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Journal articles on the topic 'Petroleum reserves Seismic reflection method'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 16 February 2022

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1

Will, Robert, Rosalind A. Archer, and William S. Dershowitz. "Integration of Seismic Anisotropy and Reservoir Performance Data for Characterization of Naturally Fractured Reservoirs Using Discrete Feature Network Models." SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 8, no. 02 (April 1, 2005): 132–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/84412-pa.

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Summary This paper proposes a method for quantitative integration of seismic(elastic) anisotropy attributes with reservoir-performance data as an aid in characterizing systems of natural fractures in hydrocarbon reservoirs. This method is demonstrated through application to history matching of reservoir performance using synthetic test cases. Discrete-feature-network (DFN) modeling is a powerful tool for developing fieldwide stochastic realizations of fracture networks in petroleum reservoirs. Such models are typically well conditioned in the vicinity of the wellbore through incorporation of core data, borehole imagery, and pressure-transient data. Model uncertainty generally increases with distance from the borehole. Three-dimensional seismic data provide uncalibrated information throughout the interwell space. Some elementary seismic attributes such as horizon curvature and impedance anomalies have been used to guide estimates of fracture trend and intensity (fracture area per unit volume) in DFN modeling through geostatistical calibration with borehole and other data. However, these attributes often provide only weak statistical correlation with fracture-system characteristics. The presence of a system of natural fractures in a reservoir induces elastic anisotropy that can be observed in seismic data. Elastic attributes such as azimuthally dependent normal move out velocity (ANMO), reflection amplitude vs. azimuth (AVAZ), and shear-wave birefringence can be inverted from 3D-seismicdata. Anisotropic elastic theory provides physical relationships among these attributes and fracture-system properties such as trend and intensity. Effective-elastic-media models allow forward modeling of elastic properties for fractured media. A technique has been developed in which both reservoir-performance data and seismic anisotropic attributes are used in an objective function for gradient-based optimization of selected fracture-system parameters. The proposed integration method involves parallel workflows for effective elastic and effective permeability media modeling from an initial DFN estimate of the fracture system. The objective function is minimized through systematic updates of selected fracture-population parameters. Synthetic data cases show that3D-seismic attributes contribute significantly to the reduction of ambiguity in estimates of fracture-system characteristics in the interwell rock mass. The method will benefit enhanced-oil-recovery (EOR) program planning and management, optimization of horizontal-well trajectory and completion design, and borehole-stability studies. Introduction Anisotropy and heterogeneity in reservoir permeability present challenges during the development of hydrocarbon reserves in naturally fractured reservoirs. Predicting primary reservoir performance, planning development drilling or EOR programs, completion design, and facilities design all require accurate estimates of reservoir properties and the predictions of future reservoir behavior computed from such estimates. Over the history of naturally-fractured-reservoir development, many methods have been used to characterize fracture systems and their effect on fluid flow in the reservoir. These include the use of geologic surface-outcrop analogs; core, single-well, and multiwell pressure-transient analysis; borehole-imaging logs; and surface and borehole seismic observations. To date, efforts to integrate seismic data into the workflow for characterization of naturally fractured reservoirs have been focused on the use of post-stack data. CDP stacking of seismic data takes advantage of redundancy in seismic data sets for the attenuation of noise. Unfortunately, CDP stacking also eliminates valuable information about spatial and orientational variations in the data. Such variations are often related to fracture-system characteristics. CDP-stacked seismic data are typically used to define the main structural elements of the reservoir. Fracture density has been correlated successfully with horizon curvature determined from seismic horizons. Seismic attributes frequently can be correlated with reservoir properties such as shale fraction, which often correlates with fracture-population statistics. Acoustic impedance computed from seismic data frequently exhibits dim spots in the presence of fractures.
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Zang, Kai, Jiuchuan Wei, Linsong Yu, Fang Wan, Zunfang Hu, and Yang Li. "Calibration Method of Petroleum Underground Horizon Based on High Precision Gravity and Magnetic Exploration." Earth Sciences Research Journal 24, no. 3 (October 12, 2020): 345–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/esrj.v24n3.90315.

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Because the high-precision calibration results of the petroleum underground layer are of great significance for oil production efficiency, research on the calibration method of the petroleum underground layer based on high precision gravity and magnetic exploration is researched. The gravity magnetic model is used to retrieve the bedrock depth, and the results of the basement structure and sedimentary rock distribution of the gravity and magnetic geology in the petroleum underground horizon of the Tongbai basin are obtained. On this basis, the geological data, logging data, seismic data, and VSP data are comprehensively used, and the layered calibration method is used to calibrate the petroleum underground layer of the Tongbai basin. Considering the seismic datum and the core elevation in the area, the rock formation is divided by various logging curves. The average time difference and density of the divided rock layers are interpolated at equal depth intervals to obtain velocity sequences and density sequences at equal time intervals and finally realize time-depth conversion. When the drilling geological horizon is unified, the synthetic record of the seismic reflection layer is compared with the geological horizon to realize the horizon calibration of the seismic reflection layer. When the local stratification is not uniform, the seismic reflection layer is calibrated by tracking the seismic reflection layer, high-precision velocity analysis, and various synthetic records to verify the reliability of the geological horizon. The results show that the proposed method can accurately survey the geological conditions of the Tongbai basin. It detected 14 basement faults, and the NW-trending and NE-trending faults controlled the basin, while the north-south faults controlled the later evolution of the basin. The method can be used for the horizon calibration of inclined wells, which is suitable not only for anisotropic media but also for formations with a less lateral variation of local formation lithology. Moreover, its usage is flexible, and it can be corrected by multiple speed data.
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Huang, Yan, Hefeng Zhou, and Xinwu Zeng. "Research on Accuracy of Normal Moveout in Reflection Seismic Exploration by Cross Correlation Method." E3S Web of Conferences 131 (2019): 01042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201913101042.

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In this paper, we took the time-distance curve equation and the Normal Moveout (NMO) principle as breakthrough point. According to the forward seismic simulation model and the cross-correlation principle in signal processing, we have convincingly studied the accuracy of NMO in simulation experiment. Firstly, the time-distance curve equation of single-layer reflection and the characteristics of cross-correlation are simply analysed. Then, we build the seismic forward model by Tesseral software, and accurate results are obtained after the simulation experiment is carried out. Finally, we get the conclusion by analysing and summarizing these results. The conclusion shows that the method effectively demonstrates the feasibility of the cross-correlation method in testing the accuracy of NMO, and provides a new idea for analysing the accuracy of velocity picking, even the accuracy of the underground model during petroleum exploration.
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Herman, Gérard C., and Colin Perkins. "Predictive removal of scattered noise." GEOPHYSICS 71, no. 2 (March 2006): V41—V49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.2187808.

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Land seismic data can be severely contaminated with coherent noise. We discuss a deterministic technique to predict and remove scattered coherent noise from land seismic data based on a mathematical model of near-surface wave propagation. We test the method on a unique data set recorded by Petroleum Development of Oman in the Qarn Alam area (with shots and receivers on the same grid), and we conclude that it effectively reduces scattered noise without smearing reflection energy.
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Zunino, Andrea, Klaus Mosegaard, Katrine Lange, Yulia Melnikova, and Thomas Mejer Hansen. "Monte Carlo reservoir analysis combining seismic reflection data and informed priors." GEOPHYSICS 80, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): R31—R41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2014-0052.1.

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Determination of a petroleum reservoir structure and rock bulk properties relies extensively on inference from reflection seismology. However, classic deterministic methods to invert seismic data for reservoir properties suffer from some limitations, among which are the difficulty of handling complex, possibly nonlinear forward models, and the lack of robust uncertainty estimations. To overcome these limitations, we studied a methodology to invert seismic reflection data in the framework of the probabilistic approach to inverse problems, using a Markov chain Monte Carlo (McMC) algorithm with the goal to directly infer the rock facies and porosity of a target reservoir zone. We thus combined a rock-physics model with seismic data in a single inversion algorithm. For large data sets, the McMC method may become computationally impractical, so we relied on multiple-point-based a priori information to quantify geologically plausible models. We tested this methodology on a synthetic reservoir model. The solution of the inverse problem was then represented by a collection of facies and porosity reservoir models, which were samples of the posterior distribution. The final product included probability maps of the reservoir properties in obtained by performing statistical analysis on the collection of solutions.
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Tian, Xingda, Handong Huang, Jun Gao, Yaneng Luo, Jing Zeng, Gang Cui, and Tong Zhu. "Pre-Stack Seismic Data-Driven Pre-Salt Carbonate Reef Reservoirs Characterization Methods and Application." Minerals 11, no. 9 (September 7, 2021): 973. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11090973.

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Carbonate reservoirs have significant reserves globally, but the substantial heterogeneity brings intractable difficulties to exploration. In the work area, the thick salt rock reduces the resolution of pre-salt seismic signals and increases the difficulty of reservoir characterization. Therefore, this paper proposes to utilize wavelet frequency decomposition technology to depict the seismic blank reflection area’s signal and improve the pre-salt signal’s resolution. The high-precision pre-stack inversion based on Bayesian theory makes full use of information from various angles and simultaneously inverts multiple elastic parameters, effectively depicting reservoirs with substantial heterogeneity. Integrating the high-precision inversion results and the Kuster-Toksöz model, a porosity prediction method is proposed. The inversion results are consistent with the drilling rock samples and well-logging porosity results. Moreover, the reef’s accumulation and growth, which conform to the geological information, proves the accuracy of the above methods. This paper also discusses the seismic reflection characteristics of reefs and the influence of different lithological reservoirs on the seismic waveform response characteristics through forward modeling, which better proves the rationality of porosity inversion results. It provides a new set of ideas for future pre-salt carbonate reef reservoirs’ prediction and characterization methods.
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Avedik, F., V. Renard, J. P. Allenou, and B. Morvan. "“Single bubble” air‐gun array for deep exploration." GEOPHYSICS 58, no. 3 (March 1993): 366–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1443420.

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Large tuned air‐gun arrays operated in off‐shore petroleum exploration are also used for deep penetration marine seismic reflection surveys conducted to define structures in the earth’s crust. Because of the attenuation of higher frequencies, the useful upper frequency limit of these records is usually about 50–60 Hz. The aim of this paper is to report on a method of seismic pulse generation that preferentially concentrates the air gun’s energy in the low range of the seismic frequency band by centering the output on the first “bubble pulse” instead of the initial (primary) pulse. Experimental results show that, due to the increased low‐frequency energy content of this “single bubble” pulse, air‐gun arrays considerably reduced both in size and volume can generate the necessary acoustic energy for deep seismic exploration.
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Warris, B. J., T. Grocke, and A. Lane. "PETROLEUM OPERATIONS IN THE ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE NORTHERN PERTH BASIN, WESTERN AUSTRALIA." APPEA Journal 30, no. 1 (1990): 428. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj89031.

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Barrack Energy Limited is an Australian company involved in the search for petroleum in Australia. The company's principal area of exploration and production is the northern portion of the onshore Perth Basin in Western Australia. In this area, the company operates four permits and one production licence covering an area of almost 15 000 square kilometres (3.7 million acres).For the period 1987 to 1989, Barrack Energy Limited acquired 1238 line km of seismic in the northern Perth Basin. This was conducted in fourteen surveys extending from Lancelin in the south to Dongara in the north.Petroleum exploration and production operations in the northern Perth Basin are highly visible and require painstaking and careful planning, permitting and negotiation to achieve the multiple land use goals of minimum disturbance to private landowners and minimum impact and zero long term effects on the environment.Due to the large areas of Vacant Crown Land and flora and fauna reserves in the northern Perth Basin, the impact of seismic line clearance upon the terrain was a major consideration. Barrack Energy Limited decided to experiment with various mechanical systems to clear seismic lines in order to determine the optimum operational and environmental technique. The bulldozer/ grader combination proved to be the most practical line clearance method available. The dozer need not be a tool of destruction and when operated correctly does no more damage than other methods tried.At all times Barrack Energy Limited has striven to ensure that the impact on the surrounding countryside by its exploration and production activity is kept to an absolute minimum. The company works closely with the local community to ensure that the local residents are comfortable at all times with the company's operating methods.
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Gendzwill, D. J., and D. Stead. "Rock mass characterization around Saskatchewan potash mine openings using geophysical techniques: a review." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 29, no. 4 (August 1, 1992): 666–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t92-073.

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Saskatchewan potash deposits are found in relatively uniform, flat-bedded strata with few irregularities. Potash mines are highly automated and efficient, taking advantage of the uniform strata. However, anomalous geological conditions can lead to severe problems, especially with water inflows. One mine has been lost to flooding, and other mines now have or previously had large inflows of water. Geophysical techniques, especially the method of vertical seismic reflection from the surface, are used to predict anomalous geological conditions. Seismic, electric, and other geophysical methods are also used underground, sometimes in boreholes, to detect conditions around the mine openings such as the thickness of the salt cover over the mine, fractures around the opening, shale beds, the presence of water, and other rock properties. The mines generate seismic activity ranging from magnitude 3.7 earthquakes to tiny micro-earthquakes, and various field monitoring and laboratory testing programs have analyzed these. To avoid hazards discovered by geophysical methods, mine managers have often changed their plan of operation or even deleted large ore reserves. Key words : geophysics, potash mining, seismic, earthquakes.
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Zhao, Jingtao, Caixia Yu, Suping Peng, and Chuangjian Li. "3D diffraction imaging method using low-rank matrix decomposition." GEOPHYSICS 85, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): S1—S10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2018-0417.1.

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Seismic weak responses from subsurface small-scale geologic discontinuities or inhomogeneities are encoded in 3D diffractions. Separating weak diffractions from a strong reflection background is a difficult problem for diffraction imaging, especially for the 3D case when they are tangent to or interfering with each other. Most conventional diffraction separation methods ignore the azimuth discrepancy between reflections and diffractions when suppressing reflections. In fact, the reflections associated with a specific pair of azimuth-dip angle possess sparse characteristics, and the diffractions adhering to Huygens’ principle behave as low-rank components. Therefore, we have developed a 3D low-rank diffraction imaging method that uses the Mahalanobis-based low-rank and sparse matrix decomposition method for separating and imaging 3D diffractions in the azimuth-dip angle image matrix. The advantages of our 3D diffraction imaging method not only includes the handling of interfering events but also includes ensuring a better protection of weak diffractions. The numerical experiment illustrates the good performance of our method in imaging small-scale discontinuities and inhomogeneities. The field data application of carbonate reservoirs further confirms its potential value in resolving the masked small-scale cavities that can provide storage spaces and a migration pathway for petroleum.
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Huang, Handong, Sanyi Yuan, Yintao Zhang, Jing Zeng, and Wentao Mu. "Use of nonlinear chaos inversion in predicting deep thin lithologic hydrocarbon reservoirs: A case study from the Tazhong oil field of the Tarim Basin, China." GEOPHYSICS 81, no. 6 (November 2016): B221—B234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2015-0705.1.

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With the gradual disappearance of traditional structural reservoirs, widely distributed deep thin lithologic reservoirs developed in continental and transitional sedimentary environments may offer significant petroleum reserves. Reservoir characterization through conventional impedance inversion methods without appropriate selection of regularization parameters and other empirical constraints cannot easily detect and assess these reserves, however, due to their size, variation, and features that conceal them. We have evaluated a nonlinear chaos inversion method that uses well data and seismic facies to characterize the oil and gas reservoirs of the Tazhong oil field in the Tarim Basin, China. The inverted results exhibited high agreement with the well data in highlighting the interfaces and lithologic bodies. This integrated method also provided enhanced resolution of depositional contacts and variable lithologic bodies. Specifically, the approach was able to describe a highly variable, approximately 5 m thick Carboniferous formation at depths greater than 3400 m. Borehole and core data provided a complementary hydrocarbon accumulation model. We used background information on hydrocarbon-bearing units within the main structure (an anticline) to detect and access (drill) ultra-thin lithologic reservoirs located in deeper areas of the structural high. Two wells drilled according to predictions derived from this new approach have each reached production rates of more than 30 tons of oil per day. Thus, we have determined the effectiveness of combining chaos inversion methods with empirical constraints in exploration of deep thin hydrocarbon reservoirs.
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Da Silva, Adalto Oliveira, Roseane Marchezi Misságia, and Marco Antonio Rodrigues Ceia. "Q FACTOR ESTIMATION FROM SURFACE AND VSP SEISMIC DATA: A NUMERICAL MODELING STUDY." Revista Brasileira de Geofísica 31, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 683. http://dx.doi.org/10.22564/rbgf.v31i4.356.

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ABSTRACT. Seismic acquisition is used by the petroleum industry to identify subsurface structures that meet pre-established requirements for hydrocarbon accumulation. In mature fields, such surveys are important to monitor the reserves, the producing wells and to aid the development of projects for new wells location. This work proposes a processing workflow that seeks to improve the high frequency content of the seismic signal, which is the most attenuated part of the frequency spectrum of such kind of signal, especially in surface seismic data. The method is based on the calculation ofQ factor from VSP data which allows defining an inverse Qef filter to be applied in surface seismic data. This processing flow was tested in two datasets derived from numerical models: one with plain-parallel layers and another representing the wedge type reservoir. Such numerical modeling aimed to simulate the attenuation of the seismic signal concerning the geometry and saturation effects in those two reservoir models, which allows testing the efficiency of the inverse Qef filter that was designed to mitigate energy loss effects in seismic waves used for reservoir characterization.Keywords: attenuation coefficient, quality factor, seismic characterization, petroleum reservoir. RESUMO. A aquisição sísmica é utilizada pela indústria do petróleo com a finalidade de identificar em subsuperfície estruturas que satisfaçam os requisitos pré estabelecidos para acumulação de hidrocarbonetos. Em campos maduros, tais levantamentos são importantes para monitorar reservas, poços produtores e desenvolver novos projetos de poço. Nesse artigo propõe-se um fluxo de processamento voltado para o melhoramento das altas frequências atenuadas nos dados sísmicos de superfície. Isto será feito a partir do cálculo do fator Q utilizando dados sísmicos de poço para definir um filtro inverso Qef e realizar a filtragem de dados sísmicos de superfície. Este fluxo foi testado em dois conjuntos de dados provenientes de simulações numéricas: com camadas planas e paralelas, e outro com camadas inclinadas simulando a borda acunhada (wedge) de um reservatório delgado. A modelagem numérica teve como propósito simular a atenuação do sinal sísmico associado aos efeitos da geometria e saturação nos dois tipos de reservatórios, possibilitando testar a eficácia do filtro inverso Qef proposto para mitigar os efeitos da perda de energia da onda sísmica na caracterização de reservatórios de hidrocarbonetos.Palavras-chave: coeficiente de atenuação, fator de qualidade, caracterização sísmica, reservatório de petróleo.
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Cunningham, Jennifer E., Nestor Cardozo, Chris Townsend, and Richard H. T. Callow. "The impact of seismic interpretation methods on the analysis of faults: a case study from the Snøhvit field, Barents Sea." Solid Earth 12, no. 3 (March 30, 2021): 741–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-12-741-2021.

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Abstract. Five seismic interpretation experiments were conducted on an area of interest containing a fault relay in the Snøhvit field, Barents Sea, Norway, to understand how the interpretation method impacts the analysis of fault and horizon morphologies, fault lengths, and throw. The resulting horizon and fault interpretations from the least and most successful interpretation methods were further analysed to understand their impact on geological modelling and hydrocarbon volume calculation. Generally, the least dense manual interpretation method of horizons (32 inlines and 32 crosslines; 32 ILs × 32 XLs, 400 m) and faults (32 ILs, 400 m) resulted in inaccurate fault and horizon interpretations and underdeveloped relay morphologies and throw, which are inadequate for any detailed geological analysis. The densest fault interpretations (4 ILs, 50 m) and 3D auto-tracked horizons (all ILs and XLs spaced 12.5 m) provided the most detailed interpretations, most developed relay and fault morphologies, and geologically realistic throw distributions. Sparse interpretation grids generate significant issues in the model itself, which make it geologically inaccurate and lead to misunderstanding of the structural evolution of the relay. Despite significant differences between the two models, the calculated in-place petroleum reserves are broadly similar in the least and most dense experiments. However, when considered at field scale, the differences in volumes that are generated by the contrasting interpretation methodologies clearly demonstrate the importance of applying accurate interpretation strategies.
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Duchesne, Mathieu J., André J. M. Pugin, Gabriel Fabien-Ouellet, and Mathieu Sauvageau. "Detection of near-surface hydrocarbon seeps using P- and S-wave reflections." Interpretation 4, no. 3 (August 1, 2016): SH21—SH37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/int-2015-0175.1.

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The combined use of P- and S-wave seismic reflection data is appealing for providing insights into active petroleum systems because P-waves are sensitive to fluids and S-waves are not. The method presented herein relies on the simultaneous acquisition of P- and S-wave data using a vibratory source operated in the inline horizontal mode. The combined analysis of P- and S-wave reflections is tested on two potential hydrocarbon seeps located in a prospective area of the St. Lawrence Lowlands in Eastern Canada. For both sites, P-wave data indicate local changes in the reflection amplitude and slow velocities, whereas S-wave data present an anomalous amplitude at one site. Differences between P- and S-wave reflection morphology and amplitude and the abrupt decrease in P-velocity are indirect lines of evidence for hydrocarbon migration toward the surface through unconsolidated sediments. Surface-gas analysis made on samples taken at one potential seeping site reveals the occurrence of thermogenic gas that presumably vents from the underlying fractured Utica Shale forming the top of the bedrock. The 3C shear data suggest that fluid migration locally disturbs the elastic properties of the matrix. The comparative analysis of P- and S-wave data along with 3C recordings makes this method not only attractive for the remote detection of shallow hydrocarbons but also for the exploration of how fluid migration impacts unconsolidated geologic media.
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Carcione, José M. "AVO effects of a hydrocarbon source‐rock layer." GEOPHYSICS 66, no. 2 (March 2001): 419–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1444933.

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The organic content of petroleum source‐rock layers can be determined from seismic data with a suitable AVO technique. Since the source rock has a layered structure, the best forward model is a transversely isotropic layer between two isotropic half‐spaces, parameterized by the layer thickness and the amount of organic material. This limited number of parameters is essential to obtain a robust inversion method. Here, I compute the PP- and PS-reflection coefficients of the source bed as a function of layer thickness and organic content, including attenuation mechanisms related to different stages of maturation. The source rock is modeled as a viscoelastic medium composed of illite/smectite, solid organic matter (kerogen), and fluids (oil and water). The properties of the kerogen/oil/water mixture are obtained with the Kuster and Toksöz model, assuming that oil and water are the inclusion in a kerogen matrix. Then, Backus averaging gives the complex stiffnesses of the layer. To derive the reflection coefficients, I relate the particle velocities and stresses on the top and bottom interfaces between the layer and the substrates. The results indicate that there is ambiguity regarding the layer thickness, since two or more values can have similar reflection coefficients. For instance, for moderate offsets and 25% kerogen content, the reflection‐coefficient curves oscillate with a period of 70 m for PP-waves and 40 m for PS-waves. On the other hand, the reflection coefficients have a mimimum at approximately 5% kerogen content and increase monotonically above this value. Therefore, the inversion may provide reliable values above approximately 10% kerogen content.
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Zagayevskiy, Yevgeniy, and Clayton V. Deutsch. "Application of Grid-Free Geostatistical Simulation to a Large Oil-Sands Reservoir." SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 19, no. 03 (April 4, 2016): 367–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/180917-pa.

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Summary Geostatistical simulation is performed for reservoir characterization to depict local variability in the modeled properties. The conventional simulation methods are implemented in a grid-dependent manner that makes regridding of realizations, refinement of existing grids, and the simulation on irregular grids challenging. The grid-free-simulation (GFS) method has been recently developed for flexible reservoir characterization. The geostatistical realizations of a reservoir are expressed as an analytical function of the coordinates of the simulation locations and, thus, are infinitely resolvable. The resulting model is conditioned to primary scattered point-scale hard data and secondary exhaustively sampled block-scale soft data. The former data are sampled along wells, whereas the latter data are from seismic surveys. The GFS methodology is applied to the Firebag oil-sands thermal project operated in northern Alberta, Canada. The conditioning data are point-scale core measurements, log observations, and block-scale acoustic impedance (AI). The models of correlated porosity, permeability, and water saturation attributes are constructed on three different grids by facies and are consistent with each other. These models are intended for resource estimation, reserves estimation, and subsequent-flow simulation, respectively. The modeling results of the grid-independent simulation method are promising for industrial application to petroleum reservoir characterization.
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Maxwell, S. C., and T. I. Urbancic. "The Potential Role of Passive Seismic Monitoring for Real-Time 4D Reservoir Characterization." SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 8, no. 01 (February 1, 2005): 70–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/89071-pa.

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Summary This paper details the application of passive seismic monitoring to image reservoir fracturing and deformation from the stage of an initial wellcompletion to final field production. Instrumented oil fields with seismic arrays either permanently installed or temporarily deployed on wireline offer the possibility of imaging production activities in a real-time sense that complements other seismic-reflection and engineering measurements. During the well-completion stage of development, real-time microseismic imaging offers the possibility of monitoring well stimulation. Fracture images may be used to optimize the fracture design and the net present value (NPV) of well production, as well as understand fracture complexity and the associated well-drainage pattern to target future well placement. During production stages, time-lapse microseismic imaging may be used for image deformation associated with fracturing or fracture reactivation from pressure or stress changes, strains in the overburden in fields with casing-deformation problems, and image fronts associated with secondary recovery. In this paper, several case studies are used to illustrate various potential applications, along with discussion of the potential limitations. The reservoir conditions necessary for the successful application of the technology are presented along with a potential method to quantify the technical feasibility at a particular site. Introduction With the current industry trend toward instrumented oil fields and smart-well completions, the permanent deployment of geophones or other acoustic sensors to complement standard engineering gauges is being promoted as a way to map reservoir dynamics. The biggest push is from active time-lapse seismic, although the deployment of permanent seismic instrumentation is also potentially an ideal route to monitor passive seismicity. Passive monitoring of acoustic emissions, or small-magnitude microearthquakes (microseismicity)associated with stress changes in and around the reservoir, can also be used to image the reservoir dynamics. Passive monitoring has the benefit of more fully using the seismic sensors to monitor during periods between conventional seismic surveys, directly imaging fracturing and deformation, and offers complementary information to both active time-lapse images and engineering measurements. Microseismic events, related to either induced movements on pre-existing structures or the creation of new fractures, capture deformations as the rock mass reacts to stresses and strains associated with pressure changes in the reservoir. The microseismicity can be used to localize the fracturing or to deduce geomechanical details of the deformation. Since the Rangely experiment in the late 1960s,1 a number of passive seismic experiments have been pursued in the petroleum industry with varying degrees of success.2–5 Recently, an umber of independent operators have successfully implemented passive seismic studies to address specific issues. The majority of these studies are under the umbrella of hydraulic fracturing,2,3 where the microseismicity is used to map the fracture growth directly during well stimulations. However, a number of other studies have been used to image deformations associated with primary production,4 secondary recovery,4 or waste-injection operations.5 In the vast majority of these cases, an array of seismic sensors is deployed by wireline to monitor for a specific period. This requires finding a well "close to the action" to facilitate detection of these small passive signals without impacting production. Permanent sensor deployment in an instrumented oil field circumvents the chronic problem of well availability. In numerous fields, microseismicity is continually occurring, and if the instrumentation were in place to record the data properly, additional information on the reservoir performance could be gained. As an aside, it is worth considering how much of the "noise" recorded in conventional seismics may be actually valuable microseismic data. The key will be to design the seismic arrays properly to cover both conventional active seismics (e.g., reflection and tomography) and specific issues associated with passive recording. This paper will outline a viewpoint of the potential applications and technical issues associated with passive seismic monitoring. Because passive seismics is probably best viewed as being in its infancy in the petroleum industry, it is worth standing back and considering applications in other industries in which the technology is more mature. In mining, real-time micro seismic data are used by supervisors to decide if it is safe to send miners underground.6 Microseismic data are also crucial in a number of other rock-engineering applications, such as excavation stability in nuclear-wasterepositories,7 geotechnical stability,8 and performance of geothermal reservoirs.9 Permanent instrumentation in oil fields also should allow the maturity of the technology to help solve certain geomechanical problems in the petroleum industry. This article generally will focus on borehole deployments because passive monitoring will most likely involve borehole arrays to keep the instrumentation close to the action and maximize sensitivity. In some special cases, where induced seismic activity can be detected at surface, permanent surface arrays could be used in a context similar to the picture painted in this paper. However, for the most part, the following discussion will focus on borehole arrays.
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Charles, D. D., H. H. Rieke, and R. Purushothaman. "Well-Test Characterization of Wedge-Shaped, Faulted Reservoirs." SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 4, no. 03 (June 1, 2001): 221–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/72098-pa.

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Summary Two offshore, wedge-shaped reservoirs in south Louisiana were interpreted with pressure-buildup responses by comparing the results from simulated finite-element model studies. The importance of knowing the correct reservoir shape, and how it is used to interpret the generated boundary-pressure responses, is briefly discussed. Two different 3D computer models incorporating different wedge-shaped geometries simulated the test pressure-buildup response patterns. Variations in the two configurations are topologically expressed as a constant thickness and a nonconstant thickness, with smooth-surface, wedged-shaped reservoir models. The variable-thickness models are pinched-out updip at one end and faulted at the other end. Numerical well-test results demonstrated changes in the relationships between the pressure-derivative profile, the wellbore location, and the extent of partial penetration in the reservoir models. The wells were placed along the perpendicular bisector (top view) at distances starting from the apex at 5, 10, 20, 40, 50, 60, 80, and 90% of the reservoir length. Results demonstrate that boundary distance identification (such as distance, number, and type) based solely on the log-log derivative profile in rectangular and triangular wedge-shaped reservoirs should be strongly discouraged. Partial-penetration effects (PPE's) in wedge-shaped reservoirs are highly dependent on the wellbore location relative to the wedge, and the well-test-data analysis becomes more complex. Introduction The interpretation of the effect of reservoir shape on pressure-transient well-test data needs improvement. It is economically imperative to be able to generate an accurate estimate of reserves and producing potential. This is especially critical for independent operators who wish to participate in deepwater opportunities in the Gulf of Mexico. Proper interpretation of data extracted from cost-effective well tests is an integral part of describing, evaluating, and managing such reservoirs. Well-test information such as average reservoir pressure, transmissivity, pore volume, storativity, formation damage, deliverability, distance to the boundary, and completion efficiency are some of the technical inputs into economic and operational decisions. Several key economic decisions that operators have to make are:Should the reservoir be exploited?How many wells are needed to develop the reservoir?Is artificial lift necessary (and if so, when)? The identification of morphological demarcation components such as impermeable barriers (faults, intersecting faults, facies changes, erosional unconformities, and structural generated depositional pinchouts) and constant-pressure boundaries (aquifer or gas-cap) from well testing help to establish the reservoir boundaries, shape, and volume. One must remember that the geological entrapment structure or sedimentological body does not always define the reservoir's limits. Our present study provides insight into wedge-shaped reservoirs in the Gulf of Mexico. Seismic exploration can define geological shapes in either two or three dimensions in the subsurface. These shapes are expressions of the preserved structural history and depositional environments and are verified by observations of such structures in outcrops and present-day depositional environments. From a sedimentological viewpoint, the following sedimentary deposits can exhibit wedge-shaped geometries. Preserved barchan sand dunes, reworked transgressive sands, barrier-island sands, offshore bars, alluvial fan deposits, delta-front sheet sands, and lenticular channel sands form the more plausible pinchout, wedge-shaped geological models recognized in the Gulf of Mexico sedimentary sequence. Wedge-Shaped Reservoirs Reviewing the petroleum engineering literature, we found very few technical papers addressing wedge-shaped reservoir geometries and their effects on reservoir performance. Their detailed analytical results are discussed and applied to the interpretations of our model results. An overview of the conceptual models is presented as a quick orientation to emphasize some model issues. Horne and Temeng1 were the first to address the problem of recognizing, discriminating, and locating reservoir pinchouts with the Green's functions method proposed by Gringarten and Ramey2 in pressure-transient analysis. The analytical solution considered a dimensionless penetration depth of the well. Their results showed that pinchout boundaries appear similar to constant-pressure boundaries with respect to pressure-drawdown behavior and not as a perpendicular sealing boundary. Yaxley3 presented a set of simple equations for calculating the stabilized inflow performance of a well in infinite rectangular and wedge-shaped drainage systems. The basis for Yaxley's mathematical model is the application of transient linear flow (as opposed to radial flow conditions assumed for the reservoir) and the mathematical difference between a plane source and a line source in linear-flow drainage systems for various rectangular drainage shapes. The equations were derived from transient linear-flow relationships for a well located between parallel no-flow boundaries. This concept was applied to intersecting no-flow boundaries and an outer circular, no-flow, constant-pressure boundary. His approach involved a constant ßr that is interpreted as an extra pressure drop relative to a well of radius ro (radial distance to the well location), which is a result of the distortion of the radial streamline pattern. Chen and Raghavan4 developed a solution to compute pressure distributions in wedge-shaped drainage systems using Laplace transforms. Their mathematical approach overcame existing limitations in some of the previous solutions, which were mentioned earlier. By applying the inversion theorem to the Laplace transformation, they verified that the slope of the pressure profile is inversely proportional to the wedge angle of the drainage system. An examination of their results is important to the interpretation of our own simulated pressure-response issues. Generally, their model solutions showed three radial-flow periods in the absence of wellbore-storage effects. The radial-flow periods showed that:During an initial radial-flow period, neither of the impermeable boundaries registered either singly or jointly.In the second phase, one or two boundaries became evident on the pressure signature.A third radial-flow period exhibited a semi logarithmic slope proportional to p/?o, where ?o=the angle of the wedge.
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Cao, Peng, Shaoying Chang, Yongjin Zhu, Jinlong Shen, Zhanfeng Qiao, Guanming Shao, and Xiaowei Sun. "New Method for Characterizing Internal Structure of Fault-Karst Reservoirs and Analysis on Acidizing Fracturing Effect: A Case Study in HLHT Oilfield, Tarim Basin, NW China." Lithosphere 2021, Special 1 (July 12, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/2021/6784641.

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Abstract Superimposed tectonic movement and karst erosion resulted in a combination of fractures and irregular caves in deep/ultradeep carbonate rocks, typically along major fault swarms. Outlining these fault-karst reservoirs mainly depends on recognizing the strong reflection in seismic profiles; however, characterizing their internal structures is still difficult, which are represented as weak amplitude in seismic profiles. This study intended to propose a method to dissect the internal structure of fault-karst reservoirs, which contains four steps: (1) elimination of the signal interference by the covering bed with strong energy and recognition of internal reservoirs with low energy based on seismic data conversion, frequency division, and inversion; (2) gradient structure tensor analysis based on an anisotropic Gaussian filter for fault-karst reservoir outlining; (3) internal faults and cave recognition on the basis of wave-based inversion; and (4) reevaluation of the number and scale of these faults and caves based on seismic recognition and well test results and verification of their volumes and hydrocarbon reserves. The method was used in the evaluation of the fault-karst reservoir in the Halahatang (HLHT) oilfield, which is located in the north of Tarim Basin. The results show that the fault-karst reservoirs along major faults and their internal structures are effectively recognized, and the error of the predicted depth of the reservoirs decreases from more than 20 m before to less than 4 m now; the drilling success ratio increases from 70% to 90%. In addition, the method supports the recognition of untapped fault-karst reservoirs around shut-in wells, which provides guidance for sidetracking plans. Further, by comparing the geophysical volume of fault-karst reservoirs and the reserve predicted by production performance, the untapped reserve in a certain reservoir can be evaluated; on this basis, producing wells received high yields by targeted acid fracturing. In summary, the method effectively improves the prediction accuracy and the recovery efficiency of fault-karst reservoirs.
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Hidayat, Hidayat, Andri Dian Nugraha, Awali Priyono, Marjiyono Marjiyono, Januar H. Setiawan, David P. Sahara, Sonny Winardhi, et al. "Travel Time Tomography to Delineate 3-D Regional Seismic Velocity Structure in the Banyumas Basin, Central Java, Indonesia, Using Dense Borehole Seismographic Stations." Frontiers in Earth Science 9 (June 18, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.639271.

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The Banyumas Basin is a tertiary sedimentary basin located in southern Central Java, Indonesia. Due to the presence of volcanic deposits, 2-D seismic reflection methods cannot provide a good estimation of the sediment thickness and the subsurface geology structure in this area. In this study, the passive seismic tomography (PST) method was applied to image the 3-D subsurface Vp, Vs, and Vp/Vs ratio. We used 70 seismograph borehole stations with a recording duration of 177 days. A total of 354 events with 9, 370 P and 9, 368 S phases were used as input for tomographic inversion. The checkshot data of a 4, 400-meter deep exploration well (Jati-1) located within the seismic network were used to constrain the shallow crustal layer of the initial 1-D velocity model. The model resolution of the tomographic inversions was assessed using the checkerboard resolution test (CRT), the diagonal resolution element (DRE), and the derivative weight sum (DWS). Using the obtained Vp, Vs, and Vp/Vs ratio, we were able to sharpen details of the geological structures within the basin from previous geological studies, and a fault could be well-imaged at a depth of 4 km. We interpreted this as the main dextral strike-slip fault that controls the pull apart process of the Banyumas Basin. The thickness of the sediment layers, as well as its layering, were also could be well determined. We found prominent features of the velocity contrast that aligned very well with the boundary between the Halang and Rambatan formations as observed in the Jati-1 well data. Furthermore, an anticline structure, which is a potential structural trap for the petroleum system in the Banyumas Basin, was also well imaged. This was made possible due to the dense borehole seismographic stations which were deployed in the study area.
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21

Keogh, Luke. "The First Four Wells: Unconventional Gas in Australia." M/C Journal 16, no. 2 (March 8, 2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/mcj.617.

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Unconventional energy sources have become increasingly important to the global energy mix. These include coal seam gas, shale gas and shale oil. The unconventional gas industry was pioneered in the United States and embraced following the first oil shock in 1973 (Rogers). As has been the case with many global resources (Hiscock), many of the same companies that worked in the USA carried their experience in this industry to early Australian explorations. Recently the USA has secured significant energy security with the development of unconventional energy deposits such as the Marcellus shale gas and the Bakken shale oil (Dobb; McGraw). But this has not come without environmental impact, including contamination to underground water supply (Osborn, Vengosh, Warner, Jackson) and potential greenhouse gas contributions (Howarth, Santoro, Ingraffea; McKenna). The environmental impact of unconventional gas extraction has raised serious public concern about the introduction and growth of the industry in Australia. In coal rich Australia coal seam gas is currently the major source of unconventional gas. Large gas deposits have been found in prime agricultural land along eastern Australia, such as the Liverpool Plains in New South Wales and the Darling Downs in Queensland. Competing land-uses and a series of environmental incidents from the coal seam gas industry have warranted major protest from a coalition of environmentalists and farmers (Berry; McLeish). Conflict between energy companies wanting development and environmentalists warning precaution is an easy script to cast for frontline media coverage. But historical perspectives are often missing in these contemporary debates. While coal mining and natural gas have often received “boosting” historical coverage (Diamond; Wilkinson), and although historical themes of “development” and “rushes” remain predominant when observing the span of the industry (AGA; Blainey), the history of unconventional gas, particularly the history of its environmental impact, has been little studied. Few people are aware, for example, that the first shale gas exploratory well was completed in late 2010 in the Cooper Basin in Central Australia (Molan) and is considered as a “new” frontier in Australian unconventional gas. Moreover many people are unaware that the first coal seam gas wells were completed in 1976 in Queensland. The first four wells offer an important moment for reflection in light of the industry’s recent move into Central Australia. By locating and analysing the first four coal seam gas wells, this essay identifies the roots of the unconventional gas industry in Australia and explores the early environmental impact of these wells. By analysing exploration reports that have been placed online by the Queensland Department of Natural Resources and Mines through the lens of environmental history, the dominant developmental narrative of this industry can also be scrutinised. These narratives often place more significance on economic and national benefits while displacing the environmental and social impacts of the industry (Connor, Higginbotham, Freeman, Albrecht; Duus; McEachern; Trigger). This essay therefore seeks to bring an environmental insight into early unconventional gas mining in Australia. As the author, I am concerned that nearly four decades on and it seems that no one has heeded the warning gleaned from these early wells and early exploration reports, as gas exploration in Australia continues under little scrutiny. Arrival The first four unconventional gas wells in Australia appear at the beginning of the industry world-wide (Schraufnagel, McBane, and Kuuskraa; McClanahan). The wells were explored by Houston Oils and Minerals—a company that entered the Australian mining scene by sharing a mining prospect with International Australian Energy Company (Wiltshire). The International Australian Energy Company was owned by Black Giant Oil Company in the US, which in turn was owned by International Royalty and Oil Company also based in the US. The Texan oilman Robert Kanton held a sixteen percent share in the latter. Kanton had an idea that the Mimosa Syncline in the south-eastern Bowen Basin was a gas trap waiting to be exploited. To test the theory he needed capital. Kanton presented the idea to Houston Oil and Minerals which had the financial backing to take the risk. Shotover No. 1 was drilled by Houston Oil and Minerals thirty miles south-east of the coal mining town of Blackwater. By late August 1975 it was drilled to 2,717 metres, discovered to have little gas, spudded, and, after a spend of $610,000, abandoned. The data from the Shotover well showed that the porosity of the rocks in the area was not a trap, and the Mimosa Syncline was therefore downgraded as a possible hydrocarbon location. There was, however, a small amount of gas found in the coal seams (Benbow 16). The well had passed through the huge coal seams of both the Bowen and Surat basins—important basins for the future of both the coal and gas industries. Mining Concepts In 1975, while Houston Oil and Minerals was drilling the Shotover well, US Steel and the US Bureau of Mines used hydraulic fracture, a technique already used in the petroleum industry, to drill vertical surface wells to drain gas from a coal seam (Methane Drainage Taskforce 102). They were able to remove gas from the coal seam before it was mined and sold enough to make a profit. With the well data from the Shotover well in Australia compiled, Houston returned to the US to research the possibility of harvesting methane in Australia. As the company saw it, methane drainage was “a novel exploitation concept” and the methane in the Bowen Basin was an “enormous hydrocarbon resource” (Wiltshire 7). The Shotover well passed through a section of the German Creek Coal measures and this became their next target. In September 1976 the Shotover well was re-opened and plugged at 1499 meters to become Australia’s first exploratory unconventional gas well. By the end of the month the rig was released and gas production tested. At one point an employee on the drilling operation observed a gas flame “the size of a 44 gal drum” (HOMA, “Shotover # 1” 9). But apart from the brief show, no gas flowed. And yet, Houston Oil and Minerals was not deterred, as they had already taken out other leases for further prospecting (Wiltshire 4). Only a week after the Shotover well had failed, Houston moved the methane search south-east to an area five miles north of the Moura township. Houston Oil and Minerals had researched the coal exploration seismic surveys of the area that were conducted in 1969, 1972, and 1973 to choose the location. Over the next two months in late 1976, two new wells—Kinma No.1 and Carra No.1—were drilled within a mile from each other and completed as gas wells. Houston Oil and Minerals also purchased the old oil exploration well Moura No. 1 from the Queensland Government and completed it as a suspended gas well. The company must have mined the Department of Mines archive to find Moura No.1, as the previous exploration report from 1969 noted methane given off from the coal seams (Sell). By December 1976 Houston Oil and Minerals had three gas wells in the vicinity of each other and by early 1977 testing had occurred. The results were disappointing with minimal gas flow at Kinma and Carra, but Moura showed a little more promise. Here, the drillers were able to convert their Fairbanks-Morse engine driving the pump from an engine run on LPG to one run on methane produced from the well (Porter, “Moura # 1”). Drink This? Although there was not much gas to find in the test production phase, there was a lot of water. The exploration reports produced by the company are incomplete (indeed no report was available for the Shotover well), but the information available shows that a large amount of water was extracted before gas started to flow (Porter, “Carra # 1”; Porter, “Moura # 1”; Porter, “Kinma # 1”). As Porter’s reports outline, prior to gas flowing, the water produced at Carra, Kinma and Moura totalled 37,600 litres, 11,900 and 2,900 respectively. It should be noted that the method used to test the amount of water was not continuous and these amounts were not the full amount of water produced; also, upon gas coming to the surface some of the wells continued to produce water. In short, before any gas flowed at the first unconventional gas wells in Australia at least 50,000 litres of water were taken from underground. Results show that the water was not ready to drink (Mathers, “Moura # 1”; Mathers, “Appendix 1”; HOMA, “Miscellaneous Pages” 21-24). The water had total dissolved solids (minerals) well over the average set by the authorities (WHO; Apps Laboratories; NHMRC; QDAFF). The well at Kinma recorded the highest levels, almost two and a half times the unacceptable standard. On average the water from the Moura well was of reasonable standard, possibly because some water was extracted from the well when it was originally sunk in 1969; but the water from Kinma and Carra was very poor quality, not good enough for crops, stock or to be let run into creeks. The biggest issue was the sodium concentration; all wells had very high salt levels. Kinma and Carra were four and two times the maximum standard respectively. In short, there was a substantial amount of poor quality water produced from drilling and testing the three wells. Fracking Australia Hydraulic fracturing is an artificial process that can encourage more gas to flow to the surface (McGraw; Fischetti; Senate). Prior to the testing phase at the Moura field, well data was sent to the Chemical Research and Development Department at Halliburton in Oklahoma, to examine the ability to fracture the coal and shale in the Australian wells. Halliburton was the founding father of hydraulic fracture. In Oklahoma on 17 March 1949, operating under an exclusive license from Standard Oil, this company conducted the first ever hydraulic fracture of an oil well (Montgomery and Smith). To come up with a program of hydraulic fracturing for the Australian field, Halliburton went back to the laboratory. They bonded together small slabs of coal and shale similar to Australian samples, drilled one-inch holes into the sample, then pressurised the holes and completed a “hydro-frac” in miniature. “These samples were difficult to prepare,” they wrote in their report to Houston Oil and Minerals (HOMA, “Miscellaneous Pages” 10). Their program for fracturing was informed by a field of science that had been evolving since the first hydraulic fracture but had rapidly progressed since the first oil shock. Halliburton’s laboratory test had confirmed that the model of Perkins and Kern developed for widths of hydraulic fracture—in an article that defined the field—should also apply to Australian coals (Perkins and Kern). By late January 1977 Halliburton had issued Houston Oil and Minerals with a program of hydraulic fracture to use on the central Queensland wells. On the final page of their report they warned: “There are many unknowns in a vertical fracture design procedure” (HOMA, “Miscellaneous Pages” 17). In July 1977, Moura No. 1 became the first coal seam gas well hydraulically fractured in Australia. The exploration report states: “During July 1977 the well was killed with 1% KCL solution and the tubing and packer were pulled from the well … and pumping commenced” (Porter 2-3). The use of the word “kill” is interesting—potassium chloride (KCl) is the third and final drug administered in the lethal injection of humans on death row in the USA. Potassium chloride was used to minimise the effect on parts of the coal seam that were water-sensitive and was the recommended solution prior to adding other chemicals (Montgomery and Smith 28); but a word such as “kill” also implies that the well and the larger environment were alive before fracking commenced (Giblett; Trigger). Pumping recommenced after the fracturing fluid was unloaded. Initially gas supply was very good. It increased from an average estimate of 7,000 cubic feet per day to 30,000, but this only lasted two days before coal and sand started flowing back up to the surface. In effect, the cleats were propped open but the coal did not close and hold onto them which meant coal particles and sand flowed back up the pipe with diminishing amounts of gas (Walters 12). Although there were some interesting results, the program was considered a failure. In April 1978, Houston Oil and Minerals finally abandoned the methane concept. Following the failure, they reflected on the possibilities for a coal seam gas industry given the gas prices in Queensland: “Methane drainage wells appear to offer no economic potential” (Wooldridge 2). At the wells they let the tubing drop into the hole, put a fifteen foot cement plug at the top of the hole, covered it with a steel plate and by their own description restored the area to its “original state” (Wiltshire 8). Houston Oil and Minerals now turned to “conventional targets” which included coal exploration (Wiltshire 7). A Thousand Memories The first four wells show some of the critical environmental issues that were present from the outset of the industry in Australia. The process of hydraulic fracture was not just a failure, but conducted on a science that had never been tested in Australia, was ponderous at best, and by Halliburton’s own admission had “many unknowns”. There was also the role of large multinationals providing “experience” (Briody; Hiscock) and conducting these tests while having limited knowledge of the Australian landscape. Before any gas came to the surface, a large amount of water was produced that was loaded with a mixture of salt and other heavy minerals. The source of water for both the mud drilling of Carra and Kinma, as well as the hydraulic fracture job on Moura, was extracted from Kianga Creek three miles from the site (HOMA, “Carra # 1” 5; HOMA, “Kinma # 1” 5; Porter, “Moura # 1”). No location was listed for the disposal of the water from the wells, including the hydraulic fracture liquid. Considering the poor quality of water, if the water was disposed on site or let drain into a creek, this would have had significant environmental impact. Nobody has yet answered the question of where all this water went. The environmental issues of water extraction, saline water and hydraulic fracture were present at the first four wells. At the first four wells environmental concern was not a priority. The complexity of inter-company relations, as witnessed at the Shotover well, shows there was little time. The re-use of old wells, such as the Moura well, also shows that economic priorities were more important. Even if environmental information was considered important at the time, no one would have had access to it because, as handwritten notes on some of the reports show, many of the reports were “confidential” (Sell). Even though coal mines commenced filing Environmental Impact Statements in the early 1970s, there is no such documentation for gas exploration conducted by Houston Oil and Minerals. A lack of broader awareness for the surrounding environment, from floral and faunal health to the impact on habitat quality, can be gleaned when reading across all the exploration reports. Nearly four decades on and we now have thousands of wells throughout the world. Yet, the challenges of unconventional gas still persist. The implications of the environmental history of the first four wells in Australia for contemporary unconventional gas exploration and development in this country and beyond are significant. Many environmental issues were present from the beginning of the coal seam gas industry in Australia. Owning up to this history would place policy makers and regulators in a position to strengthen current regulation. The industry continues to face the same challenges today as it did at the start of development—including water extraction, hydraulic fracturing and problems associated with drilling through underground aquifers. Looking more broadly at the unconventional gas industry, shale gas has appeared as the next target for energy resources in Australia. Reflecting on the first exploratory shale gas wells drilled in Central Australia, the chief executive of the company responsible for the shale gas wells noted their deliberate decision to locate their activities in semi-desert country away from “an area of prime agricultural land” and conflict with environmentalists (quoted in Molan). Moreover, the journalist Paul Cleary recently complained about the coal seam gas industry polluting Australia’s food-bowl but concluded that the “next frontier” should be in “remote” Central Australia with shale gas (Cleary 195). It appears that preference is to move the industry to the arid centre of Australia, to the ecologically and culturally unique Lake Eyre Basin region (Robin and Smith). Claims to move the industry away from areas that might have close public scrutiny disregard many groups in the Lake Eyre Basin, such as Aboriginal rights to land, and appear similar to other industrial projects that disregard local inhabitants, such as mega-dams and nuclear testing (Nixon). References AGA (Australian Gas Association). “Coal Seam Methane in Australia: An Overview.” AGA Research Paper 2 (1996). Apps Laboratories. “What Do Your Water Test Results Mean?” Apps Laboratories 7 Sept. 2012. 1 May 2013 ‹http://appslabs.com.au/downloads.htm›. Benbow, Dennis B. “Shotover No. 1: Lithology Report for Houston Oil and Minerals Corporation.” November 1975. Queensland Digital Exploration Reports. Company Report 5457_2. Brisbane: Queensland Department of Resources and Mines 4 June 2012. 1 May 2013 ‹https://qdexguest.deedi.qld.gov.au/portal/site/qdex/search?REPORT_ID=5457&COLLECTION_ID=999›. Berry, Petrina. “Qld Minister Refuses to Drink CSG Water.” news.com.au, 22 Apr. 2013. 1 May 2013 ‹http://www.news.com.au/breaking-news/national/qld-minister-refuses-to-drink-csg-water/story-e6frfku9-1226626115742›. Blainey, Geofrey. The Rush That Never Ended: A History of Australian Mining. Carlton: Melbourne University Publishing, 2003. Briody, Dan. The Halliburton Agenda: The Politics of Oil and Money. Singapore: Wiley, 2004. Cleary, Paul. Mine-Field: The Dark Side of Australia’s Resource Rush. Collingwood: Black Inc., 2012. Connor, Linda, Nick Higginbotham, Sonia Freeman, and Glenn Albrecht. “Watercourses and Discourses: Coalmining in the Upper Hunter Valley, New South Wales.” Oceania 78.1 (2008): 76-90. Diamond, Marion. “Coal in Australian History.” Coal and the Commonwealth: The Greatness of an Australian Resource. Eds. Peter Knights and Michael Hood. St Lucia: University of Queensland, 2009. 23-45. 20 Apr. 2013 ‹http://www.peabodyenergy.com/mm/files/News/Publications/Special%20Reports/coal_and_commonwealth%5B1%5D.pdf›. Dobb, Edwin. “The New Oil Landscape.” National Geographic (Mar. 2013): 29-59. Duus, Sonia. “Coal Contestations: Learning from a Long, Broad View.” Rural Society Journal 22.2 (2013): 96-110. Fischetti, Mark. “The Drillers Are Coming.” Scientific American (July 2010): 82-85. Giblett, Rod. “Terrifying Prospects and Resources of Hope: Minescapes, Timescapes and the Aesthetics of the Future.” Continuum: Journal of Media and Cultural Studies 23.6 (2009): 781-789. Hiscock, Geoff. Earth Wars: The Battle for Global Resources. Singapore: Wiley, 2012. HOMA (Houston Oil and Minerals of Australia). “Carra # 1: Well Completion Report.” July 1977. Queensland Digital Exploration Reports. Company Report 6054_1. Brisbane: Queensland Department of Resources and Mines. 21 Feb. 2012 ‹https://qdexguest.deedi.qld.gov.au/portal/site/qdex/search?REPORT_ID=6054&COLLECTION_ID=999›. ———. “Kinma # 1: Well Completion Report.” August 1977. Queensland Digital Exploration Reports. Company Report 6190_2. Brisbane: Queensland Department of Resources and Mines. 21 Feb. 2012 ‹https://qdexguest.deedi.qld.gov.au/portal/site/qdex/search?REPORT_ID=6190&COLLECTION_ID=999›. ———. “Miscellaneous Pages. Including Hydro-Frac Report.” August 1977. Queensland Digital Exploration Reports. Company Report 6190_17. Brisbane: Queensland Department of Resources and Mines. 31 May 2012 ‹https://qdexguest.deedi.qld.gov.au/portal/site/qdex/search?REPORT_ID=6190&COLLECTION_ID=999›. ———. “Shotover # 1: Well Completion Report.” March 1977. Queensland Digital Exploration Reports. Company Report 5457_1. Brisbane: Queensland Department of Resources and Mines. 22 Feb. 2012 ‹https://qdexguest.deedi.qld.gov.au/portal/site/qdex/search?REPORT_ID=5457&COLLECTION_ID=999›. Howarth, Robert W., Renee Santoro, and Anthony Ingraffea. “Methane and the Greenhouse-Gas Footprint of Natural Gas from Shale Formations: A Letter.” Climatic Change 106.4 (2011): 679-690. Mathers, D. “Appendix 1: Water Analysis.” 1-2 August 1977. Brisbane: Government Chemical Laboratory. Queensland Digital Exploration Reports. Company Report 6054_4. Brisbane: Queensland Department of Resources and Mines. 21 Feb. 2012 ‹https://qdexguest.deedi.qld.gov.au/portal/site/qdex/search?REPORT_ID=6054&COLLECTION_ID=999›. ———. “Moura # 1: Testing Report Appendix D Fluid Analyses.” 2 Aug. 1977. Brisbane: Government Chemical Laboratory. Queensland Digital Exploration Reports. Company Report 5991_5. Brisbane: Queensland Department of Resources and Mines. 22 Feb. 2012 ‹https://qdexguest.deedi.qld.gov.au/portal/site/qdex/search?REPORT_ID=5991&COLLECTION_ID=999›. McClanahan, Elizabeth A. “Coalbed Methane: Myths, Facts, and Legends of Its History and the Legislative and Regulatory Climate into the 21st Century.” Oklahoma Law Review 48.3 (1995): 471-562. McEachern, Doug. “Mining Meaning from the Rhetoric of Nature—Australian Mining Companies and Their Attitudes to the Environment at Home and Abroad.” Policy Organisation and Society (1995): 48-69. McGraw, Seamus. The End of Country. New York: Random House, 2011. McKenna, Phil. “Uprising.” Matter 21 Feb. 2013. 1 Mar. 2013 ‹https://www.readmatter.com/a/uprising/›.McLeish, Kathy. “Farmers to March against Coal Seam Gas.” ABC News 27 Apr. 2012. 22 Apr. 2013 ‹http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-04-27/farmers-to-march-against-coal-seam-gas/3977394›. Methane Drainage Taskforce. Coal Seam Methane. Sydney: N.S.W. Department of Mineral Resources and Office of Energy, 1992. Molan, Lauren. “A New Shift in the Global Energy Scene: Australian Shale.” Gas Today Online. 4 Nov. 2011. 3 May 2012 ‹http://gastoday.com.au/news/a_new_shift_in_the_global_energy_scene_australian_shale/064568/›. Montgomery, Carl T., and Michael B. Smith. “Hydraulic Fracturing: History of an Enduring Technology.” Journal of Petroleum Technology (2010): 26-32. 30 May 2012 ‹http://www.spe.org/jpt/print/archives/2010/12/10Hydraulic.pdf›. NHMRC (National Health and Medical Research Council). National Water Quality Management Strategy: Australian Drinking Water Guidelines 6. Canberra: Australian Government, 2004. 7 Sept. 2012 ‹http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/guidelines/publications/eh52›. Nixon, Rob. “Unimagined Communities: Developmental Refugees, Megadams and Monumental Modernity.” New Formations 69 (2010): 62-80. Osborn, Stephen G., Avner Vengosh, Nathaniel R. Warner, and Robert B. Jackson. “Methane Contamination of Drinking Water Accompanying Gas-Well Drilling and Hydraulic Fracturing.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108.20 (2011): 8172-8176. Perkins, T.K., and L.R. Kern. “Widths of Hydraulic Fractures.” Journal of Petroleum Technology 13.9 (1961): 937-949. Porter, Seton M. “Carra # 1:Testing Report, Methane Drainage of the Baralaba Coal Measures, A.T.P. 226P, Central Queensland, Australia.” Oct. 1977. Queensland Digital Exploration Reports. Company Report 6054_7. Brisbane: Queensland Department of Resources and Mines. 21 Feb. 2012 ‹https://qdexguest.deedi.qld.gov.au/portal/site/qdex/search?REPORT_ID=6054&COLLECTION_ID=999›. ———. “Kinma # 1: Testing Report, Methane Drainage of the Baralaba Coal Measures, A.T.P. 226P, Central Queensland, Australia.” Oct. 1977. Queensland Digital Exploration Reports. Company Report 6190_16. 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Chavdarov, Anatoliy V. "Special Issue No. – 10, June, 2020 Journal > Special Issue > Special Issue No. – 10, June, 2020 > Page 5 “Quantative Methods in Modern Science” organized by Academic Paper Ltd, Russia MORPHOLOGICAL AND ANATOMICAL FEATURES OF THE GENUS GAGEA SALISB., GROWING IN THE EAST KAZAKHSTAN REGION Authors: Zhamal T. Igissinova,Almash A. Kitapbayeva,Anargul S. Sharipkhanova,Alexander L. Vorobyev,Svetlana F. Kolosova,Zhanat K. Idrisheva, DOI: https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.spl.10/2020.06.00041 Abstract: Due to ecological preferences among species of the genus GageaSalisb, many plants are qualified as rare and/or endangered. Therefore, the problem of rational use of natural resources, in particular protection of early spring plant species is very important. However, literary sources analysis only reveals data on the biology of species of this genus. The present research,conducted in the spring of 2017-2019, focuses on anatomical and morphological features of two Altai species: Gagealutea and Gagea minima; these features were studied, clarified and confirmed by drawings and photographs. The anatomical structure of the stem and leaf blade was studied in detail. The obtained research results will prove useful for studies of medicinal raw materials and honey plants. The aforementioned species are similar in morphological features, yet G. minima issmaller in size, and its shoots appear earlier than those of other species Keywords: Flora,gageas,Altai species,vegetative organs., Refference: I. Atlas of areas and resources of medicinal plants of Kazakhstan.Almaty, 2008. II. Baitenov M.S. Flora of Kazakhstan.Almaty: Ġylym, 2001. III. DanilevichV. G. ThegenusGageaSalisb. of WesternTienShan. PhD Thesis, St. Petersburg,1996. IV. EgeubaevaR.A., GemedzhievaN.G. The current state of stocks of medicinal plants in some mountain ecosystems of Kazakhstan.Proceedings of the international scientific conference ‘”Results and prospects for the development of botanical science in Kazakhstan’, 2002. V. Kotukhov Yu.A. New species of the genus Gagea (Liliaceae) from Southern Altai. Bot. Journal.1989;74(11). VI. KotukhovYu.A. ListofvascularplantsofKazakhstanAltai. Botan. Researches ofSiberiaandKazakhstan.2005;11. VII. KotukhovYu. The current state of populations of rare and endangered plants in Eastern Kazakhstan. Almaty: AST, 2009. VIII. Kotukhov Yu.A., DanilovaA.N., AnufrievaO.A. Synopsisoftheonions (AlliumL.) oftheKazakhstanAltai, Sauro-ManrakandtheZaisandepression. BotanicalstudiesofSiberiaandKazakhstan. 2011;17: 3-33. IX. Kotukhov, Yu.A., Baytulin, I.O. Rareandendangered, endemicandrelictelementsofthefloraofKazakhstanAltai. MaterialsoftheIntern. scientific-practical. conf. ‘Sustainablemanagementofprotectedareas’.Almaty: Ridder, 2010. X. Krasnoborov I.M. et al. The determinant of plants of the Republic of Altai. Novosibirsk: SB RAS, 2012. XI. Levichev I.G. On the species status of Gagea Rubicunda. Botanical Journal.1997;6:71-76. XII. Levichev I.G. A new species of the genus Gagea (Liliaceae). Botanical Journal. 2000;7: 186-189. XIII. Levichev I.G., Jangb Chang-gee, Seung Hwan Ohc, Lazkovd G.A.A new species of genus GageaSalisb.(Liliaceae) from Kyrgyz Republic (Western Tian Shan, Chatkal Range, Sary-Chelek Nature Reserve). Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity.2019; 12: 341-343. XIV. Peterson A., Levichev I.G., Peterson J. Systematics of Gagea and Lloydia (Liliaceae) and infrageneric classification of Gagea based on molecular and morphological data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution.2008; 46. XV. Peruzzi L., Peterson A., Tison J.-M., Peterson J. Phylogenetic relationships of GageaSalisb.(Liliaceae) in Italy, inferred from molecular and morphological data matrices. Plant Systematics and Evolution; 2008: 276. XVI. Rib R.D. Honey plants of Kazakhstan. Advertising Digest, 2013. XVII. Scherbakova L.I., Shirshikova N.A. Flora of medicinal plants in the vicinity of Ust-Kamenogorsk. Collection of materials of the scientific-practical conference ‘Unity of Education, Science and Innovation’. Ust-Kamenogorsk: EKSU, 2011. XVIII. syganovA.P. PrimrosesofEastKazakhstan. Ust-Kamenogorsk: EKSU, 2001. XIX. Tsyganov A.P. Flora and vegetation of the South Altai Tarbagatay. Berlin: LAP LAMBERT,2014. XX. Utyasheva, T.R., Berezovikov, N.N., Zinchenko, Yu.K. ProceedingsoftheMarkakolskStateNatureReserve. Ust-Kamenogorsk, 2009. XXI. Xinqi C, Turland NJ. Gagea. Flora of China.2000;24: 117-121. XXII. Zarrei M., Zarre S., Wilkin P., Rix E.M. Systematic revision of the genus GageaSalisb. (Liliaceae) in Iran.BotJourn Linn Soc.2007;154. XXIII. Zarrei M., Wilkin P., Ingroille M.J., Chase M.W. A revised infrageneric classification for GageaSalisb. (Tulipeae; Liliaceae): insights from DNA sequence and morphological data.Phytotaxa.2011:5. View | Download INFLUENCE OF SUCCESSION CROPPING ON ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF NO-TILL CROP ROTATIONS Authors: Victor K. Dridiger,Roman S. Stukalov,Rasul G. Gadzhiumarov,Anastasiya A. Voropaeva,Viktoriay A. Kolomytseva, DOI: https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.spl.10/2020.06.00042 Abstract: This study was aimed at examining the influence of succession cropping on the economic efficiency of no-till field crop rotations on the black earth in the zone of unstable moistening of the Stavropol krai. A long-term stationary experiment was conducted to examine for the purpose nine field crop rotation patterns different in the number of fields (four to six), set of crops, and their succession in crop rotation. The respective shares of legumes, oilseeds, and cereals in the cropping pattern were 17 to 33, 17 to 40, and 50 to 67 %. It has been established that in case of no-till field crop cultivation the economic efficiency of plant production depends on the set of crops and their succession in rotation. The most economically efficient type of crop rotation is the soya-winter wheat-peas-winter wheat-sunflower-corn six-field rotation with two fields of legumes: in this rotation 1 ha of crop rotation area yields 3 850 grain units per ha at a grain unit prime cost of 5.46 roubles; the plant production output return and profitability were 20,888 roubles per ha and 113 %, respectively. The high production profitabilities provided by the soya-winter wheat-sunflower four-field and the soya-winter-wheat-sunflower-corn-winter wheat five-field crop rotation are 108.7 and 106.2 %, respectively. The inclusion of winter wheat in crop rotation for two years in a row reduces the second winter wheat crop yield by 80 to 100 %, which means a certain reduction in the grain unit harvesting rate to 3.48-3.57 thousands per ha of rotation area and cuts the production profitability down to 84.4-92.3 %. This is why, no-till cropping should not include winter wheat for a second time Keywords: No-till technology,crop rotation,predecessor,yield,return,profitability, Refference: I Badakhova G. Kh. and Knutas A. V., Stavropol Krai: Modern Climate Conditions [Stavropol’skiykray: sovremennyyeklimaticheskiyeusloviya]. Stavropol: SUE Krai Communication Networks, 2007. II Cherkasov G. N. and Akimenko A. S. Scientific Basis of Modernization of Crop Rotations and Formation of Their Systems according to the Specializations of Farms in the Central Chernozem Region [Osnovy moderniz atsiisevooborotoviformirovaniyaikh sistem v sootvetstvii so spetsi-alizatsiyeykhozyaystvTsentral’nogoChernozem’ya]. Zemledelie. 2017; 4: 3-5. III Decree 330 of July 6, 2017 the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia “On Approving Coefficients of Converting to Agricultural Crops to Grain Units [Ob utverzhdeniikoeffitsiyentovperevoda v zernovyyee dinitsysel’s kokhozyaystvennykhkul’tur]. IV Dridiger V. K., About Methods of Research of No-Till Technology [O metodikeissledovaniytekhnologii No-till]//Achievements of Science and Technology of AIC (Dostizheniyanaukiitekhniki APK). 2016; 30 (4): 30-32. V Dridiger V. K. and Gadzhiumarov R. G. Growth, Development, and Productivity of Soya Beans Cultivated On No-Till Technology in the Zone of Unstable Moistening of Stavropol Region [Rost, razvitiyeiproduktivnost’ soiprivozdelyvaniipotekhnologii No-till v zone ne-ustoychivog ouvlazhneniyaStavropol’skogokraya]//Oil Crops RTBVNIIMK (Maslichnyyekul’turyNTBVNIIMK). 2018; 3 (175): 52–57. VI Dridiger V. K., Godunova E. I., Eroshenko F. V., Stukalov R. S., Gadzhiumarov, R. G., Effekt of No-till Technology on erosion resistance, the population of earthworms and humus content in soil (Vliyaniyetekhnologii No-till naprotivoerozionnuyuustoychivost’, populyatsiyudozhdevykhcherveyisoderzhaniyegumusa v pochve)//Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences. 2018; 9 (2): 766-770. VII Karabutov A. P., Solovichenko V. D., Nikitin V. V. et al., Reproduction of Soil Fertility, Productivity and Energy Efficiency of Crop Rotations [Vosproizvodstvoplodorodiyapochv, produktivnost’ ienergeticheskayaeffektivnost’ sevooborotov]. Zemledelie. 2019; 2: 3-7. VIII Kulintsev V. V., Dridiger V. K., Godunova E. I., Kovtun V. I., Zhukova M. P., Effekt of No-till Technology on The Available Moisture Content and Soil Density in The Crop Rotation [Vliyaniyetekhnologii No-till nasoderzhaniyedostupnoyvlagiiplotnost’ pochvy v sevoob-orote]// Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences. 2017; 8 (6): 795-99. IX Kulintsev V. V., Godunova E. I., Zhelnakova L. I. et al., Next-Gen Agriculture System for Stavropol Krai: Monograph [SistemazemledeliyanovogopokoleniyaStavropol’skogokraya: Monogtafiya]. Stavropol: AGRUS Publishers, Stavropol State Agrarian University, 2013. X Lessiter Frank, 29 reasons why many growers are harvesting higher no-till yields in their fields than some university scientists find in research plots//No-till Farmer. 2015; 44 (2): 8. XI Rodionova O. A. Reproduction and Exchange-Distributive Relations in Farming Entities [Vosproizvodstvoiobmenno-raspredelitel’nyyeotnosheniya v sel’skokhozyaystvennykhorganizatsiyakh]//Economy, Labour, and Control in Agriculture (Ekonomika, trud, upravleniye v sel’skomkhozyaystve). 2010; 1 (2): 24-27. XII Sandu I. S., Svobodin V. A., Nechaev V. I., Kosolapova M. V., and Fedorenko V. F., Agricultural Production Efficiency: Recommended Practices [Effektivnost’ sel’skokhozyaystvennogoproizvodstva (metodicheskiyerekomendatsii)]. Moscow: Rosinforagrotech, 2013. XIII Sotchenko V. S. Modern Corn Cultivation Technologies [Sovremennayatekhnologiyavozdelyvaniya]. Moscow: Rosagrokhim, 2009. View | Download DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF AUTONOMOUS PORTABLE SEISMOMETER DESIGNED FOR USE AT ULTRALOW TEMPERATURES IN ARCTIC ENVIRONMENT Authors: Mikhail A. Abaturov,Yuriy V. Sirotinskiy, DOI: https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.spl.10/2020.06.00043 Abstract: This paper is concerned with solving one of the issues of the general problem of designing geophysical equipment for the natural climatic environment of the Arctic. The relevance of the topic has to do with an increased global interest in this region. The paper is aimed at considering the basic principles of developing and the procedure of testing seismic instruments for use at ultralow climatic temperatures. In this paper the indicated issue is considered through the example of a seismic module designed for petroleum and gas exploration by passive seismoacoustic methods. The seismic module is a direct-burial portable unit of around 5 kg in weight, designed to continuously measure and record microseismic triaxial orthogonal (ZNE) noise in a range from 0.1 to 45 Hz during several days in autonomous mode. The functional chart of designing the seismic module was considered, and concrete conclusions were made for choosing the necessary components to meet the ultralow-temperature operational requirements. The conclusions made served for developing appropriate seismic module. In this case, the components and tools used included a SAFT MP 176065 xc low-temperature lithium cell, industrial-spec electronic component parts, a Zhaofeng Geophysical ZF-4.5 Chinese primary electrodynamic seismic sensor, housing seal parts made of frost-resistant silicone materials, and finely dispersed silica gel used as water-retaining sorbent to avoid condensation in the housing. The paper also describes a procedure of low-temperature collation tests at the lab using a New Brunswick Scientific freezing plant. The test results proved the operability of the developed equipment at ultralow temperatures down to -55°C. In addition, tests were conducted at low microseismic noises in the actual Arctic environment. The possibility to detect signals in a range from 1 to 10 Hz at the level close to the NLNM limit (the Peterson model) has been confirmed, which allows monitoring and exploring petroleum and gas deposits by passive methods. As revealed by this study, the suggested approaches are efficient in developing high-precision mobile seismic instruments for use at ultralow climatic temperatures. The solution of the considered instrumentation and methodical issues is of great practical significance as a constituent of the generic problem of Arctic exploration. Keywords: Seismic instrumentation,microseismic monitoring,Peterson model,geological exploration,temperature ratings,cooling test, Refference: I. AD797: Ultralow Distortion, Ultralow Noise Op Amp, Analog Devices, Inc., Data Sheet (Rev. K). Analog Devices, Inc. URL: https://www.analog.com/media/en/technical-documentation/data-sheets/AD797.pdf(Date of access September 2, 2019). II. Agafonov, V. M., Egorov, I. V., and Shabalina, A. S. Operating Principles and Technical Characteristics of a Small-Sized Molecular–Electronic Seismic Sensor with Negative Feedback [Printsipyraboty I tekhnicheskiyekharakteristikimalogabaritnogomolekulyarno-elektronnogoseysmodatchika s otritsatel’noyobratnoysvyaz’yu]. SeysmicheskiyePribory (Seismic Instruments). 2014; 50 (1): 1–8. DOI: 10.3103/S0747923914010022. III. Antonovskaya, G., Konechnaya, Ya.,Kremenetskaya, E., Asming, V., Kvaema, T., Schweitzer, J., Ringdal, F. Enhanced Earthquake Monitoring in the European Arctic. Polar Science. 2015; 1 (9): 158-167. IV. Anthony, R. E., Aster, R. C., Wiens, D., Nyblade, Andr., Anandakrishnan, Sr., Huerta, Audr., Winberry, J. P., Wilson, T., and Rowe, Ch. The Seismic Noise Environment of Antarctica. Seismological Research Letters. 2015; 86(1): 89-100. DOI: 10.1785/0220150005 V. Brincker, R., Lago, T. L., Andersen, P., and Ventura, C. Improving the Classical Geophone Sensor Element by Digital Correction. In Conference Proceedings: IMAC-XXIII: A Conference & Exposition on Structural Dynamics Society for Experimental Mechanics, 2005. URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242452637_Improving_the_Classical_Geophone_Sensor_Element_by_Digital_Correction(Date of access September 2, 2019). VI. Bylaw 164 of the State Committee for Construction of the Russian Federation “On adopting amendments to SNiP 31-01-99 “Construction climatology”. URL: https://base.garant.ru/2322381/(Date of access September 2, 2019). VII. Chao Xu, Junbo Wang, Deyong Chen, Jian Chen, Bowen Liu, Wenjie Qi, XichenZheng, Hua Wei, Guoqing Zhang. The Electrochemical Seismometer Based on a Novel Designed.Sensing Electrode for Undersea Exploration. 20th International Conference on Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems &Eurosensors XXXIII (TRANSDUCERS &EUROSENSORS XXXIII). IEEE, 2019. DOI: 10.1109/TRANSDUCERS.2019.8808450. VIII. Chebotareva, I. Ya. New algorithms of emission tomography for passive seismic monitoring of a producing hydrocarbon deposit: Part I. Algorithms of processing and numerical simulation [Novyye algoritmyemissionnoyto mografiidlyapassivnogoseysmicheskogomonitoringarazrabatyvayemykhmestorozhdeniyuglevodorodov. Chast’ I: Algoritmyobrabotki I chislennoyemodelirovaniye]. FizikaZemli. 2010; 46(3):187-98. DOI: 10.1134/S106935131003002X IX. Danilov, A. V. and Konechnaya, Ya. V. Analytical comparison of seismic instruments for stationary surveys in the Arctic [Sravnitel’nyyanalizseysmicheskoyapparaturydlyastatsionarnykhnablyudeniy v Arktike]. DSYS. URL: https://dsys.ru/upload/id254_docPDF_FranzJosefLand.pdf(Date of access September 2, 2019). X. Dew point temperature calculator. Maple Tech. International LLC. URL: https://www.calculator.net/dew-point-calculator.html?airtemperature=20&airtemperatureunit=celsius&humidity=0.34&dewpoint=&dewpointunit=celsius&x=51&y=14(Date of access September 2, 2019). XI. Frolov, A. S. Matching of wave fields recorded by different geophysical receivers [Soglasovaniyevolnovykhpoley, poluchennykh s primeneniyemrazlichnoyregistriruyushcheyapparatury]. Abstracts IX International scientific and technical conference competition of young specialists “Geophysics-2013”. Saint-Petersburg: Gubkin University, 2013. URL: https://www.gubkin.ru/faculty/geology_and_geophysics/chairs_and_departments/exploration_geophysics_and_computers_systems/files/2013_SPb_Frolov.pdf. (Date of access September 2, 2019). XII. Gibbons, S. J., Asming, V., Fedorov, A., Fyen, J., Kero, J., Kozlovskaya, E., Kværna, T., Liszka, L., Näsholm, S.P., Raita, T., Roth, M., Tiira, T., Vinogradov, Yu. The European Arctic: A laboratory for seismoacoustic studies. Seism. Res. Letters. 2015; 86 (3): 917–928. XIII. GOST 8.395-80. State system for ensuring the uniformity of measurements. Reference conditions of measurements while calibrating. General requirements [Gosudarstvennayasistemaobespecheniyaedinstvaizmereniy. Normal’nyyeusloviyaizmereniypripoverke. Obshchiyetrebovaniya]. Moscow: Standartinform, 2008. URL: http://gostrf.com/normadata/1/4294821/4294821960.pdf (Date of access September 2, 2019). XIV. Guralp 6TD. Operators’ Guide. Document Number: MAN-T60-0002, Issue J: April, 2017. Guralp Systems Limited. 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Passive seismic tomography: A passive concept actively evolving. First Break. 2012; 30 (7): 83-90. XXII. Matveev, I. V. and Matveeva, N. V. Portable seismic recorder “SEISAR-5” with very low energy consumption for autonomous work in harsh climatic conditions [Portativnyyseysmicheskiyregistrator «Seysar-5» s ochen’ nizkimenergopotrebleniyemdlyaavtonomnoyraboty v slozhnykhklimatic heskikhusloviyakh]. Nauka I tekhnologicheskierazrabotki (Science and Technological Developments). 2017; 96 (3): 33-40. [Special Issue “Applied Geophysics: New Developments and Results. Part 1. Seismology and Seismic Exploration]. DOI: 10.21455/std2017.3-3. XXIII. Mishra, R. The Temperature Ratings of Electronic Parts.Electronics Cooling magazine. URL: http://www.electronics-cooling.com/2004/02/the-temperature-ratings-of-electronic-parts(Date of access September 2, 2019). XXIV. Moore, Sue E.; Stabeno, Phyllis J.; Van Pelt, Thomas I. The Synthesis of Arctic Research (SOAR) project. 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View | Download COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF RESULTS OF TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH FOOT PATHOLOGY WHO UNDERWENT WEIL OPEN OSTEOTOMY BY CLASSICAL METHOD AND WITHOUT STEOSYNTHESIS Authors: Yuriy V. Lartsev,Dmitrii A. Rasputin,Sergey D. Zuev-Ratnikov,Pavel V.Ryzhov,Dmitry S. Kudashev,Anton A. Bogdanov, DOI: https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.spl.10/2020.06.00044 Abstract: The article considers the problem of surgical correction of the second metatarsal bone length. The article analyzes the results of treatment of patients with excess length of the second metatarsal bones that underwent osteotomy with and without osteosynthesis. The results of treatment of patients who underwent metatarsal shortening due to classical Weil-osteotomy with and without osteosynthesis were analyzed. The first group consisted of 34 patients. They underwent classical Weil osteotomy. The second group included 44 patients in whomosteotomy of the second metatarsal bone were not by the screw. When studying the results of the treatment in the immediate postoperative period, weeks 6, 12, slightly better results were observed in patients of the first group, while one year after surgical treatment the results in both groups were comparable. One year after surgical treatment, there were 2.9% (1 patient) of unsatisfactory results in the first group and 4.5% (2 patients) in the second group. Considering the comparability of the results of treatment in remote postoperative period, the choice of concrete method remains with the operating surgeon. Keywords: Flat feet,hallux valgus,corrective osteotomy,metatarsal bones, Refference: I. A novel modification of the Stainsby procedure: surgical technique and clinical outcome [Text] / E. Concannon, R. MacNiocaill, R. Flavin [et al.] // Foot Ankle Surg. – 2014. – Dec., Vol. 20(4). – P. 262–267. II. Accurate determination of relative metatarsal protrusion with a small intermetatarsal angle: a novel simplified method [Text] / L. Osher, M.M. Blazer, S. Buck [et al.] // J. Foot Ankle Surg. – 2014. – Sep.-Oct., Vol. 53(5). – P. 548–556. III. Argerakis, N.G. The radiographic effects of the scarf bunionectomy on rearfoot alignment [Text] / N.G. Argerakis, L.Jr. Weil, L.S. Sr. Weil // Foot Ankle Spec. – 2015. – Apr., Vol. 8(2). – P. 89–94. IV. Bauer, T. Percutaneous forefoot surgery [Text] / T. Bauer // Orthop. Traumatol. Surg. Res. – 2014. – Feb., Vol. 100(1 Suppl.). – P. S191–S204. V. Biomechanical Evaluation of Custom Foot Orthoses for Hallux Valgus Deformity [Text] // J. Foot Ankle Surg. – 2015. – Sep.-Oct., Vol.54(5). – P. 852–855. VI. Chopra, S. Characterization of gait in female patients with moderate to severe hallux valgus deformity [Text] / S. Chopra, K. Moerenhout, X. Crevoisier // Clin. Biomech. (Bristol, Avon). – 2015. – Jul., Vol. 30(6). – P. 629–635. VII. Computer assisted planning and custom-made surgical guide for malunited pronation deformity after first metatarsophalangeal joint arthrodesis in rheumatoid arthritis: a case report [Text] / M. Hirao, S. Ikemoto, H. Tsuboi [et al.] // Comput. Aided Surg. – 2014. – Vol. 19(1-3). – P. 13–19. VIII. Correlation between static radiographic measurements and intersegmental angular measurements during gait using a multisegment foot model [Text] / D.Y. Lee, S.G. Seo, E.J. Kim [et al.] // Foot Ankle Int. – 2015. – Jan., Vol.36(1). – P. 1–10. IX. Correlative study between length of first metatarsal and transfer metatarsalgia after osteotomy of first metatarsal [Text]: [Article in Chinese] / F.Q. Zhang, B.Y. Pei, S.T. Wei [et al.] // Zhonghua Yi XueZaZhi. – 2013. – Nov. 19, Vol. 93(43). – P. 3441–3444. X. Dave, M.H. Forefoot Deformity in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Comparison of Shod and Unshod Populations [Text] / M.H. Dave, L.W. Mason, K. Hariharan // Foot Ankle Spec. – 2015. – Oct., Vol. 8(5). – P. 378–383. XI. Does arthrodesis of the first metatarsophalangeal joint correct the intermetatarsal M1M2 angle? Analysis of a continuous series of 208 arthrodeses fixed with plates [Text] / F. Dalat, F. Cottalorda, M.H. Fessy [et al.] // Orthop. Traumatol. Surg. Res. – 2015. – Oct., Vol. 101(6). – P. 709–714. XII. Dynamic plantar pressure distribution after percutaneous hallux valgus correction using the Reverdin-Isham osteotomy [Text]: [Article in Spanish] / G. Rodríguez-Reyes, E. López-Gavito, A.I. Pérez-Sanpablo [et al.] // Rev. Invest. Clin. – 2014. – Jul., Vol. 66, Suppl. 1. – P. S79-S84. XIII. Efficacy of Bilateral Simultaneous Hallux Valgus Correction Compared to Unilateral [Text] / A.V. Boychenko, L.N. Solomin, S.G. Parfeyev [et al.] // Foot Ankle Int. – 2015. – Nov., Vol. 36(11). – P. 1339–1343. XIV. Endolog technique for correction of hallux valgus: a prospective study of 30 patients with 4-year follow-up [Text] / C. Biz, M. Corradin, I. Petretta [et al.] // J. OrthopSurg Res. – 2015. – Jul. 2, № 10. – P. 102. XV. First metatarsal proximal opening wedge osteotomy for correction of hallux valgus deformity: comparison of straight versus oblique osteotomy [Text] / S.H. Han, E.H. Park, J. Jo [et al.] // Yonsei Med. J. – 2015. – May, Vol. 56(3). – P. 744–752. XVI. Long-term outcome of joint-preserving surgery by combination metatarsal osteotomies for shortening for forefoot deformity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis [Text] / H. Niki, T. Hirano, Y. Akiyama [et al.] // Mod. Rheumatol. – 2015. – Sep., Vol. 25(5). – P. 683–638. XVII. Maceira, E. Transfer metatarsalgia post hallux valgus surgery [Text] / E. Maceira, M. Monteagudo // Foot Ankle Clin. – 2014. – Jun., Vol. 19(2). – P.285–307. XVIII. Nielson, D.L. Absorbable fixation in forefoot surgery: a viable alternative to metallic hardware [Text] / D.L. Nielson, N.J. Young, C.M. Zelen // Clin. Podiatr. Med. Surg. – 2013. – Jul., Vol. 30(3). – P. 283–293 XIX. Patient’s satisfaction after outpatient forefoot surgery: Study of 619 cases [Text] / A. Mouton, V. Le Strat, D. Medevielle [et al.] // Orthop. Traumatol. Surg. Res. – 2015. – Oct., Vol. 101(6 Suppl.). – P. S217–S220. XX. Preference of surgical procedure for the forefoot deformity in the rheumatoid arthritis patients–A prospective, randomized, internal controlled study [Text] / M. Tada, T. Koike, T. Okano [et al.] // Mod. Rheumatol. – 2015. – May., Vol. 25(3). – P.362–366. XXI. Redfern, D. Percutaneous Surgery of the Forefoot [Text] / D. Redfern, J. Vernois, B.P. Legré // Clin. Podiatr. Med. Surg. – 2015. – Jul., Vol. 32(3). – P. 291–332. XXII. Singh, D. Bullous pemphigoid after bilateral forefoot surgery [Text] / D. Singh, A. Swann // Foot Ankle Spec. – 2015. – Feb., Vol. 8(1). – P. 68–72. XXIII. Treatment of moderate hallux valgus by percutaneous, extra-articular reverse-L Chevron (PERC) osteotomy [Text] / J. Lucas y Hernandez, P. Golanó, S. Roshan-Zamir [et al.] // Bone Joint J. – 2016. – Mar., Vol. 98-B(3). – P. 365–373. XXIV. Weil, L.Jr. Scarf osteotomy for correction of hallux abducto valgus deformity [Text] / L.Jr. Weil, M. Bowen // Clin. Podiatr. Med. Surg. – 2014. – Apr., Vol.31(2). – P. 233–246. View | Download QUANTITATIVE ULTRASONOGRAPHY OF THE STOMACH AND SMALL INTESTINE IN HEALTHYDOGS Authors: Roman A. Tcygansky,Irina I. Nekrasova,Angelina N. Shulunova,Alexander I.Sidelnikov, DOI: https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.spl.10/2020.06.00045 Abstract: Purpose.To determine the quantitative echogenicity indicators (and their ratio) of the layers of stomach and small intestine wall in healthy dogs. Methods. A prospective 3-year study of 86 healthy dogs (aged 1-7 yrs) of different breeds and of both sexes. Echo homogeneity and echogenicity of the stomach and intestines wall were determined by the method of Silina, T.L., et al. (2010) in absolute values ​​of average brightness levels of ultrasound image pixels using the 8-bit scale with 256 shades of gray. Results. Quantitative echogenicity indicators of the stomach and the small intestine wall in dogs were determined. Based on the numerical values ​​characterizing echogenicity distribution in each layer of a separate structure of the digestive system, the coefficient of gastric echogenicity is determined as 1:2.4:1.1 (mucosa/submucosa/muscle layers, respectively), the coefficient of duodenum and jejunum echogenicity is determined as 1:3.5:2 and that of ileum is 1:1.8:1. Clinical significance. The echogenicity coefficient of the wall of the digestive system allows an objective assessment of the stomach and intestines wall and can serve as the basis for a quantitative assessment of echogenicity changes for various pathologies of the digestive system Keywords: Ultrasound (US),echogenicity,echogenicity coefficient,digestive system,dogs,stomach,intestines, Refference: I. Agut, A. Ultrasound examination of the small intestine in small animals // Veterinary focus. 2009.Vol. 19. No. 1. P. 20-29. II. Bull. 4.RF patent 2398513, IPC51A61B8 / 00 A61B8 / 14 (2006.01) A method for determining the homoechogeneity and the degree of echogenicity of an ultrasound image / T. Silina, S. S. Golubkov. – No. 2008149311/14; declared 12/16/2008; publ. 09/10/2010 III. Choi, M., Seo, M., Jung, J., Lee, K., Yoon, J., Chang, D., Park, RD. Evaluation of canine gastric motility with ultrasonography // J. of Veterinary Medical Science. – 2002. Vol. 64. – № 1. – P. 17-21. IV. Delaney, F., O’Brien, R.T., Waller, K.Ultrasound evaluation of small bowel thickness compared to weight in normal dogs // Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound. 2003 Vol. 44, № 5. Р 577-580. V. Diana, A., Specchi, S., Toaldo, M.B., Chiocchetti, R., Laghi, A., Cipone, M. Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography of the small bowel in healthy cats // Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound. – 2011. – Vol. 52, № 5. – Р. 555-559. VI. Garcia, D.A.A., Froes, T.R. Errors in abdominal ultrasonography in dogs and cats // J. of Small Animal Practice. – 2012. Vol. 53. – № 9. – P. 514-519. VII. Garcia, D.A.A., Froes, T.R. Importance of fasting in preparing dogs for abdominal ultrasound examination of specific organs // J. of Small Animal Practice. – 2014. Vol. 55. – № 12. – P. 630-634. VIII. Gaschen, L., Granger, L.A., Oubre, O., Shannon, D., Kearney, M., Gaschen, F. The effects of food intake and its fat composition on intestinal echogenicity in healthy dogs // Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound. 2016. Vol. 57. № 5. P. 546-550 IX. Gaschen, L., Kircher, P., Stussi, A., Allenspach, K., Gaschen, F., Doherr, M., Grone, A. Comparison of ultrasonographic findings with clinical activity index (CIBDAI) and diagnosis in dogs with chronic enteropathies // Veterinary radiology and ultrasound. – 2008. – Vol. 49. – № 1. – Р. 56-64. X. Gil, E.M.U. Garcia, D.A.A. Froes, T.R. In utero development of the fetal intestine: Sonographic evaluation and correlation with gestational age and fetal maturity in dogs // Theriogenology. 2015. Vol. 84, №5. Р. 681-686. XI. Gladwin, N.E. Penninck, D.G., Webster, C.R.L. Ultrasonographic evaluation of the thickness of the wall layers in the intestinal tract of dogs // American Journal of Veterinary Research. 2014. Vol. 75, №4. Р. 349-353. XII. Gory, G., Rault, D.N., Gatel, L, Dally, C., Belli, P., Couturier, L., Cauvin, E. Ultrasonographic characteristics of the abdominal esophagus and cardia in dogs // Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound. 2014. Vol. 55, № 5. P. 552-560. XIII. Günther, C.S. Lautenschläger, I.E., Scholz, V.B. Assessment of the inter- and intraobserver variability for sonographical measurement of intestinal wall thickness in dogs without gastrointestinal diseases | [Inter-und Intraobserver-Variabilitätbei der sonographischenBestimmung der Darmwanddicke von HundenohnegastrointestinaleErkrankungen] // Tierarztliche Praxis Ausgabe K: Kleintiere – Heimtiere. 2014. Vol. 42 №2. Р. 71-78. XIV. Hanazono, K., Fukumoto, S., Hirayama, K., Takashima, K., Yamane, Y., Natsuhori, M., Kadosawa, T., Uchide, T. Predicting Metastatic Potential of gastrointestinal stromal tumors in dog by ultrasonography // J. of Veterinary Medical Science. – 2012. Vol. 74. – № 11. – P. 1477-1482. XV. Heng, H.G., Lim, Ch.K., Miller, M.A., Broman, M.M.Prevalence and significance of an ultrasonographic colonic muscularishyperechoic band paralleling the serosal layer in dogs // Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound. 2015. Vol. 56 № 6. P. 666-669. XVI. Ivančić, M., Mai, W. Qualitative and quantitative comparison of renal vs. hepatic ultrasonographic intensity in healthy dogs // Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound. 2008. Vol. 49. № 4. Р. 368-373. XVII. Lamb, C.R., Mantis, P. Ultrasonographic features of intestinal intussusception in 10 dogs // J. of Small Animal Practice. – 2008. Vol. 39. – № 9. – P. 437-441. XVIII. Le Roux, A. B., Granger, L.A., Wakamatsu, N, Kearney, M.T., Gaschen, L.Ex vivo correlation of ultrasonographic small intestinal wall layering with histology in dogs // Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound.2016. Vol. 57. № 5. P. 534-545. XIX. Nielsen, T. High-frequency ultrasound of Peyer’s patches in the small intestine of young cats / T. Nielsen [et al.] // Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. – 2015. – Vol. 18, № 4. – Р. 303-309. XX. PenninckD.G. Gastrointestinal tract. In Nyland T.G., Mattoon J.S. (eds): Small Animal Diagnostic Ultrasound. Philadelphia: WB Saunders. 2002, 2nd ed. Р. 207-230. XXI. PenninckD.G. Gastrointestinal tract. In: PenninckD.G.,d´Anjou M.A. Atlas of Small Animal Ultrasonography. Blackwell Publishing, Iowa. 2008. Р. 281-318. XXII. Penninck, D.G., Nyland, T.G., Kerr, L.Y., Fisher, P.E. Ultrasonographic evaluation of gastrointestinal diseases in small animals // Veterinary Radiology. 1990. Vol. 31. №3. P. 134-141. XXIII. Penninck, D.G.,Webster, C.R.L.,Keating, J.H. The sonographic appearance of intestinal mucosal fibrosis in cats // Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound. – 2010. – Vol. 51, № 4. – Р. 458-461. XXIV. Pollard, R.E.,Johnson, E.G., Pesavento, P.A., Baker, T.W., Cannon, A.B., Kass, P.H., Marks, S.L. Effects of corn oil administered orally on conspicuity of ultrasonographic small intestinal lesions in dogs with lymphangiectasia // Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound. 2013. Vol. 54. № 4. P. 390-397. XXV. Rault, D.N., Besso, J.G., Boulouha, L., Begon, D., Ruel, Y. Significance of a common extended mucosal interface observed in transverse small intestine sonograms // Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound. 2004. Vol. 45. №2. Р. 177-179. XXVI. Sutherland-Smith, J., Penninck, D.G., Keating, J.H., Webster, C.R.L. Ultrasonographic intestinal hyperechoic mucosal striations in dogs are associated with lacteal dilation // Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound. – 2007. Vol. 48. – № 1. – P. 51-57. View | Download EVALUATION OF ADAPTIVE POTENTIAL IN MEDICAL STUDENTS IN THE CONTEXT OF SEASONAL DYNAMICS Authors: Larisa A. Merdenova,Elena A. Takoeva,Marina I. Nartikoeva,Victoria A. Belyayeva,Fatima S. Datieva,Larisa R. Datieva, DOI: https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.spl.10/2020.06.00046 Abstract: The aim of this work was to assess the functional reserves of the body to quantify individual health; adaptation, psychophysiological characteristics of the health quality of medical students in different seasons of the year. When studying the temporal organization of physiological functions, the rhythm parameters of physiological functions were determined, followed by processing the results using the Cosinor Analysis program, which reveals rhythms with an unknown period for unequal observations, evaluates 5 parameters of sinusoidal rhythms (mesor, amplitude, acrophase, period, reliability). The essence of desynchronization is the mismatch of circadian rhythms among themselves or destruction of the rhythms architectonics (instability of acrophases or their disappearance). Desynchronization with respect to the rhythmic structure of the body is of a disregulatory nature, most pronounced in pathological desynchronization. High neurotism, increased anxiety reinforces the tendency to internal desynchronization, which increases with stress. During examination stress, students experience a decrease in the stability of the temporary organization of the biosystem and the tension of adaptive mechanisms develops, which affects attention, mental performance and the quality of adaptation to the educational process. Time is shortened and the amplitude of the “initial minute” decreases, personal and situational anxiety develops, and the level of psychophysiological adaptation decreases. The results of the work are priority because they can be used in assessing quality and level of health. Keywords: Desynchronosis,biorhythms,psycho-emotional stress,mesor,acrophase,amplitude,individual minute, Refference: I. Arendt, J., Middleton, B. Human seasonal and circadian studies in Antarctica (Halley, 75_S) – General and Comparative Endocrinology. 2017: 250-259. (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.05.010). II. BalandinYu.P. A brief methodological guide on the use of the agro-industrial complex “Health Sources” / Yu.P. Balandin, V.S. Generalov, V.F. Shishlov. Ryazan, 2007. III. Buslovskaya L.K. Adaptation reactions in students at exam stress/ L.K. Buslovskaya, Yu.P. Ryzhkova. Scientific bulletin of Belgorod State University. Series: Natural Sciences. 2011;17(21):46-52. IV. Chutko L. S. Sindromjemocionalnogovygoranija – Klinicheskie I psihologicheskieaspekty./ L.S Chutko. Moscow: MEDpress-inform, 2013. V. Eroshina K., Paul Wilkinson, Martin Mackey. The role of environmental and social factors in the occurrence of diseases of the respiratory tract in children of primary school age in Moscow. Medicine. 2013:57-71. VI. Fagrell B. “Microcirculation of the Skin”. The physiology and pharmacology of the microcirculation. 2013:423. VII. Gurova O.A. Change in blood microcirculation in students throughout the day. New research. 2013; 2 (35):66-71. VIII. Khetagurova L.G. – Stress/Ed. L.G. Khetagurov. Vladikavkaz: Project-Press Publishing House, 2010. IX. Khetagurova L.G., Urumova L.T. et al. Stress (chronomedical aspects). International Journal of Experimental Education 2010; 12: 30-31. X. Khetagurova L.G., Salbiev K.D., Belyaev S.D., Datieva F.S., Kataeva M.R., Tagaeva I.R. Chronopathology (experimental and clinical aspects/ Ed. L.G. Khetagurov, K.D. Salbiev, S.D.Belyaev, F.S. Datiev, M.R. Kataev, I.R. Tagaev. Moscow: Science, 2004. XI. KlassinaS.Ya. Self-regulatory reactions in the microvasculature of the nail bed of fingers in person with psycho-emotional stress. Bulletin of new medical technologies, 2013; 2 (XX):408-412. XII. Kovtun O.P., Anufrieva E.V., Polushina L.G. Gender-age characteristics of the component composition of the body in overweight and obese schoolchildren. Medical Science and Education of the Urals. 2019; 3:139-145. XIII. Kuchieva M.B., Chaplygina E.V., Vartanova O.T., Aksenova O.A., Evtushenko A.V., Nor-Arevyan K.A., Elizarova E.S., Efremova E.N. A comparative analysis of the constitutional features of various generations of healthy young men and women in the Rostov Region. Modern problems of science and education. 2017; 5:50-59. XIV. Mathias Adamsson1, ThorbjörnLaike, Takeshi Morita – Annual variation in daily light expo-sure and circadian change of melatonin and cortisol consent rations at a northern latitude with large seasonal differences in photoperiod length – Journal of Physiological Anthropology. 2017; 36: 6 – 15. XV. Merdenova L.A., Tagaeva I.R., Takoeva E.A. Features of the study of biological rhythms in children. The results of fundamental and applied research in the field of natural and technical sciences. Materials of the International Scientific and Practical Conference. Belgorod, 2017, pp. 119-123. XVI. Ogarysheva N.V. The dynamics of mental performance as a criterion for adapting to the teaching load. Bulletin of the Samara Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 2014;16:5 (1): S.636-638. XVII. Pekmezovi T. Gene-environment interaction: A genetic-epidemiological approach. Journal of Medical Biochemistry. 2010;29:131-134. XVIII. Rapoport S.I., Chibisov S.M. Chronobiology and chronomedicine: history and prospects/Ed. S.M. Chibisov, S.I. Rapoport ,, M.L. Blagonravova. Chronobiology and Chronomedicine: Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN) Press. Moscow, 2018. XIX. Roustit M., Cracowski J.L. “Non-invasive assessment of skin microvascular function in humans: an insight into methods” – Microcirculation 2012; 19 (1): 47-64. XX. Rud V.O., FisunYu.O. – References of the circadian desinchronosis in students. Ukrainian Bulletin of Psychoneurology. 2010; 18(2) (63): 74-77. XXI. Takoeva Z. A., Medoeva N. O., Berezova D. T., Merdenova L. A. et al. Long-term analysis of the results of chronomonitoring of the health of the population of North Ossetia; Vladikavkaz Medical and Biological Bulletin. 2011; 12(12,19): 32-38. XXII. Urumova L.T., Tagaeva I.R., Takoeva E.A., Datieva L.R. – The study of some health indicators of medical students in different periods of the year. Health and education in the XXI century. 2016; 18(4): 94-97. XXIII. Westman J. – Complex diseases. In: Medical genetics for the modern clinician. USA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2006. XXIV. Yadrischenskaya T.V. Circadian biorhythms of students and their importance in educational activities. Problems of higher education. Pacific State University Press. 2016; 2:176-178. View | Download TRIADIC COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS Authors: Stanislav A.Kudzh,Victor Ya. Tsvetkov, DOI: https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.spl.10/2020.06.00047 Abstract: The present study of comparison methods based on the triadic model introduces the following concepts: the relation of comparability and the relation of comparison, and object comparison and attributive comparison. The difference between active and passive qualitative comparison is shown, two triadic models of passive and active comparison and models for comparing two and three objects are described. Triadic comparison models are proposed as an alternative to dyadic comparison models. Comparison allows finding the common and the different; this approach is proposed for the analysis of the nomothetic and ideographic method of obtaining knowledge. The nomothetic method identifies and evaluates the general, while the ideographic method searches for unique in parameters and in combinations of parameters. Triadic comparison is used in systems and methods of argumentation, as well as in the analysis of consistency/inconsistency. Keywords: Comparative analysis,dyad,triad,triadic model,comparability relation,object comparison,attributive comparison,nomothetic method,ideographic method, Refference: I. AltafS., Aslam.M.Paired comparison analysis of the van Baarenmodel using Bayesian approach with noninformativeprior.Pakistan Journal of Statistics and Operation Research 8(2) (2012) 259{270. II. AmooreJ. E., VenstromD Correlations between stereochemical assessments and organoleptic analysis of odorous compounds. Olfaction and Taste (2016) 3{17. III. BarnesJ., KlingerR. Embedding projection for targeted cross-lingual sentiment: model comparisons and a real-world study. Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 66 (2019) 691{742. doi.org/10.1613/jair.1.11561 IV. Castro-SchiloL., FerrerE.Comparison of nomothetic versus idiographic-oriented methods for making predictions about distal outcomes from time series data. Multivariate Behavioral Research 48(2) (2013) 175{207. V. De BonaG.et al. Classifying inconsistency measures using graphs. Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 66 (2019) 937{987. VI. FideliR. La comparazione. Milano: Angeli, 1998. VII. GordonT. F., PrakkenH., WaltonD. The Carneades model of argument and burden of proof. Artificial Intelligence 10(15) (2007) 875{896. VIII. GrenzS.J. The social god and the relational self: A Triad theology of the imago Dei. Westminster: John Knox Press, 2001. IX. HermansH.J. M.On the integration of nomothetic and idiographic research methods in the study of personal meaning.Journal of Personality 56(4) (1988) 785{812. X. JamiesonK. G., NowakR. Active ranking using pairwise comparisons.Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (2011) 2240{2248. XI. JongsmaC.Poythress’s triad logic: a review essay. Pro Rege 42(4) (2014) 6{15. XII. KärkkäinenV.M. Trinity and Religious Pluralism: The Doctrine of the Trinity in Christian Theology of Religions. London: Routledge, 2017. XIII. KudzhS. A., TsvetkovV.Ya. Triadic systems. Russian Technology Magazine 7(6) (2019) 74{882. XIV. NelsonK.E.Some observations from the perspective of the rare event cognitive comparison theory of language acquisition.Children’s Language 6 (1987) 289{331. XV. NiskanenA., WallnerJ., JärvisaloM.Synthesizing argumentation frameworks from examples. Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 66 (2019) 503{554. XVI. PührerJ.Realizability of three-valued semantics for abstract dialectical frameworks.Artificial Intelligence 278 (2020) 103{198. XVII. SwansonG.Frameworks for comparative research: structural anthropology and the theory of action. In: Vallier, Ivan (Ed.). Comparative methods in sociology: essays on trends and applications.Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971 141{202. XVIII. TsvetkovV.Ya.Worldview model as the result of education.World Applied Sciences Journal 31(2) (2014) 211{215. XIX. TsvetkovV. Ya. Logical analysis and variable scales. Slavic Forum 4(22) (2018) 103{109. XX. Wang S. et al. Transit traffic analysis zone delineating method based on Thiessen polygon. Sustainability 6(4) (2014) 1821{1832. View | Download DEVELOPING TECHNOLOGY OF CREATING WEAR-RESISTANT CERAMIC COATING FOR ICE CYLINDER." JOURNAL OF MECHANICS OF CONTINUA AND MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES spl10, no. 1 (June 28, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.spl.10/2020.06.00048.

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