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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Petroleum - South Africa, Bredasdorp'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 6 February 2022

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1

Olajide, Oluseyi. "The petrophysical analysis and evaluation of hydrocarbon potential of sandstone units in the Bredasdorp Central Basin." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_9559_1181561577.

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This research was aimed at employing the broad use of petrophysical analysis and reservoir modelling techniques to explore the petroleum resources in the sandstone units of deep marine play in the Bredasdorp Basin.

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2

Davies, Christopher Paul Norman, A. Rozendaal, and B. V. Burger. "Hydrocarbon evolution of the Bredasdorp Basin, offshore South Africa : from source to reservoir." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/4936.

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Thesis (PhD (Geology))--University of Stellenbosch, 1997.
1123 leaves printed on single pages, preliminary pages and numbered pages 1-286. Includes bibliography, list of figures and tables and explanation of abbreviations used.
Digitized at 600 dpi grayscale to pdf format (OCR), using a Bizhub 250 Konica Minolta Scanner.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This first comprehensive study of the petroleum geochemistry of the Bredasdorp Basin, and the adjacent Southern Outeniqua Basin, documents the characteristic large number of hydrocarbon shows and the four regionally distinctive marine source rocks. Detailed correlation of reservoired hydrocarbons with source rock bitumens shows that two source rocks have expelled oil in commercial quantities and two others have expelled commercial quantities of wet gas/condensate. In contrast with earlier studies which indicated that thermal 'gradualism' prevailed, this study indicates that the post-rift thermal history of the basin is very complex. Post-rift cool-down is punctuated by periods of rapidly increasing heat flow resulting in much of the maturation being localised in time. These periods of increased heating coincide with regional plate tectonism. The associated thermal uplift and downwarp effects govern the periods of trap formation and control the hydrocarbon migration direction. Migration distances of these hydrocarbons are described and show inter alia that oil migrates no more than -7-10 km but gas migrates regionally. Two regional episodes of meteoric water flushing reduce sandstone cementation in palaeo-highs forming potential reservoirs at specific times. The unusually low salinity of remnants of this water in some sandstones help characterise these two main migration conduits. A highly detailed hydrocarbon correlation scheme derived from gas, light oil and biomarker data has been established which differentiates products of the four active source rocks and helps characterise the oil-oil, oil-source and source-source pairs. It is evident from these correlations that two periods of migration and reservoiring occurred at 50-60 Ma and 0-10 Ma. As a result, source-reservoir plays which characterise certain areas of the basin as predominantly oil or gas prone can be described. These correlations also highlight areas where mixtures of hydrocarbons are common and where some of the early reservoired oil has been displaced to new locations, constituting potential new exploration plays. Source rocks for some of the analysed hydrocarbons have yet to be found and may not even have been drilled to date. One such source rock appears to be located in the Southern Outeniqua Basin, making that area a potential target for further exploration. This study resolved the common heritage of the source rocks and reservoir sandstones which form part of the Outeniqua petroleum system. The hydrocarbon volumes available to this system show that by world standards it is indeed significant.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die groot aantal koolwaterstof voorkomste asook vier streekskenmerkende mariene brongesteentes word in hierdie eerste omvattende studie van die petroleumgeochemie van die Bredasdorp-kom en die aangrensende Suidelike Outeniqua-kom saamgevat. Gedetaileerde korrelasies van die opgegaarde koolwaterstowwe met brongesteente bitumen, dui daarop dat twee van die vier geidentifiseerde brongesteentes olie in kommersiele hoeveelhede uitgeset het. Die ander twee het kommersiele hoeveelhede nat gas-kondensaat uitgeset. In teenstelling met vroeer studies wat daarop gedui het dat termale 'gradualisme' voorgekom het, dui hierdie studie daarop dat die na-riftermale geskiedenis van die kom baie meer kompleks is. Verskeie periodes van versnelde toename in hittevloei het voorgekom in die na-rifse verkoeling. Dit het daartoe gelei dat veroudering plaaslik binne 'n beperkte tydsverloop plaasvind. Hierdie periodes van hittetoename stem ooreen met die regionale plaattektoniek. Die geassosieerde termiese opheffing en afwaartse vervormingseffek, beheer die totstandkoming van opvanggebiede en die migrasierigting van die koolwaterstowwe. Migrasie-afstande van die koolwaterstowwe word bespreek en wys inter alia daarop dat olie nie verder as -7-10 km beweeg nie, maar gasmigrasie vind regionaal plaas. Twee kort episodes van meteoriese wateruitsetting, het sandsteensementasie in palaeohoogsliggende gebiede verminder wat potensiele reservoirs gevorm het op spesifieke tye. Die ongewone lae soutvlakte van oorblyfsels van die water in sekere sandstene help om die twee vernaamste migrasieroetes te kenmerk. 'n Hoogs omvattende koolwaterstof-korrelasieskema wat van gas, ligte olie en biomerkerdata verkry is, is opgestel. Die skema het onderskei tussen produkte van die vier aktiewe brongesteentes en help om die olie-olie, olie-bron en bron-bron pare te karakteriseer. Dit is duidelik van die korrelasies dat twee periodes van migrasie en opgaring plaasgevind het ongeveer teen -50-60 Ma en 0-10 Ma. Gevolglik kan bronreservoir omskrywings wat sekere dele van die kom karakteriseer as grotendeels olie of gas-ontvanklik beskryf word. Hierdie korrelasies beklemtoon ook areas waar mengsels van koolwaterstowwe algemeen voorkom en waar sekere van die vroeer opgegaarde olie verplaas is na nuwe lokaliteite, wat nuwe eksplorasieteikens daarstel. Brongesteentes vir sekere van die ge-analiseerde koolwaterstowwe, moet nog gevind word en is tot op hede nog nie raakgeboor nie. Een so 'n brongesteente kom voor in die Suidelike Outeniqua-kom, wat daardie area 'n potenslele teiken vir verdere eksplorasie maak. Die studie het die gesamentlike oorsprong van die brongesteente en reservoirsandsteen, wat deel is van die Outeniqua Petroleumsisteem, geidentifseer. Die koolwaterstofvolumes wat beskikbaar is vir die sisteem wys dat, gemeet teen wêreldstandaarde, dit wel beduidend is.
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3

Sonibare, Wasiu Adedayo. "Structure and evolution of basin and petroleum systems within a transformrelated passive margin setting : data-based insights from crust-scale 3D modelling of the Western Bredasdorp Basin, offshore South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96832.

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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study investigates the crustal structure, and assesses the qualitative and quantitative impacts of crust-mantle dynamics on subsidence pattern, past and present-day thermal field and petroleum system evolution at the southern South African continental margin through the application of a multi-disciplinary and multi-scale geo-modelling procedure involving both conceptual and numerical approaches. The modelling procedure becomes particularly important as this margin documents a complex interaction of extension and strike-slip tectonics during its Mesozoic continental rifting processes. Located on the southern shelf of South Africa, the Western Bredasdorp Basin (WBB) constitutes the focus of this study and represents the western section of the larger Bredasdorp sub-basin, which is the westernmost of the southern offshore sub-basins. To understand the margin with respect to its present-day structure, isostatic state and thermal field, a combined approach of isostatic, 3D gravity and 3D thermal modelling was performed by integrating potential field, seismic and well data. Complimenting the resulting configuration and thermal field of the latter by measured present-day temperature, vitrinite reflectance and source potential data, basin-scale burial and thermal history and timing of source rock maturation, petroleum generation, expulsion, migration and accumulation were forwardly simulated using a 3D basin modelling technique. This hierarchical modelling workflow enables geologic assumptions and their associated uncertainties to be well constrained and better quantified, particularly in three dimensions. At present-day, the deep crust of the WBB is characterised by a tripartite density structure (i.e. prerift metasediments underlain by upper and lower crustal domains) depicting a strong thinning that is restricted to a narrow E-W striking zone. The configuration of the radiogenic crystalline crust as well as the conductivity contrasts between the deep crust and the shallow sedimentary cover significantly control the present-day thermal field of the study area. In all respects, this present-day configuration reflects typical characteristics of basin evolution in a strike-slip setting. For instance, the orientations of the deep crust and fault-controlled basin-fill are spatially inconsistent, thereby indicating different extension kinematics typical of transtensional pull-apart mechanisms. As such, syn-rift subsidence is quite rapid and short-lived, and isostatic equilibrium is not achieved, particularly at the Moho level. Accompanied syn-rift rapid subsidence and a heat flow peak led to petroleum preservation in the basin since the Early Cretaceous. Two additional post-rift thermal anomalies related to the Late Cretaceous hotspot mechanism and Miocene margin uplift in Southern Africa succeeded the syn-rift control on maturation. This thermal maturity of the five mature source rocks culminated in four main generation and three main accumulation phases which characterise the total petroleum systems of the WBB. The Campanian, Eocene and Miocene uplift scenarios episodically halted source maturation and caused tertiary migration of previously trapped petroleum. Petroleum loss related to the spill point of each trap configuration additionally occurs during the Late Cretaceous-Paleocene and Oligocene-Early Miocene. The timing and extent of migration dynamics are most sensitive to the geological scenario that combined faulting, intrusive seal bypass system and facies heterogeneity. In fact, for models that do not incorporate facies heterogeneity, predicted past and present-day seafloor leakage of petroleum is largely underestimated. This complex interplay of generation and migration mechanisms has significant implications for charging of petroleum accumulations by multiple source rocks. Due to early maturation and late stage tertiary migration, the syn-rift source rocks particularly Mid Hauterivian and Late Hauterivian source intervals significantly control the extent of petroleum accumulation and loss in the basin. Lastly, the modelled 3D crustal configuration and Mezosoic to Cenozoic thermal regime of the WBB dispute classic uniform lithospheric stretching for the southern South African continental margin. Rather, this PhD thesis confirms that differential thinning of the lithosphere related to a transtensional pull-apart mechanism is the most appropriate for accurately predicting the evolution of basin and petroleum systems of the margin. Also, the presented 3D models currently represent the most advanced insights, and thus have clear implications for assessing associated risks in basin and prospect evaluation of the margin as well as other similar continental margins around the world.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie ondersoek die korsstruktuur en evalueer die kwalitatiewe en kwantitatiewe impakte van kors-mantel-dinamika op insinkingspatroon, die termiese veld en petroleumstels evolusie aan die suidelike Suid-Afrikaanse kontinentale grens, in die hede en die verlede, deur die toepassing van ’n multidissiplinêre en multiskaal-geomodelleringsprosedure wat beide konseptuele en numeriese benaderings behels. Die modelleringsprosedure veral is belangrik aangesien hierdie kontinentale grens ’n komplekse interaksie van uitbreidings- en strekkingsparallelle tektoniek gedurende die Mesosoïese vastelandskeurprosesse daarvan dokumenteer. Omdat dit op die suidelike platvorm van Suid-Afrika geleë is, maak die Westelike Bredasdorp Kom (WBK) die fokus van hierdie studie uit, en verteenwoordig dit die westelike deel van die groter Bredasdrop-subkom, wat die verste wes is van die suidelike aflandige subkomme. Om die grens met betrekking tot sy huidige struktuur, isostatiese staat en termiese veld te verstaan, is ’n kombinasie benadering bestaande uit isostatiese, 3D-gravitasie- en 3D- termiese modellering gebruik deur potensiëleveld-, seismiese en boorgatdata te integreer Ondersteunend totot die gevolglike konfigurasie en termiese veld van die laasgenoemde deur middel van hedendaagse temperatuur, soos gemeet, vitriniet-refleksiekoëffisiënt en bronpotensiaal data, komskaal-begrawing en termiese geskiedenis en tydsberekening van brongesteentematurasie, is petroleumgenerasie, -uitwerping, -migrasie en -akkumulasie in die toekoms gesimuleer deur gebruik te maak van ’n 3D-kommodelleringstegniek. Hierdie hierargiese modelleringswerkvloei maak dit moontlik om geologiese aannames en hulle geassosieerde onsekerhede goed aan bande te lê en beter te kwantifiseer, veral in drie dimensies. In die hede word die diep kors van die WBK gekarakteriseer deur ’n drieledige digtheidstruktuur (met ander woorde voorrift-metasedimente onderlê deur bo- en benedekors domeine) wat dui op ’n baie wesenlike verdunning, beperk tot ’n dun O-W-strekkingsone. Die konfigurasie van die radiogeniese kristallyne kors, sowel as die konduktiwiteitskontraste tussen die diep kors en die vlak sedimentêre dekking, beheer grotendeels die hedendaagse termiese veld van die studiearea. Hierdie hedendaagse konfigurasie weerspieël in alle opsigte tipiese eienskappe van kom-evolusie in ’n skuifskeur omgewing. Byvoorbeeld, Die oriëntasies van die diep kors en verskuiwingbeheerde komsedimentasie byvoorbeeld is ruimtelik inkonsekwent en dui daardeur op verskillende ekstensiekinematika, tipies van transtensionale tensiemeganisme. As sulks, is sin-rift-versakking taamlik vinnig en kortstondig, en word isostatiese ekwilibrium nie by die Moho-vlak, in die besonder, bereik nie. Samehangende sin-rift vinnige versakking en hittevloeihoogtepunt het gelei tot petroleum behoud in die kom sedert die vroeë Kryt. Twee bykomende post-rift termiese anomalieë wat verband hou met die laat Kryt-“hotspot” meganisme en die Mioseense kontinentale grensopheffing in Suidelike Afrika het die sin-rift-beheer met maturasie opgevolg. Hierdie termiese maturiteit van die vyf gematureerde brongesteentes het in vier hoofgenerasie- en drie hoofakkumulasie fases, wat die totaliteit van die petroleumstelsels van die WBK karakteriseer, gekulmineer. Die Campaniese, Eoseense en Mioseense opheffings senarios het episodies bronmaturasie gestop en tersiêre migrasie van petroleum wat vroeër opgevang was veroorsaak. Addisioneel vind petroleumverlies gekoppel aan die spilpunt van elke opvanggebiedkonfigurasie tydens die laat Kryt-Paleoseen en Oligoseenvroeë Mioseen plaas. Die tydstelling en omvang van migrasiedinamika is die sensitiefste vir die geologiese scenario wat verskuiwing, seëlomseilingstelsel en fasiesheterogeniteit kombineer. Trouens, vir modelle wat nie fasiesheterogeniteit inkorporeer nie, is voorspellings van vroeëre en huidige seebodemlekkasie van petroleum grotendeels onderskattings. Hierdie komplekse wisselwerking van generasie- en migrasiemeganismes het beduidende implikasies vir die laai van petroleumakkumulasies deur veelvoudige brongesteentes. Vanweë vroeë maturasie en laatstadiumtersiêre migrasie, oefen die sin-rift-brongesteentes, veral middel Hauterivium- en laat Hauteriviumbronintervalle, beduidende beheer oor die omvang van petroleumakkumulasie en -verlies in die kom uit. Laastens weerspreek die gemodelleerde 3D-korskonfigurasie en Mesosoïese-tot-Senosoïesetermiese regime van die WBK ’n klassieke uniforme litosferiese rekking vir die suidelike Suid- Afrikaanse kontinentale grens. Inteendeel, hierdie PhD-proefskrif bevestig dat ’n differensiële verdunning van die litosfeer, gekoppel aan ’n transtensiemeganisme, die beste geskik is om ’n akkurate voorspelling oor die evolusie van kom- en petroleumstelsels van die kontinentale grens mee te maak. Verder, verteenwoordig die 3D-modelle, wat hier aangebied word, tans die mees gevorderde insigte, en het hierdie modelle dus duidelike implikasies vir die assessering van verwante risiko’s in kom- en petroleum teikene valuering van die kontinentale grens, so wel as van ander soortgelyke kontinentale grense regoor die wêreld.
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4

Van, Bloemenstein Chantell Berenice. "Petrographic characterization of sandstones in borehole E-BA1, Block 9, Bredasdorp Basin, Off-Shore South Africa." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2006. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_5957_1189147269.

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The reservoir quality (RQ) of well E-BA1 was characterized using thin sections and core samples in a petrographic study. Well E-BA1 is situated in the Bredasdorp Basin, which forms part of the Outeniqua Basin situated in the Southern Afircan offshore region. Rifting as a result of the break up of Gondwanaland formed the Outeniqua Basin. The Bredasorp Basin is characterized by half-graben structures comprised of Upper Jurassic, Lower Cretaceous and Cenozoic rift to drift strata. The current research within the thesis has indicated that well E-BA1 is one of moderate to good quality having a gas-condensate component.

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5

Uchechukwu, Ekwo Ernest. "Pore pressure prediction: a case study of sandstone reservoirs, Bredasdorp basin, South Africa." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4228.

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Masters of Science
The Bredasdorp basin is situated off the south coast of the Republic of South Africa, southeast of Cape Town and west-south-west of Port Elizabeth. It covers approximately 18,000 sq. km beneath the Indian Ocean along the southern coast of South Africa, which is in the southwest of Mosselbay. Bredasdorp basin contains South Africa’s only oil and gas production facilities and has been the main focus for oil and gas exploration in South Africa. It is one of the largest hydrocarbon producing block in South Africa, rich in gas and oil prone marine source rocks of kimmeridgian to berriasian age. The wells of interest for this study are located within block 9 which is made up of 13 wells but for this study the focus is only on 3 wells, which are well F-01,F-02 and F-03. The goal of this study is to predict as accurately as possible the areas within and around the sandstone reservoir intervals of these wells with abnormal pressure, using well logs and production test data. Abnormal pore pressure which is a major problem for drillers in the oil industry can cause serious drilling incidents and increase greatly drilling non-production time if the abnormal pressures are not predicted accurately before and while drilling. Petrophysics log analysis was done to evaluate the reservoirs. The intervals of the reservoir are the area of interest.Pore pressure gradient, fracture gradient, pore pressure and fracture pressure model were run. Pressures of about 6078.8psi were predicted around the zone of interest in well F-01, 7861 psi for well F-02 and 8330psi for well F-03. Well F-03 was the most pressured of the three wells. Abnormal pressures were identified mostly at zones above and below the area of interest and predicted pressure values were compared to actual pressure values to check for accuracy.
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6

Ngejane, Zamazulu. "Seismic interpretation and 2D restoration of F-A gas field, Bredasdorp Basin south coast of South Africa." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4656.

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>Magister Scientiae - MSc
Seismic interpretation is always somewhat an uncertainty and questions on whether the horizons picked are properly correlated across faults and or the structures mapped are geologically or geometrically sensible always raise a concern as it provides the principal source of subsurface information used commonly in exploration by the oil and gas industry. In this study an attempt of delineating what are or not geological features has been done by validating the seismic structural interpretation using the restoration technique which also provided information about the extensional history of the study area. The seismic data, horizon and fault interpretation have been depth converted in 2DMove software followed by a sequential restoration and decompacting workflow. Simple shear was used as the restoration algorithm based on the deformation style of the basin (extensional basin). The seismic interpretation is valid and studies on tectonics interplay in basin development (gas field scale) during the Late-Jurassic- Early Cretaceous are based on the results of the four balanced cross-sections. They indicate that the Basin is not a simple extensional rift Basin but was rather formed through an alternation of extensional and compressional phases. The area understudy has undergone extension since rifting onset (break-up of Gondwana) with two intervening minor inversion episodes further NW and SE showing no significant shortening on the central part. A maximum extension is noted within the central part of the study area along the XL_1248 thus more accommodation space and subsequently thicker sediment accumulations are encountered in this region.
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Ramiah, Kalidhasen. "2D Geomechanical Model for an Offshore Gas Field in the Bredasdorp Basin, South Africa." University of the Western Cape, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5863.

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Magister Scientiae - MSc (Earth Science)
This thesis provides a 2D geomechanical model for the K-R field, Bredasdorp Basin and describes the workflow and process to do so. This study has a unique density correction software applied to density data, prior to the estimation of geopressure gradients. The aim of this research is to create a model that evaluates the geomechanical behaviour of the upper shallow marine reservoir (USM) and provide a safe drilling mud window for future in the area.
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Ojongokpoko, Hanson Mbi. "Porosity and permeability distribution in the deep marine play of the central Bredasdorp Basin, Block 9, offshore South Africa." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2006. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_1341_1189600798.

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This study described porosity and permeability distribution in the deep marine play of the central Bredasdorp Basin, Block 9, offshore South Africa using methods that include thin section petrography, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy, in order to characterize their porosity and permeability distributions, cementation and clay types that affect the porosity and permeability distribution. The study included core samples from nine wells taken from selected depths within the Basin.

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Parker, Irfaan. "Petrophysical evaluation of sandstone reservoirs of the Central Bredasdorp Basin, Block 9, offshore South Africa." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4661.

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>Magister Scientiae - MSc
This contribution engages in the evaluation of offshore sandstone reservoirs of the Central Bredasdorp basin, Block 9, South Africa using primarily petrophysical procedures. Four wells were selected for the basis of this study (F-AH1, F-AH2, F-AH4, and F-AR2) and were drilled in two known gas fields namely F-AH and F-AR. The primary objective of this thesis was to evaluate the potential of identified Cretaceous sandstone reservoirs through the use and comparison of conventional core, special core analysis, wire-line log and production data. A total of 30 sandstone reservoirs were identified using primarily gamma-ray log baselines coupled with neutron-density crossovers. Eleven lithofacies were recognised from core samples. The pore reduction factor was calculated, and corrected for overburden conditions. Observing core porosity distribution for all wells, well F-AH4 displayed the highest recorded porosity, whereas well F-AH1 measured the lowest recorded porosity. Low porosity values have been attributed to mud and silt lamination influence as well as calcite overgrowths. The core permeability distribution over all the studied wells ranged between 0.001 mD and 2767 mD. Oil, water, and gas, were recorded within cored sections of the wells. Average oil saturations of 3 %, 1.1 %, and 0.2 % were discovered in wells F-AH1, F-AH2, and F-AH4. Wells F-AH1 to F-AR2 each had average gas saturations of 61 %, 57 %, 27 %, and 56 % respectively; average core water saturations of 36 %, 42 %, 27 %, and 44 % were recorded per well.
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Van, der Ham Gert A. "Liquid petroleum gas as automotive fuel in South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52324.

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Thesis (MEng)--University of Stellenbosch, 2001.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The trends in worldwide fuel consumption and availability were studied, these indicated a bigger growth in gaseous fuel use than that of crude oil over the last decade. The economics (cost of converting and running vehicles on LPG) were studied and compared with those of petrol and diesel fuels. The government's approach to LPG taxation and the structure of the fuel price was also considered in an attempt to foresee what the future holds for LPG use in the motor industry. Gas fuelling systems that are currently available were studied and briefly described. The information obtained from the background study was used to help in the conversion of a two litre petrol engine. The engine was equipped to run on petrol Injection, liquid phase LPG injection and LPG carburettion. In-cylinder pressures, exhaust emissions and fuel consumption were amongst the parameters that were recorded for each fuel. The in-cylinder pressure measurements were used to study the combustion characteristics of petrol and LPG. Computer modeling was also used to investigate the trends that were recorded and this gave valuable insight into the different combustion characteristics of each fuel and the effect of gaseous versus liquid supply. For the passenger bus market a 12 litre 6 cylinder diesel engine was converted to LPG operation only. This required several changes to the pistons, cylinder head, inlet manifold and the addition of an electronic ignition system. Some changes had to be made to the squish characteristics of the pistons to make it suitable for homogeneous fuel air mixtures. The reasons for this were studied and described. Dynamometer tests revealed inadequacies in the ignition system that still need to be addressed before the engine can be built into a bus. Recommendations are made as to best utilize LPG in the South African Automotive industry, so as to improve public transport and air quality in some of our cities.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: 'n Studie van tendense in wêreldwye energieverbruik en besikbaarheid is gedoen. Dit het aan die lig gebring dat die groei in die gebruik van gasagtige brandstowwe in die laaste dekade die van ru-olie oortref het. Die lewensvatbaarheid van Vloeibare Petroleum Gas (VPG) voertuie, ombouing sowel as lopende koste, is bestudeer en vergelyk met die van Petrol en Diesel voertuie. Die regering se benadering tot belasting op VPG en die struktuur van die brandstofprys is ook ondersoek om te bepaal of die gebruik van VPG in n groter skaal as tans lewenvatbaar is. Vir tegniese agergrond is gas aangedrewe voertuie wêreldwyd bestudeer om te sien watter brandstof-voorsiening stelsels en enjins gebruik word. Die verskillende stelsels word bondig beskryf. Hierdie inligting is onder meer gebruik in die ombouing van n twee liter petrolenjin na VPG. Die enjin is toegerus om op beide petrol en VPG te loop terwyl die VPG in gasfase met behulp van 'n vergasser of as vloestof deur brandstof inspuiting toegedien kon word. Ontbrandingskamerdruk, uitlaatgasse en brandstofverbruik is van die parameters wat tydens toetse gemeet is. Die ontbrandingskamerdukmetings is gebruik om die verbrandingskarakteristieke van elke brandstof te bepaal. Nagebootste verbrandingstempos is in n rekeraarprogram gebruik om verskillende verbrandings karakteristieke wat gemeet is te ondersoek en tendense te bevestig. Vir die swaarvoertuigmark is 'n 12 Liter diesel enjin ombebou na VPG gebruik. Die dieselpomp en inspuiters is vervang met elektroniese vonkontsteking en vonkproppe. Die verbrandingskamer moes verander word om spontane verbranding tydens samepersing te voorkom. Die redes hiervoor is ondersoek en beskryf. Dinamo toetse het tekortkominge uitgewys in die elektroniese vonkontstekingsstelsel wat nog nie ten volle aangespreek is nie. Aanbevelings is gemaak om die toenemende gebruik van VPG as motorvoertuigbrandstof in Suid Afrika aan te bevorder om sodoende beter gebruik te maak van die beskikbare energie uit ru olie en ander bronne. Aanbevelings is ook gemaak ten opsigte van die gebruik van VPG in openbare vervoer en verbetering van lug gehalte in sommige stede.
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11

Megner-Allogo, Alain-Cedrique. "Sedimentology and stratigraphy of deep-water reservoirs in the 9A to 14A Sequences of the central Bredasdorp Basin, offshore South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/17400.

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Thesis (MSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2006.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Barremian to Albian siliciclastic deep-water deposits of the central Bredasdorp Basin were investigated primarily in terms of their stratigraphic evolution, depositional characteristics and facies distribution. Cores from the deep-water deposits reveal that the facies successions are composed of massive, ripple cross- to parallel-laminated sandstones, conglomerate, massive claystone, alternating laminated to interbedded sandstone/siltstone and claystone, laminated and clay-rich siltstone. These facies are grouped into channel-fill, sheet-lobe, overbank and basin plain deposits, by inference. The application of sequence stratigraphy, based on gamma ray and resistivity log patterns, reveals that all 3rd-order depositional sequences comprise 4thorder cycles. The latter are subdivided into three components (lowstand, transgressive and highstand systems tracts), based on vertical facies changes and internal stratigraphic key surfaces. Taking the 13Amfs as the stratigraphic datum for each well, correlation was possible on a regional basis. Lowstand deposits, comprising thick amalgamated massive sandstones, were interpreted to represent channelfills. Their vertical and horizontal stacking forms channel-fill complexes above Type 1 unconformities. Adjacent thin-bedded intervals, comprising parallel- to ripple cross-laminated sandstones, were interpreted as levee/overbank deposits, whereas clay-rich intervals were interpreted to represent basin plain deposits of hemipelagic origin. Facies associations and their distribution have revealed that channel-fills are associated with overflow deposits and sheet sand units. These deposits, as well as downdip sheet sands associated with small channel-fills within the 9A, 11A/12A, 13A Sequences and the 14A Sequence were interpreted to have been deposited in a middle fan to upper fan setting. A similar association occurs in the 10A Sequence, except that thick conglomerate units are present at the base of proximal channel-fills. This led to interpret the 10A Sequence as being deposited in a base-of-slope to upper fan setting. The thickness of each sequence, as revealed by isochore maps, shows sinuous axial flow path which corresponds to channel-fill conduit. The continuous decrease of this sinuosity upward in the succession was interpreted as being related to basin floor control along the main sand fairways. Successive flows result in erosion-fill-spill processes, which locally favour connectivity of reservoirs over large areas. Recognition of higher-order sequences and key stratigraphic surfaces helps to understand internal stratigraphic relationships and reveals a complex and dynamic depositional history for 3rd-order sequences. However, sparse well control and uneven distribution of boreholes, as well as lack of seismic and other data, limited the models derived for this study.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Barremiaanse tot Albiaanse silisiklastiese diepwater afsettings van die sentrale Bredasdorp Kom is hoofsaaklik in terme van stratigrafiese evolusie, afsettingskarakteristieke en fasies distribusie ondersoek. Kerne van die diepwater afsettings toon dat die fasies opeenvolgings uit massiewe, riffelkruis- tot parallel-gelamineerde sandstene, konglomerate, massiewe kleistene, afwisselende gelamineerde tot intergelaagde sandstene/slikstene en kleistene, sowel as gelamineerde en klei-ryke slikstene bestaan. Hierdie fasies word onderverdeel in kanaalopvulsel, plaatlob, oewerwal en komvlakte afsettings. Die toepassing van opeenvolgingsstratigrafie gebaseer op gammastraal en resistiwiteit log patrone toon dat alle 3de-orde afsettingsopeenvolgings uit 4deorde siklusse bestaan. Laasgenoemde word onderverdeel in drie komponente (lae-stand, transgressie en hoë-stand sisteemgedeeltes), gebaseer op vertikale fasies veranderinge en interne stratigrafiese sleutel vlakke. Korrelasie op ‘n regionale basis is moontlik gemaak deur die 13Amfs as die stratigrafiese verwysing vir elke boorgat te neem. Lae-stand afsettings, wat uit dik saamgevoegde massiewe sandstene bestaan, word geïnterpreteer as kanaalopvulsels. Die vertikale en horisontale stapeling van die sandstene vorm kanaalopvulsel komplekse bo Tipe 1 diskordansies. Naasliggende dungelaagde intervalle, wat uit parallel- tot kruisgelaagde sandstene bestaan, word geïnterpreteer as oewerwal afsettings, terwyl klei-ryke intervalle geïnterpreteer word as verteenwoordigend van komvlakte afsettings van hemipelagiese oorsprong. Fasies assosiasies en hul verspreiding toon dat kanaalvul geassosieër word met oorvloei afsettings en plaatsand eenhede. Hierdie afsettings, sowel as distale plaatsande geassosieër met klein kanaalopvulsels binne die 9A, 11A/12A, 13A en die 14A Opeenvolgings, word geïnterpreteer as afgeset in ‘n middelwaaier tot bo-waaier omgewing. ‘n Soortgelyke assosiasie bestaan in die 10A Opeenvolging, behalwe dat dik konglomeraat eenhede teenwoordig is by die basis van proksimale kanaalopvullings. Dit het gelei tot die interpretasie van die 10A Opeenvolging as afgeset in ‘n basis-van-helling tot bo-waaier omgewing. Die dikte van elke opeenvolging, soos verkry vanaf isochoor kaarte, toon ‘n kronkelende aksiale vloeipad wat ooreenkom met ‘n kanaalopvulling toevoerkanaal. Die aaneenlopende afname van hierdie kronkeling na bo in die opeenvolging word geïnterpreteer as verwant aan komvloer-beheer langs die hoof sand roetes. Opeenvolgende vloeie veroorsaak erosie-opvul-oorspoel prosesse, wat lokaal die konnektiwiteit van reservoirs oor groot areas bevoordeel. Herkenning van hoër-orde opeenvolgings en sleutel stratigrafiese vlakke dra by tot ‘n goeie begrip van die interne stratigrafiese verhoudings en ontbloot ‘n komplekse en dinamiese afsettingsgeskiedenis vir 3de-orde opeenvolgings. Beperkte boorgatbeheer en ‘n tekort aan seismiese en ander data het egter ‘n beperkende rol gespeel in die daarstel van modelle vir hierdie studie.
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12

Lanz, Johann. "A geochemical investigation of the waters and sediments of De Hoop Vlei, Bredasdorp district, South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/20190.

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Bibliography: pages 117-121.
De Hoop Vlei is a saline coastal lake situated 53 kilometres north-east of Cape Agulhas in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. It is probably of estuarine origin but is now separated from the sea by mobile sand dunes and, therefore, has no surface outflow. Inflow to the vlei is from a catchment area of approximately 1200 km2 in which intensive grain farming is practised. The vlei is situated within the De. Hoop Nature Reserve and its ecological value, particularly as a breeding ground for water birds, has been recognised in its designation as an international RAMSAR conservation site. Agricultural practices in the catchment have been identified as a potential threat to the ecology of the vlei. The overall objective of this study was to provide a geochemical characterisation of De Hoop Vlei. It focused on identifying the geochemical factors and processes which control the water chemistry of the vlei and attempted to identify any influence of agricultural activities on water quality. This was achieved through a geochemical interpretation of the results obtained from analyses of water and sediment samples collected during the study. Use was also made of Department of Water Affairs and Forestry monitoring data in order to examine long term behaviour of the system, particularly with respect to the effect of evaporative concentration on water composition. Furthermore, chemical equilibrium was modelled, using the geochemical model MINTEQA2, in order to give an indication of processes likely to occur in the water as well as the behaviour of certain possible pollutants in the vlei. Water and sediment core samples, collected during two separate sampling trips, were taken along the entire length of the vlei and some water samples were taken in the catchment. Interstitial waters were obtained by suction from sediment cores. Samples of secondary precipitates, found along the edge of the vlei, were also taken. The following laboratory analyses were performed on water samples: pH, EC, alkalinity, major cations and anions, dissolved P, fluoride, and the trace metals Fe, Mn, Al, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Pb. The following laboratory analyses were performed on sediment samples: pH of wet and dried sediments, organic C content, carbonate content, total elemental concentrations of major and trace elements, mineralogy, clay percentage and extractable P, Zn and K. Scanning electron microscopy and mineralogical analyses were performed on samples of secondary precipitates.
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13

Saffou, Eric. "Geomechanical characterization and reservoir Simulation of a carbon storage project in e-m depleted Gas field in South Africa." University of the Western Cape, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/8218.

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Philosophiae Doctor - PhD
Geomechanical analysis and integrity assessment of hydrocarbon reservoirs upon depletion and injection are crucial to ensure that CO2 storage projects can be safely implemented. The Bredasdorp Basin in South Africa has great potential for CO2 storage, given its hugely available exploration data. However, there has not been any geomechanical characterization carried out on this basin to determine its integrity issues. This study aims to investigate the feasibility of a carbon storage project in the E-M depleted gas field. The preliminary geological assessment demonstrates that Zone 2 and Zone 3 display acceptable injectivity for CO2 injection of the E-M gas field. Seismic lines display faults that could affect the caprock's integrity during depletion and carbon storage. Geomechanical characterization provides a guideline as to how geomechanical analysis of depleted fields can be done for a safe CO2 sequestration practice. The geomechanical model constructed at a depth of 2570 m indicated that the magnitudes of the principal vertical, minimum, and maximum horizontal stresses in the field are respectively 57 MPa, 41 MPa, and 42-46 MPa. Fault and fracture stabilities were examined before and after depletion. It was found that faults and fractures in compartments C1 and C2 of the reservoir are stable before and after depletion, while normal faults (FNS8 and FNS9) in compartment C3 dipping SW were critically stressed. The minimum sustainable pressure of the reservoir determined by simulating depletion is 6 MPa. Below that, pressure depletion causes normal faulting in reservoir compartments C1 and C2. The maximum sustainable pressure, on the other hand, was found to be 25 MPa. The geomechanical studies also reveal that it is possible that the reservoir experienced compaction of 8 cm during depletion and will experience an uplift of 3.2 cm during 71 years of injection. The economic model of a CO2-enhanced gas recovery project in E-M gas field, the annual expenses (Aexp) of carbon capture and storage range between Zar20 3.31 × 109 and Zar20 4.10 × 109. The annual revenues (RA) were estimated to be Zar20 1.42 × 1010. The cash flow analysis derived from Aexp and RA confirms that enhanced gas recovery could partially offset the cost of CO2 storage if a minimum of 5 % of CO2 fraction is allowed in the natural gas recovered. Geological and geomechanical studies have demonstrated that carbon storage is physically feasible in the E-M gas field. However, the project's completion lies in the among the gas recovered to balance the cost of CO2. http://
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14

Maseko, Phindile Pearl. "Petrophysical evaluation and characterization of sandstone reservoirs of the western Bredasdorp Basin, South Africa for well D-D1 and E-AP1." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5181.

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>Magister Scientiae - MSc
The Bredasdorp Basin was formed consequent to extensional episodes during the initial stages of rifting in the Jurassic age. The basin acted as a local depocentre and was primarily infilled with late Jurassic and early Cretaceous shallow-marine and continental sediments. Two wells namely; D-D1 and E-AP1 were studied in order to evaluate the petrophysics and characterize sandstone reservoirs of the western Bredasdorp basin. This could be achieved by generating and comparing results from core analysis and wireline in order to determine if the two wells are comprised of good quality sandstone reservoirs and if the identified reservoirs produce hydrocarbons. A number of methods were employed in order to characterise and evaluate sandstone reservoir, these included; editing and normalization of raw wireline log data ,classification of lithofacies on the basis of lithology, sedimentary structures, facies distribution, grain size variation, sorting of grains, fossils and bioturbation; calibration of log and core data to determine parameters for petrophysical interpretation; volume of clay; determination of porosity, permeability and fluid saturation, cut-off determination to distinguish between pay and non-pay sands. Borehole D-D1 is located in the western part of the Bredasdorp Basin. Only two reservoirs in well D-D1 indicated to have pay parameters with an average porosity ranging from 11.3% to 16%, average saturation from 0.6% to 21.5% and an volume of clay from 26.5% to 31.5%. This well was abandoned due to poor oil shows according to the geological well completion report. On the contrary well E-AP1 situated in the northwestern section of the basin showed good quality reservoir sandstones occurring in the 19082m to 26963m intervals though predominantly water saturated. Pay parameters for all five reservoirs in this well showed zero or no average porosity, saturation and volume of clay.
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15

Asiashu, Mudau. "Sedimentological re-interpretation of the early cretaceous oil reservoir in the Northern Bredasdorp Basin, offshore South Africa." University of the Western Cape, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5047.

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>Magister Scientiae - MSc
This study was aimed at determining the sedimentary environment, its evolution and facies areal distribution of the Upper Shallow Marine (USM, Late Valanginian). The study was conducted in wells E-S1, F-AH4 and E-W1 in the Bredasdorp basin between E-M and F-AH fields, located in a basinwards transect roughly transverse to the palaeocoast. The wells were studied by logging all the cores in detail between the chosen intervals, followed by facies analysis. Each core log was tied with its respective gamma ray and resistivity well logs. The logs were then correlated based on their log signatures, trends and facies interpretation. The Gamma ray logs show a fining-upwards and coarsening-upwards trend (“hour-glass shape”) in E-S1 and F-AH4 while in E-W1 it shows more accommodation space. These trends are believed to have been influenced by relative sea level changes, such as transgression and regression. Facies analysis identified seven facies in the study area: Facies A, B, C, D, E, F and G. Facies A, B and C were interpreted as fair-weather and storm deposits of the offshore-transition zone, shoreface and foreshore respectively. Facies D was considered as lagoonal mud deposits, while Facies E and F were interpreted as tidal channel and tidal bar deposits respectively. Finally Facies G was considered as fluvial channel deposits. The facies inferred that the sedimentary environment of the study area is a wave-dominated estuary or an Island-bar lagoon system. This led to the production of a conceptual model showing the possible locations for the three wells in the Island bar-lagoon system. The conceptual model inferred the previous findings from PGS (1999) report, that the Upper Shallow Marine beds were deposited in a tidal/estuarine to shoreface setting. This model also supports the findings of Magobiyane (2014), which proposed a wave-dominated estuary for the Upper Shallow Marine reservoir between E-M and F-AH fields, located west of the study area.
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16

El, Saadi Omar. "A geo-cellular model of a multiphase hydrocarbon field incorporating fault-seal analysis : Bredasdorp Basin, South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/15513.

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Geological 3D static modelling has become an integral tool during the appraisal and developmental stages of a hydrocarbon field lifecycle. The 3D model becomes the basis upon which reservoir heterogeneity and characterisation are understood, hydrocarbon volumetrics are calculated and field development plans are designed. Reservoir compartmentalisation and fault-seal analysis is also an industry topic which has drawn much interest. Having a 3D model allows for fault-seal analyses to be carried out and evaluated using the statistically distributed reservoir properties. This study incorporates the building of a 3D geo-cellular reservoir model with a fault seal analysis of the E-S field, which is located on the north flank of the Bredasdorp Basin. The reservoir model was built using geostatistical methods to populate the several reservoir parameters into the model to calculate a hydrocarbon volume. In addition, a fault-seal analysis was carried out in order to investigate the phenomenon of having an oil accumulation separated from a gas accumulation either side of a fault. The facies modelling was carried out using the object modelling technique, in order to produce a model which is geologically plausible. Most of the remaining reservoir parameters were modelled using a variogram except in the case of water saturation, which was modelled using a J function equation. The volumetrics were assigned per fault block. Using a recovery factor of 75% for gas and 11% for oil, the calculated total recoverable hydrocarbons were 12.6 Bscf and 1.3 MMbbl respectively. The fault-seal analysis showed that the faults separating two of the fault blocks are not completely sealing. All the calculated fault properties supported this view, with the Shale Gouge Ratio (SGR) and threshold pressure relationship indicating a high likelihood for leakage across parts the faults. Pressure data from Repeat Formation Tests (RFT) however, indicates that the hydrocarbon accumulations in both blocks are isolated from each other. This contradiction has informed the recommendation to drill a highly deviated or short horizontal well which will cross the fault and intersect both blocks, and to complete the well using a sliding sleeve, thus providing the flexibility needed in order to manage multi-phase flow.
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17

Magobiyane, Nqweneka Veronica. "Sedimentological re-interpretation of zone 3 (Upper Shallow Marine) of selected wells, Bredasdorp Basin (Offshore South Africa)." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4654.

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>Magister Scientiae - MSc
The Bredasdorp Basin is located on the southern continental margin, off the coast of South Africa. It is mostly filled by marine Aptian to Maastrichtian deposits, overlaying pre-existing Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous fluvial and shallow marine synrift deposits. The basin is a southeastern trending rift basin, located between the Columbine-Agulhas and Infanta arches. Its basement is made up of slates of the Bokkeveld Group (Devonian) and or quartzites of the Table Mountain Group (Ordovician-Silurian). The study area extends from X-X field to Y-Y field and encompasses only four wells for this investigation; well A, B, C and D respectively. This study was done through the interpretation; integration and juxtaposing of the results from core analysis with wireline log analysis (gamma ray) using Petrel software to display and correlate the well logs. Through core analysis which is the main source of information for this study, seven facies were identified and interpreted for the entire study. These facies alternate throughout each well and between different wells, but they are not evident in all the cores. Throughout the study, well A has been used as a reference well, since it appears (according to the interpretations) to record all seven facies and has the thickest section of zone 3. This zone reflects more accommodation space than the other studied wells at the time of deposition. Facies analysis of cores and well log correlation provide evidence that the studied USM sandstones are compatible with a wave dominated estuary/island-bar lagoon system to shoreface of a wave dominated marine shelf. It has previously been demonstrated that on the northern shelf of the Bredasdorp Basin, the USM typically has an hour-glass gamma ray log signature as a result of long-term transgression and regression and this typical log shape was also identified in this study from well A .
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18

Mithamo, Peter Ng'ang'a. "Use of high efficient motors for DSM in South Africa's petroleum refineries." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2212.

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Thesis (MTech (Electrical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2012.
Electric motors consume over 60% of the world's generated electricity. In South Africa approximately 65% of the energy generated is consumed by electric motors (Niekerk, 2009). About 95% of motors in use in South Africa are Standard-Efficient Motors (SE-motors) that operate at an average efficiency of 84% to 90%, depending on the size of the motor and the load driven by them. High-Efficient motors (HE-motor) run at an efficiency of 2% to 8% higher than that of SE-motors. In recent years, a drive to replace SE-motors with HE-motors has been promoted for the purpose of Demand Side Management (DSM). The rationale of using HE-motors as a tool of DSM is to harness a small difference in operating efficiency per motor, which can result in a huge reduction in electricity consumption, depending on the number of HE-motors that will replace SE-motors. Reducing the demand for electricity is the key driving factor for DSM in South Africa, so as to relieve the already stressed power generation capacity. Other consequential factors of DSM are to reduce the amount of pollutant gases emitted into the atmosphere. To the electricity users DSM will be a great incentive, as reduced consumption of electricity will decrease the amount of money spent on electricity. Much has been written on the ability of HE-motors to reduce electricity consumption, cost of electricity and global pollution. ESKOM has even demonstrated the faith they have in these motors by giving rebates to motor users who are willing to exchange their existing SE-motors with new HE-motors. The rebates are paid by ESKOM through a newly established DSM program. However, it must be mentioned that savings through HE-motors is not a perfect guarantee. HE-motors have inherent design limitations that may inhibit the saving of energy. To achieve higher efficiency, HE-motors are designed to operate on a smaller slip that consequently increases their speed compared to that of SE-motors (Cheek et al., 1995). Higher rotor speed impacts energy saving abilities of HE-motors when they are used to drive fans, pumps and compressors, normally referred to as centrifugal loads. An increase in speed results in a proportional increase in flow. Power consumed by a motor goes up as a cube of the speed, and the flow rate increases linearly with speed. Motor loads in the petrochemical industry are generally centrifugal, and that is why this thesis focuses on refineries.
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19

Havemann, Luke Paul. "Greening upstream South Africa : a critical and comparative enviro-legal analysis of the offshore oil and gas activities of the United Kingdom and South Africa." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2010. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=158422.

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This thesis essentially constitutes an analysis of laws designed to protect the marine environment from the pollution arising from the exploitation of offshore oil and gas reserves, Chapter 2 addresses not only the origin and nature of oil and gas, but also the techniques employed in surveying for and producing these energy forms. Chapters 3 and 4, in turn, outline the history of offshore operations in South Africa and the UK, respectively, with regard, inter alia, to the location, size and economic significance of these operations. In order to properly address the South African legal framework's failure to adequately regulate pollution arising from offshore upstream operations, an explanation of the nature and forms of such pollution must first be set out. Chapter 5 analyses the concept of pollution from a legal perspective, while also giving detailed consideration to the various forms of pollution that may arise at each of the three stages of offshore oil and gas operations, which are surveying, drilling and production, and decommissioning. Chapter 6 has a dual focus. Firstly, it discusses particular environmental principles that underpin the development and application of environmentally orientated laws. Secondly, it considers various regulatory techniques and their suitability to environmental regulation of the offshore industry. Chapter 7 provides a detailed overview of the international legal framework applicable to offshore oil and gas operations. Chapters 8 and 9 consider the aspects of the UK's and South Africa's domestic legislation that provide for the environmental regulation of offshore oil and gas operations. Both chapters are structured so as to identify enviro-legal considerations relevant to each stage of offshore upstream operations. Both also contain critiques of the manner in which the relevant South African environmental law compares to that of the UK. To this end, legal lacunae and differences in regulatory approaches are identified and various suggestions are made for improving the current South African state of affairs. An argument is submitted for the formulation of a statutory solution to the South African predicament, particularly by means of the promulgation of an entirely new Act specifically designed to regulate the country's rapidly escalating offshore oil and gas industry.
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20

Thomas, Christian G. C. "Sedimentology and stratigraphy of the Falkland Islands Permian with comparisons to Gondwanan stratigraphy of South Africa and South America." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.367499.

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The Falkland Islands, located in the SW of the South Atlantic Ocean form the only emergent part of a large continental shelf area, the Falkland Plateau. It has long been known since the work of Adie (1952a,b) that the predominantly Devonian and Permian aged onshore strata probably form the missing SE quadrant of the Karoo Basin of South Africa. Until recently relatively little work has been implemented to confirm this beyond doubt. This study provides additional evidence for such origins through comprehensive sedimentological analysis of onshore Permian exposure in the Falkland Islands with a view to providing a robust stratigraphical framework based on sedimentological data, ichnofacies and petrography. Extensive Falkland Islands fieldwork was complemented by similar work in the Sierras Australes, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina, and in Ecca Pass in South Africa to enable comparisons of the Permian stratigraphy. The Falkland Islands stratigraphic succession represents a post-glacial basin-filling episode representing a passage from a deep underfilled to a filled basin. Deposition occurred within a foreland basin. The results indicate a close correlation between the sedimentology and stratigraphy of South Africa and the Falkland Islands, between which stratigraphic units may be correlated at a member level. The Falkland Islands and South African successions are closely comparable in terms of petrographic trends implying a similar provenance. Strata of the Sierras Australes are sedimentologically and petrographically distinct and deposition of the basin-filling succession at this location commenced at an earlier date. Palaeocurrent orientations between the Falklands Islands and the Sierras Australes succession do not compare well, whilst Falkland Islands palaeocurrent orientations only compare with South African examples if the Falkland Islands are rotated by approximately 180° relative to their present orientation.
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21

Schalkwyk, Hugh Je-Marco. "Assessment controls on reservoir performance and the affects of granulation seam mechanics in the Bredasdorp Basin, South Africa." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2006. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_3459_1183461991.

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The Bredasdorp Basin is one of the largest hydrocarbon producing blocks within Southern Africa. The E-M field is situated approximate 50 km west from the FA platform and was brought into commission due to the potential hydrocarbons it may hold. If this field is brought up to full producing capability it will extend the lifespan of the refining station in Mosselbay, situated on the south coast of South Africa, by approximately 8 to 10 years. An unexpected pressure drop within the E-M field caused the suite not to perform optimally and thus further analysis was imminent to assess and alleviate the predicament. The first step within the project was to determine what might have cause the pressure drop and thus we had to go back to cores drilled by Soekor now known as Petroleum South Africa, in the early 1980&rsquo
s.




Analyses of the cores exposed a high presence of granulation seams. The granulation seams were mainly subjected within sand units within the cores. This was caused by rolling of sand grains over one another rearranging themselves due to pressure exerted through compaction and faulting, creating seal like fractures within the sand. These fractures caused these sand units to compartmentalize and prohibit flow from one on block to the next. With advance inquiry it was discovered that there was a shale unit situated within the reservoir dividing the reservoir into two main compartments. At this point it was determined to use Petrel which is windows based software for 3D visualization with a user interface based on the Windows Microsoft standards. This is easy as well as user friendly software thus the choice to go with it. The software uses shared earth modeling tool bringing about reservoir disciplines trough common data modelling. This is one of the best modelling applications in the available and it was for this reason that it was chosen to apply within the given aspects of the project A lack of data was available to model the granulation seams but with the data acquired during the core analyses it was possible to model the shale unit and factor in the influences of the granulation seams to asses the extent of compartmentalization. The core revealed a thick shale layer dividing the reservoir within two sections which was not previously noted. This shale layer act as a buffer/barrier restricting flow from the bottom to the top halve of the reservoir. This layer is thickest at the crest of the 10km²
domal closure and thins toward the confines of the E-M suite. Small incisions, visible within the 3 dimensional models could serve as a guide for possible re-entry points for future drilling. These incisions which were formed through Lowstand and Highstand systems tracts with the rise and fall of the sea level. The Bredasdorp Basin consists mainly of tilting half graben structures that formed through rifting with the break-up of Gondwanaland. The model also revealed that these faults segregate the reservoir further creating bigger compartments. The reservoir is highly compartmentalized which will explain the pressure loss within the E-M suite. The production well was drilled within one of these compartments and when the confining pressure was relieved the pressure dropped and the production decrease. As recommendation, additional wells are required to appraise the E-M structure and determine to what extent the granulation seems has affected fluid flow as well as the degree of sedimentation that could impede fluid flow. There are areas still containing untapped resources thus the recommendation for extra wells.

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22

Acho, Collins Banajem. "Assessing hydrocarbon potential in cretaceous sediments in the Western Bredasdorp Sub-basin in the Outeniqua Basin South Africa." University of the Western Cape, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4807.

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>Magister Scientiae - MSc
The Bredasdorp Basin is one of the largest hydrocarbon producing blocks within Southern Africa. The E-M field is situated approximate 50 km west from the FA platform and was brought into commission due to the potential hydrocarbons it may hold. If this field is brought up to full producing capability it will extend the lifespan of the refining station in Mosselbay, situated on the south coast of South Africa, by approximately 8-10 years. This study is focused in block 9 off shore western part of the Bredasdorp Basin in the main Outeniqua Basin South Africa. Cretaceous Sandstone reservoirs are commonly heterogeneous consequently they may require special methods and techniques for description and evaluation. Reservoir characterization is the study of the reservoir rocks, their petrophysical properties, the fluids they contain or the manner in which they influence the movement of fluids in the subsurface. The main goal of the research is to assess the potentials of hydrocarbons in Cretaceous sediments in the Bredasdorp Basin through the integration and comparison of results from core analysis, production data and petrography studies for the evaluation and correction of key petrophysical parameters from wireline logs which could be used to generate an effective reservoir model for wells (E-BB1, E-BD2, EA01) in the Bredasdorp Basin. Porosity and permeability relationships, wire-line log data have been examined and analysed to determine how the porosity and permeability influence reservoir quality which further influences the potential of hydrocarbon accumulation in the reservoirs. The reservoir sandstone is composed mainly of fine to medium grained Sandstones with intercalation of finger stringers of Siltstone and Shale. In carrying out this research the samples are used to characterize reservoir zones through core observation, description and analyses and compare the findings with electronic data obtained from Petroleum Agency of South Africa (PASA). Secondary data obtained from (PASA) was analysed using softwares such as Interactive Petrophysics (IP), Ms Word, Ms excel and Surfer. Wireline logs of selected wells (E-BB1, E-BD2, E-A01) were generated, analysed and correlated. Surfer software also used to digitize maps of project area, porosity and permeability plotted using IP. Formation of the Bredasdorp Basin and it surrounding basins during the Gondwana breakup. The Bredasdorp Basin consists mainly of tilting half graben structures that formed through rifting with the break-up of Gondwanaland. The model also revealed that these faults segregate the reservoir which explains the pressure loss within the block. The production well was drilled, confining pressure relieved and pressure dropped hence production decreases. The age, transportation, deposition and thermal history of sediment in the basin, all plays a vital role in the type of hydrocarbon formation. Structural features such as faults, pore spaces determines the presence of a hydrocarbon in the reservoir. Traps could be stratigraphic or structural which helps prevent the migration of hydrocarbons from the source rock to reservoir rock or from reservoir rock to the surface over a period of time. The textural aspects included the identification of grain sizes, sorting and grain shapes. The diagenetic history, constructed from the results of the reservoir quality study revealed that there were several stages involved in the diagenetic process. It illustrated several phases of cementation with quartz, carbonate and dolomite with dissolution of feldspar. A potentially good reservoir interval was identified from the data and was characterized by several heterogeneous zones. Identifying reservoir zones was highly beneficial during devising recovery techniques for production of hydrocarbons. Secondary recovery methods have thus been devised to enhance well performance. As recommendation, additional wells are required to appraise the E-M structure and determine to what extent the cement present in the basin has affected fluid flow as well as the degree of sedimentation that could impede fluid flow. There are areas still containing untapped resources thus the recommendation for extra wells. This research may well be reviewed with more data input from PetroSA (wells, seismic and production data) for additional studies, predominantly with respect to reservoir modelling and flow simulation. Based on the findings of this research, summary of calculated Net Pay shows that in well E-BB1, reservoir (1) is at depth 2841.5m – 2874.9m has a Gross Thickness of 33.40m, Net Pay of 29.72 and Pay Summary of 29.57 and reservoir (2) has depth of 2888.1m – 2910.5m, Gross Thickness of 22.40m, Net Pay of 19.92m and Pay summary of 1.48m. Well E-AO1 has depth from 2669.5m – 2684.5m and Gross Thickness of 15.00m and has Net Pay of 10.37m and Pay Summary of 10.37m. Based on the values obtained from the data analysed the above two wells displays high potential of hydrocarbon present in the reservoirs. Meanwhile well E-BD2 has depth from 2576.2m – 2602.5m and has Gross Thickness of 350.00m, Net Pay of 28.96m and Pay Summary of 4.57 hence from data analysis this reservoir displays poor values which is an indication of poor hydrocarbon potentials.
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23

Giantsos, John. "The effects of trade policy on the development of the South African petrochemical industry." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002749.

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The objective of the research was to determine the role which South African trade policy played in shaping the development of the domestic petrochemical industry. The focus of the study falls on the domestic development of the petrochemical industry in general, and the polymer industry in particular. Three broad stages are distinguished in the domestic development of the petrochemical industry. Prior to the early 1970's development occurred primarily on an ad hoc basis, with the establishment of domestic production plants for most major petrochemicals. The development of the domestic petrochemical industry over the period from the early 1970's to the early 1980's was characterised by rapid growth in the domestic production of petrochemicals, while the period from the early 1980's to the early 1990's saw a significant slowdown in the annual growth rate for the domestic production of petrochemicals. The role of trade policy in the industry's development over each of these three periods could not be established conclusively. In each period a number of factors were identified which may have impacted on the industry's development. However, two factors do appear to have played particularly important roles in the industry's development prior to the early 1980's, namely strong growth in domestic petrochemical demand and the provision of a substantial degree of protection through quantitative import controls and tariffs. with regard to the industry's development over the period from the early 1980's to the early 1990's, a number of factors were identified which may have influenced trends in domestic petrochemical production, including the withdrawal of quantitative import controls and the progressive lowering of import tariffs, the depreciation of the rand in the mid-1980's, a slowdown in the growth of the domestic demand for petrochemicals, the fall in the international prices of petrochemicals in the early 1980's, and the fall in the international oil price in the mid-1980's. In view of the small size of the domestic petrochemical market it is recommended that local petrochemical producers should continue to expand their focus beyond that of producing solely for the requirements of the domestic market. In light of the key role played by the petrochemical industry in a modern economy, it is also recommended that the industry in South Africa receive more attention from policy makers than it has in the past.
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24

Bailey, John Franklin. "Customer buying behavior at selected petroleum shops in Cape Town." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/973.

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Thesis (MTech (Business Administratiom, Marketing Management))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2011
The dynamic nature of modern organisations, characterised by hyper turbulence, necessitates that organisations remain receptive to the plethora of internal and external forces driving changes in strategy. One such organisation is that of Engen Petroleum Limited which operates in an everchanging, highly competitive environment. In order to remain the market leader, Engen needs to revisit its strategy to contend with market forces, bearing in mind that globalisation, as well as international ownership of competitor companies, play a role. In order to maintain a competitive advantage, the role of brands in the context of convenience is important, as brand recognition makes decision-making simpler for consumers who are in a rush. It is hence deemed expedient for forecourt retailers to understand customer satisfaction drivers, such as quality, service and convenience (Molefi, 2007). The current research focuses on the Engen Western Cape Quick Shop network, and in particular, investigates the possible reasons, namely growth rates, product offering, location, and customer service, for performance compared to the national average. A questionnaire/survey was conducted to determine the demographic characteristics of customers as well as the factors that influence their propensity to utilise Engen Quick Shops. This research was intended to provide Engen Petroleum Limited with data and information to enable the Western Cape Convenience dealer network to not only grow at the national average, but also to position itself at the forefront of the Convenience Store market.
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25

Sass, Amy Lauren. "The depositional environment of Sandstone reservoirs, of wells within F-AH and F-AR field, offshore the Bredasdorp basin, South Africa." University of the Western Cape, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6590.

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>Magister Scientiae - MSc
This study is located within the Bredasdorp Basin which is on the southern continental margin, offshore South Africa. The basin is located between Infanta and Agulhas arches and is a rift basin that is southeastern trending. Sedimentology reports have shown that the basin is predominantly filled by Aptian to Maastrichtian deposits which overlays pre-existing late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous fluvial and shallow marine syn-rift deposits. Devonian Bokkeveld Group slates and or Ordovician-Silurian Table Mountain Group quartzites are shown to be the composition of basement rocks. The study area incorporates only three wells for this research; well F-AH1, F-AH2 and F-AR1. This paper was completed through analyzing and juxtaposing interpretations of results from gamma ray wireline log analysis with core analysis in which these correlations and figures were displayed using Petrel software and Coral Draw respectively. Core analysis resulted in the identification of, sixteen litho-facies for the entire study, which were recognized according to its grain size, texture, sedimentary structures, colour changes, base and top contacts, bioturbation, noticeable minerals, etc. Facies tend to alternate all the way through each well and between different wells with similar facies being present in different wells, but they are not evident in all the cores. Based on the classification of sand bodies, core analysis provides good indication that the general depositional environment of reservoirs within the studied wells are within a marginal marine depositional environment which are tidally influenced. Log signatures typical of sandstone reservoir bodies were discovered in the field where sand bodies are 20 m thick or less and were recognized in the study area. Depositional environments were characterized based on depositional environment similarities: a funnel-shaped facies representing a crevasse splay; a cylindrical-shaped facies representing slope channel-fills representing the transgressive-regressive shallow marine shelf.
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26

Hussien, Tarig M. Hamad. "Formation evaluation of deep-water reservoirs in the 13A and 14A sequences of the Central Bredasdorp Basin, offshore South Africa." University of the Western Cape, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4876.

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>Magister Scientiae - MSc
The goal of this study is to enhance the evaluation of subsurface reservoirs by improving the prediction of petrophysical parameters through the integration of wireline logs and core measurements. Formation evaluations of 13A and 14A sequences in the Bredasdorp Basin, offshore South Africa have been performed. Five wells in the central area of the basin have been selected for this study. Four different lithofacies (A, B, C, D) were identified, in the two cored wells, and used to predict the lithofacies from wireline logs in uncored intervals and wells. A method based on artificial neural network was used for this prediction. Facies A and B were recognized as reservoir rocks and 13 reservoir zones were identified and successfully evaluated in a detailed petrophysical model. The final shale volume was considered to be the minimum among five different methods applied in this study at any point along the well log. The porosity model was taken from the density model. A value of 2.66 g/cm3 was obtained from core measurements as the field average grain density, whereas the value of the fluid density of 0.79 g/cm3 was obtained from core porosity and bulk density cross-plot. In a water saturation model; an average water resistivity of 0.135 Ohm-m was estimated from SP method. The calculated water saturation models were calibrated with core measurements, and the Indonesia model best matched with the water saturation from conventional core analysis. Six hydraulic flow units were recognized in the studied reservoirs, and were used for permeability predictions. The permeability predicted from hydraulic flow units were found more reliable than the permeability calculated from porosity-permeability relationship. The net pay was identified for each reservoir by applying cut-offs on permeability 0.1 mD, porosity 7%, shale volume 0.35, and water saturation 0.60. The gross thickness of the reservoirs ranges from 4.83m to 41.07m and net pay intervals from 1.21m to 29.59m.
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27

Hendricks, Mogammad Yaaseen. "Provenance and depositional environments of early cretaceous sediments in the Bredasdorp Sub-basin, offshore South Africa: an integrated approach." University of the Western Cape, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7596.

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>Magister Scientiae - MSc
Southern offshore basins of South Africa are well known as potential provinces of hydrocarbon exploration and production. The complex nature of the Bredasdorp sub-basin’s syn-rift architecture (transform fault system) can have adverse effects on reservoir distribution due to periodic local and regional uplift of horsts and grabens. This present investigation focusses on an integrated approach of the 1AT1-V horizon or early Cretaceous sediments in the Bredasdorp sub-basin to identify the depositional environment and provenance of these sediments as well as their role in regionally complex compositional heterogeneities associated with the late stage rifting of Gondwana break-up. An integrated seismic, sedimentological (including petrography and geochemistry) and ichnologic analysis of the 1AT1-V horizon sediments showed an overall lower regressive element complex assemblage set and an upper transgressive element complex assemblage set that occurred as a >120m thick succession. The analysis identified a mixed-energy deltaic succession followed by an estuarine succession. The 1AT1-V interval (late syn-rift) consisted of nine sedimentary facies associations (and associated petrofacies) on a dipslope setting with variations occurring along the strike and the downdip depositional slope areas. Two overall sequences were identified as a lower regressive and upper transgressive sequence (Element complex assemblage sets). The regressive sequence consisted of middle to distal delta front lobe fringes, hyperpycnal event beds (sourced from basement highs), offshore migrating tidal bars (and associated inter-bar regions), distal mouth bars, terminal distributary channels (and associated inter-terminal distributary regions). The distal delta plain to proximal delta front consisted of interdistributary bays, distributary channels, crevasse splay sub-deltas, mouth bars, tidal flats and offshore embayments. In the laterally isolated depocenter, these deposits also consisted of basement high slopes with upliftment of the basement highs leading to proximal/central embayment to regressive shoreface/foreshore environments. These sequences consisted generally of low diversity and intensities (impoverished abundances) of trace fossils. The paleoclimate inference from this sequence indicates a humid climate with intermediate degrees of weathering intensities (possibly fluctuating arid-humid conditions). The transgressive sequence consisted of estuarine sedimentation with the occurrence of tidal sand ridges and compound dune fields, embayment facies and tidal bars. These sequences consisted of relatively higher ichnodiversities and intensities than their relative regressive sequences. The paleoclimate inference during these times consisted of more arid to semi-arid settings with low degrees of weathering in the source terrain. Local tectonic upliftment and subsidence, with exposed basement highs, gave rise to differential process regimes (tidal, wave and fluvial) and hence depositional facies in the diachronous updip/downdip areas (spatial) and within-stratigraphic (temporal) variations. There are several modern analogues that are similar to the 1AT1-V horizon sequence and they are the Mahakam, Ganges-Brahmaputra, Po, Burdekin deltaic and Satpara lake environments Compaction and dissolution diagenetic features as well as transportation were responsible for the major compositional heterogeneities concerning the reservoir quality and distribution. Proximal and distal sources were identified with first cycle and polycyclic sediments being deposited in the northern and southern part of the basin during the late stages of rifting in the Bredasdorp sub-basin. The provenance lithology has been identified as recycled sedimentary rocks (and their meta-equivalents) with an ultimate source terrain that was largely felsic in nature (Cape granite suite). The northern part of the studied section is suggested to have received sediments from the main metasedimentary rocks of the Cape fold belt (including the Table Mountain Group and Bokkeveld Group) whereas the southern sections received more sediments from the basement highs (recycled Malmesbury Group (and Pre-Cape sediments) and Cape granite suite), which is further supported by seismic data. Provenance analysis revealed that the Cape Fold belt (most recent collision) was possibly a provenance terrain but overprinting of several collisions are also acknowledged. The tectonic setting was envisaged to be of a rifted margin during the break-up of Gondwana. This compositional heterogeneity due to facies and provenance-related terrains had major consequences to the reservoir quality and distribution from the northern part to the southern part of the studied section
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28

Tait, Hennie Leon. "Adapting retail business models for the petroleum industry." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1110.

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Deregulation as an open market system is likely to be implemented in the Petroleum industry of South Africa. To secure the success of the retail petroleum industry by means of business and job opportunities one has to investigate the current evolution of the industry and what factors will have a measurable impact on the retail petroleum industry.
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29

Magoba, Moses. "Petrophysical evaluation of sandstone reservoir of well E-AH1, E-BW1 and E-L1 Central Bredasdorp Basin, offshore South Africa." University of the Western Cape, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4462.

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Magister Scientiae - MSc
The Bredasdorp basin is a sub-basin of the greater Outeniqua basin. It is located off the south coast, Southeast of Cape Town, South Africa. This basin is one of the largest hydrocarbon (mainly gas) producing basins within Southern Africa. The petrophysical characteristic of the E-block sandstone units within the Bredasdorp basin has been studied to evaluate their hydrocarbon potential. The data sets used in this research were wireline logs (Las format), core data, and geological well completion reports. The three studied wells are E-AH1, E- BW1 and E-L1. The evaluated interval ranges from 2000.33m to 3303.96m in depth with reference to Kelly bushing within the wells. The sandstone reservoirs of the Bredarsdorp basin are characterized by a range of stacked and amalgamated channels. They originated from materials eroded from pre-existing high stand shelf sandstone and transported into the central Bredarsdorp basin by turbidity current. These sandstones are generally in both synrift and drift section. The basin is thought to have developed from fan deltas and stream overwhelmed to water dominated delta. River dominated deltaic system progresses southward over the Northern edge of the central Bredasdorp basin. The Interactive Petrophysics (IP) software has been used extensively throughout the evaluation and development of interpretation model. The lithofacies of the rock units were grouped according to textural and structural features and grain sizes of well (E-AH1, E-BW1 and E-L1). Four different facies (A, B, C and D) were identified from the cored intervals of each well. Facies A was classified as a reservoir and facies B, C and D as a non-reservoir. Detailed petrophysical analyses were carried out on the selected sandstone interval of the studied wells. The cut-off parameters were applied on the seven studied sandstone interval to distinguish between pay and non-pay sand and all intervals were proved to be producing hydrocarbon. Volume of clay, porosity, water saturation and permeability were calculated within the pay sand interval. The average volume of clay ranged from 23.4% to 25.4%. The estimated average effective porosity ranged from 9.47% to 14.3%. The average water saturation ranged from 44.4% to 55.6%. Permeability ranged from 0.14mD to 79mD. The storage and flow capacity ranged from 183.2scf to 3852scf and 2.758mD-ft to 3081mD-ft respectively. The geological well completion reports classify these wells as a gas producing wells. E-L1 is estimated to have a potential recoverable gas volume of 549.06 cubic feet, E-BW1 is estimated to have 912.49 cubic feet and E-AH1 is estimated to have 279.69 cubic feet.
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30

Magoba, Moses. "Investigation of the acoustic impedance variations of the upper shallow marine sandstone reservoirs in the Bredasdorp basin, offshore South Africa." University of the Western Cape, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7028.

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Philosophiae Doctor - PhD
Investigation of the acoustic impedance variations in the upper shallow marine sandstone reservoirs was extensively studied from 10 selected wells, namely: F-O1, F-O2, E-M4, E-CN1, E-G1, E-W1, F-A10, F-A11, F-A13, and F-L1 in the Bredasdorp Basin, offshore, South Africa. The studied wells were selected randomly across the upper shallow marine interval with the purpose of conducting a regional study to assess the variations in the acoustic impedance across the reservoirs using wireline log and core data. The datasets used in this study were geophysical wireline logs, conventional core analysis, geological well completion reports, core plugs, and core samples. The physical rock properties such as lithology, fluid type, and hydrocarbon bearing zone were identified while different parameters like the volume of clay, porosity, and water saturation were quantitatively estimated. The reservoirs were penetrated at a different depth ranging from a shallow depth of 2442m at well F-L1 to a deeper depth of 4256.7m at well E-CN1. The average volume of clay, average effective porosity from wireline log, and average water saturation ranged from 8.6%- 43%, 9%- 16% and 12%- 68%, respectively. Porosity distribution was fairly equal across the field from east to west except in well F-A10, F-A13, and F-A11 where a much higher porosity was shown with F-A13 showing the highest average value of 16%. Wells E-CN1, E-W1, F-O1, F-L1 and E-G1 had lower porosity with E-CN1 showing the lowest average value of 9%. The acoustic properties of the reservoirs were determined from geophysical wireline logs in order to calculate acoustic impedance and also investigate factors controlling density and acoustic velocities of these sediments. The acoustic impedance proved to be highest on the central to the western side of the field at E-CN1 with an average value of 11832 g/cm3s whereas, well F-A13 reservoir in the eastern side of the field proved to have the lowest average acoustic impedance of 9821 g/cm3s. There was a good linear negative relationship between acoustic impedance and porosity, compressional velocity vs porosity and porosity vs bulk density. A good linear negative relationship between acoustic impedance and porosity was obtained where the reservoir was homogenous, thick sandstone. However, interbedded shale units within the reservoir appeared to hinder a reliable correlation between acoustic impedance and porosity. The cross-plots results showed that porosity was one of the major factors controlling bulk density, compressional velocity (Vp) and acoustic impedance. The Gassmann equation was used for the determination of the effects of fluid substitution on acoustic properties using rock frame properties. Three fluid substitution models (brine, oil, and gas) were determined for pure sandstones and were used to measure the behaviour of the different sandstone saturations. A significant decrease was observed in Vp when the initial water saturation was substituted with a hydrocarbon (oil or gas) in all the wells. The value of density decreased quite visibly in all the wells when the brine (100% water saturation) was substituted with gas or oil. The fluid substitution affected the rock property significantly. The Vp slightly decreases when brine was substituted with water in wells F-A13, F-A10, F-O2, F-O1 F-A11, F-L1, and E-CN1. Wells E-G1, E-W1, and E-M4 contain oil and gas and therefore showed a notable decrease from brine to oil and from oil to gas respectively. Shear velocity (Vs) remained unaffected in all the wells. The acoustic impedance logs showed a decrease when 100% water saturation was replaced with a hydrocarbon (oil or gas) in all the wells. Clay presence significantly affects the behaviour of the acoustic properties of the reservoir rocks as a function of mineral type, volume, and distribution. The presence of glauconite mineral was observed in all the wells. Thirty-two thin sections, XRD and SEM/EDS from eight out of ten wells were studied to investigate lithology, diagenesis and the effect of mineralogy on porosity and acoustic properties (Compressional velocity and bulk density) within the studied reservoir units. Cementation (calcite and quartz), dissolution, compaction, clay mineral authigenesis, and stylolitization were the most significant diagenetic processes affecting porosity, velocity, and density.Well E-CN1 reservoir quality was very poor due to the destruction of intergranular porosity by extensive quartz and illite cementation, and compaction whereas well F-A13 show a highly porous sandstone reservoir with rounded monocrystalline quartz grain and only clusters of elongate to disc-like, authigenic chlorite crystals partly filling a depression within altered detrital grains. Overall, the results show that the porosity, lithology mineralogy, compaction and pore fluid were the major factors causing the acoustic impedance variations in the upper shallow marine sandstone reservoirs.
2021-09-01
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31

Levendal, Tegan Corinne. "Electro sequence analysis and sequence stratigraphy of wells EM1, E-M3 and E-AB1 within the central Bredasdorp Basin, South Africa." University of the Western Cape, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4353.

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>Magister Scientiae - MSc
The study area for this thesis focuses on the central northern part of the Bredasdorp Basin of southern offshore South Africa, where the depositional environments of wells E-M1, E-M3 and E-AB1 were inferred through electro sequence analysis and sequence stratigraphy analysis of the corresponding seismic line (E82-005). For that, the Petroleum Agency of South Africa (PASA) allowed access to the digital data which were loaded onto softwares such as PETREL and Kingdom SMT for interpretational purposes. The lithologies and sedimentary environments were inferred based on the shape of the gamma ray logs and reported core descriptions. The sequence stratigraphy of the basin comprises three main tectonic phases: Synrift phase, Transitional phase and Drift phase. Syn-rift phase, which began in the Middle Jurassic during a period of regional tectonism, consists of interbedded red claystones and discrete pebbly sandstone beds deposited in a non-marine setting. The syn-rift 1 succession is truncated by the regional Horizon ‘C’ (1At1 unconformity). The transitional phase was influenced by tectonic events, eustatic sea-level changes and thermal subsidence and characterized by repeated episodes of progradation and aggradation between 121Ma to 103Ma, from the top of the Horizon ‘C’ (1At1 unconformity) to the base of the 14At1 unconformity. Finally the drift phase was driven by thermal subsidence and marked by the Middle Albian14At1 unconformity which is associated with deep water submarine fan sandstones. During the Turonian (15At1 unconformity), highstand led to the deposition of thin organic-rich shales. In the thesis, it is concluded that the depositional environment is shallow marine, ranging from prograding marine shelf, a transgressive marine shelf and a prograding shelf edge delta environment.
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32

Madyini, Ntandazo. "The effect of the fluctuating crude oil prices on retail fuel prices in South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97459.

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Thesis (MDF)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study was an attempt to analyse the relationship between Brent crude oil prices, the South African rand US$ exchange rate and fuel prices in South Africa. Covering the period between 2003 and 2013, the ultimate objective was to test if there is asymmetric prices adjustment between Brent crude oil prices and the rand US$ exchange rate, on the one hand, and retail fuel prices on the other hand. As a time-series analysis, the study used the Augmented Dickey Fuller and Phillips-Perron tests for stationarity, as well as some cointegration tests. The results show that the effect of the current crude oil price and the exchange rate between the ZAR and the US$ on current fuel prices is insignificant. Instead, the current fuel prices are affected mainly by the previous month’s fuel price, the crude oil price and the exchange rate. Furthermore, the results of the threshold autoregressive model (TAR) do not prove the presence of asymmetry in the fuel price adjustment on a month-to-month basis in South Africa. The conclusion here is that the basic fuel price model is aligned to its import parity objective of symmetric adjustment in fuel prices. However, there exist some structural inefficiencies in South Africa`s fuel market, therefore policymakers should address those short-term inefficiencies in the price transmission from crude oil to fuel prices.
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33

Van, Rensburg Tamsyn. "Identification of the physical controls on the deposition of Aptian and Albian deep water sands in the Bredasdorp Basin, South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/22886.

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In the petroleum industry, the location of a new well is selected based on several factors, one of which is the presence of reservoir-quality sands. To determine the lateral extent of these sands away from well control, the depositional environment and character of the deposit must be adequately identified. This study aims to explain the physical controls on the deposition of the 13A (Aptian) and 14A (Albian) sequence sands within the deep water region of the Central Bredasdorp Basin through identifying the mass transport facies and processes and relating these to tectono-eustatic factors. Since a primarily seismic-based approach was used to achieve the project objective, the results reflect findings based on 3D seismic data interpretations as well as seismic surface and volume attribute extraction supported by wireline well logs and well completion reports. This dataset contains information that enabled the identification of the structural and stratigraphic architecture of the 13A and 14A sequences as a whole, the location of the sediment provenances and possible triggers of the mass flows as well as the consequential sand distribution trends from the basin slopes to across the basin floor during the Aptian-Albian time. The onshore Tankwa Basin was studied as an analogue to the Bredasdorp Basin because it hosts world class outcrops of deep water lowstand fan deposits and therefore shows the finer-scale details of the associated depositional stratigraphy. The 13A and 14A sequence sands would have entered the Bredasdorp Basin in progradational pulses alternating with mud-rich successions associated with local sea level fluctuations that were on trend with the gradual global sea level rise from the Aptian to the Albian. These alternating successions are identified as lowstand, transgressive and highstand systems tracts in the seismic and wireline well log data used in this study. The presented depositional model of the 13A sequence sands is a system of northwest to southeast sediment transport across the Central Bredasdorp Basin with indications of a final swing in orientation towards the east. The sands were mainly sourced from the paleo shelf edge on the northwest margin, although additional sediment input may have come from the west too. The faults that were active before and during the deposition of the Aptian-aged (13A) sands appear to have been the main control on sand distribution across the basin, guiding the sands from slope channels into basin floor fans and from shelf edge slumps into base of slope fans in a basinwide northwestsoutheast trend. The model of deposition of the 14A sequence sands is based on a channelised flow of sediment from the Central Bredasdorp Basin paleo shelf edge, down the slope and onto the basin floor primarily from the onshore source on the western margin. Supplementary sediment input may have originated from the Agulhas basement high on the southern margin of the basin in the form of less confined channels and mass wasting deposits. Inherited topography of the sea floor at the Albian time appears to have been the primary control on 14A sand distribution, causing bypass zones and giving rise to narrow, confined channel complexes despite some of the active faults possibly redirecting some of the sands from their initial trend. Overall the pattern of deposition of the Aptian and Albian deep water sands in the Bredasdorp Basin appears to have been physically controlled by the regional paleo seabed topography and fault activity until the late Aptian.
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Ramphaka, Lerato Priscilla. "Integrating 3D basin modelling concept to determine source rock maturation in the F-O Gas Field, Bredasdorp Basin (offshore South Africa)." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5340.

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>Magister Scientiae - MSc
The burial history, thermal maturity and petroleum generation history of the F-O Gas Field, Bredasdorp Basin have been studied using 3D basin and petroleum systems modelling approach. The investigated sedimentary basin for this study evolved around mid-late Jurassic to early Cretaceous times when Southern Africa rifted from South America. The F-O field is located 40 km SE of the F-A platform which supplies gas and condensate to the PetroSA ‘Gas to Liquid’ plant located in Mossel Bay. As data integration is an integral part of the applied modelling concept, 2D seismic profile and well data (i.e. logs and reports from four drilled wells) were integrated into a 3D structural model of the basin. Four source rock intervals (three from the Early Cretaceous stages namely; Hauterivian, Barremian, Aptian and one from the Late Cretaceous Turonian stage) were incorporated into the 3D model for evaluating source rock maturation and petroleum generation potential of the F-O Gas Field. Additionally, measured present-day temperature, vitrinite reflectance, source potential data, basin burial and thermal history and timing of source rock maturation, petroleum generation and expulsion were forwardly simulated using a 3D basin modelling technique. At present-day, Turonian source rock is mainly in early oil (0.55-0.7% VRo) window, while the Aptian and Barremian source rocks are in the main oil (0.7-1.0% VRo) window, and the Hauterivian source rock is mainly in the main oil (0.7-1.0% VRo) to late oil (1.0-1.3% VRo) window. In the entire four source rock intervals the northern domain of the modelled area show low transformation, indicated by low maturity values that are attributable to less overburden thickness. Petroleum generation begins in later part of Early Cretaceous, corresponding to high heat flow and rapid subsidence/ sedimentation rates. The Barremian and Aptian source rocks are the main petroleum generators, and both shows very high expulsion efficiencies. The modelling results however indicate that the younger Aptian source rock could be regarded as the best source rock out of the four modelled source rocks in the F-O field due to its quantity (i.e. highest TOC of 3%), quality (Type II with HI values of 400) and highest remaining potential. At present-day, ~1209 Mtons of hydrocarbons were cumulatively generated and peak generation occurred at ~43 Ma with over 581 Mtons generated. Finally, the results of this study can directly be applied for play to prospect risk analysis of the F-O gas field.
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35

Senzangakhona, Phakama. "The impact of oil price volatility on unemployment: a case study of South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/1697.

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This study analyses and investigates the impact of crude oil price vitality on unemployment in South Africa. This is done by firstly surveying theoretical and empirical literature on the crude oil price-unemployment relationship before relating it to South Africa. Secondly, crude oil and unemployment trends with their causes are overviewed. The study employs a Johansen co-integration technique based on VAR to model unemployment against crude oil prices, real effective exchange rate, real interest rates and real gross domestic product. Using quarterly data for the period 1990-2010, econometric results show that crude oil prices are positively related to unemployment in the long run while the opposite is true in the short run. Parameter estimates and variables are statistically significant; hence there are also policy recommendations which are related to both empirical and theoretical literature. Lastly, impulse response functions show that unemployment returns to equilibrium in the long run when crude oil price changes whereas real interest rates followed by crude oil prices explain most of unemployment changes compared to other variables in the long run.
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Nefdt, Anthea Carol. "An exploration of women's experiences in senior management in the petroleum industry South Africa." University of the Western Cape, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5687.

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Magister Philosophiae - MPhil
There are relatively few women in senior leadership or management positions in South African industry. The oil industry is no exception to this and could in fact be considered to exemplify the ways in which women are marginalised. This small-scale qualitative project aims to explore challenges and experiences women face when entering senior management positions in the Petroleum Industry in Cape Town. The main objective of the study is to explore how gender (and other relevant subject positions) impacts on women's career development and opportunities. I used a qualitative feminist methodological framework and conducted a total of 12 semi-structured interviews with women employed in upper management positions in the 8 oil companies in the greater Western Cape area including the South African Petroleum Industry Association and Department of Energy (SAPIA). A thematic data analysis was then utilised to interpret the data. My findings show that many women perceive the route to success as difficult yet possible suggesting that the popular ''glass ceiling'' conceptual scheme should be replaced by the ''labyrinth of leadership'' model discussed in Early and Carli 2007 with relation to the oil industry. Further findings suggest that although the oil industry provides unique challenges to women as a gendered organization, it also incorporates various progressive initiatives for their advancement.
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Massamba-Animbo, Stephane. "A comparison of the petroleum legislation of gabon and South Africa as instruments of development." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1021143.

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The African continent is endowed with vast natural resources of minerals, such as cobalt, diamonds, gold, bauxite, iron, platinum, silver, uranium and mineral oil. Oil is unequally distributed in the continent, with some countries, such as Cameroon, Chad, Congo Brazzaville, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon and South Africa, being particularly well endowed. These natural resources can help accelerate development on the continent, especially in Gabon and South Africa if used strategically. This dissertation gives an overview of the international instruments, which play a key role in petroleum legislation and development. At the global level, the international legal instruments related to the permanent sovereignty over natural resources (PSNR), such as the 1962 Resolution 1803 (XVII) on Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources indicates that States have the rights to exploit freely national resources and wealth, use and dispose their natural resources for the realisation of their economic development in accordance with their national interest. The PSNR must be exercised in line with indigenous peoples’ rights and the respect of rules concerning the expropriation. At the African level, with regard to the right to the State to exploit freely natural resources, the African (Banjul) Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights of 1981 has similar provisions as the Resolution 1803. The African (Banjul) Charter specifies that no peoples can be deprived of the right to dispose their natural resources. The African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights is tasked to interpret the African (Banjul) Charter. The Resolution on Human Rights-Based Approach to Natural Resources and Governance has also indicated principles in relation to the governance of natural resources. At the regional level, the Constitutive Treaty of the Central African Economic and Monetary Community (CAEMC) of 1994 and the Southern African Development Community (SADC) Treaty of 1992 do not provide explicit provisions relative to the PSNR and the management of natural resources. Therefore, it is important to examine if at the national level, the domestic instruments of both States deal with the PSNR.
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Wakeford, Jeremy J. "Socioeconomic implications of global oil depletion for South Africa : vulnerabilities, impacts and transition to sustainability." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/71729.

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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Oil is the quintessential resource in the modern industrial economy. It accounts for a third of world primary energy, fuels 95% of global transport systems, sustains a highly mechanised agribusiness and food distribution industry, and provides the feedstock for a staggering array of petrochemical products. Historically, global economic growth has been closely coupled with consumption of energy in general and oil in particular. Yet oil is a finite resource subject to depletion, which has profound implications for the long-term sustainability of industrial civilisation. This dissertation addresses a serious dearth of attention given to this vital subject within South African energy, economic and policy discourses. The overarching aims are to understand the implications of global oil depletion for socioeconomic welfare in South Africa and to propose viable strategies and policies for mitigating and adapting to potential negative impacts. A comparative evaluation of three fields of study found that neoclassical economics is limited by its monistic and reductionist approach and its failure to adequately incorporate energy into its key theoretical models, whereas ecological economics and the socioecological systems approach together provide an appropriate, holistic lens for analysing the role of energy in socioeconomic systems. In this view, energy is the master resource: it is a pre-requisite for economic activity and societal complexity. A review of the literature on global oil depletion finds that a peak and decline in world oil production appears imminent, while world oil exports most likely peaked in 2005. Moreover, the energy return on (energy) investment (EROI) for global oil production is on a declining trend. The world oil peak thus marks the end of the era of cheap and abundant oil. Increasing oil scarcity will likely be reflected in oil prices following a rising trend with heightened volatility. While there are many potential substitutes for oil, all have significant limitations, most have lower EROI than oil, and it may take decades to scale them up sufficiently. Many aspects of the South African socioeconomic system are either directly or indirectly dependent on petroleum fuels, while structural features of the economy and society render them vulnerable to external shocks. Historical evidence and empirical models suggest that oil price and supply shocks will have debilitating socioeconomic impacts. Under business-as-usual policies and behaviours, future oil scarcity will likely lead at best to a gradual contraction in the economy with rising unemployment and inflation, and at worst to systemic collapse of interconnected critical infrastructure systems. A comprehensive range of mitigation measures are proposed, including accelerated investments in renewable energy and electrified mass transport, agro-ecological farming, greening the economy, monetary system reform, and rationing schemes to protect the most vulnerable members of society. Together these measures can build resilience to shocks and gradually decouple economic activity from petroleum consumption. A successful societal transition from a fossil fuel based industrial regime to a sustainable socioeconomic regime requires purposive government intervention, the promotion of sustainability-oriented innovations in technology and institutions, and the political will to surmount obstacles such as powerful vested interests and socio-technical lock-in.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Olie is die kern-hulpmiddel in die moderne bedryfsgerigte ekonomie. Dit is verantwoordelik vir ’n derde van die wêreld se primêre energie, verskaf die aandrywing vir 95% van alle vervoerstelsels, onderhou ’n hoogs gemeganiseerde landboubedryf en voedselverspreidingsnywerheid, en voorsien die voerstof vir ’n verstommende reeks petrochemiese produkte. Histories beskou, is globale ekonomiese groei ten nouste gekoppel aan die verbruik van energie oor die algemeen en aan olie in die besonder. Tog is olie ’n beperkte hulpbron wat onderworpe is aan uitputting en lediging, en dit hou gevolglik onmeetlike implikasies vir die algemene langtermyn volhoubaarheid van nywerhede in. Dié verhandeling neem die ernstige gebrek aan aandag binne Suid-Afrikaanse diskoerse oor energie, ekonomie en beleidsrigtings wat betref hierdie lewensbelangrike onderwerp, in oënskou. Die oorkoepelende doelwitte is om die implikasies van globale olie-uitputting op sosio-ekonomiese welvaart in Suid-Afrika te begryp, en om lewensvatbare strategieë en beleidsrigtings voor te stel waarvolgens potensiële negatiewe invloede getemper en by aangepas kan word. ’n Vergelykende evaluering van drie studieterreine het bevind neoklassieke ekonomie is beperk weens sy monistiese en verlagingsbenadering en sy mislukking om energie doelmatig in te sluit by sy sleutel teoretiese modelle, terwyl die benaderings van die ekologiese ekonomie en die sosio-ekologiese stelsels saam ’n toepaslike holistiese lens bied vir die analisering van die rol van energie in sosio-ekonomiese stelsels. In dié opsig is energie die meester-hulpmiddel: dit is ’n voorvereiste vir ekonomiese bedrywigheid en gemeenskapsverbondenheid. ’n Oorsig van die literatuur oor globale olie-lediging toon dat ’n toppunt en daling in wêreldolieproduksie onvermydelik blyk te wees – globale olie-uitvoer het na alle waarskynlikheid sy toppunt in 2005 bereik. Voorts toon die energie-opbrengs op (energie) investering, ofte wel EROI, ten opsigte van wêreldolieproduksie ’n dalende tendens. Die wêreldolie-toppunt dui dus op die einde van die era van goedkoop en oorvloedige olie. Toenemende olieskaarste sal waarskynlik blyk uit oliepryse wat ’n stygende tendens volg gepaard met verskerpte veranderlikheid. Hoewel daar talle potensiële plaasvervangers vir olie bestaan, het almal beduidende beperkinge, die meeste se EROI is laer as olie s’n en dit kan dekades duur alvorens hulle genoegsaam opgegradeer sal kan word. Vele aspekte van die Suid-Afrikaanse sosio-ekonomiese stelsel is of direk of indirek afhanklik van petroleum-brandstowwe, terwyl strukturele kenmerke van die ekonomie en samelewing hulle kwesbaar vir eksterne skokke laat. Lesse uit die verlede en empiriese modelle dui daarop dat die olieprys en skokke rondom die voorsiening daarvan verlammende sosio-ekonomiese impakte en invloede tot gevolg sal hê. Onder ’n sake-soos-gewoonlik-beleid en optrede, sal toekomstige olieskaarste, optimisties beskou, waarskynlik aanleiding gee tot geleidelike inkrimping van die ekonomie met gepaardgaande stygende werkloosheid en inflasie – pessimisties beskou, kan dit die sistematiese ineenstorting van kritiesbelangrike en onderling verbonde infrastruktuurstelsels beteken. ’n Omvattende reeks verligtingsmaatreëls word voorgestel, insluitende versnelde investering in hernubare energie en geëlektrifiseerde massavervoer, agro-ekologiese landbou, vergroening van die ekonomie, monetêre stelselhervorming en rantsoeneringskemas om die mees kwesbare lede van die samelewing te beskerm. Saam kan dié maatreëls veerkragtigheid vestig teen skokke en ekonomiese bedrywigheid geleidelik van petroleumverbruik losmaak. ’n Geslaagde samelewingsoorgang van ’n fossielbrandstof-gebaseerde nywerheidsbestel na ’n volhoubare sosio-ekonomiese bestel vereis doelmatige regeringsintervensie, die bevordering van volhoubaar-georiënteerde innovasies in
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39

Tönsing, Tobias R. "Using rock physics to determine uncertainties in pore-fluid and lithology-estimates from seismic attributes in the Bredasdorp Basin, offshore South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4227.

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This study is aimed at developing a workflow for quantitative seismic interpretation. The workflow generated probability maps of various facies and pore-fluid by combining seismic attributes and wireline log data through rock physics relationships and supervised statistical classification. The workflow was developed mainly for hydrocarbon exploration, but could be used for other purposes, provided the target is seismically detectible. Any prior regional geological knowledge is built into the workflow, by extending the training date appropriately. The workflow aims to maximize the extraction of quantitative geological parameters from data that are most commonly acquired for hydrocarbon exploration, namely seismic and wireline log data. The workflow is presented using 3D seismic data from the Bredasdorp Basin offshore South Africa's south-coast. Wireline log data from the E-BX1 borehole are also used in the study, as well as regional geological interpretations. The study focused on the siliciclastic Aptian "13B" sequence, which was encountered at a depth of 2500 m below sea level at borehole E-BX1. Two massive 13B sandstone units were encountered at E-BX1. The lower unit is 50 m, and the upper 20 m thick. Both are water wet. The results of this study suggest that there are two oil accumulations at the 13X level around E-BX1. This is indicated by the high probability predicted for oil-bearing sandstone in these two areas.
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40

Matara, Rodrigue. "Investigating petroleum oil bioremediation strategies for crude oil contaminated mining sites in Mpumalanga South Africa." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/53520.

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Industrialization has brought to the modern society the benefit of a comfortable modern lifestyle: health-giving pharmaceuticals, labor-saving households appliances, automobiles and ships, paints and detergents, synthetic fibers and polythene packaging, personal computers and televisions, just to name a few from an endless list of manufactured goods. However, behind the luxury and convenience of modern living lies the real price of this industrial production: the generation of hundreds of millions of tons of hazardous waste every year, leading to air, soil and water pollution due to the use of vast quantities of fossil fuels such as petroleum, coal and natural gas as energy sources. In Mpumalanga province, in South Africa, a coal mining company is currently conducting investigations to expand its mining operations near Ogies; the coal is situated below old oil bunkers where crude oil was historically stored. There are concerns that, since not all the crude oil has been removed from the underground storage bunkers, the proposed mining activities may pose a serious environmental threat to the underground and surface water resources in the event of an oil spill or seepage. Petroleum hydrocarbon contains hazardous chemicals such as benzene, toluene, xylenes and naphthalene that expose the local environment to great toxic dangers. Bioremediation, involving nutrient addition, being an economical and eco-friendly approach, has emerged as the most advantageous water clean-up technique for contaminated sites containing toxic metals and organic pollutants. This study investigated the effectiveness of nutrient application treatment compared to natural attenuation on two crude oils from the mine site bunkers: the Alpha bunker and the North and South bunkers. Results of the Alpha bunker crude oil experiments showed that both treatments conducted lead to the degradation of almost 100% of the oil after eight weeks of incubation, and a gradually decreased toxicity level in the water. The results suggested that the native microbial population was able to detoxify hazardous components of the crude oil. Due to the fast degradation rate observed with nutrient addition treatment, we recommended that biostimulation be considered as the in situ oil spill remediation strategy. And for the North and South bunkers crude oil, which responded less to treatments, probably due to its heavy nature, compared to the Alpha bunker crude oil, we suggested a combined treatment technique involving biosurfactants and nutrient addition.
Mini Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2015.
Zoology and Entomology
MSc
Unrestricted
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41

McGregor, G. A. G. "An investigation into the demand for illuminating paraffin and liquid petroleum gas in South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/17349.

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Bibliography: pages 98-101.
This dissertation investigates the demand for illuminating Paraffin (IP) and Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG) in South Africa, and also tests the energy transition theory. The energy transition process outlines the substitution of fuels that occurs with rural-urban migration. Data on income, IP and LPG prices, demographic trends and IP and LPG volumes are incorporated in models to test the energy transition theory: National and regional projections of demand are derived. Income and price elasticities are derived for testing the energy transition theory, where Engel's Law is applied. The derived price and income elasticities for the regional IP models largely confirm the energy transition process where poorer areas are price inelastic. The models of the urban electrified areas and the predominantly rural areas, produce negative income elasticities which reduce the forecasts and suggest that IP is an inferior good due to the availability of superior electricity or free wood respectively. Electrification will play a role in reducing consumption of IP and LPG. However, it can be concluded that due to the predominant price and income inelasticity of demand, the smooth and exclusive transition from wood to IP and LPG and finally electricity suggested by (Viljoen, 1990) is perhaps misleading. It is more likely that tardiness in substituting one fuel for another will impede the complete transition among fuels and that the use of a range of fuels, even if electricity becomes available, will be maintained for some time as the newly urbanised household moves up the modernisation index. The forecasts for IP and LPG for the period 1992 to 1995, emanating from the econometric models developed here, forecast lower growth in consumption as compared with the recent past. The national forecasts for 1992 to 1995 are half those achieved in the last upturn of 1986 to 1989. LPG forecasts are similarly about 50% lower than the historic period. However, the growth in both products is still forecast to be double the projected GDP growth. The regional IP forecasts show most of the growth occurring in the urban areas and the "homelands" closer to the metropoles. High growth is particularly forecast for the large PWV complex with its dense concentration of population and high rate of immigration. In summary, the transitional fuels will remain important energy sources for some time to come. The variables such as population growth, income and IP and LPG prices are significant in determining demand. In spite of Eskom's ambitious plans to provide "electricity for all" a significant proportion of the population will remain without electricity. It is therefore important for policy-makers to ensure that the prices of IP and LPG paid by the consumer are within income constraints as energy is a basic need.
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42

van, den Berg Hugo Meyer. "Regulation of the upstream petroleum industry. A comparative analysis and evaluation of the regulatory frameworks of South Africa and Namibia." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/16924.

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Includes bibliographical references
Controversy surrounds the upstream petroleum industry. Although the benefit of petroleum resources is beyond dispute, the exploitation of petroleum resources comes at a price, as history has shown time and again. Not only does petroleum exploitation have detrimental effects on the environment, but host countries often are worse off than countries with little or no petroleum resources. This "resource curse" is partially the result of flawed regulatory frameworks for petroleum resource extraction in host countries. This thesis identifies three elements that must be present in a country's regulatory framework for petroleum extraction if the resource curse phenomenon is to be avoided and benefit s from petroleum are to be maximised. These elements are: transparency, accountability and a balance of interests between the petroleum companies and the host nation. Namibia and South Africa are not yet major players in the international upstream petroleum industry. There is accordingly not much academic engagement with petroleum law in these two jurisdictions. The courts have also not yet had the opportunity to scrutinise the legislation regulating the upstream petroleum industries of South Africa and Namibia. There are, however, indications that both countries may possess viable quantities of petroleum resources. In anticipation of the possibility of finding commercially viable quantities of petroleum, South Africa and Namibia have enacted legislation to regulate the upstream petroleum industry, but the efficiency of the legislation, specifically how it reflects the elements of transparency, accountability and balance of interest, have not yet been considered. The research for this thesis is driven by the question of how the regulatory framework for petroleum exploitation in South Africa and Namibia embraces the elements of transparency, accountability and balance of interest. The purpose of this thesis is to examine the regulatory frameworks for upstream petroleum resources in South Africa and Namibia in anticipation of the demands that will be placed on law as the sectors grow. In doing so, this thesis scrutinises the legislation in South Africa and Namibia to determine the extent to which the three crucial elements of transparency, accountability and balance of interest between the petroleum company and the host nation are reflected in the regulatory frameworks for petroleum resources.
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43

Merrett, Greg Lee. "Groundwater redox conditions at a petroleum contaminated site, Kuils River, South Africa : pathways for BTEX biodegradation." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/8588.

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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 84-88).
A shallow sandy aquifer, contaminated by petrol from an underground storage tank, was studied to determine if intrinsic bioremediation of the hydrocarbons is taking place. Groundwater samples taken from 32 monitoring wells were analysed for NO₃-,NH₄+, Mn²+, Fe²+, SO₄²-, and ΣH₂S. Portable electrodes were used to make field measurements of electrical conductivity, redox potential, and pH. The variation and distribution of these redox-sensitive groundwater constituents show that bioremediation via NO₃- reduction, Fe³+ reduction, and SO₄²- reduction (and possibly methanogenesis in the most reduced part of the plume) is occurring. In some cases redox processes are taking place simultaneously resulting in redox zones that overlap. Iron and sulphate reduction are the dominant processes taking place.
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Xabendlini, Zoleka C. "An international review of the impacts of liberalisation of the petroleum sector : lessons for South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/5281.

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45

Fadipe, Oluwaseun Adejuwon. "Reservoir quality, structural architecture, fluid evolution and their controls on reservoir performance in block 9, F-O gas field, Bredasdorp Basin, offshore South Africa." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4005.

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Philosophiae Doctor - PhD
The use of integrated approach to evaluate the quality of reservoir rocks is increasingly becoming vital in petroleum geoscience. This approach was employed to unravel the reason for the erratic reservoir quality of sandstones of the F-O gas field with the aim of predicting reservoir quality, evaluate the samples for presence, distribution and character of hydrocarbon inclusions so as to gain a better understanding of the fluid history. Information on the chemical conditions of diagenetic processes is commonly preserved in aqueous and oil fluid inclusion occurring in petroleum reservoir cements. Diagenesis plays a vital role in preserving, creating, or destroying porosity and permeability, while the awareness of the type of trap(s) prior to drilling serves as input for appropriate drilling designs. Thus an in-depth understanding of diagenetic histories and trap mechanisms of potential reservoirs are of paramount interest during exploration stage.This research work focused on the F-O tract located in the eastern part of Block 9 on the north-eastern flank of the Bredasdorp Basin, a sub-basin of Outeniqua Basin on the southern continental shelf, offshore South Africa. The Bredasdorp Basin experienced an onset of rifting during the Middle-Late Jurassic as a result of dextral trans-tensional stress produced by the breakup of Gondwanaland that occurred in the east of the Falkland Plateau and the Mozambique Ridge. This phenomenon initiated a normal faulting, north of the Agulhas-Falkland fracture zone followed by a widespread uplift of major bounding arches within the horst blocks in the region that enhanced an erosion of lower Valanginian drift to onset second order unconformity.This study considered 52 selected reservoir core samples from six wells(F-O1, F-O2, F-O3, F-O4, F-R1 and F-S1) in the F-O field of Bredasdorp Basin with attention on the Valanginian age sandstone. An integrated approach incorporating detailed core descriptions, wireline log analysis (using Interactive petrophysics), structural interpretation from 2D seismic lines (using SMT software) cutting across all the six wells, multi-mineral (thin section, SEM,XRD) analyses, geochemical (immobile fluid and XRF) and fluid inclusion(fluid inclusion petrography and bulk volatile) analyses were deployed for the execution of this study. Core description revealed six facies from the six wells grading from pure shale (Facies 1), through progressively coarsening interbedded sand-shale “heterolithic facies (Facies 2 - 4), to cross bedded and minor massive sandstone (Facies 5 - 6). Sedimentary structures and mineral patches varies from well to well with bioturbation, synaeresis crack, echinoid fragments, fossil burrow, foreset mudrapes, glauconite and siderite as the main observed features. All these indicate that the Valanginian reservoir section in the studied wells was deposited in the upper shallow marine settings. A combination of wireline logs were used to delineate the reservoir zone prior to core description. The principal reservoirs are tight, highly faulted Valanginian shallow-marine sandstones beneath the drift-onset unconformity, 1At1 and were deposited as an extensive sandstone “sheet” within a tidal setting. The top and base of the reservoir are defined by the 13At1 and 1At1 seismic events,respectively. This heterogeneous reservoir sandstones present low-fair porosity of between 2 to 18 % and a low-fair permeability value greater than 0.1 to 10 mD. The evolution of the F-O field was found to be controlled by extensional events owing to series of interpreted listric normal faults and rifting or graben generated possibly by the opening of the Atlantic. The field is on a well-defined structural high at the level of the regional drift-onset unconformity, 1At1.Multi-mineral analysis reveals the presence of quartz and kaolinite as the major porosity and permeability constraint respectively along with micaceous phases. The distribution of quartz and feldspar overgrowth and crystals vary from formation to formation and from bed to bed within the same structure. The increase in temperature that led to kaolinite formation could have triggered the low-porosity observed. Three types of kaolinite were recognized in the sandstone, (1) kaolinite growing in between expanded mica flakes; (2)vermiform kaolinite; and (3) euhedral kaolinite crystals forming matrix.Compositional study of the upper shallow marine sandstones in the Valanginian age indicates that the sandstones are geochemically classified as majorly litharenite having few F-O2 samples as subarkose with all F-O1 samples classified as sub-litharenite sandstone.Most of the studied wells are more of wet gas, characterized by strong response of C2 – C5 with F-O1 well showing more of gas condensate with oil shows (C7 – C11) based on the number of carbon atom present. In some cases,sulphur species (characterized by the presence of H2S, S2, CS2 and SO2) of probably thermal origin were identified while some log signatures revealed aromatic enriched sandstones possibly detecting nearby gas charges. The studied wells in the F-O field, based on fluid inclusion bulk volatile analysis are classified as gas discoveries except for F-O1 with gas condensate and oil shows.The integration of multi-mineral results and fluid inclusion studies show a dead oil stain with no visible liquid petroleum inclusion in the samples indicating the presence of quartz, kaolinite and stylolite as a major poro-perm constraint.
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46

Vellem, Nomtha. "The impact of oil price changes on selected economic indicators in South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1017862.

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The study examines the effect of oil price changes on selected economic indicators in South Africa. A VAR-5 model was applied to quarterly data of 1990:Q1-2012:Q4 estimating the impulse response functions, variance decomposition and Granger-causality tests. The findings allow for a conclusion that oil significantly affects the exchange rate and an inverse link between oil and GDP exists. A unidirectional relation is found where oil Granger-causes the exchange rate and GDP Granger-causes oil in South Africa.
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47

Kwayiba, Thamsanqa Felix. "Workers' perceptions of occupational safety and health administration measures at Sasol Infrachem in Sasolburg." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1001090.

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This is a qualitative study that seeks to explore the workers’ perceptions towards the occupational safety and health administration (OSHA) system at the petrochemical industrial plant Sasol Infrachem in Sasolburg. It provides a platform for shop floor workers to express their subjective perceptions of the company’s OSHA measures by answering open ended questions. The study advances the notion that notwithstanding the safety managers’ efforts towards ensuring a safety regime in the workplace, however lucrative these might be, to really ensure a safe working environment in the workplace will always depend on the individual workers’ motivation to participate safely at work at any given time to ensure his/her safety and that of others. The study explores this subject by considering how they perceive these safety strategies, their vigilance, attitudes, their ownership of these and their inclination to comply with the occupational safety and health administration measures of Sasol. This study follows a Postmodernist theoretical framework emphasizing differences. Difference is a first and foremost identity feature of human beings. This goes for both their external and internal qualities. How workers perceive and relate to safety concepts will always be shaped by the differences among them. The study also makes use of the Environmental Justice Theory as a central theme, that holds that one life lost is one too many. At the forefront of industries are shop floor workers who are most vulnerable to workplace incident.The study assumes this premise with regard to their safety and health in the workplace
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48

Lasisi, Ayodele Oluwatoyin. "Pore pressure prediction and direct hydrocarbon indicator: insight from the southern pletmos basin, offshore South Africa." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4255.

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>Magister Scientiae - MSc
An accurate prediction of pore pressure is an essential in reducing the risk involved in a well or field life cycle. This has formed an integral part of routine work for exploration, development and exploitation team in the oil and gas industries. Several factors such as sediment compaction, overburden, lithology characteristic, hydrocarbon pressure and capillary entry pressure contribute significantly to the cause of overpressure. Hence, understanding the dynamics associated with the above factors will certainly reduce the risk involved in drilling and production. This study examined three deep water drilled wells GA-W1, GA-N1, and GA-AA1 of lower cretaceous Hauterivian to early Aptian age between 112 to 117.5 (MA) Southern Pletmos sub-basin, Bredasdorp basin offshore South Africa. The study aimed to determine the pore pressure prediction of the reservoir formation of the wells. Eaton’s resistivity and Sonic method are adopted using depth dependent normal compaction trendline (NCT) has been carried out for this study. The variation of the overburden gradient (OBG), the Effective stress, Fracture gradient (FG), Fracture pressure (FP), Pore pressure gradient (PPG) and the predicted pore pressure (PPP) have been studied for the selected wells. The overburden changes slightly as follow: 2.09g/cm3, 2.23g/cm3 and 2.24g/cm3 across the selected intervals depth of wells. The predicted pore pressure calculated for the intervals depth of selected wells GA-W1, GA-N1 and GA-AA1 also varies slightly down the depths as follow: 3,405 psi, 4,110 psi, 5,062 psi respectively. The overpressure zone and normal pressure zone were encountered in well GA-W1, while a normal pressure zone was experienced in both well GA-N1 and GA-AA1. In addition, the direct hydrocarbon indicator (DHI) was carried out by method of post-stack amplitude analysis seismic reflectors surface which was used to determine the hydrocarbon prospect zone of the wells from the seismic section. It majorly indicate the zones of thick hydrocarbon sand from the amplitude extraction grid map horizon reflectors at 13AT1 & 8AT1 and 8AT1 & 1AT1 of the well GA-W1, GA-N1 and GA-AA1 respectively. These are suggested to be the hydrocarbon prospect locations (wet-gas to Oil prone source) on the seismic section with fault trending along the horizons. No bright spot, flat spot and dim spot was observed except for some related pitfalls anomalies
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49

Makiva, Msuthukazi. "A critical evaluation of institutional architecture for effective policy implementation, oversight and accountability in the energy sector of South Africa: a petroleum perspective." University of the Western Cape, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4675.

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Philosophiae Doctor - PhD
Coordination, Collaboration, and Cooperation, (C04); Community (C01) Driven Development (D2) minus Historical Institutionalisation (HI) is equal to Policy Implementation Effectiveness (PIE), is recommended by the researcher to improve results. Trends in compiled data were analysed with regards to legislative oversight and accountability in the petroleum industry, using the OECD/ DAC evaluation criteria. In terms of relevance, effectiveness, and efficiency, the researcher discovered a partial link between the activities performed by parliamentarians representing the petroleum industry where HDSA transformation is concerned. It was concluded that electrical energy generation and distribution throughout the five-year period drew more focus in terms of oversight than on other sectors. It was further noted that oversight and accountability could have been applied more efficiently if input were linked to policy objectives and activities. This resulted in only partial or limited HDSA transformation in the petroleum industry. When it comes to sustainability the researcher argued that despite the apparent long-term stability of parliamentary activities, such stability may not translate to sufficient oversight and accountability to ensure sustainable transformation in the petroleum industry. It was concluded that while oversight and accountability was being applied to one specific arena, other areas in need of transformation did not receive sufficient, or indeed any, legislative oversight. The facilitation model: Communication, Coordination, Collaboration, and Cooperation, (C04); and Community (C01) Driven Oversight and Accountability (D1OA) is recommended by the researcher to improve effective oversight and accountability. Thus, Effective (A + O) = C04 + C01 /D1OA equals to (A + O)e = C205 / D1OA.
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50

Willemse, Leonard Christian, and Schalkwyk C. J. Van. "Die inkomstebelasting hantering van franchisefooie betaalbaar deur franchisehouers in die Suid-Afrikaanse Petroleum-bedryf." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/15049.

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Thesis (MAcc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Franchise besighede is ʼn alledaagse verskynsel in die Suid-Afrikaanse en Internasionale besigheidswêreld. Ingevolge afdeling 12(2)(c) van Regulasie 287 van die Petroleum Produkte Wet No. 120 van 1977 word ʼn groothandelaar van petroleum produkte verbied om ʼn kleinhandellisensie te besit anders as vir doeleindes van opleiding. Die gevolg hiervan is dat petroleum maatskappye gebruik maak van franchisehouers om hulle vulstasies en geriefswinkels namens hulle te bedryf aangesien die franchisehouers toegelaat word om kleinhandellisensies te besit vir besigheidsdoeleindes. Die konsep van ʼn franchise is daarop gebaseer dat ʼn franchisehouer die franchise van ʼn bestaande, en dikwels welvarende, besigheid bekom vanaf ʼn franchisegewer en dan die besigheid onder die vaandel van daardie franchise bedryf. Die franchisehouer betaal dikwels ʼn eenmalige enkelbedrag franchisefooi aan die franchisegewer en addisioneel daartoe ʼn deurlopende franchisefooi, gewoonlik op ʼn maandelikse basis. Die deurlopende franchisefooi word normaalweg bereken as ʼn persentasie van omset van die franchise besigheid, of dit word bereken volgens ʼn alternatiewe formule of metode soos uiteengesit in die betrokke franchise-ooreenkoms. Wanneer franchisehouers hul inkomstebelasting vir ʼn spesifieke jaar van aanslag bereken, word hulle gekonfronteer met die vraag oor hoe om die franchisefooie vir inkomstebelastingdoeleindes te hanteer. Die inkomstebelasting hantering van die eenmalige enkelbedrag franchisefooi blyk meer onduidelik te wees as dié van die deurlopende fooi. Die bewoording wat in die franchise-ooreenkoms gebruik word om hierdie eenmalige enkelbedrag te omskryf is dikwels vaag en verg verdere interpretasie wat uit die aard van die saak die korrekte inkomstebelasting hantering daarvan bemoeilik. Hierdie studie stel gevolglik ondersoek in na die inkomstebelastinghantering van franchisefooie betaalbaar deur die franchisehouers in die Suid-Afrikaanse petroleumbedryf ingevolge die Suid-Afrikaanse Inkomstebelastingwet No. 58 van 1962.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Franchise businesses are an everyday occurrence in the South African and International business world. A wholesaler of petroleum products is prohibited in terms of section 12(2)(c) of Regulation 287 of the Petroleum Products Act No. 120 of 1977 to own a retail license for purposes other than that of training. As a result, petroleum companies make use of franchises where the franchisee is allowed to own a retail license and is therefore able to operate a service station and convenience store on the companies’ behalf. The concept of a franchise is based on the principle that a franchisee obtains the franchise of an existing, often prosperous, business from a franchisor, and then operates the business under the banner of this franchise. The franchisee usually pays a once-off lump sum fee and in addition to this fee a continuous franchise fee, usually on a monthly basis. The continuous franchise fee is usually calculated as a percentage of the turnover of the franchise business, or it is calculated using an alternative formula or method as set out in the franchise agreement. Franchisees are confronted with the question on how to treat the payment of the franchise fees for income tax purposes when they calculate their income tax liability for a specific year of assessment. The income tax treatment of the once-off lump sum franchise fee seems to be less clear than that of the continuous franchise fee. The wording used in franchise agreements to define and describe the once-off fee is often vague and requires further interpretation. This encumbers the correct income tax treatment of the fee. This study therefore investigates the income tax treatment of franchise fees payable by franchisees in the South African petroleum industry in terms of the South African Income Tax Act No. 58 of 1962.
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