full textAbstract:
碩士雲林科技大學
環境與安全工程系碩士班
98
Benzene, one of the petroleum hydrocarbons has been classified as a first-degree carcinogen by International Agency for Research on Cancer and listed in the control of toxic compound by Environmental Protection Administration, therefore it is imperative to use and dispose benzene. Among the remediation technologies for a petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated site, bioremediation is a common used strategy. The feature of bioremediation is that the microorganisms play a role of degrader in degrading pollutants and transforming to form low toxic or non toxic compounds. During the process of microbial decomposition of pollutants, the generated electrons (e-) and protons (H+) could be used to generate electricity through the use of microbial fuel cell (MFC)(including electrodes, copper wires, external resistors, the proton exchange membrane (PEM) and the electrolytes). This highlights the significance of MFC. In this study, vertical and H-type configurations of the MFC system were used to evaluate the power generation potential as the process of biodegradation of benzene. The vertical-type MFC was assembled by acrylic material of cylinder column and the H-type MFC was assembled by glass material of serum bottles. Both MFC systems were used a PEM to separate the anode chamber from cathode chamber. Carbon cloths were served as anode and cathode materials, and the anodes were connected with cathodes by copper wires and external resistors (1 KΩ). In the experiments, the phosphate buffer was used to maintain pH within 6.5–7 in both chambers. The anode chamber was inoculated with mixed cultures which were acclimated to benzene for a long-term. However, potassium ferricyanide (0-200 mM) as the terminal electron acceptor was added in the cathode chamber. The results showed that: (1) the mixed cultures can use benzene or glucose as the sole carbon source to generate electricity in the H-MFC, showing these two compounds can be used as fuels for MFC; (2) the power generation for H-MFC is higher than vertical-type MFC. This is believed to be due to the shorter distance between anode and cathode in H-MFC compared to in vertical-type MFC. The short distance may reduce the transported distance for e- and H+; (3) the output voltage increases from 4.2 mV to 116 mV with the addition of potassium ferricyanide from zero mM to 200 mM in cathode chamber in H-MFC. The conductivity in the cathode solution changes from 6.71 ms/cm (0 mM potassium ferricyanide) to 46.5 ms/cm (200 mM potassium ferricyanide); (4) the power generation efficiency of MFCs can be improved further with adding the potassium ferricyanide in the cathode solution leading to reduce the internal resistance of MFCs; and (5) the electron transferring materials (mediators) have been detected, according to the results of redox reaction in H-MFC examined by cyclic voltammetry (CV) analysis. The results of this study can be used as a basis for future assessment of using MFC to treat the benzene-type wastewater and the power generation capacity.
26
Chao, Ying-Huis, and 趙映琇. "Biological Remediation of Oil Polluted Soil by Petroleum Substances Degradation Bacteria." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/77384095233010744512.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立雲林科技大學
環境與安全工程系碩士班
90
This study focus on the various petroleum hydrocarbons that conducted via bioaugmention , such as diesel oil、kerosene、motor oil、phenol、paraffin、toluene、xylene and benzene into soil which have been polluted by petroleum series materials. Assessment for degraded efficiency of combined bacterias in simulated facility during the treating process. The basically properties of experimental soil could be analyzed as follows: the pH was 8.14,contained water 25.7%,specific weight belong was 2.45. According to ASTM D2487-85 the classification of the analysis of particle size, this soil was sand. From oxygen uptake rate(OUR) could be the judgment method for bacterias. Let Diesel oil , motor oil and crude oil as polluted source.and select the highest OUR of each mixed culture. According to the screened proceeding in the laboratory that obtained eight degradation bacteria of petroleum series materials used the collocate method to find the highest oxygen uptake rate of the microbes combination. The related are as follows: Carbon source via diesel oil: The compatibility of diesel and kerosene oil degradation bacteria were better.Carbon source via motor oil to be: The compatibility of motor and kerosene oil degradation bacteria were better.Carbon source via crude oil to be: The compatibility of kerosene, diesel, phenol, toluene, xylene and benzene oil degradation bacteria were better. According to the oxygen uptake rate that diesel oil as carbon source obtained the best mixture culture (diesel oil degradation bacteria and kerosene degradation bacteria) , there could used mixture microbes via three various combination of treatment in soil which was polluted by diesel oil .Oil degradation experiment was acted for a month by mixed culture. Development from results, the oil degradation effects of in situ microbes which have microbes is the best, so call 74% in 28th day, and the posses a viable count is 1.00 × 109 CFU/ml. Furthermore, comparison of no microbes appears no degradation condition which has the oil degradation effects 9% in 28th day, and posses a viable count is 9.80 × 103 CFU/ml. In addition, the oil degradation effects of in situ microbes is 53% in 28th day, and the posses a viable count is 1.30 × 108 CFU/ml. The above mentioned shows that the best combination of microbes nurtured via the laboratory of this study could increase the effects of diesel oil degradation exactly. Finally, this study either proceed the long time oil degradation of single microbes and mixture microbes. Observed that the degradation effect of mixture microbes is 80% in 49th day, and the posses a viable count is 1.20× 108 CFU/ml. Besides, the degradation effects of single microbes is 48%, and the posses a viable count is 1.02 × 106 CFU/ml. Therefore, both of the differences are clearly, and it displays the test of best microbes combination proceeded via oxygen uptake rate have exactly effects. Certainly, the degradation effects of mixture microbes is greater than single microbes. Among the GC analysis, the most diesel oil which have 25 carbon have disappeared after 28th days degradation. This indicates that the evaporation properties of microbiological could certainly degradation the hydrocarbon. According to the oxygen uptake rate that motor oil as carbon source obtained the best mixture culture (motor oil degradation bacteria and diesel oil degradation bacteria) , there could used mixture microbes via three various combination of treatment in soil which was polluted by motorl oil .Oil degradation experiment was acted for a month by mixed culture. Development from results, the oil degradation effects of in situ microbes which have microbes is the best, so call 35% in 28th day, and the posses a viable count is 4.60 × 108 CFU/ml. Furthermore, comparison of no microbes appears no degradation condition which has the oil degradation effects1 9% in 28th day, and posses a viable count is 2.80 × 104 CFU/ml. In addition, the oil degradation effects of in situ microbes is 29% in 28th day, and the posses a viable count is 6.70 × 107 CFU/ml. The above mentioned shows that the best combination of microbes nurtured via the laboratory of this study could increase the effects of motor oil degradation exactly. Finally, this study either proceed the long time oil degradation of single microbes and mixture microbes. Observed that the degradation effect of mixture microbes is 41% in 49th day, and the posses a viable count is 1.25× 107 CFU/ml. Besides, the degradation effects of single microbes is 28%, and the posses a viable count is 8.70 × 105 CFU/ml. Therefore, both of the differences are clearly, and it displays the test of best microbes combination proceeded via oxygen uptake rate have exactly effects. Certainly, the degradation effects of mixture microbes is greater than single microbes. According to the oxygen uptake rate that crude oil as carbon source obtained the best mixture culture (diesel oil degradation bacteria、kerosene degradation bacteria、phenol degradation bacteria、toluene degradation bacteria、xylene degradation bacteria、bnezene degradation bacteria) , there could used mixture microbes via three various combination of treatment in soil which was polluted by crude oil .Oil degradation experiment was acted for a month by mixed culture. Development from results, the oil degradation effects of in situ microbes which have microbes is the best, so call 54% in 28th day, and the posses a viable count is 3.60 × 108 CFU/ml. Furthermore, comparison of no microbes appears no degradation condition which has the oil degradation effects 24% in 28th day, and posses a viable count is 1.55 × 104 CFU/ml. In addition, the oil degradation effects of in situ microbes is 39% in 28th day, and the posses a viable count is 1.35 × 108 CFU/ml. The above mentioned shows that the best combination of microbes nurtured via the laboratory of this study could increase the effects of diesel oil degradation exactly. Among the GC analysis, the hydrocarbon composition of initial crude oil is very complex. Therefore, the analysis of peak is very difficult, but it could observe the whole changes of peak. Development from biological degradation of crude oil after 28 days, the complete hydrocarbons could almost be degraded.
27
Afeef, Moataz A. "Metagenomics Data reveal the Role of Microorganisms in Petroleum Formation and Degradation." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10754/292822.
Full textAbstract:
Upon request of the VPR and the thesis advisor this item has been made administrative access only until further notice.Biodegradation of petroleum has been observed to be one of the most important factors that can alter reservoir chemistry. Biodegradation of petroleum has been connected to the generation of heavy oil at the expense of light hydrocarbon components. Generally, heavy oil is associated with the increasing in metal and sulfur content as well as viscosity. In addition, petroleum biodegradation will result in the production of certain metabolites that are implicated in forming emulsions and corrosion problems in the producing and refining facilities. However, identifying the microrganisms that catalyse this biodegradation is crucial to understanding their role in the hydrocarbons alteration. In this thesis, I addressed the connection between the petroleum biodegradation and the formation of light hydrocarbon components at the expense of heavy hydrocarbon components, and the increase in gas/oil ratio. A comparison between light, extra light, and medium sour crudes lends support to the hypothesis of light hydrocarbons formation through biodegradation of long chain oil components. The results suggested that there was no direct relationship between the relative density of oil and the level of biodegradation, but, there was a positive correlation between the level of biodegradation, the formation of light hydrocarbons, and an increase in the gas/oil ratio. As a first step in investigating this correlation, a metagenomics approach was used to identify and characterize the biodiversity in a European oil field. Extrapolation of the oilfield microbiome data based on an analysis of 200 species generated a hypothetical metabolic map that suggests a new model for petroleum formation and degradation that challenges the accepted dogma in which aerobic and anaerobic petroleum degradation is taking place in the hydrocarbons reservoir, as it is a matter of rate; where the aerobic petroleum degradation targets the short-chain hydrocarbons specifically methane and result in heavy oil generation; whereas the anaerobic petroleum degradation leads to form the gaseous components such as methane, carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide. Hence, the gaseous components have a direct impact on the oil density when they represent the majority of the oil field composition by making it more gaseous than liquid.
28
"DEGRADATION AND MOBILITY OF PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS IN OILSANDS WASTE AT THE AURORA FORT HILLS DISPOSAL AREA." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10388/ETD-2013-09-1346.
Full textAbstract:
Surface mining in the Athabasca oil sands region of Northern Alberta, Canada, results in the disturbance of significant areas of boreal forest landscape. The Aurora Soil Capping Study is a reclamation research project that aims to find the optimal soil capping (cover) material and thickness to re-establish a boreal forest ecosystem above a lean oil sands (LOS) disposal area at Syncrude's Aurora North mine. The objectives of this laboratory and field-based study are to (1) characterize the in-situ hydrocarbon composition of the LOS material, (2) determine the effect of temperature on rates of gas flux and the biodegradation potential of petroleum hydrocarbons (PHC) as a result of microbial activity and (3) determine the potential for PHC to leach into the groundwater system. The results of the laboratory-study show that temperature has a significant effect on the rate of PHC degradation as indicated by the linear relationship observed between temperature and CO2 gas flux rates. The respiratory results from the laboratory-based study were consistent and relatively comparable with data from the field study, which indicates that the column study could be useful in estimating in situ PHC degradation.
29
Li, Min-Yi, and 李旻浥. "Distribution Characteristics of Petroleum Hydrocarbon Functional Degradation Enzymes in Diesel-weathering Processes of Contaminated Soils." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/18919708381720437329.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立高雄師範大學
生物科技系
103
Soil functional hydrocarbon-degrading enzymes play a relatively important role in diesel weathering processes. Thus, this study would like to analyze distribution and temporal change of gene expression of major functional degrading enzymes in diesel-contaminated soils, and determine effects of environmental factors (e.g. pH, water content, and concentration of organic carbon, total nitrogen and total phosphorous) in order to understand the possible biodegrading pathway in diesel weathering processes. After the six-month experimental period, the experimental group of unsterilized diesel-contaminated soil with peat soil addition showed the highest diesel degradation rate among sixteen experimental groups. The sterilized experimental groups had lower number of bacterial colonies than the unsterilized ones. The soil pH decreased from pH 7 to pH 5 and the water content decreased from 15% to 5%, indicating the growth of some bacteria might be affected. The organic carbon content of soils without peat soil addition was about 2% and that of soils with peat soil addition was about 4%. The soils with peat soil addition contained higher total nitrogen than those without. The soils from the southern Taiwan contained higher total nitrogen than those from the northern Taiwan. The concentrations of total phosphorous were lower than 500 g/g dw, except for the soil from the southern Taiwan in the initial stage. The C/P and N/P increased with time in the soils from the northern Taiwan, but only shown for the soil from the southern Taiwan in the initial three-month stage. The C/P and N/P became suitable for growth of microorganisms in the later experimental period. The quantitative results of gene expression of functional degrading enzymes showed that the soils from the southern Taiwan had higher gene expression of functional degrading enzymes (with relative ratio >1) than those from the northern Taiwan. The alkB for degrading n-alkane expressed in the initial four months. The xylE presented in the soils without peat soil addition in the 4th and 5th month. The nahAc was found in the six-month experimental period and expressed higher (with relative ration >1 for mRNA expression) in soils without peat soil addition. The bphA expressed after the 3rd month in soils without peat soil addition, but it expressed in the first month in the soil with peat soil addition. The bphA1 presented only in the later months. The xylM only found in the Formosa diesel-contaminated southern soils in the 1st and 2nd month. The ntnM only found in the two types of soils. The tmoF in soils without peat soil addition expressed in the initial two months, but that in soil with peat soil addition expressed in the six-month experimental period. To sum up, the alkB expressed in the initial months, but the other genes of functional degradation enzymes expressed during the six-month experimental period. It indicated that microorganisms would firstly degrade n-alkane, and then degrade aromatic hydrocarbons. The gene expression of functional degrading enzymes was significantly positively correlated to concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons and total phosphorous, and bacterial colonies. It indicated that the diesel-contaminated soil contained enough carbon and phosphorous to improve the growth of bacteria with functional degrading enzymes.
30
Lin, Yung-Chang, and 林永章. "The Construction of an Online & Control System and Application on the Petroleum Degradation Bioreactor." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/98764458885182345415.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立雲林科技大學
環境與安全工程系碩士班
92
There are approximately 1,200 gas station, 5,000 underground oils storage and related pipes in Taiwan. Due to storage and pipes utilized for a long time, the transportation and storage of various oils have problems on oil leakage and pollution remediation. Also, the marine area around Taiwan is one of important shipping ways in south and north Asia. If shipping accident occurred to cause oils drift into sea area and ground, which could impact the whole marine ecology and life environment. The problem of oils pollution has becomes generally issue from exclusive specific area subject. Commonly, the oils polluted area treat frequently used physical, chemical or biological technical. But development from the practice application of a microorganism to conduct oils pollution, the used foreign bacterium proceeding in-situ rebirth, more often than not failed to elevate anticipate purposes. In addition, foreign bacterium could vary the local microorganism phase and indirect depredation ecological environment. Therefore, the local oils decomposition bacterium must be sifted and cultured, to establish suitable microorganism system via ferment cultured. The cultured bacteria could manufacture as bioreagents to benefit bacteria preservation and application of environmental pollution treatment. This study based on a personal computer operating system in Windows 2000 multiplexer operating environment, to use LabVIEW 7.0 illustration programming language as development tool and coordinate with CI 6024E DAQ card of National Instruments Company, to build a set of On-line & Control System on the Petroleum Degradation Bioreactor. The function of ferment monitoring control program includes: monitoring control of stir speed, DO, pH, temperature, ventilate flow and on-line measurement of O2 and CO2. Furthermore, to analytical calculate the values of OUR, CPR and RQ. The variation tendency with time of aforementioned variables displays on a computer screen. Purposefully, monitoring control development of entire system. Also, this study applied the Online & Control System on the Petroleum Degradation Bioreactor on Pseudomonas aeruginosa DS-4 ferment cultured of diesel oil decomposition bacterium and proved the parts function of Bioreactor Online & Control System by batch fermentation experiments to confirm the operation requirement of practice experiments.
31
Hejazi, Ramzi Fouad. "Oily sludge degradation study under arid conditions using a combination of landfarm and bioreactor technologies /." 2002.
Find full text
32
[Verfasser], Le-Thi-Nhi-Cong. "Degradation of branched chain aliphatic and aromatic petroleum hydrocarbons by microorganisms / vorgelegt von Le Thi Nhi Cong." 2008. http://d-nb.info/991540611/34.
Full text
33
Alfi, Masoud. "Ionizing Electron Incidents as an Efficient Way to Reduce Viscosity of Heavy Petroleum Fluids." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2012-08-11534.
Full textAbstract:
The dependence on oil and the fact that petroleum conventional reservoirs are becoming depleted direct attentions toward unconventional-and harder to access-reservoirs. Among those, heavy and extremely heavy oil reservoirs and tar sands form a considerable portion of all petroleum resources. Conventional thermal and thermocatalytic refining methods are not affordable choices in some cases, as they demand a considerable energy investment. On the other hand, electron irradiation, as a novel technology, provides more promising results in heavy oil upgrading.
Electron irradiation, as a method of delivering energy to a target molecule, ensures that most of the energy is absorbed by the molecule electronic structure. This leads to a very efficient generation of reactive species, which are capable of initiating chemical reactions. In contrast, when using thermal energy, only a small portion of the energy goes into the electronic structure of the molecule; therefore, bond rupture will result only at high energy levels.
The effect of electron irradiation on different heavy petroleum fluids is investigated in this study. Radiation-induced physical and chemical changes of the fluids have been evaluated using different analytical instruments. The results show that high energy electron particles intensify the cracking of heavy hydrocarbons into lighter species. Moreover, irradiation is seen to limit any post-treatment reactions, providing products of higher stability. Depending on the characteristics of the radiolyzed fluid, irradiation may change the distribution pattern of the products, or the radiolysis process may follow the same mechanism that thermal cracking does.
In addition to that, we have studied the effectiveness of different influencing variables such as reaction temperature, absorbed dose values, and additives on radiolytic reactions. More specifically, the following subjects are addressed in this study:
*Radiation?induced chain reactions of heavy petroleum fluids
*Complex hydrocarbon cracking mechanism
*High and low temperature radiolysis
*Synergetic effects of different chemical additives in radiolysis reactions
*Time stability of radiation products
34
Perry, Verlin. "Metabolic Activities and Diversity of Microbial Communities Associated with Anaerobic Degradation." 2014. http://scholarworks.gsu.edu/biology_diss/147.
Full textAbstract:
Sulfate- and Fe(III)-reducing, and methanogenic prokaryotes (SRP, FRP, MGP) are key players in metabolic pathways involved in anaerobic biodegradation processes. Understanding the metabolic activity of these microbes in environments can enhance microbe-mediated processes such as oil spill bioremediation and methane biogas production. In this study, anaerobic microbial activities in Deepwater Horizon oil spill-impacted salt marsh sediments, and in methanogenic coal bed production water enrichment cultures amended with trace elements (TE), were elucidated by employing an approach combining methods in molecular biology and geochemistry. In situ metabolic activity of SRP, FRP and MGP were monitored seasonally and metabolically-active communities were identified in oil-impacted sediments using quantitative real time Reverse Transcription -PCR and clone library analysis of key functional genes: Dissimilatory (bi)sulfite reductase (dsrAB), Geobactereceae-specific citrate synthase (gltA), methyl coenzyme M reductase (mcrA), and benzyl succinate synthase (bssA). In situ application of montmorillonite clay was assessed for its potential at accelerating PHC degradation by stimulating microbial activities. Levels of dsrA, gltA and bssA transcripts suggested that PHC-oxidizing SRP are more active in summer while FRP are more active in winter, indicating their activities linked to the seasonal changes of redox potential and vegetation. BssA gene expression peaked in winter, and was highest at more highly oil-impacted sites. Expression of all genes was higher in clay-amended sites. bssA transcript level and Fe(II) production were highest in clay-amended microcosm. Total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) levels were lower in oil and clay-amended microcosm incubation than one with oil only amendment, suggesting enhanced TPH degradation by clay amendment. Pyrosequencing analysis 16S rRNA gene in clay-amended microcosms demonstrated the highest percentage abundance of groups closely related to known anaerobic aromatic degraders. Levels of mcrA transcripts correlated with methane production rates in TE-amended coal bed production water enrichments. The findings of the present study clearly support the advantage of gene expression analyses for estimating microbial activity. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first in situ study which employs key functional gene markers as molecular proxies for metabolic activity and diversity assessments in anaerobic oil-contaminated salt marsh sediment and also elucidates clay-enhanced in situ TPH degradation.
35
Bayramov, Emil. "Quantitative Assessment of Vegetation Renaturation and Soil Degradation and their Control by Climate and Ground Factors along Rights-of-Way of Petroleum/Gas Pipelines, Azerbaijan." Doctoral thesis, 2012. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A25428.
Full textAbstract:
The construction of Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan (BTC) Oil and South Caucasus Gas (SCP) pipelines was completed in 2005. The Azerbaijan section of BTC Oil and SCP Gas pipelines is 442 km long and 44 m wide corridor named as the Right-of-Way. BTC and SCP pipelines are aligned parallel to each other within the same 44m corridor. The construction process of the pipelines significantly disturbed vegetation and soil cover along Right-of-Way of pipelines. The revegetation and erosion control measures were conducted after the completion of construction to restore the disturbed footprints of construction activities. The general goals of the present studies, dedicated to the environmental monitoring of revegetation and planning of erosion control measures were: to evaluate the status of the revegetation in 2007 since the completion of the construction activities in 2005, to determine the climate and ground factors controlling the vegetation regrowth and to predict erosion-prone areas along Right-of-Way of pipelines. Regression and root mean square error analysis between the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) of IKONOS images acquired in 2007 and in-situ estimations of vegetation cover percentage revealed R2 equal to 0.80 and RMSE equal to 6% which were optimal for the normalization of NDVI to vegetation cover. The total area of restored vegetation cover between 2005 and 2007 was 8.9 million sq. m. An area of 10.7 million sq. m. of ground vegetation needed restoration in order to comply with the environmental acceptance criteria. Based on the Global Spatial Regression Model, precipitation, land surface temperature and evapotranspiration were determined as the main climate factors controlling NDVI of grasslands along Right-of-Way of pipelines. In case of croplands, precipitation, evapotranspiration and annual minimum temperature were determined as the main factors controlling NDVI of croplands. The regression models predicting NDVI for grasslands and croplands were also formulated.
The Geographically Weighted Regression analyses in comparison with the global regression models results clearly revealed that the relationship between NDVI of grasslands and croplands and the predictor variables was spatially non-stationary along the corridor of pipelines. Even though the observed R2 value between elevation and NDVI of grasslands was low (R2= 0.14), the accumulation of the largest NDVI patterns was observed higher than 150m elevation. This revealed that elevation has non-direct control of NDVI of grasslands through its control of precipitation and temperature along the grasslands of Right-of-Way. The spatial distribution percentage of NDVI classes within slope aspect categories was decreasing in the southern directions of slope faces. Land surface temperature was decreasing with elevation but no particular patterns of land surface temperature in the relationship with NDVI accumulation within the aspect categories were observed. Aspect categories have non-direct control of NDVI and there are some other factors apart from land surface temperature which require further investigations.
Precipitation was determined to be controlling the formation of topsoil depth and the topsoil obviously controls the VC growth of grasslands as one of the main ground factors. The regression analysis between NDVI of grasslands and croplands with groundwater depth showed very low correlation. But the clustered patterns of vegetation cover were observed in the relationship with groundwater depth and soil moisture for both grasslands and croplands. The modeling of groundwater depth relative to soil moisture and MODIS NDVI of grasslands determined that the threshold of groundwater depth for vegetation growth is in the range of 1-5 m. MODIS NDVI and soil moisture did not reveal a significant correlation. Soil moisture revealed R2 equal to 0.34 with elevation, R2 equal to 0.23 with evapotranspiration, R2 equal to 0.57 with groundwater depth and R2 equal to 0.02 with precipitation. This allowed to suspect that precipitation is not the main factor controlling soil moisture whereas elevation, evapotranspiration and groundwater depth have non-direct control of soil moisture. Therefore, soil moisture has also non-direct control of vegetation cover growth along the corridor of pipelines. The variations of soil moisture in the 1-3 m soil depth range may have the threshold of depth controlling vegetation cover regrowth and this requires more detailed soil moisture data for further investigations. The reliability of the Global Spatial Regression Model and Geographically Weighted Regression predictions is limited by the MODIS images spatial resolution equal to 250 m and spectral characteristics. The Morgan-Morgan-Finney (MMF) and Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) predictions revealed non-similarity in the spatial distribution of soil loss rates along Right-of-Way. MMF model revealed more clustered patterns of predicted critical erosion classes with soil loss more than 10 ton/ha/year in particular ranges of pipelines rather than Universal Soil Loss Equation model with the widespread spatial distribution. Paired-Samples T-Test with p-value less than 0.05 and Bivariate correlation with the Pearson\'s correlation coefficient equal to 0.23 showed that the predictions of these two models were significantly different.
Verification of USLE- and MMF- predicted erosion classes against in-situ 316 collected erosion occurrences collected in the period of 2005-2012 revealed that USLE performed better than MMF model along pipeline by identifying of 192 erosion occurrences out of 316, whereas MMF identified 117 erosion sites. USLE revealed higher ratio of frequencies of erosion occurrences within the critical erosion classes (Soil Loss > 10 t/ha), what also showed higher reliability of soil loss predictions by USLE. The validation of quantitative soil loss predictions using the measurements from 48 field erosion plots revealed higher R2 equal to 0.67 by USLE model than by MMF. This proved that USLE-predicted soil loss rates were more reliable than MMF not only in terms of spatial distributions of critical erosion classes but also in the quantitative terms of soil loss rates. The total number of erosion-prone pipeline segments with the identified erosion occurrences was 316 out of 38376. The number of erosion-prone pipeline segments realistically predicted by USLE model e.g. soil loss more than 10 t/ha was 97 whereas MMF predicted only 70 erosion-prone pipeline segments. The regression analysis between 354 USLE and MMF erosion-prone segments revealed R2 equal to 0.36 what means that the predictions by USLE and MMF erosion models are significantly different on the level of pipeline segments. The average coefficients of variation of predicted soil loss rates by USLE and MMF models and the number of accurately predicted erosion occurrences within the geomorphometric elements of terrain, vegetation cover and landuse categories were larger in the USLE model. This supported the hypothesis that larger spatial variations of erosion prediction models can contribute to the better soil loss prediction performance and reliability of erosion prediction models. This also supported the hypothesis that better understanding of spatial variations within geomorphometric elements of terrain, land-use and vegetation cover percentage classes can support in the selection of the appropriate erosion models with better performance in the particular areas of pipelines. Qualitative multi-criteria assessment for the determination of erosion-prone areas revealed stronger relations with the USLE predictions rather than with MMF. Multi-criteria assessment identified 35 of erosion occurrences but revealed more reliable predictions on the level of terrain units. Predicted erosion-prone areas by USLE revealed higher correlation coefficient with erosion occurrences than MMF model within terrain units what proved higher reliability of the USLE predictions and its stronger relation with the multi-criteria assessment.
36
Mailula, Douglas Tlogane. "Protection of petroleum resources in Africa : a comparative analysis of oil and gas laws of selected African States." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/13610.
Full textAbstract:
The resource curse is a defining feature of the African content. Despite vast resource wealth, Africa remains the poorest and most underdeveloped continent in the world. The aim of this study is to conduct a comparative analysis of the primary laws regulating of oil and gas exploration and product activities in Angola, Nigeria and South Africa in order to determine their effectiveness in protecting the continent's depleting petroleum resources. Different regulatory models apply to Angola, following the Norwegian carried-interest model, Nigeria, where a British discretionary model has been retained, an a South africa, where a unique model has been developed. The comparison is conducted by analysing and comparing these different regulatory systems in terms of legal frameworks; the legal nature of the regulatory systems; ownership of the oil and gas resources; legal nature of licenses; organisational or institutional structures; fiscal systems; local communities benefits from these proceeds of oil and gas resources; local content; state/government participation arrangements; and environmental challenges. The study evaluates the effectiveness of these regimes by examining the extent to which they recognise and enforce state ownership of he oil and gas resourcs in situ; recognise and enforce the doctrine of Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources (PSNR); protect the environment; how they provide for institutional capacities for the management of resources; and the protection of local communities from exploitation and abuse by recognising their rights to benefit from revenues derived from these resources. An overall assessment of the three systems reveals that there is no ideal model for oil and gas regulation in Africa. The Norwegian model might well be considered an ideal model if it was applied with care and correctly in Angola. The study hopes to gain practical importance for the proper regulationof the oil and gas industries' upstream activities in Africa and assist governments of the selected jurisdictions in their policy revisions, as some recommendations are made.Public, Constitutional and International Law
LL. D.
37
Mailula, Douglas Tlogane. "Protection of petrolium resources in Africa : a comparative analysis of oil and gas laws of selected African States." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/13610.
Full textAbstract:
The resource curse is a defining feature of the African content. Despite vast resource wealth, Africa remains the poorest and most underdeveloped continent in the world. The aim of this study is to conduct a comparative analysis of the primary laws regulating of oil and gas exploration and product activities in Angola, Nigeria and South Africa in order to determine their effectiveness in protecting the continent's depleting petroleum resources. Different regulatory models apply to Angola, following the Norwegian carried-interest model, Nigeria, where a British discretionary model has been retained, an a South africa, where a unique model has been developed. The comparison is conducted by analysing and comparing these different regulatory systems in terms of legal frameworks; the legal nature of the regulatory systems; ownership of the oil and gas resources; legal nature of licenses; organisational or institutional structures; fiscal systems; local communities benefits from these proceeds of oil and gas resources; local content; state/government participation arrangements; and environmental challenges. The study evaluates the effectiveness of these regimes by examining the extent to which they recognise and enforce state ownership of he oil and gas resourcs in situ; recognise and enforce the doctrine of Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources (PSNR); protect the environment; how they provide for institutional capacities for the management of resources; and the protection of local communities from exploitation and abuse by recognising their rights to benefit from revenues derived from these resources. An overall assessment of the three systems reveals that there is no ideal model for oil and gas regulation in Africa. The Norwegian model might well be considered an ideal model if it was applied with care and correctly in Angola. The study hopes to gain practical importance for the proper regulationof the oil and gas industries' upstream activities in Africa and assist governments of the selected jurisdictions in their policy revisions, as some recommendations are made.Economics
LLD.