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1
Abdullah, Abdul Hamid. "Petroleum refining and air quality management." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/45573.
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<p>Management of the air quality surrounding Petroleum Refineries
deserves attention because the industry contributes
almost five percent of the total emissions from all
anthropogenic sources. A document containing a complete set
of guidelines for use in the refining industry which satisfies
the current and anticipated air quality legislations and
regulations in the U.S. is necessary. In the past, several
documents have been prepared, but have not included a complete
coverage of the air quality management as currently
needed. Furthermore, due to the continuing revisions of the
Clean Air Act, a document with current, updated regulations
and air quality management principles is necessary. This
study dealt with a broad range of topics including characteristics
of emissions, control technology applied, regulations
and legislative issues, monitoring and modeling
practices, and issues of the 1980s together with future
projections and implications. Air quality regulations and
standards are periodically revised and are becoming more stringent with time. Issues like acid rain may lead to even
more stringent emission standards if investigations carried
out currently reveal that the refineries are significant
contributors. Great measures are taken to control emissions
from the refineries either by using good control equipment
or using other alternative control strategies. Small operating
refineries are closing down due to changing conditions.
An agglomeration and or expansion of the existing refining
capacity is occurringn The air quality trends associated
with this transition in the industry are discussed.
</p><br>Master of Science
2
Jones, Gregory Mark. "Quantifying petroleum fouling of refining heat exchangers." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.690904.
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Waghamare, K. J. "Studies on petroleum refining catalysts containing pentasil zeolites." Thesis(Ph.D.), CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 1990. http://dspace.ncl.res.in:8080/xmlui/handle/20.500.12252/2987.
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Griscik, Gregory J. "The effect of rapid expansion conditions on the morphology of a model wax (n-octacosane)." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/12544.
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Guan, Jie. "Ceramic membranes of mixed ionic-electronic conductors for hydrogen separation." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/19423.
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SOUZA, ANNA CAROLINA BRANDAO HAYDT DE. "PROJECT EVALUATION IN PETROLEUM REFINING INDUSTRY BY THE AHP METHOD." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2012. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=20359@1.
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Na maioria das empresas, ferramenta de apoio à decisão é sinônimo de questões tangíveis como Valor Presente Líquido (VPL) e Taxa Interna de Retorno (TIR) do investimento, e é a maneira mais adotada para mostrar o valor financeiro que cada projeto agrega à empresa e aos acionistas. Verifica, também, se o projeto está coerente com a taxa de atratividade proposta para o crescimento desejado. No entanto, a análise de investimentos em diversos setores tem levado em consideração critérios subjetivos que não são totalmente medidos por ferramentas econômicas clássicas. Na indústria de refino de petróleo, a situação é semelhante porque há fatores governamentais, ambientais e políticos, entre outros, que influenciam na tomada de decisão. Assim, devido à dificuldade de expressar a realidade na ordenação e seleção de projetos, utilizando apenas as ferramentas tradicionais, o trabalho foi elaborado com o objetivo de ordenar um grupo de cinco projetos pertencente a uma grande carteira de investimentos de uma empresa de petróleo. Para isso levou-se em consideração diversos critérios, adotando o método AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) como ferramenta de análise multicritério. O resultado obtido leva em consideração a análise de variados critérios ponderados por influenciadores de decisão, apontando o alinhamento às metas estratégicas e a exigência legal como os principais a serem considerados e permitindo uma priorização dos projetos escolhidos. Nesse sentido, o projeto de qualidade de diesel na região sudeste foi eleito como de maior prioridade no momento.<br>In the eyes of most companies, decision support tools are related to tangible or measurable issues, such as Net Present Value (NPV) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of investment. Such straightforward indicators are the most adopted solutions to show the financial value that each project brings to the company and shareholders. They also check if a project is consistent with the attractiveness rate proposed for the desired growth. However, the investment analysis in many sectors has been taken into account subjective criteria that are not fully measurable by classical economic tools. In the petroleum refining industry the situation is similar because there are governmental, environmental and political factors that influence the decision-making. Therefore, due to the difficulty of expressing the reality in ranking and selecting projects only using traditional tools, this work was developed in order to provide insights on ranking a group of five projects belonging to a large investment portfolio from an oil company. To make such work operational, it was taken into account several criteria that reflect the concerns of the decision makers involved, and it was adopted the AHP method (Analytic Hierarchy Process) as a tool to perform the rank of the projects under a multicriteria analysis. The key finds from such application were that the results reflect the preferences of the decision makers, and show the alignment with strategic goals and the legal requirements as the most relevant criteria, along with the project of diesel quality in the southeast region as the major investment priority at the present time.
7
MARQUES, PATRÍCIA DAIANE. "INTEGRATED STRATEGIC PLANNING IN PETROLEUM REFINING: IMPACT OF DIESEL QUALITY SPECIFICATION." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2016. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=27643@1.
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PETRÓLEO BRASILEIRO S. A.<br>É constante o desafio das refinarias de petróleo na busca pela maximização da rentabilidade diante da natureza dinâmica das variáveis que afetam seus processos, como: demanda e especificações de produtos, qualidade de carga e preços de matéria-prima e derivados. Com a expectativa de mudanças nestas variáveis, um planejamento estratégico integrado para definir as necessidades de investimento em novas unidades de processo e ampliação de capacidade de unidades existentes pode contribuir para os melhores resultados do negócio de refino. Em face destas oportunidades e desafios, este trabalho propõe uma análise do planejamento de investimentos em refino, considerando o crescimento da demanda de diesel com ultra baixo teor de enxofre (S10) e também o crescimento plurianual da demanda de derivados, tendo como estudo de caso uma das maiores refinarias brasileiras. Como ferramenta de análise, foi utilizado um modelo matemático para planejamento integrado de refino de petróleo, que considera a otimização do planejamento operacional para definir as necessidades de investimento na refinaria, uma integração temporal, resultando em um modelo não linear inteiro misto (MINLP), cuja resolução utiliza uma lógica de decomposição em dois problemas integrados. Foi analisado o planejamento estratégico de refino, no horizonte de 19 anos e foram feitos vários cenários de demanda, com análises de sensibilidade para preços de petróleo e produtos, limite de importação e restrição de investimentos. Os resultados mostraram alinhamento com situação atual do mercado de derivados, com importação favorecida e com a expectativa de investimento mínimo em refino.<br>It is a constant challenge for oil refineries the profitability maximization considering the dynamic nature of variables that affect their processes, such as demand and product specifications, feed quality and prices of raw materials and products. Expecting changes in such variables, an integrated strategic planning to define the needs for investment in new process units and capacity expansion of existing units can contribute to better results of the refining business. Given these opportunities and challenges, this dissertation proposes an analysis of refining investment planning, considering the increasing demand for ultralow sulfur diesel (S10) and also the multi-year growth of demand for oil products, performing a case study for one of the largest Brazilian refineries. As an analysis tool, it was used a mathematical model for integrated planning of oil refining, which considers the optimization of operational planning to set the investment needs in the refinery, a temporal integration, resulting in a mixed integer nonlinear model (MINLP), which resolution is based on a logic decomposition in two integrated problems. The strategic refining planning was analyzed on the 19 years horizon for different demand scenarios and some sensitivity analyses were carried out for oil and product prices, import limit and investment restrictions. The results were consistent with the current situation of the Brazilian derivatives market, characterized by favorable import and the minimum investment expected for refining.
8
Mackenzie, John. "Mild thermal alterations of heavy oils and their residues." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/857.
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Гурець, Лариса Леонідівна, Лариса Леонидовна Гурец, Larysa Leonidivna Hurets та Н. В. Степаненко. "Регенерація моторних олив природними сорбентами". Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2012. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/25693.
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10
Yateem, Wael. "Environmental impact of fluid catalytic cracking unit in a petroleum refining complex." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2011. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/8340.
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The fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) unit is of great importance in petroleum refining industries as it treats heavy fractions from various process units to produce light ends (valuable products). The FCC unit feedstock consists of heavy hydrocarbon with high sulphur contents and the catalyst in use is zeolite impregnated with rare earth metals i.e. lanthanum and cerium oxides. The catalytic cracking reaction is endothermic and takes place at elevated temperature in a fluidised bed reactor generating sulphur-contaminated coke on the catalyst. In the regenerator, coke is completely burnt producing SO2, particulate matter emissions. The impact of the FCC unit is assessed in the immediate neighborhood of the refinery. Emission inventories for years 2008 and 2009 for both SO2 and PM have been calculated based on real operational data. Comprehensive meteorological data for years 2005 – 2009 are obtained and preprocessed to generate planetary boundary layer parameters using Aermet (Aermod preprocessor). Aermod (US EPA approved dispersion model) is applied to predict ground level concentrations of both pollutants in the selected study area. Model output is validated with the corresponding measured values at discrete receptors. The highest hourly SO2 predicted concentrations for both years 2008 and 2009 exceeded the corresponding Kuwait EPA ambient air standard, mainly due to elevated emission rates and the prevailing calm and other meteorological conditions. The highest daily SO2 predicted concentrations also exceeded the Kuwait EPA allowable limit due to high emission rates, while meteorological parameters influence is dampened. Hourly average predicted PM concentrations showed similar variation into SO2 in different location. The daily average predicted PM concentrations are lower than US EPA specified limit. An extensive parametric study has been conducted using three scenarios, stack diameter, stack height and emission rates. It is noticed that stack diameter has no effect on ground level concentration, as stack exit velocity is a function of the square of stack diameter. With the increase in stack height, the predicted concentrations decrease showing an inverse relation. The influence of the emission rate is linearly related to the computed ground level concentrations SO2 additives are tested for SO2 emissions reduction. In the year 2008, reduction of SO2 annual total emission by 43% results in full compliance with Kuwait EPA hourly specified limit, using an appropriate amount of additives. Similarly, 57% reduction of SO2 annual total emission leads to no exceedance in predicted concentrations for the year 2009. The application of the state of the art technology, ESP has reduced about 90% of PM emissions for the year 2009.
11
Liu, Luyi. "Molecular characterisation and modelling for refining processes." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/molecular-characterisation-and-modelling-for-refining-processes(2844bcd8-070c-4f91-ba83-1deb7f1600a7).html.
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The highly competitive market in the oil refining industry forces refiners look for more detailed information of both feedstocks and products to achieve the optimal economic performance. Due to stricter environmental legislations, the molecular level characterisation has been investigated by various researchers and shows promising advantages in modern refinery design and operation. Although various molecular characterisation methods have been developed, there is an unavoidable trade-off between keeping astronomical molecule details and practicality in industrial applications. In the meantime, many of these methodologies have different characteristics and different focuses according to a particular application purpose. Our aim is hence to tackle the problems of developing manageable and practical technical solutions for molecular characterisation of petroleum fractions for vary refinery processes. A pseudo-component based approach is developed within a modified MTHS (Molecular Type Homologous Series) matrix framework (Peng, 1999) to represent the molecular information of a particular refining stream. This proposed methodology incorporates both molecular type and pseudo-component information by the conjunction of homologous series and boiling points in the matrix framework. To increase the usability of this method, a 3-parameter gamma distribution function is introduced to describe the composition of each structural molecular type. Typical PIONA (paraffin, iso-paraffin, olefin, naphthene, aromatic) analysis, ratios between each homologous types and the percentage of particular carbon type are considered as well as the distillation curve and the density of a stream. More strict product specifications and environmental legislations make strong restriction to the benzene and aromatics content in gasoline products, which motivate refiners to understand, characterise and simulate gasoline catalytic reforming on molecular-level. In this work, kinetic and reactor model of naphtha catalytic reforming is developed based on the proposed MTHS method. The naphtha feedstock composition is represented by the MTHS matrix, and a kinetic network is constructed according to conversions among matrix elements. A process model proposed by Wu (2010) is employed for reforming modelling. The proposed model is then applied to a bench-scale semi-regenerative catalytic reforming unit, which contains 3 fixed-bed reactors, for validation. The influences of essential operating conditions, such as reactor inlet temperature, pressure and weight hourly space velocity (WHSV), on the product distribution and quality are explored. The developed characterisation is also applied in gasoline blending modelling. A molecular-level nonlinear gasoline blending model is developed based on proposed MTHS method with validation. Key properties such as Octane Numbers (ONs) and RVP are blended by molecular matrix elements, and the influence of molecular composition on bulk properties is obvious. A case of recipe optimisation is studied to show the applicability of the proposed method. The implementation of the developed MTHS method for catalytic reforming and gasoline blending demonstrates the compatibility when characterising different petroleum streams, and provides a common platform to simulate and optimise refining operations on the same molecular basis.
12
Kubanek, Gordon J. "Heavy oil processing in steam and hydrogen plasmas." Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=63281.
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Navacelle-de, Maack Laetitia de. "Economic analysis of the oil producing countries’ strategies in the refining industry." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON10001/document.
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La tendance sur le marché mondial du raffinage est à la fermeture ou aux réductions de capacités en Europe et en Amérique du Nord pendant que les nouveaux pays consommateurs, comme le sont certains pays producteurs, développent leur industrie. Depuis quelques années, les pays producteurs de pétrole ont annoncé la construction de "mega-projets" de raffinage et de pétrochimie de base. La question de la localisation des raffineries a été maintes fois posée depuis les années 1970 et plusieurs courants de la littérature proposent des éléments d'analyse selon les conditions économiques et politiques des pays. L'objectif de cette thèse est de comprendre les enjeux et les limites de l'intégration verticale des pays producteurs dans l'aval pétrolier, compte tenu des évolutions et perspectives sur l'offre de brut, la localisation de la demande et la mise en place accrue de politiques environnementales. Une analyse empirique des caractéristiques pétrolières et macroéconomiques des pays producteurs de pétrole permet d'identifier dans quel cadre théorique d'investissement les projets annoncés s'inscrivent. La revue de littérature permet de comprendre l'intégration dans l'aval, mais le développement de certains projets est plus difficile à expliquer. De ces analyses théoriques et empiriques, une typologie des pays producteurs est proposée selon leurs stratégies d'investissement. Par ailleurs, afin de mieux comprendre les marchés auxquels s'adressent ces nouveaux projets, une analyse économétrique des prix des produits pétroliers sur les marchés mondiaux majeurs est menée. Si la relation entre les prix des produits raffinés et le pétrole brut est significative, conformément à la littérature, la hiérarchie des prix entre les produits traduit une évolution de la demande. Une analyse de portefeuille est développée pour identifier les choix industriels efficaces qu'un pays producteur peut envisager pour assurer son développement économique en maîtrisant l'exposition aux risque de variation de ses revenus. Avec l'augmentation des enjeux industriels et financiers associés à ces nouvelles raffineries, la coopération des pays producteurs avec des Majors internationales permet de partager le risque et de répondre à leurs enjeux respectifs de développement économique. Chacune des parties maîtrise, en effet, certains facteurs de production essentiels à la réussite d'un projet qui, réunis, augmentent la valeur globale du projet<br>On the whole, the refining industry in North America and Europe is reduced as new consuming countries, like producing countries, are developing their industry. In the past years 'mega-projects' in refining and basic petrochemicals have been announced by petroleum producing countries. Since the 1970s the question of location is repeatedly asked and authors have presented elements to analyze its implementation in different economical and political contexts. This thesis intends to review the incentives and limits to vertical integration by the producing countries, given the current evolutions and future prospects for supply, location of demand and increasing environmental regulation. An empirical analysis of the petroleum and macro economical conditions in producing countries enables the positioning of current projects in the theoretical context. The literature review helps understand current developments, but some projects cannot as easily be explained. Based these theoretical and empirical analyses, a typology of petroleum producers is built according to their refinery investment strategies. Moreover in order to understand the opportunities for refiners on the world markets an econometric analysis of world refined oil prices is undertaken. The strong correlation to crude oil price is confirmed, as in historical literature, but with different hierarchies between products explained by evolution of demand. Based on the observations of petroleum countries and their opportunities on world markets, a portfolio analysis is developed to identify the efficient industrial choices a producing country may proceed with in order to ensure the local development while containing risk on variations of revenue. Because the industrial and financial stakes of these refining projects are greater than before and they represent a lion's share of the future offer in refining, joint cooperation of producing countries with International Oil Companies enable a share of risk while also benefiting both players in their development objectives. Indeed each party detains different factors of production, essential for the success of a refining project that, brought together, increase the global value of the project
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Perisse, Juarez Barbosa. "Evolução do refino de petróleo no Brasil." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2007. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=6894.
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Este trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar a evolução da indústria do refino de petróleo no Brasil desde suas origens, sua evolução ao longo dos anos, explicitando as mudanças no perfil de produção, na matéria prima processada e na complexidade das nossas refinarias. Busca, também, apresentar os próximos passos para o refino de petróleo nacional, seus desafios face a produção de petróleos pesados e ácidos, bem como os impactos provocados pela necessidade de produção de derivados com especificações cada vez mais restritivas e com menor impacto ambiental. Optou-se pelo hidrorrefino como o primeiro grande passo para os próximos anos concluindo-se que unidades para o hidrotratamento de correntes intermediárias ou mesmo produto final assumirão um papel fundamental nos futuros esquemas de refino. Outra vertente importante analisada foi a necessidade de aumento de conversão, ressaltando-se que o caminho hoje escolhido de implantação de Unidades de Coqueamento Retardado se esgota no início da próxima década abrindo caminho para a tecnologia de hidroconversão de resíduo. Com relação à qualidade da gasolina e do óleo diesel foi apresentada uma proposta de esquema de refino para permitir o atendimento de especificações mais rígidas<br>This thesis aims to present the oil refining industry in Brazil since its origin, its evolution along the years, showing the changes in the production profile, in the crude oils processed and in the complexity of our refineries. Tries, additionally, to present the next steps for the national oil refining industry, its challenges facing the acid and heavy crude oil production, besides the impacts coming from the necessity of producing derivatives with stricter specifications and reduced environmental impact. Hydro-refining is showed to be the option for the next years, once intermediary and final products hydro-treating will assume a fundamental role on future refining scheme. Another important issue analyzed was the increased conversion necessity, highlighting that the current solution adopted which is the delayed coking units reaches its deadline in the beginning of the next decade, opening the door for residuum hydro-conversion technology. Related to gasoline and diesel oil quality, a refining configuration proposal was presented in order to achieve tighter specifications
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Oosthuizen, J. F. (Jan Francois). "A critique of the use of real option valuation to evaluate an oil industry refining project." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/50245.
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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2005.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The oil industry is under pressure to select refinery projects that will provide higher
and more predictable returns. In the past Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) techniques
have been used to choose between refinery project alternatives. One of the
problems with DCF techniques is that they ignore management flexibility when
evaluating projects that contain embedded options. Real Option Valuation (ROV) is
an approach that takes management flexibility into account and places a value on
this flexibility. ROV has been used extensively by the oil industry for the evaluation
of oil and gas reserves. The aim of this study is to determine the extent to which the
use of ROV will improve the decision making process when evaluating a refining
project containing embedded options as well as to determine the most appropriate
option valuation method for refining projects. This was done by evaluating a refining
project using both a probabilistic DCF approach and the various option pricing
models and comparing the results.
It was concluded that ROV will improve the decision making process when evaluating
refining projects containing embedded options. The most appropriate option pricing
method for refining projects was found to be the simulation approach since simulation
is already being used by refineries to perform probabilistic DCF analysis. It is not
recommended that ROV should be blindly applied to all refining projects containing
embedded options. The use of ROV should be limited to larger refining projects for
which probabilistic cash flows have been developed and the extent of the ROV
analysis required should be determined by a careful review of the net present value
(NPV) cumulative probability curves.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die olie industrie is onder druk geplaas om projekte te kies met 'n hoër opbrengs op
kapitaal en 'n opbrengs wat meer voorspelbaar is. In die verlede is slegs die
Verdiskonteerde Kontant Vloei (VKV) metode gebruik om projekte te selekteer vir die
raffinadery. Een van die onderliggende tekortkominge met die gebruik van die VKV
metode is dat verskillende bestuursopsies in terme van alternatiewe met ingeboude
opsies, nie voldoende ondersoek word nie. Reële Opsie Waardasie (ROW) is 'n
metode wat bestuursopsies in ag neem deur 'n waarde te plaas op elke beskikbare
bestuursopsie. ROW het wye toepassings in die olie industrie vir die evaluasie van
gas en olie reserves. Die doel van hierdie studie is om te bepaal tot watter mate die
gebruik van ROW die besluitnemingsproses sal verbeter in terme van die evaluasie
van projekte met ingeboude opsies vir raffinaderye en watter opsiewaardasie metode
die mees geskikte is vir sulke projekte. 'n Raffinadery projek is evalueer deur beide
KV en verskeie opsie-prysbepalingsmetodes te gebruik en die
resultate is vergelyk.
Die resultate van die studie het bewys dat die ROW metode die besluitnemingsproses
verbeter. Die studie het gewys dat die mees geskikte opsie-waardasie
metode vir projekte in the raffinadery die simulasie benadering is omdat simulasie
alreeds vir probalisties VKV ontleding gebruik word. 'n Verdere aanbeveling is dat
die ROW metode nie blindelings gevolg moet word vir alle projekte met ingeboude
opsies nie. Die gebruik van ROW moet beperk word tot groter projekte waarvoor
probabilistiese kontantvloei alreeds ontwikkel is. Die mate van ROW ontleding moet
bepaal word deur 'n noukeurige ondersoek te doen van die kumulatiewe netto
huidige waarde-waarskynlikheidskurwe.
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Maia, Júlio Pereira 1978. "Simulação e analise da coluna de destilação a vacuo da unidade de destilação de processos de refino de petroleo." [s.n.], 2007. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/267176.
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Orientador: Maria Regina Wolf Maciel<br>Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T12:30:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
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Previous issue date: 2007<br>Resumo: Unidades de vácuo para destilação de petróleo são estudadas neste trabalho. A destilação a vácuo é empregada para frações pesadas do petróleo, com vastas aplicações em processamento de crus pesados e ultra-pesados, motivado pelas dificuldades em se processar estes crus a pressão atmosférica devido ao alto ponto de ebulição dos componentes em suas composições. Estes compostos podem ser facilmente decompostos se não forem destilados abaixo da pressão atmosférica. Os produtos obtidos desta unidade são usados como insumos para a Unidade de Craqueamento Catalítico (UCC). Adotaram-se dois tipos de crus neste trabalho. Estes crus foram estabelecidos e caracterizados em um ambiente de simulação. Diferentes blends dos óleos foram considerados. Como unidades de vácuo estão conectadas com unidades atmosféricas, ambas as unidades foram simuladas no estado estacionário. A unidade atmosférica foi simulada com os equipamentos auxiliares principais. Produtos da unidade atmosférica foram determinados, e procedimentos para ajustar as variáveis de sistema de forma a fazer com que os produtos estivessem
especificados foram apresentados. O projeto convencional de unidade de vácuo para produção de combustíveis foi o adotado para a simulação. Procedimentos para auxiliar a convergência da simulação desta unidade foram desenvolvidos. Uma análise de sensitividade foi conduzida, analisando as principais variáveis do sistema. Baseado nisso, um procedimento de otimização no estado estacionário foi adotado, levando em consideração os limites de convergência determinados para a análise de sensitividade. O sistema foi convertido do estado estacionário para se realizar uma simulação dinâmica. A simulação dinâmica foi conduzida com mudanças no fluxo de alimentação da torre atmosférica. O estabelecimento desta plataforma de simulação e sua disponibilidade foram
muito importantes, bem como os resultados da simulação, por não ser facilmente encontrado na literatura aberta. Mais ainda, a grande complexidade deste processo de separação faz com que seja útil para treinamento de operadores.<br>Abstract: Vacuum units for petroleum distillation are studied in this work. Vacuum distillation is employed for heavy petroleum fractions, with large applications on heavy and ultra-heavy crude processing, motivated by difficulties in processing these crudes at atmospheric pressure, due to the boiling range of the compounds in their compositions. These compounds would be easily decomposed if they were not distillated under atmospheric pressure. The products obtained from this unit are used as feedstock for Fluid Catalytic Cracking Unit (FCCU). Two different petroleum crudes were adopted in this work. These petroleum were established and characterized in a simulation environment. Different blends from the oils were considered. As vacuum units in petroleum plants are connected with atmospheric units, both units were simulated in steady state. The atmospheric unit was simulated with the main auxiliary equipment. Products from atmospheric unit were set, and a procedure to set system variables in order to make the products to meet specifications was presented. The conventional design vacuum unit for fuels production was set to be simulated. Procedures to aim convergence of the simulation of this unit were developed. A sensitivity analysis was carried out, analyzing the main variables of the system. Based on it, an optimization procedure in steady state was applied, taking into consideration the convergence bounds set for the sensitivity analysis. The system was converted from steady state to perform a dynamic simulation. The dynamic simulation was carried out with changes in the atmospheric feed flow rate. The establishment of this simulation platform and its availability were very important as well as the results of the simulation, since this is not easily found in the open literature. Moreover, the large complexity of this separation process makes it useful for operator training.<br>Mestrado<br>Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos<br>Mestre em Engenharia Química
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Vilas, Tatiane Gercina de. "Identificação de componentes de frações de petróleo através de massas moleculares para formação de modelos moleculares." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3137/tde-21062013-100956/.
Full textAbstract:
Os modelos moleculares são construídos com base na caracterização da composição do petróleo, que consiste em conhecer informações moleculares detalhadas com o objetivo de identificar os compostos presentes. Este trabalho tem como objetivo construir um banco de dados para a classificação de componentes constituintes de asfaltenos em grupos moleculares. A classificação é feita através da semelhança entre suas massas moleculares em grupos de séries homólogas. Tal classificação é feita por meio da utilização dos dados provenientes da análise de espectrometria de massa e de um algoritmo de busca em linguagem VBA (Visual Basic for Applications), com o objetivo de identificar uma molécula específica em um conjunto de moléculas conhecidas (banco de dados). O método proposto nesse trabalho é baseado na classificação dos compostos através de suas massas moleculares, isto é, os compostos presentes em uma mistura são separados em classes por uma diferença de massa tão pequena quanto se queira. Pode-se, assim, observar a que grupo de moléculas um composto de petróleo pertence por meio de sua massa molecular. Como o banco de dados foi gerado por compostos cuja composição é conhecida, sabe-se que composição um dado composto terá entre as possíveis composições. Para gerar moléculas baseado no conhecimento da composição de petróleo, usam-se as fórmulas gerais dos compostos orgânicos que são formados por séries homólogas. Séries homólogas são séries de compostos orgânicos com propriedades químicas similares cujos componentes diferem entre si por uma massa molecular relativa constante (CH2). Tais séries são geradas e seus pesos moleculares são calculados e armazenados juntamente com suas fórmulas moleculares, em ordem crescente de massa, podendo assim, gerar os grupos moleculares com o auxílio de uma rotina computacional em linguagem VBA.<br>Molecular models are built based on the characterization of the composition of oil, which consists of detailed molecular information to know in order to identify the compounds present. This work aims to build a database for classifying constituent components of asphaltenes in molecular groups. The classification is done by the similarity of their molecular weights with the use of groups of homologous series. This classification is made by using data from the analysis of mass spectrometry and a search algorithm in language VBA (Visual Basic for Applications) with the aim of identifying a molecule in a specific set of molecules known (database data). The method proposed in that work is based on the classification of the compounds through their molecular weights, i.e., the compounds in a mixture are separated into classes by a mass difference as small as one likes. One can therefore see that the group of molecules from petroleum belongs through its molecular weight. Because the database is generated from compounds whose composition is known, it is known that a given compound composition will have all the possible compositions. To generate molecules based on knowledge of the oil composition, it is used the general formulas of organic compounds which are formed by homologous series. Homologous series are series of organic compounds with similar chemical properties whose components differ by a constant relative molecular mass (CH2). Such series are generated and their molecular weights are calculated and stored together with their molecular formulas, in ascending order of mass, being able to generate the molecular groups with the help of a computing routine in VBA language.
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Wills, David Anthony. "Process system constraints in distillation columns." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 1990. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/26233.
Full textAbstract:
The Gas Recovery Unit (GRU) of the Number 1 Fluidised Catalytic Cracking Unit (FCCU) at Caltex‘s Kurnell refinery consists of four distillation columns with intermediate pumps, heat exchangers and flash vessels. The aim of the three columns is to separate the light overhead product from the Fractionator into three product streams. At present, the inability of the GRU to handle the maximum design feed rates has resulted in the FCCU operating below its maximum capacity. In addition to this, the separation of the C2 and C3 hydrocarbons is poor.
The detailed tray drawings for the four columns, the Deethaniser, Primary
Absorber, Sponge Absorber and Stabiliser were used to calculate the plate and downcomer dimensions and the percent tray hole areas. To determine which of the four columns was causing the flow bottleneck, four standard condition test runs were performed on the unit. These data sets were used as a basis to develop a steady state model of the GRU using the PROCESS simulation package developed by SimSci. The individual trays for each column were checked for flooding, weeping and downcomer backup based on the liquid and vapour flow profiles generated by PROCESS.
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Grieb, Arthur L. "Synthesis and characterization of Ir(III) metallacycles derived from thiophene and related compounds : models for the hydrodesulfurization process /." Thesis, This resource online, 1993. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-09292009-020335/.
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ALMEIDA, CIBELE MARIA STIVANIN DE. "STUDIES ON THE ORIGIN AND TRANSFORMATION OF SELENIUM AND ITS CHEMICAL SPECIES ALONG THE PROCESS OF PETROLEUM REFINING." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2008. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=12188@1.
Full textAbstract:
PETRÓLEO BRASILEIRO S. A.<br>CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO<br>Diferentes métodos espectrométricos de análise, incluindo
ICP OES, ICP-DRCMS e Q-ICPMS com técnicas hifenadas
(geração de hidreto, vaporização eletrotérmica ou
cromatografia de íons), foram aplicados na caracterização
química de 16 óleos e 41 amostras de efluentes aquosos de
uma refinaria de petróleo. O objetivo específico
deste estudo foi o de entender o comportamento do selênio
(Se) e de suas espécies químicas ao longo do processo de
geração e tratamento dos efluentes desta unidade
industrial. A caracterização química multielementar das
amostras por ICP-MS revelou uma composição muito complexa
da maioria deles, com altas salinidades e potenciais
interferentes espectrais e não espectrais presentes. Por
isso, foi necessária uma reavaliação crítica das técnicas
analíticas para a determinação de Se e de suas
espécies. As técnicas de ICP-DRC-MS, utilizando CH4 como
gás de reação, e de ETVICPMS mostraram o seus potencial
para a determinação de Se com melhores limites
de detecção (cerca de 0,05 ug L-1 para ambas), mas também
as suas limitações na análise de efluentes com altas
salinidades. Nas 16 amostras de petróleo analisadas,
verificou-se uma grande variabilidade nas concentrações de
Se total, cobrindo uma faixa de < 10 ug kg-1 até 960 ug kg-
1, a qual poderia explicar também a carga muito
variável deste elemento nos efluentes das diferentes
unidades de tratamento. As maiores concentrações de Se
total foram encontradas nas águas ácidas, com
concentrações de até 1714 ug L-1. Confirmou-se a
predominância de SeCN - na maioria das amostras analisadas,
mas observaram-se também outras espécies com tempos de
retenção diferentes das espécies Se(IV), Se(VI) e SeCN-,
especialmente nos efluentes da estação de tratamento de
despejos industrais (E.T.D.I.). Em amostras ácidas,
identificou-se Se coloidal (Seº) formado pela decomposição
de SeCN-, ou de outras espécies pouco estáveis nestas
condições. Experiências de bancada com soluções de
SeCN- apoiaram esta hipótese. Foi constatada, que o perfil
de especiação de amostras coletadas num mesmo local de
processamento, mas em épocas diferentes, pode variar
significativamente, o que torna difícil a comparação de
dados obtidos neste trabalho com os de outros autores.<br>Different spectrometric methods of analysis, including ICP
OES, ICP-DRC-MS and
Q-ICP-MS, the latter hyphenated to hydride generation,
eletrothermal vaporization or ion
chromatography have been appliesd to the chemical
characterization of 16 crude oils
and 41 effluents samples from a petroleum refinery. The
specific objective of this study
was to get information on the behavior of selenium (Se) and
its species along the
different processes of generation and treatment of the
effluents.Multielemental
characterization of effluents by ICP-MS revealed a complex
composition of most of them,
with high salinity and potential spectral and non spectral
interferents present. For this
reason, a critical reassessment of the analytical
techniques for the determination of total
Se and its species was necessary. DRC-ICP-MS and ETV-ICPMS,
using CH4 as cell
reaction gas, showed their potential for the determination
of Se with better detection
limits (about 0,05 ug L-1), but also their limitations for
the analysis of effluents with high
salinity. A large variability in the concentration of Se
was observed in the 16 analysed
crude oil samples (< 10 ug kg-1 Se until up to 960 ug kg-1),
which may explain also the
varying concentrations measured in the effluents. Highest
concentrations of selenium
were measured in samples from the treatment unit for acid
waters (up to 1.714 ug L-1).
The predominance of selenocyanate (SeCN-1) was confirmed in
most of the effluent
samples analysed, but also several other species with
retention times different from
Se(IV), Se(VI) e SeCN - were observed, especially in samples
from the treatment plant.
Colloidal Se (Seº) was identified in acid waters, probable
formed by decomposition of
SeCN - or other unstable species under these conditions.
Laboratory experiments with
selenocyanate solutions confirmed this hypothesis. The
speciation profile of samples
collected at the same point, but at different time
intervals, showed significant variations,
not allowing easy comparison of the results obtained in
this work with those of other
authors.
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Roa, Nadia C. "Human Health Risk Assessment for Petroleum Refining Industry of the Remaining Air Toxics after MACT I Emissions Reductions." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2008. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/849.
Full textAbstract:
Inhalation risks on human health for hazardous air pollutants emitted from MACT I petroleum refining industry were determined using EPA HEM-3 Program. Methodology included compiling vertical and fugitive emissions from 2002 National Emissions Inventory for sources inside two facilities in Louisiana, 'Motiva Norco' and 'Valero St. Charles' refineries. Six cases were modeled applying EPA criteria, where cancer risks are 'low' if the probability is. 1/1, 000, 000, and non-cancer risks are harmful when hazard quotient is > 1. It was demonstrated that fugitive emissions have more impact on human health than the verticals because of their significant portion of the total refining emissions. HAPs can cause moderate adverse effects in humans living nearby refineries, as 113 people resulted in high risk of respiratory problems with Valero emissions, 4571 people resulted in 'moderate' risk of getting cancer with Motiva emissions, 2702 people with Valero emissions, and 11, 282 people with both refineries' emissions.
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Wayland, Robert F. (Robert Franklin). "Criteria by Which Ad Hoc Labor Arbitrators are Selected by Union and Management Advocates in the Petroleum Refining Industry." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1990. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc331537/.
Full textAbstract:
A non-experimental, descriptive study was conducted to examine the criteria by which ad hoc labor arbitrators are selected in the petroleum refining industry. Three factors — arbitrator background, recognition, and arbitration practice — were examined to determine their relative importance to advocates selecting ad hoc labor arbitrators. The population of the study consisted of management and labor union advocates in the petroleum refining industry who routinely select ad hoc labor arbitrators.
Participating management and union advocates completed a questionnaire used to gather respondents' evaluations of criteria considered in the selection of ad hoc arbitrators. Responses to statements designed for measuring relative importance of the criteria considered were recorded. Descriptive statistics, discriminant analysis, and tests of significance were used in the treatment of the data.
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Westcott, Mark. "Refining crude or crude refinements? Workplace industrial relations at Shell Clyde refinery, 1974-1994." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 1997. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/27613.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis studies workplace industrial relations at the Shell Clyde refinery in the
period between 1974 and 1994. It takes as its focus the manner in which labour is
regulated, that is, the way in which work is organised, performed and rewarded. The
changes in labour regulation at the refinery are described in detail in the thesis and
explained by using a modified bargaining model. This model uses the traditional
bargaining model as its core but expands the explanatory scope of the model by
incorporating a broader range of independent variables. This approach means that
labour regulation at Clyde is explained by studying not only the structure and strategies
of the immediate workplace parties, namely management and unions, but also by
analysing how product and labour markets, bargaining structure and state intervention
have affected the strategies of the parties.
The structure of the thesis is informed by this model and is consequently divided
between industry and workplace chapters. Industrial relations in the oil industry and at
Clyde refinery are analysed over the two decades between 1974 and 1994, this time
span being divided into three distinct historical periods. The first period, between 1974
and 1980, represented a time of industrial conflict in the industry as a whole and
particularly at Clyde. Issues relating to the organisation of, performance of and reward
for work were continually contested at the refinery. This workplace contest occurred
in the context of centralisation of award negotiation in the industry. The second
period, between 1980 and 1989, witnessed the stabilisation of dispute levels at Clyde
and the reassertion of managerial prerogative, particularly over issues of stafiing and
organisation of the production process. Award negotiations had been successfiilly
centralised in the oil industry, and this centralisation had been institutionalised by the
Prices and Incomes Accord. The effect of this was to ‘neutralise’ trade union action at
the workplace. The final period, notably the years between 1990 and 1994, involved a
change in approach to labour regulation by the management at Clyde. While levels of
conflict remained low, management attempted to renegotiate work organisation and
performance at the refinery, as well as trying to change employee attitudes by way of a
new employee relations strategy. This action by management was facilitated by a return to decentralisation of award negotiations in the oil industry and the labour market generally.
The thesis explains the changes in the strategies of management and the responses of
unions at the refinery, with reference to changes in market conditions in the petroleum
products market, alterations in the level and scope of bargaining in the industry and the
and action of state agencies, particularly industrial tribunals, in either supporting or
restricting these strategies and responses. It is argued in essence that focusing on the
structure and strategies of the parties in isolation does not provide an adequate
understanding of how labour is regulated at the workplace.
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Mithamo, Peter Ng'ang'a. "Use of high efficient motors for DSM in South Africa's petroleum refineries." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2212.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MTech (Electrical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2012.<br>Electric motors consume over 60% of the world's generated electricity. In South Africa
approximately 65% of the energy generated is consumed by electric motors (Niekerk, 2009). About
95% of motors in use in South Africa are Standard-Efficient Motors (SE-motors) that operate at an
average efficiency of 84% to 90%, depending on the size of the motor and the load driven by them.
High-Efficient motors (HE-motor) run at an efficiency of 2% to 8% higher than that of SE-motors. In
recent years, a drive to replace SE-motors with HE-motors has been promoted for the purpose of
Demand Side Management (DSM). The rationale of using HE-motors as a tool of DSM is to harness a small difference in operating
efficiency per motor, which can result in a huge reduction in electricity consumption, depending on
the number of HE-motors that will replace SE-motors. Reducing the demand for electricity is the key
driving factor for DSM in South Africa, so as to relieve the already stressed power generation
capacity. Other consequential factors of DSM are to reduce the amount of pollutant gases emitted
into the atmosphere. To the electricity users DSM will be a great incentive, as reduced consumption
of electricity will decrease the amount of money spent on electricity.
Much has been written on the ability of HE-motors to reduce electricity consumption, cost of
electricity and global pollution. ESKOM has even demonstrated the faith they have in these motors
by giving rebates to motor users who are willing to exchange their existing SE-motors with new
HE-motors. The rebates are paid by ESKOM through a newly established DSM program.
However, it must be mentioned that savings through HE-motors is not a perfect guarantee. HE-motors
have inherent design limitations that may inhibit the saving of energy. To achieve higher efficiency, HE-motors are designed to operate on a smaller slip that
consequently increases their speed compared to that of SE-motors (Cheek et al., 1995). Higher
rotor speed impacts energy saving abilities of HE-motors when they are used to drive fans, pumps
and compressors, normally referred to as centrifugal loads. An increase in speed results in a
proportional increase in flow. Power consumed by a motor goes up as a cube of the speed, and
the flow rate increases linearly with speed. Motor loads in the petrochemical industry are generally
centrifugal, and that is why this thesis focuses on refineries.
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Whitehead, Carson Jr. "Evaluation of the Impact of Process Design and Anthropometric Differences on the Chemical Exposure and Ergonomic Stress of Workers in the Petroleum Industry." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1613741803799256.
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Brightwell, David Aaron. "Essays on U.S. energy markets." [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2928.
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Gillespie, Noel Edward. "Energy retrofit of an oil refinery using pinch technology." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/23166.
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Jarrell, Melissa L. "All the news that̕s fit to print? media reporting of environmental protection agency penalties assessed against the petroleum refining industry, 1997-2003." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2005. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/SFE0001079.
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Jarrell, Melissa L. "All the news that's fit to print? media reporting of environmental protection agency penalties assessed against the petroleum refining industry, 1997-2003." Scholar Commons, 2005. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/2935.
Full textAbstract:
Although examination of the relationship between the media and crime has received considerable attention in the academic literature, only a few studies have examined news media coverage of environmental crimes. The present study examines print news media coverage of federal penalties assessed against the petroleum refining industry from 1997 to 2003. The Environmental Protection Agency initiated and/or settled 162 cases involving seventy-eight petroleum refining companies from 1997 to 2003. While a news search of the nations twenty-five largest newspapers produced seventy-four articles related to petroleum refining industry violations, only seventeen articles matched the EPA cases analyzed in the present study. The present study found that while there is a considerable amount of federal petroleum refining industry violations, only a few cases receive media attention.
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Mammen, John Joe. "Retrofit of heat exchanger networks of a petroleum refinery crude unit (CDU) using pinch analysis." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/860.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Technology: Chemical Engineering, In the Faculty of Engineering,
Cape Peninsula University of Technology
2014<br>Energy efficiency has become an important feature in the design of process plants due to the rising cost of energy and the more stringent environmental regulations being implemented worldwide. In South Africa as in other African countries, most of the chemical plants were built during the era of cheap energy with little emphasis placed on energy efficiency due to the abundance of cheap utility sources such as coal and crude oil. In most of these plants, there exists significant potential for substantial process heat recovery by conceptual integration of the plant’s heat exchangers. Pinch Technology (PT) has been demonstrated to be a simple and very effective technique for heat integration and process optimization. This study applies the PT approach to retrofit the heat exchangers network of the Crude Distillation Unit (CDU), of a complex petroleum refinery with the aim to reduce utilities requirement and the associated gaseous pollutants emission.
This objective is accomplished by firstly conducting an energy audit of the unit to scope for potential energy saving. The existing Heat Exchanger Network (HEN) was re-designed using the remaining problem analysis (RPA) to achieve improved process energy recovery while making maximum use of the existing exchangers. The aim is to maintain the existing plant topology as much as possible. This network was later relaxed trading heat recovery with number of heat transfer unit so as to optimize the capital cost. These were implemented in AspenPlus v7.2 environment. The cost implications of the retrofitted and evolved networks including the capital and operating costs were determined on a 5 years payback time basis.
The Problem Table (PT) analysis revealed that the minimum utilities requirements are 75 MW and 55 MW for the hot and cold utilities respectively. Compared to the existing utilities requirements of 103 MW for hot utility and 83 MW for cold utility, this represent a potential savings of about 26 % and 33 % savings for the hot and cold utilities respectively. The target utilities usage in the re-designed network after applying Remaining Problem Analysis (RPA) was found to be 55 MW for the cold utility and 75 MW for hot utility. The relaxed HEN required a cold utility of 62.5 MW and hot utility of 81 MW. From the total cost estimation, it was found that, although an energy saving of 34% can be achieved by the re-designed network before relaxation, the capital cost, US$ 1670000 is significantly higher than for the existing network (about US$ 980000). The final relaxed network gave an energy saving of 34% and with total cost of US$ 1100000.
It was recommended from the study after cost comparisons of the four different networks (the original network, the MER network, the relaxed network and a grass-root design) that the best network for the retrofit purpose was the relaxed HEN, because there is no major shift in
deviation from the topology of the original network. From the analysis it was found that a 34% saving in energy cost could be achieved from this retrofit. The Total Annual Cost (TAC) for this network gives credence to the fact that this retrofit which applied the rules of pinch analysis can bring about real saving in energy usage.
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Vasconcelos, Claudia Jovita Garcia. "Desenvolvimento de estratégias de integração de processos em tempo real aplicadas à produção de GLP." [s.n.], 2006. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/266718.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Maria Regina Wolf Maciel<br>Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T22:53:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
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Previous issue date: 2006<br>Resumo: A otimização de processes em tempo real tem como objetivo o estudo de técnicas para a integração dos objetivos de controle aos interesses econômicos em aplicações industriais. Neste trabalho, o problema da otimização em tempo real foi abordado para um sistema complexo, com correntes de reciclo de massa e integração energética...Observação: O resumo, na íntegra, poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital<br>Abstract: The goal of real-time processes optimization studies is the way to integrate control objectives and economic aspects. In this work, the real-time optimization problem was applied to a high complex system, including mass recycle streams and heat integration...Note: The complete abstract is available with the full electronic document<br>Doutorado<br>Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos<br>Doutor em Engenharia Química
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Azevedo, Adalberto Mantovani Martiniano de. "Regulação ambiental e mudança tecnica na industria de refino de petroleo : o caso da refinaria de Paulinia." [s.n.], 2005. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/287039.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Newton Muller Pereira<br>Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências<br>Resumo: A dissertação discute a influência da regulação ambiental na adoção de novas técnicas produtivas e na modificação de técnicas existentes na indústria de refino de petróleo, particularmente na Refinaria de Paulínia (REPLAN). Para isso, são caracterizadas as técnicas adotadas para adequar os processos de refino à regulação que controla impactos locais (relacionados à proteção de recursos como água, ar e solo) e as técnicas adotadas para produzir diesel e gasolina menos poluentes, outra exigência dos órgãos de regulação ambiental. A pesquisa caracteriza tecnologias adotadas na REPLAN no final da década de 90 e as medidas regulatórias relacionadas à sua adoção. Sob a ótica da economia evolucionista, que considera que a tecnologia evolui conjuntamente ao contexto sócio-econômico, a regulação ambiental é apresentada como um elemento contextual determinante da busca e seleção de tecnologias que permitam atender à regulação com rentabilidade econômica, sendo um fator determinante da adoção de novas técnicas na indústria de refino. Na REPLAN, verifica-se que a regulação ambiental trouxe a necessidade de volumosos investimentos para a adequação de processos e produtos aos padrões estabelecidos<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T08:30:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
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Previous issue date: 2005<br>Abstract: This dissertation discusses the influence of environmental regulation on the adoption of new production techniques and on the improvement of existing techniques in the refining petroleum industry, namely at the Paulínia Refinery (REPLAN). The dissertation describes the techniques adopted in order to fit refining processes into the regulation about environmental impacts (related to the protection of resources like water, air and soil), and also techniques adopted in order to produce less pollutant diesel and gasoline. The research characterizes technologies adopted in REPLAN at the end of the 90s and the regulatory measures related to the adoption of these techniques. The environmental regulation is presented under an evolutionary approach, considering that technology develops along whith the socio-economic context, the environmental regulation is a related element which determines the search and selection of technologies able to comply whith regulation ensuring economic viability. Regulation is also a determinant factor for the adoption of innovations in the refining industry. In REPLAN, the environmental regulation requires large investments in order to comply processes and products with the established standards<br>Mestrado<br>Mestre em Política Científica e Tecnológica
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Henriques, Claudete Bernardo. "Caracterização prévia de petróleo com vistas à otimização de processos." [s.n.], 2011. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/266868.
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Orientadores: Rubens Maciel Filho, Maria Izabel Maretti Silveira Bueno<br>Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T14:39:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
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Previous issue date: 2011<br>Resumo: Esta tese tem como objetivo apresentar um estudo detalhado para a caracterização de petróleos, tanto no âmbito do desenvolvimento de modelos capazes de prever propriedades físico-químicas clássicas, como também avaliar os fenômenos associados a instabilidades decorrentes de características químicas. Para alcançar este objetivo, duas ações foram executadas: (1) Obter a curva de destilação do ponto de ebulição verdadeiro (PEV) através de simulação, por espectrometria de espalhamento de raios-X (EERX) aliada ao algoritmo denominado máquina vetor de suporte (SVM), com o propósito de prever o rendimento do processo de refino, e (2) Caracterizar o petróleo em relação ao fenômeno de agregação dos asfaltenos, para assim possibilitar a previsão da qualidade do processo de refino. Foram avaliadas amostras de petróleos com propriedades distintas, com o intuito de fornecer amplitude e robustez ao estudo. A primeira abordagem foi à análise classificatória dos petróleos em relação às suas propriedades intrínsecas (teor de enxofre, Grau API e ponto de ebulição verdadeiro), com aplicação de métodos multivariados de classificação. Com estas classificações em mãos, foram desenvolvidos modelos para previsão da curva PEV e do Grau API, utilizando o algoritmo SVM (segunda abordagem). Os dados tratados por meio deste algoritmo apresentaram um perfil de não linearidade. Os resultados obtidos para a caracterização das cargas a partir dos modelos não foram significativamente diferentes dos valores experimentais, permitindo o desenvolvimento de estudos computacionais usando o software comercial Petro-SIM®, para caracterização, aquisição das curvas das misturas de petróleos e, finalmente, previsão dos rendimentos dos cortes na simulação de uma torre de destilação atmosférica. A partir destes resultados, é muito importante ressaltar que, ao contrário da maioria das modelagens quimiométricas, um pequeno grupo de amostras foi necessário para o desenvolvimento do modelo (13 amostras). Vale também serem mencionadas a alta capacidade de previsão do modelo, a rápida e eficiente previsão de curvas PEV de amostras de petróleos puros, processados nas refinarias e, finalmente, a aplicação com sucesso destes modelos em simuladores de processo. A terceira abordagem do trabalho foi à avaliação dos aspectos relacionados à existência de formas coloidais dos asfaltenos, peptizados por resinas e dos efeitos relacionados à presença de outros solventes nos petróleos, que podem causar mudanças na cinética de floculação dos asfaltenos. A composição dos solventes (petróleos diluentes) e dos petróleos pesados foi correlacionada com os resultados do estudo cinético, obtido por meio da avaliação da transmitância por varredura óptica da camada de precipitação dos particulados e da floculação dos asfaltenos, como também por modelos dinâmicos. Para isto, foram elaboradas misturas de petróleos e observou-se que os efeitos associados ao fenômeno de agregação estão diretamente correlacionados com a composição dos petróleos, assim como com a presença de particulados nas misturas. A caracterização adequada dos constituintes de petróleo é uma informação indispensável para garantir o processamento adequado nas refinarias. A reprodução do cenário real do processo, por meio da simulação, foram promissores, mostrando que a caracterização da carga é possível ao se trabalhar com os modelos desenvolvidos, reforçando a relevância das técnicas aplicadas para descrição dos fenômenos químicos associados ao cenário de produção nacional<br>Abstract: This work aims to present a detailed study for petroleum characterization, through model developments able to preview physical chemical properties and also to evaluate the associate phenomena due to instability in current chemical characteristics. For this purpose two actions were executed: (1) To obtain the curve true boiling point (TPB) through the simulation by spectrometry X-ray scattering (EERX) combined with the algorithm called support vector machine (SVM), in order to predict the yield of the refining process, and (2) to characterize the petroleum in respect to asphaltene aggregation phenomena, making possible the prediction of the quality of the refining process. For these purposes, the petroleum samples were evaluated with different properties, providing amplitute and robustness to the study. The first approach was the classificatory analisis of petroleum in relation to intrinsic properties (sulfur contents, API degrees and true boiling point curves) with application of classification multivariate methods. With these classifications in hands, models were developed to predict the TBP curve and API gravity, using the algorithm SVM (second approach). The data were processed by this algorithm, showing nonlinear profiles. The results for the blend characterization using the models were not significantly different from the experimental values, allowing the development of computational studies using the commercial software Petro-SIM® for characterization, acquisition of mixtures curves and finally, prediction of the cuts yield in the simulation of an atmospheric distillation tower. From these results, it is important to emphasize that a small group of samples was necessary for the model development (13 samples). It is also worth to mention the high predictive ability of the model, the rapid and efficient prediction of TBP curves of crude oil samples, processed in the refineries and finally, the successful application of these models in process simulators. The third approach of this work was to evaluate the aspects related to the existence of colloidal forms of asphaltenes, peptized by resins and of effects related to the presence of other solvents in oils, which can cause changes in the kinetics of flocculation of asphaltenes. The composition of solvents (thinner oil) and of heavy crude oils were correlated with the results of kinetic study, obtained by evaluating the transmittance for optical scanning of the layer of precipitation of particles and the flocculation of asphaltenes, but also by dynamic models. For this, petroleum mixtures were prepared and it was observed that the effects associated to aggregation phenomena are correlated with the petroleum composition as well as the particulate presence in mixtures. The adequate characterization of petroleum constituents is essential information to ensure proper processing in refineries. The reproduction of real scenario of the process, through the simulation, were promising, showing that the blend characterization is possible when working with these developed models, reinforcing the relevance of the techniques applied for describing the chemical phenomena associated with the setting of national production<br>Doutorado<br>Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos<br>Doutor em Engenharia Química
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Topa, Ece Hatice. "Thermal Characterization And Kinetics Of Diesel, Methanol Route Biodiesel, Canola Oil And Diesel-biodiesel Blends At Different Blending Rates By Tga And Dsc." Master's thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12612460/index.pdf.
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Application of thermogravimetric analysis to the renewable energy sources is a novel
study and it has been becoming attractive by the researchers in recent years. In this
thesis, thermal and kinetic properties of biodiesel as new energy source, diesel and
canola oil have been analyzed by using very popular thermogravimetric analysis
methods which are<br>Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Thermogravimetry
(TGA/DTG). The main aim of the study is to observe the combustion and pyrolysis
behaviour of methanol route biodiesel and diesel blends at different blending rates.
Additionally, combustion and pyrolysis behaviour of canola oil, the origin of biodiesel
have been analysed to observe the transesterification reaction effect on biodiesel.
Therefore, biodiesel, diesel, canola oil and blends of diesel and biodiesel at different
percentages are exposed to isothermal heating under nitrogen and air atmosphere with a
constant heating rate of 5, 10 and 15
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Maduro, Raquel Moreira. "Equilibrio liquido-liquido em sistemas contendo hidrocarbonetos aromaticos + hidrocarbonetos alifaticos + liquidos ionicos." [s.n.], 2009. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/267133.
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Orientador: Martin Aznar<br>Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T08:47:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
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Previous issue date: 2009<br>Resumo: A nafta reformada é um produto do refino do petróleo que contém compostos aromáticos e alifáticos de grande interesse industrial. Para separar estes componentes utiliza-se, em sua grande maioria, o processo de extração líquido-líquido. Os solventes mais utilizados, até o momento, são extratantes com alta pressão de vapor, que apresentam emissões prejudiciais para o meio ambiente e, consequentemente, para o ser humano. Por este motivo, existe uma tendência a substituir estes solventes por outros menos nocivos, como os líquidos iônicos, que são compostos químicos relativamente novos e que apresentam várias características únicas e importantes, como baixa pressão de vapor. Diante do exposto, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo principal estudar a capacidade dos líquidos iônicos hexafluorofosfato de 1-butil-3-metilimidazólio e hexafluorofosfato de 1-octil-3-metilimidazólio em separar os compostos alifáticos dos aromáticos em sistemas ternários em equilíbrio líquido-líquido. As técnicas analíticas empregadas para determinar dados experimentais de equilíbrio líquido-líquido em condições de pressão ambiente e temperatura constante (25 ºC) foram o método de cloud-point, densimetria, evaporação sob vácuo e espectrofotometria na região do ultravioleta. Primeiramente a metodologia foi validada através da reprodução dos dados do sistema butanol + benzeno + água reportados por Washburn e Strandskov (1944). Os resultados mostraram grande concordância com as composições da literatura, de modo que a metodologia pôde ser utilizada no decorrer do trabalho. Em seguida, o sistema ternário nonano + benzeno + [bmim][PF6], foi empregado para determinar os tempos de agitação e de repouso, os quais foram definidos, respectivamente, em 4 h e 20 h. À continuação, os diagramas ternários de cada sistema neste trabalho foram determinados, concluindo-se que as regiões heterogêneas são significativamente grandes, com exceção do sistema nonano + tolueno + [bmim][PF6]; isto significa que os líquidos iônicos em estudo são bons solventes para estes sistemas ternários. Por fim, os dados experimentais foram correlacionados através dos modelos moleculares NRTL e UNIQUAC para o cálculo do coeficiente de atividade. Os resultados foram considerados satisfatórios, observando-se que o modelo NRTL foi capaz de representar melhor os dados de equilíbrio dos sistemas estudados.<br>Abstract: The reformed naphtha is a product in petroleum refine that contains aromatics and aliphatic compounds of great industrial interest. In order to separate these components, the most used process is the liquid-liquid extraction. Currently, the most used solvents are high vapor pressure extractants, that produce gaseous emissions, prejudicial for the environmental and, consequently, for the human being. Therefore, there is a tendency to substitute these solvents for others less toxic, such as the ionic liquids, that are relatively new chemical compounds that show several important characteristics, such as an extremely low vapor pressure. On this basis, the present work has as main objective the study of the ability of the ionic liquids 1-butyl-3-mehylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate and 1-octil-3- methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate to separate aliphatic from aromatic compounds in liquid-liquid equilibrium ternary systems. The methodology used to perform the experiments at atmospheric pressure and constant temperature (25 °C) include cloud point method, densimetry, vacuum evaporation and UV spectrophotometry. First, the methodology was validated by reproducing data for the system butanol + benzene + water, eported by Washburn and Strandskov (1944). The results showed a good agreement with the compositions in literature, so the methodology can be used in all the subsequent work. Later, the system nonane + benzene + [bmim]PF6] was used to determine the agitation and rest times, defined, respectively, as 4 h and 20 h. Next, the ternary diagrams of each system in the work were determined, concluding that the heterogeneous region are significantly large, except for the system nonane + toluene + [bmim]PF6]; this implies that the ionic liquids in study are good solvents for these ternary systems. Moreover, the experimental data were correlated through the molecular models NRTL and UNIQUAC for the activity coefficient. The results were satisfactory, observing that NRTL was able to represent better the equilibrium data of the studied systems.<br>Doutorado<br>Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos<br>Doutor em Engenharia Química
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Аблєєва, Ірина Юріївна, Ирина Юрьевна Аблеева, Iryna Yuriivna Ablieieva та ін. "Комплексний підхід до вирішення проблеми утилізації нафтових шламів". Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2017. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/63361.
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Проблема впливу підприємств нафтогазової промисловості на стан атмосферного повітря, поверхневих та підземних вод, ґрунтово-рослинного покриву не втрачає актуальності і на сьогодні. Нафтова промисловість в силу специфіки своєї діяльності є потенційно небезпечною для довкілля. Це обумовлено токсичністю вуглеводнів, що видобуваються із супутніх їм речовин, та відносяться до 3–4 класів небезпеки.Мета роботи полягає у підвищенні рівня екологічної безпеки територій за рахунок впровадження раціональної комплексної системи поводження з відходами нафтопереробки.
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Tavakkoli, Osgouei Yashar. "An Experimental Study On Steam Distillation Of Heavy Oils During Thermal Recovery." Master's thesis, METU, 2013. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12615574/index.pdf.
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Thermal recovery methods are frequently used to enhance the production of heavy crude oils. Steam-based processes are the most economically popular and effective methods for heavy oil recovery for several decades. In general, there are various mechanisms over steam injection to enhance and have additional oil recovery. However, among these mechanisms, steam distillation plays pivotal role in the recovery of crude oil during thermal recovery process.
In this study, an experimental investigation was carried out to investigate the role of various minerals present in both sandstone and carbonate formations as well as the effect of steam temperature on steam distillation process. Two different types of dead-heavy crude oils were tested in a batch autoclave reactor with 30 % water and the content of the reactor (crude oil, 10 % rock and mineral). The results were compared as the changes in the density, viscosity and chemical composition (SARA and TPH analyses) of heavy crude oil. Five different mineral types (bentonite, sepiolite, kaolinite, illite and zeolite) were added into the original crude oil and reservoir rocks to observe their effects on the rheological and compositional changes during steam distillation process.
Analysis of the results of experiments with Camurlu and Bati Raman heavy crude oils in the presence of different minerals such as Bentonite, Zeolite, Illite, Sepiolite, and Kaolinite in both sandstone and limestone reservoir rocks indicate that steam distillation produces light end condensates which can be considered as solvent or condensate bank during steam flooding operation. It was also illustrated that minerals in reservoir formations perform the function of producing distilled light oil compounds, resulting in enhancement of heavy crude oils recovery in steam flooding. Measurements showed that the remaining oil after steam distillation has higher viscosity and density. On the other hand, the effect of steam distillation is more pronounced in limestone reservoirs compared to sandstone reservoirs for the given heavy crude oil and steam temperature. Among the five different minerals tested, kaolinite found to be the most effective mineral in terms of steam distillation.
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Cunha, Carlos Eduardo Soares Canejo Pineiro da. "Gestão de resíduos perigosos em refinarias de petróleo." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2009. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=9132.
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Diferentes etapas do refino do petróleo resultam na geração de resíduos oleosos que possuem em sua composição substancias que imprimem periculosidade aos mesmos, que, caso venham a contaminar o solo, podem impactar a biota da área, atingir os lençóis freáticos, rios e lagos da região, agredindo diretamente ou indiretamente a saúde humanae gerando custos ambientais, sociais e monetários muito altos. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a gestão dos resíduos sólidos perigosos gerados na atividade de refinarias de petróleo no Brasil, descrevendo processos, caracterizando a geração dos mesmos em cada etapa do refino e avaliando técnicas de tratamento e de destinação final. Ao longo do texto, foram abordados conceitos de gestão ambiental e de logística reversa, com o objetivo de ressaltar benefícios ambientais e sócio- econômicos advindos de umatravés do processo de gestão. Sobre a gestão dos resíduos, são apreciados os conceitos básicos desta, compondo-se uma abordagem prática e simplificada, sendo avaliadas estratégias de minimização de resíduos com base nos 3Rs, algumas metodologias de tratamento e a utilização de aterros industriais como local de destinação final para os resíduos. Para a estruturação da dissertação proposta, foi executada uma revisão bibliográfica, além da construção de uma linha de coesão entre os objetos estudados. Conclui-se que atualmente não existe metodologia de gestão tão eficiente que seja totalmente sustentável, nem gestão que possa ser baseada em apenas uma prática ou metodologia. A integração de conceitos e práticas, incluindo programas de minimização de resíduos, logística reversa, tratamento e destinação final faz-se necessária para uma gestão mais eficiente dos resíduos oleosos. Porém, deve-se destacar as novas oportunidades gerenciais associadas à logística reversa, bem como a necessidade de utilização dos aterros industriais em alguma etapa da gestão, assim como a atual tendência à adoção do co-processamento como metodologia de tratamento que apresenta a melhor relação custo x benefício para a gestão dos resíduos perigosos gerados nas refinarias de petróleo.<br>Different stages of the petroleum refining generate oil wastes that have hazardous substances. When oil waste contaminates the soil it may cause impacts on living resources, reaching groundwater, rivers and lakes in the region, affecting directly or indirectly the human health, with environmental, social and economic costs that can be very high. The objective of this study was to assess the management of hazardous solid wastes generated at petroleum refineries, describing processes and characterizing the way these wastes are generated in different stages of the refining process. The study also included assessment of treatment options and final disposal strategies. Principles of environmental management and reverse logistics were addressed with the objective of highlighting the environmental and socio-economic benefits added by a suitable management scheme. The basic concepts related to solid waste management are discussed in a practical and simplified language, and the minimization strategies are evaluated based on 3Rs principle. Treatment methodologies and the relevance of utilizing industrial landfills as final disposal solution are presented. Besides the literature survey, the construction of a red thread connecting the issues is presented. It was concluded that currently, there is no management scheme for oil waste efficient enough to be considered sustainable, neither management option that can be based on a single technology or methodology. An integration of concepts and different practices including waste minimization, reverse logistics, treatment and final disposal is needed in order to achieve a more efficient oil waste management. However, it is worth to highlight new managerial opportunities related to reverse logistics, as well as the need to make use of industrial landfills in some point of the process and the current trend of co- processing as the option that presents the best cost-benefit for management of oil hazardous wastes generated by petroleum refineries.
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Tasso, Carlos Roberto Batista. "A busca de um método espectrofotométrico com complexos de rutênio para estimação quantitativa da 1,3,5-triazina-1,3,5-(2H,4H,6H)-trietanol residual usada para eliminação do H2S presente no refino do petróleo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/75/75135/tde-09082016-141934/.
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Nesse trabalho foi estudada uma técnica para a detecção de OHTC na água salina. Descobriu-se que certos complexos de rutênio em determinados valores de pH reagem com a molécula de OHTC e isto é detectável por espectrofotometria UV-Vis. Foram estudados os complexos fac-[RuCl2(S-DMSO)3(O-DMSO)] (complexo 1), {[(DMSO)2H][trans-RuCl4(DMSO)2]} (complexo 2) e cis-[RuCl2(bpy)2].2H2O (complexo 3). O complexo 1 possui um dos ligante (O-DMSO) que pode ser substituído pelo OHTC. Já o complexo 2 possui um dos ligantes (S-DMSO) na posição trans um ao outro, e o complexo 3 possui os 2 íons Cl- para tal finalidade. Determinou-se que o complexo 1 é viável, mesmo em presença de sais presentes na água do mar. Assim a reação foi realizada em função do tempo, variação do pH, temperatura e concentração de OHTC. Nos outros dois complexos os estudos foram realizados sem a variação da temperatura e concentração de OHTC.<br>p>In this work we studied a technique for detection of OHTC in water. It was discovered that complexes involving ruthenium, on determined pH values, react with the OHTC molecule and this is detectable by UV-VIS spectroscopy. The complexes fac-[RuCl2(S-dmso)3(O-dmso)] (complex 1), {[(DMSO)2H][trans-Ru(DMSO)2Cl4]} (complex 2), and cis-[RuCl2(bpy)2].2H2O (complex 3) were studied. The complex 1 present one position ( O - DMSO) which can be substituted by the OHTC. Additionally, the complex 2 present two ligands ( S- DMSO) trans between each other, and the complex 3 present two chloride ions for the same porpose of complex 1 respectively. It was determined that the complex 1 was able to react with OHTC even in presence of the salts present in sea water. Thereby, the reaction involving complex 1 and OHTC was monitored in function of the time, pH, temperature, and finally concentration of OHTC. On the other two complexes, the reaction was studied without variation of temperature and concentration of OHTC.
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Ruiz, de la Cruz Cynthia Vanessa, and Avilés Mary Piedad Zambrano. "Desafíos que enfrenta el oleoducto norperuano (ONP) y su papel fundamental en la cadena logística del crudo de petróleo de los campos de la Amazonía peruana para la exportación." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/653619.
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En todo el mundo, las explotaciones petroleras por lo general están ubicadas en espacios alejados de las ciudades o centros de procesamiento. Esa condición plantea un problema muy interesante referente al transporte del crudo de los centros de extracción a los centros de refinamiento o comercialización y el Perú no escapa a esta problemática.
Por otro lado, se encuentran desafíos para la utilización del oleoducto de manera eficiente donde se permita mejorar la competitividad del sector hidrocarburos. Por ello, en la presente investigación estudiaremos los desafíos que enfrenta el Oleoducto Norperuano (ONP) como parte de la cadena logística del crudo de petróleo de los campos de la Amazonía Peruana. El objetivo de la investigación es conocer si el ONP sigue siendo la mejor alternativa logística para el transporte de crudo de petróleo de los campos petrolíferos ubicados en la Amazonía peruana. A tal efecto se ha realizado una investigación cualitativa, en la cual se han utilizado las opiniones de expertos en el área petrolera, mediante la realización de entrevistas personalizadas y a profundidad.
Los resultados obtenidos del trabajo de investigación se presentan de la siguiente manera: el ONP es la mejor y más importante alternativa para el transporte del crudo de la Amazonía a los centros de refinación, comercialización y posterior exportación. También se hace necesario implementar programas de mantenimiento preventivo y correctivo con el fin de garantizar su funcionalidad.<br>Around the world, oil fields are usually located in spaces far from cities or remote areas. This condition generated a very interesting problem regarding the transportation of oil crude from the extraction centers to the refining or commercialization centers, and Peru does not escape of this problem.
On the other hand, there are challenges for the efficient use of the pipeline where it is possible to improve the competitiveness of the hydrocarbon sector. Therefore, in this research we will study the challenges faced by the North Peruvian Pipeline (ONP) as part of the oil crude logistics chain from the fields of the Peruvian Amazon. The objective of the research is to know if the ONP can be consider the best logistical alternative for the transportation of crude oil from the oil fields located in the Peruvian Amazon. To this end, a qualitative investigation has been carried out, in which the opinions of experts in the oil field have been used, through personalized and in-depth interviews.
The results obtained from the research work are presented as follows: the ONP is the best and most important alternative for transporting crude from the Amazon to refining, marketing and subsequent export centers. It is also necessary to implement preventive and corrective maintenance programs in order to guarantee its functionality.<br>Tesis
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Fregolente, Lernardo Vasconcelos 1980. "Aplicação de planejamento de experimentos em diferentes etapas do refino de petroleo." [s.n.], 2009. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/266397.
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Orientador: Maria Regina Wolf Maciel<br>Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T16:55:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
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Previous issue date: 2009<br>Resumo: Neste trabalho, a técnica de planejamento de experimentos foi aplicada em diferentes estudos de otimização realizados na Refinaria de Paulínia (Replan). O trabalho abrange aplicações da técnica em escala laboratorial, em ferramenta computacional, até a utilização da técnica em diferentes plantas industriais. Os estudos de laboratórios consistiram na avaliação da dependência da lubricidade do diesel metropolitano em relação à sua composição e no desenvolvimento de uma nova metodologia para determinação do ponto de fulgor de frações leves de petróleo. Através de planejamentos fatoriais aplicados a um simulador do processo de coqueamento retardado (denominado DC-SIM), foram geradas equações polinomiais simples para a previsão de rendimentos dos produtos da unidade em sua etapa reacional. Utilizando estas equações, curvas de nível foram obtidas, as quais auxiliam na análise do comportamento da unidade frente a modificações nas condições de operação. Duas aplicações consistiram na realização de testes em plantas industriais. Primeiramente, utilizando planejamentos em dois níveis, foram levantados novos modelos para o controle avançado de uma torre de fracionamento de naftas através da realização de testes de identificação utilizando perturbações em degrau. A metodologia de planejamento de experimentos possibilitou uma análise multivariável do sistema. Finalmente, foram realizados experimentos seguindo planejamentos com configuração estrela para a maximização da recuperação de moléculas na faixa de destilação do GLP nas áreas de fracionamento de gases das duas unidades de coqueamento retardado da Replan. Por se tratar da maior refinaria de petróleo do país, sendo responsável por cerca de 20% da capacidade de refino no Brasil, a utilização de planejamentos fatoriais foi de fundamental importância para a viabilização de alguns testes em planta, já que reduz significativamente o número de experimentos necessários quando comparada à metodologia de avaliação de um fator por vez. Desta forma, o impacto dos testes na produção de derivados foi minimizado. Além disso, os resultados obtidos propiciaram um ganho econômico expressivo para a refinaria.<br>Abstract: In this work, experimental design technique was applied to different optimization studies, which were carried out in the Paulínia Refinery (Replan). The work covers applications of the technique in laboratorial scale, in computational tool, and the use of the technique in different industrial plants. The laboratory studies consisted in the evaluation of the dependence of the metropolitan diesel oil lubricity in relation to its composition and in the development of a new methodology to determine the flash point of light fractions of petroleum. Through factorial designs applied to a delayed coke simulator (named DC-SIM), simple polynomial equations were generated to predict the products yields of the unit in the reaction step. Using these equations, contour plots were obtained, which helped the analysis of the process response due to changes in the operating conditions.
Two applications were done in industrial plants. First, using two level factorial designs, new models were adjusted to be used in the advanced control of a naphtha fractionation tower. The identification tests were carried out giving step disturbance in the manipulated variables. The experimental design methodology allowed a multivariable analysis of the system. Finally, experiments were done according to star configuration factorial designs in order to maximize the recovery of LPG molecules in the gases
fractionating units of two delayed coke plants of Replan. Since Replan is the biggest oil refinery in Brazil, responsible for 20% of the national refining capacity, the use of factorial designs had a fundamental importance to allow the running of some tests in the plant. It reduces significantly the number of experiments, when it is compared to univariate methodology. Therefore, the impact of the tests in the production was minimized. Furthermore, the results provided very expressive financial earns<br>Doutorado<br>Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos<br>Doutor em Engenharia Química
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Ali, Yusuf Yusuf. "Green Petroleum Refining - Mathematical Models for Optimizing Petroleum Refining Under Emission Constraints." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/7860.
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Petroleum refining processes provide the daily requirements of energy for the global market. Each refining process produces wastes that have the capacity to harm the environment if not properly disposed of. The treatment of refinery waste is one of the most complex issues faced by refinery managers. Also, the hazardous nature of these wastes makes them rather costly to dispose of for the refineries. In this thesis, system analysis tools are used to design a program that allows for the selection of the optimal control, minimization and treating options for petroleum refinery waste streams. The performance of the developed model is demonstrated via a case study. Optimal mitigation alternatives to meet the emission reduction targets were studied by evaluating their relative impact on the profitable operation of the given facility. It was found that the optimal mitigation steps was to reduce emission precursors by conducting feed switches at the refinery. In all cases, the optimal solution did not include a capital expansion of the emission control facilities and equipment.
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Alqahtani, Khalid. "Petroleum Refining and Petrochemical Industry Integration and Coordination under Uncertainty." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/4204.
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Petroleum refining and the petrochemical industry account for a major share in the world energy and industrial market. In many situations, they represent the economy back-bone of industrial countries. Today, the volatile environment of the market and the continuous change in customer requirements lead to constant pressure to seek opportunities that properly align and coordinate the different components of the industry. In particular, petroleum refining and petrochemical industry coordination and integration is gaining a great deal of interest. However, previous research in the field either studied the two systems in isolation or assumed limited interactions between them.
The aim of this thesis is to provide a framework for the planning, integration and coordination of multisite refinery and petrochemical networks using proper deterministic, stochastic and robust optimization techniques. The contributions of this dissertation fall into three categories; namely, a) Multisite refinery planning, b) Petrochemical industry planning, and c) Integration and coordination of multisite refinery and petrochemical networks.
The first part of this thesis tackles the integration and coordination of a multisite refinery network. We first address the design and analysis of multisite integration and coordination strategies within a network of petroleum refineries through a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) technique. The integrated network design specifically addresses intermediate material transfer between processing units at each site. The proposed model is then extended to account for model uncertainty by means of two-stage stochastic programming. Parameter uncertainty was considered and included coefficients of the objective function and right-hand-side parameters in the inequality constraints. Robustness is analyzed based on both model robustness and solution robustness, where each measure is assigned a scaling factor to analyze the sensitivity of the refinery plan and the integration network due to variations. The proposed technique makes use of the sample average approximation (SAA) method with statistical bounding techniques to give an insight on the sample size required to give adequate approximation of the problem.
The second part of the thesis addresses the strategic planning, design and optimization of a network of petrochemical processes. We first set up and give an overview of the deterministic version of the petrochemical industry planning model adopted in this thesis. Then we extend the model to address the strategic planning, design and optimization of a network of petrochemical processes under uncertainty and robust considerations. Similar to the previous part, robustness is analyzed based on both model robustness and solution robustness. Parameter uncertainty considered in this part includes process yield, raw material and product prices, and lower product market demand. The Expected Value of Perfect Information (EVPI) and Value of the Stochastic Solution (VSS) are also investigated to numerically illustrate the value of including the randomness of the different model parameters.
The final part of this dissertation addresses the integration between the multisite refinery system and the petrochemical industry. We first develop a framework for the design and analysis of possible integration and coordination strategies of multisite refinery and petrochemical networks to satisfy given petroleum and chemical product demand. The main feature of the work is the development of a methodology for the simultaneous analysis of process network integration within a multisite refinery and petrochemical system. Then we extend the petroleum refinery and petrochemical industry integration problem to consider different sources of uncertainties in model parameters. Parameter uncertainty considered includes imported crude oil price, refinery product price, petrochemical product price, refinery market demand, and petrochemical lower level product demand. We apply the sample average approximation (SAA) method within an iterative scheme to generate the required scenarios and provide solution quality by measuring the optimality gap of the final solution.
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Shih, Ming-Chih, and 施明志. "Case Studies on the Optimization Problems in Petroleum Refining Industry." Thesis, 1999. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/48750738816445944888.
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碩士<br>淡江大學<br>化學工程學系<br>87<br>The purpose of this thesis is to carry out an optimization research in three related, major processes of the petroleum refining industry, namely, (1)crude topping(2)reformulated gasoline blending, and(3)the planning of a steam cracker.
The sources for crude topping in Taiwan come mostly from imported crude oils from foreign countries. As a result, there are different prices and different qualities. To cope with the various prices, the diverse quality of the crude oils’ supply, and the progressively varying structure of the crude oils’ market, it is important for the petroleum industry to operate crude topping units in a most optimal manner in addition to developing an appropriate purchasing strategy.
Due to the heavier density of international crude oils and the raising consciousness of the environmental protection, the production technology applied in the oil refinery has become much more complicated in order to meet the environmental requirements. In this study, we develop a nonlinear programming model to analyze a blending problem of the reformulated gasoline.
The steam cracking is a process in which the feedstocks of hydrocarbon, such as ethane, LPG, naphtha, and gas oil, are heated intensely with dilution steam to yield a wide variety of building materials in the petrochemical industry. In this study, we develop a linear programming model to analyze a steam cracker which utilize diverse feedstocks. The model predicts optimum profits for the production of olefins and aromatics.
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Alfadhli, Fahad Mohammed. "Reducing environmental impacts of petroleum refining : a case study of industrial flaring." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2012-08-5962.
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Industrial flaring can have negative impacts on regional air quality and recent studies have shown that flares are often operated at low combustion efficiency, which exacerbates these air quality impacts. This thesis examines industrial flaring with the objectives of (1) assessing the air quality impacts of flares operating at a variety of conditions, (2) examining the extent to which improvements in flare operations could reduce emissions, (3) identifying opportunities for recycling flared gases in fuel gas networks, and (4) identifying opportunities for reducing the generation of flared gases, using the improved control of catalytic cracking operations as a case study.
The work presented in this thesis demonstrates that flares operating at low combustion efficiency can increase localized ambient ozone concentrations by more than 15 ppb under some conditions. The impact of flares on air quality depends most strongly on combustion efficiency, the flow rates to the flares and the chemical composition (photochemical reactivity) of the emissions. Products of incomplete combustion and nitrogen oxides emissions from flaring generally had a smaller impact on air quality than unburned flare gases.
The combustion efficiency at which a flare can operate can be constrained by the flare’s design. In a case study of an air-assisted flare, it was demonstrated that choices in blower configurations could lead to emissions that were orders of magnitude greater or less than those predicted using an assumed combustion efficiency of 98%. Designing flares with air-assist rates that can be finely tuned can significantly reduce emissions. Similarly, flaring can be reduced by integrating sources of waste gases into fuel gas networks. Analyses for a petroleum refinery indicated that this integration can often be accomplished with little net cost by expanding boiler capacities. Finally, flared gases can be reduced at their source. A case study of a fluid catalytic cracking indicated that using better temperature control could significantly minimize flared gases.<br>text
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Bhatia, Sumedha. "Studies on bio-refining of fossil fuels(Lignite,coal and petroleum oils)." Thesis, 2007. http://localhost:8080/xmlui/handle/12345678/6193.
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Matoro, Tshilidzi Benedicta. "The desulfurization of petroleum compounds using a polymer-supported imidation agent." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/21103.
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A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Engineering, 2016<br>The sulfur removal methods from petroleum products have become an important research topic. Sulfur poisons the catalysts found in vehicles engines and it is also a major air pollutant (Nehlsen, 2005). Recent sulfur specifications require refineries to produce ultra-clean products (Ma et al., 2002). This work aims at exploring a batch adsorptive desulfurization technique using a polymer-supported imidation agent (PI) as an adsorbent. The test was carried out at atmospheric pressure and on two commercial diesel fuels with sulfur contents of 5200 (Case 1) and 670 (Case 2) mg/kg which resembles the feed and outlet streams from the hydrodesulfurization (HDS) reactor respectively. The adsorbent was synthesized according to the procedure described by Shiraishi et al. (2003), BET, FTIR, SEM equipped with EDS and TGA were used for charaterization of the adsorbent.
The PI was successfully synthesized and its surface area was 0.5333 m2/g which was incredibly lower than that of the PI synthesized by Fadhel (2010). Hence carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were added to the solution with the aim of improving the sulfur removal efficiency of PI. The obtained results indicated that PI with CNTs yield better results than PI without CNTs. In overall, the lowest sulfur content of 3462 mg/kg (33% removal efficiency) and 26 mg/kg (96% removal efficiency) for Case 1 and Case 2 respectively were obtained. Furthermore, the adsorbents were most effective at lower mixing rates (150 – 400 rpm), longer contact time (30 – 40 hours), practically high adsorbent amount (1 g) and moderate lower temperatures (25 – 50 ºC).
The Freundlich adsorption isotherm model was the best fit to the experimental data in both Case 1 and Case 2. The kinetic model that best fitted well the experimental data is the pseudo-second-order model for both Case 1 and Case 2. The kinetic rate constant for Case 2 (4.079 x 10-3g/mg.min) was greater than that for Case 1 (6.75 x 10-5g/mg.min) thus indicating that fuel with low sulfur content has a higher sorption uptake than fuel with high sulfur content.
Based on the results obtained in this study, it is suggested that the adsorption of sulfur at high sulfur content fuel is not capable to be used as a complimentary method to the HDS process. On the other hand, at low sulfur content fuel, there is an opportunity for combining this method with the traditional HDS method to achieve ultra-clean fuel.<br>GR2016
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Lin, Dah-cheng. "Fouling characteristics of a desalted crude oil." Thesis, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/37956.
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The fouling characteristics of a desalted crude oil were investigated in a systematic
investigation. There are two main parts in this study, the dry bulk tests (dehydrated crude
oil) and the wet bulk tests (to which desalter brine was added). Three barrels of desalted
crude oil provided by Amoco Oil Company were studied.
For the dry bulk tests, no brine was added to the crude oil. The effects of fluid
velocity and surface temperature on fouling were investigated. The higher the surface
temperature the greater the fouling was observed. Fouling decreased with an increase of
fluid velocity. Fluid velocity had a stronger effect on fouling at low surface temperatures
than at high surface temperatures. It was also observed that the fouling behavior of crude
oil depended on small difference in composition. The threshold surface temperatures for
the initiation of fouling were 400-450 °F (3.0 ft/sec), 525-550 °F (5.5 ft/sec), 550-600
°F (8.0 ft/sec) and about 600 °F (10.0 ft/sec) for Barrel No. 2 and Barrel No. 3. For
Barrel No. 1 however, the threshold surface temperatures were about 550 °F (3.0 ft/sec)
and 600 °F (5.5 ft/sec).
For the wet bulk tests, a certain amount desalter brine (weight percentage = 0.8%)
was added to the crude oil for each run. The effects of fluid velocity, surface temperature
and the presence of brine on fouling were investigated. Higher surface temperature
enhanced fouling considerably. Fouling was reduced as fluid velocity was increased. It
was shown that brine had a strong effect on fouling. No fouling occurred for velocities of
5.5 and 8.0 ft/sec at a surface temperature of 350 °F which was a condition for which an
aqueous phase was present and the salt remained in solution. Significant fouling occurred
for velocities of 5.5 and 8.0 ft/sec at a surface temperature operated at a low 400 °F (Tb =
300 °F) which was a condition for which the aqueous phase at the heat transfer surface was
dissolved or boiled to extinction and the salt was deposited on the heat transfer surface.<br>Graduation date: 1991
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DePape, Brent. "A comparison of price-cost margins in the Canadian and U.S. petroleum refining industries." 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/17618.
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AnantaPraditya and 葛仁多. "CO2 Emissions Trend and Input Output Life Cycle Assessment of Indonesia's Petroleum Refining Sector." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/zth63m.
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