Journal articles: 'Petroleum - South Africa, Bredasdorp'

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Baiyegunhi, Temitope Love, Kuiwu Liu, Oswald Gwavava, and Christopher Baiyegunhi. "Petrography and Tectonic Provenance of the Cretaceous Sandstones of the Bredasdorp Basin, off the South Coast of South Africa: Evidence from Framework Grain Modes." Geosciences 10, no. 9 (August 28, 2020): 340. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10090340.

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The Cretaceous sandstones of the Bredasdorp Basin were investigated to recognize their composition, provenance, and tectonic setting. Ninety-two samples of sandstones from exploration wells E-AH1, E-AJ1, E-BA1, E-BB1, and E-D3 were investigated using both petrographic and X-ray diffraction (XRD) methods. Petrographic studies based on quantitative investigation of the detrital framework grain shows that the Bredasdorp sandstones chiefly consist of quartz (52.2–68.0%), feldspar (10.0–18.0%), and lithic fragments (5.0–10.2%). These sandstones are mostly fine grained, moderately well-sorted, and subrounded to rounded. The modal composition data shows that the sandstones could be classified as subarkosic arenite and lithic arkose. Such a composition of the sandstones perhaps indicates the interplay of pulses of fast uplift of the source area and rapid subsidence of the Bredasdorp Basin, with subsequent periods of calmness within the transgressive-regressive sequence in a rift tectonic regime. The provenance ternary diagrams revealed that the sandstones are mainly of continental block provenances (stable shields and basement uplifted areas) and complemented by recycled sands from an associated platform. The tectonic provenance studies of Bredasdorp Basin revealed that the sandstones are typically rift sandstones and have undergone long-distance transport from the source area along the rift. In the regional context of the evolution of the Bredasdorp Basin, the results presented in this study inferred that the basin developed on a rift passive setting (trailing edge) of the stable continental margins.

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Baiyegunhi, Temitope Love, Kuiwu Liu, Oswald Gwavava, Nicola Wagner, and Christopher Baiyegunhi. "Geochemical Evaluation of the Cretaceous Mudrocks and Sandstones (Wackes) in the Southern Bredasdorp Basin, Offshore South Africa: Implications for Hydrocarbon Potential." Minerals 10, no. 7 (June 30, 2020): 595. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10070595.

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The southern Bredasdorp Basin, off the south coast of South Africa, is only partly understood in terms of its hydrocarbon potential when compared to the central and northern parts of the basin. Hydrocarbon potential assessments in this part of the basin have been limited, perhaps because the few drilled exploration wells were unproductive for hydrocarbons, yielding trivial oil and gas. The partial integration of data in the southern Bredasdorp Basin provides another reason for the unsuccessful oil and gas exploration. In this study, selected Cretaceous mudrocks and sandstones (wacke) from exploration wells E-AH1, E-AJ1, E-BA1, E-BB1 and E-D3 drilled in the southern part of the Bredasdorp Basin were examined to assess their total organic carbon (TOC), thermal maturity, organic matter type and hydrocarbon generation potential. The organic geochemical results show that these rocks have TOC contents ranging from 0.14 to 7.03 wt.%. The hydrogen index (HI), oxygen index (OI), and hydrocarbon index (S2/S3) values vary between 24–263 mg HC/g TOC, 4–78 mg CO2/g TOC, and 0.01–18 mgHC/mgCO2 TOC, respectively, indicating predominantly Type III and IV kerogen with a minor amount of mixed Type II/III kerogen. The mean vitrinite reflectance values vary from 0.60–1.20%, indicating that the samples are in the oil-generation window. The Tmax and PI values are consistent with the mean vitrinite reflectance values, indicating that the Bredasdorp source rocks have entered the oil window and are considered as effective source rocks in the Bredasdorp Basin. The hydrocarbon genetic potential (SP), normalized oil content (NOC) and production index (PI) values all indicate poor to fair hydrocarbon generative potential. Based on the geochemical data, it can be inferred that most of the mudrocks and sandstones (wackes) in the southern part of the Bredasdorp Basin have attained sufficient burial depth and thermal maturity for oil and gas generation potential.

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Baiyegunhi, Temitope Love, Kuiwu Liu, Oswald Gwavava, and Christopher Baiyegunhi. "Textural characteristics, mode of transportation and depositional environment of the Cretaceous sandstone in the Bredasdorp Basin, off the south coast of South Africa: Evidence from grain size analysis." Open Geosciences 12, no. 1 (November 28, 2020): 1512–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/geo-2020-0135.

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AbstractA total of 92 representative sandstone samples of the Bredasdorp Basin in boreholes E-AH1, E-AJ1, E-BA1, E-BB1 and E-D3 have been investigated for their grain size characteristics. Grain size textural parameters and their cross plots, linear discriminate functions (LDFs), C–M (C = first percentile and M = median) diagram and log–probability plots were calculated and interpreted to understand the mode of transportation and hydrodynamic conditions and also to unravel the depositional environments of the sediments. The grain size textural parameters revealed that the Bredasdorp sandstones are unimodal, predominantly fine-grained, moderately well-sorted, mesokurtic and near symmetrical. The bivariate plots of grain size textural parameters indicate that the depositional environments had been influenced mainly by river/beach/coastal dune conditions. The LDF plots show that the sediments are turbidity current deposits in a shallow marine environment. The C–M diagram revealed that the studied sandstones were mainly deposited by traction currents and beach process. In addition, the grain size log–probability curves and C–M diagram show the predominance of suspension and saltation modes of sediment transportation. Based on the inter-relationship of the various statistical parameters, it is deduced that the Bredasdorp Basin are mainly shallow marine deposits with signature of beach and coastal river processes.

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NORDENSTAM, B. "TWO NEW SPECIES OF OSTEOSPERMUM (COMPOSITAE–CALENDULEAE) FROM SOUTHWESTERN CAPE PROVINCE, SOUTH AFRICA." Edinburgh Journal of Botany 60, no. 3 (November 2003): 259–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960428603000234.

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The tribe Calenduleae of the Compositae (Asteraceae) has a pronounced centre of diversity in South Africa, particularly in Cape Province. The largest genus, Osteospermum L., contains c.50 species in Africa and southwestern Arabia, including about 40 in Cape Province. Two new species are described here, both narrowly endemic in southwestern Cape Province. Osteospermum australe is confined to lowland coastal limestone areas in Bredasdorp district, whereas Osteospermum burttianum has a restricted distribution in the Langebergen mountains in Heidelberg district.

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Galley, C. A., and H. P. Linder. "New species and taxonomic changes within Pentaschistis (Danthonioideae, Poaceae) from Western Cape, South Africa." Bothalia 36, no. 2 (August 21, 2006): 157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/abc.v36i2.354.

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Three new species of Pentaschistis (Nees) Stapf are described from the Cape Floristic Region. P. trifida. P clavata and P. horrida. The former has been collected from inland ranges of the Cape Fold Belt, from the Cederberg to the Groot Swartberg. the last two each from single sites in the Koue Bokkeveld: P. clavata on the wetter western border, and P. horrida on the Baviaansberg. Pentaschistis juncifolia Stapf is re-instated, a species from the coastal plains (Hardeveld) between Bredasdorp and Riversdale, which had been included in P. eriostoma (Nees) Stapf.

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Manning, J. C., and P. Goldblatt. "Three new species of Tritoniopsis (Iridaceae: Crocoideae) from the Cape Region of South Africa." Bothalia 31, no. 2 (September 17, 2001): 175–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/abc.v31i2.516.

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Three new species of the largely Western Cape genus Tritoniopsis L.Bolus are described, bringing the number of species in the genus to 24. Tritoniopsis bicolor and T. flava are newly discovered, narrow endemics of the Bredasdorp Mountains and the Kogelberg Biosphere Reserve, respectively, in the southwestern Cape. Both of these are areas of high local endemism. T. toximontana, known since at least 1465 but misunderstood, is restricted to the Gifberg-Matsikamma Mountain complex of northern Western Cape. Notes on the pollination biology of the species are provided.

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Opuwari, Mimonitu, and Nehemiah Dominick. "Sandstone reservoir zonation of the north-western Bredasdorp Basin South Africa using core data." Journal of Applied Geophysics 193 (October 2021): 104425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2021.104425.

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Ramiah, Kalidhasen, Kaushalendra B. Trivedi, and Mimonitu Opuwari. "A 2D geomechanical model of an offshore gas field in the Bredasdorp Basin, South Africa." Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology 9, no. 1 (August 2, 2018): 207–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13202-018-0526-4.

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Opuwari, Mimonitu, Moses Magoba, Nehemiah Dominick, and Nicolas Waldmann. "Delineation of Sandstone Reservoir Flow Zones in the Central Bredasdorp Basin, South Africa, Using Core Samples." Natural Resources Research 30, no. 5 (May 31, 2021): 3385–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11053-021-09885-7.

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Magoba, Moses, and Mimonitu Opuwari. "Petrophysical interpretation and fluid substitution modelling of the upper shallow marine sandstone reservoirs in the Bredasdorp Basin, offshore South Africa." Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology 10, no. 2 (November 7, 2019): 783–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13202-019-00796-1.

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Abstract The fluid substitution method is used for predicting elastic properties of reservoir rocks and their dependence on pore fluid and porosity. This method makes it possible to predict changes in elastic response of a rock saturation with different fluids. This study focused on the Upper Shallow Marine sandstone reservoirs of five selected wells (MM1, MM2, MM3, MM4, and MM5) in the Bredasdorp Basin, offshore South Africa. The integration of petrophysics and rock physics (Gassmann fluid substitution) was applied to the upper shallow marine sandstone reservoirs for reservoir characterisation. The objective of the study was to calculate the volume of clay, porosity, water saturation, permeability, and hydrocarbon saturation, and the application of the Gassmann fluid substitution modelling to determine the effect of different pore fluids (brine, oil, and gas) on acoustic properties (compressional velocity, shear velocity, and density) using rock frame properties. The results showed average effective porosity ranging from 8.7% to 16.6%, indicating a fair to good reservoir quality. The average volume of clay, water saturation, and permeability values ranged from 8.6% to 22.3%, 18.9% to 41.6%, and 0.096–151.8 mD, respectively. The distribution of the petrophysical properties across the field was clearly defined with MM2 and MM3 revealing good porosity and MM1, MM4, and MM5 revealing fair porosity. Well MM4 revealed poor permeability, while MM3 revealed good permeability. The fluid substitution affected rock property significantly. The primary velocity, Vp, slightly decreased when brine was substituted with gas in wells MM1, MM2, MM3, and MM4. The shear velocity, Vs, remained unaffected in all the wells. This study demonstrated how integration of petrophysics and fluid substitution can help to understand the behaviour of rock properties in response to fluid saturation changes in the Bredasdorp Basin. The integration of these two disciplines increases the obtained results’ quality and reliability.

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Jungslager, Eric H. A. "Petroleum habitats of the Atlantic margin of South Africa." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 153, no. 1 (1999): 153–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.1999.153.01.10.

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12

Baiyegunhi, Temitope Love, Kuiwu Liu, Oswald Gwavava, and Christopher Baiyegunhi. "Impact of Diagenesis on the Reservoir Properties of the Cretaceous Sandstones in the Southern Bredasdorp Basin, Offshore South Africa." Minerals 10, no. 9 (August 27, 2020): 757. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10090757.

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The Cretaceous sandstone in the Bredasdorp Basin is an essential potential hydrocarbon reservoir. In spite of its importance as a reservoir, the impact of diagenesis on the reservoir quality of the sandstones is almost unknown. This study is undertaken to investigate the impact of digenesis on reservoir quality as it pertains to oil and gas production in the basin. The diagenetic characterization of the reservoir is based on XRF, XRD SEM + EDX, and petrographic studies of 106 thin sections of sandstones from exploration wells E-AH1, E-AJ1, E-BA1, E-BB1 and E-D3 in the basin. The main diagenetic processes that have affected the reservoir quality of the sandstones are cementation by authigenic clay, carbonate and silica, growth of authigenic glauconite, dissolution of minerals and load compaction. Based on the framework grain–cement relationships, precipitation of the early calcite cement was either accompanied or followed up by the development of partial pore-lining and pore-filling clay cements, particularly illite. This clay acts as pore choking cement, which reduces porosity and permeability of the reservoir rocks. The scattered plots of porosity and permeability versus cement + clays show good inverse correlations, suggesting that the reservoir quality is mainly controlled by cementation and authigenic clays.

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Sampson, L., N. Van der Schyff, and C. Cupido. "The unsuspected killer: Liquefied petroleum gas overexposure in South Africa." South African Medical Journal 105, no. 2 (December 14, 2014): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.7196/samj.9267.

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Thring, T. S. A., and F. M. Weitz. "Medicinal plant use in the Bredasdorp/Elim region of the Southern Overberg in the Western Cape Province of South Africa." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 103, no. 2 (January 2006): 261–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2005.08.013.

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Saffou, Eric, Arshad Raza, Raoof Gholami, Leon Croukamp, Walter Romaric Elingou, Jan van Bever Donker, Mimonitu Opuwari, Musa S. D. Manzi, and Raymond J. Durrheim. "Geomechanical characterization of CO2 storage sites: A case study from a nearly depleted gas field in the Bredasdorp Basin, South Africa." Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering 81 (September 2020): 103446. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jngse.2020.103446.

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Young, Jacobus. "Risk management for a typical petroleum, oil and gas company in South Africa." Corporate Ownership and Control 6, no. 4 (2009): 346–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv6i4c3p1.

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Risk management is becoming an important management discipline for most organisations including petroleum, oil and gas companies. However, before risks can actually be managed, it is imperative to ensure that a risk management framework is embedded. This research aims to research the general approach to a risk management process for a typical petroleum, oil and gas company operating in the South African industry and to determine the primary risk types for such a company. The result of this research could serve as an awareness instrument for petroleum, oil and gas industries to support and establish an effective risk management process, while striving to achieve industry and economic objectives. Furthermore, to serve as a working platform for those companies that is still in early stages of developing a practical risk management solution.

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Sonibare, W. A., J. Sippel, M. Scheck-Wenderoth, and D. Mikeš. "Crust-scale 3D model of the Western Bredasdorp Basin (Southern South Africa): data-based insights from combined isostatic and 3D gravity modelling." Basin Research 27, no. 2 (May 24, 2014): 125–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bre.12064.

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Sonibare, W. A., J. Sippel, R. di Primio, Z. Anka, M. Scheck-Wenderoth, and D. Mikeš. "Present-day thermal field and Mesozoic-Cenozoic thermal evolution of the Western Bredasdorp Basin (South Africa): An integrated 3D numerical forward modelling approach." Marine and Petroleum Geology 93 (May 2018): 57–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2018.02.028.

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Paton, Douglas A., R. di Primio, G. Kuhlmann, D. van der Spuy, and B. Horsfield. "Insights into the Petroleum System Evolution of the southern Orange Basin, South Africa." South African Journal of Geology 110, no. 2-3 (September 1, 2007): 261–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssajg.110.2-3.261.

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Badenhorst, P. J. "New Order Rights to Minerals in South Africa: Ten Years after Mayday." African Journal of International and Comparative Law 26, no. 3 (August 2018): 366–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/ajicl.2018.0237.

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This article examines the application and evolution of the Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act 28 of 2002 since its introduction in South Africa by the ANC government. Rights to minerals, the players, the processes and security of mineral tenure are discussed. A conclusion is reached about the type of mineral law regime that was created by the MPRDA as part of the transformation of the legacies of apartheid.

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International Monetary Fund. "South Africa: Technical Assistance Report-Fiscal Regimes for Mining and Petroleum: Opportunities and Challenges." IMF Staff Country Reports 15, no. 244 (2015): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781513514802.002.

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Adeniji, Abiodun O., Omobola O. Okoh, and Anthony I. Okoh. "Petroleum Hydrocarbon Profiles of Water and Sediment of Algoa Bay, Eastern Cape, South Africa." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 10 (October 20, 2017): 1263. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14101263.

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Chitiga, Margaret, Ismael Fofana, and Ramos Mabugu. "The poverty implications of high oil prices in South Africa." Environment and Development Economics 17, no. 3 (February 3, 2012): 293–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x11000428.

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AbstractAn energy-focused macro-micro approach is used to assess the poverty implications of government policy response to increases in international oil prices in South Africa. The first scenario assumes that increases in international oil prices are passed on to end users with no changes in government policy instruments. In this scenario, poverty indicators increase. The second scenario assumes that the world price increases are nullified by a price subsidy by the government. This scenario still leads to an increase in poverty as the beneficial price effect is cancelled out by a decline in households’ income induced by the financing method used. While revenue generated from a 50 per cent tax on windfall profit of the petroleum industry helps to minimize the loss in government revenue, it does not contribute to mitigating the increasing poverty trend, since the decline in saving and investment under this scenario restricts the country's growth, employment and income distribution perspectives.

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OKONKWO, J. O., O. R. AWOFOLU, S. J. MOJA, P. C. B. FORBES, and Z. N. SENWO. "Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Trace Metals in Street Dusts from Tshwane Metropolitan Area, South Africa." Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A 41, no. 12 (December 2006): 2789–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10934520600966920.

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Moodley, S., RM Mabugu, and R. Hassan. "Analysing scenarios for energy emissions reduction in South Africa." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 16, no. 4 (November 1, 2005): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2005/v16i4a3079.

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Global environmental pressure dictates that South Africa reduces its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, while national objectives focus on economic development. South Africa is faced with the dilemma of simultaneously alleviating poverty, reducing unemployment, growing the economy and responding to international pressure to reduce GHG emissions. As a result, policies that promote energy emissions reduction without being harmful to economic growth and national developmental priorities are needed. Environmental fiscal reform presents one such option. The impact of this is still unclear for South Africa, and this paper explores this issue. Energy balance data on energy consumption, energy emissions and input-output data for South Africa are used to assess the economic and environmental effects of environmental reform in the energy sector. Despite the high reduction in energy emissions, a tax on coal is not selected as the best alternative given the high negative impact on the economy. A tax on oil results in a low reduction in energy emissions, which limits its use as an environmental policy. The scenario using a petroleum products tax results in small decreases in economic growth but it has low energy emissions reduction, hence, this alternative is not selected as an option. Energy subsidy reform offers the second highest reduction in real energy emissions and a low decrease in economic growth, and this scenario is therefore recognised as the best option for carbon dioxide reduction in South Africa. The electricity tax offers moderate reductions in real energy emissions and a moderate decrease in economic growth, and therefore, it is deduced that the electricity tax option could be another option for carbon dioxide emissions reduction in South Africa.

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Ncanywa, Thobeka, and Nosipho Mgwangqa. "The impact of a fuel levy on economic growth in South Africa." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 29, no. 1 (March 23, 2018): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/jesa.v.1i1.2775.

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Government expenditure is one of the factors that could influence economic growth and it depends on borrowing or on the amount of tax revenue. A fuel levy, as an excise tax charged on petroleum products such as petrol, diesel and biodiesel, can be an important source of revenue for the government. It can, however, be a burden on fuel consumers. The present study, as an effort to address this controversy, used the vector autoregressive approach to examine the impact of fuel levies on economic growth in South Africa. The results showed a long-run unidirectional negative relationship between economic growth and fuel levy. The conclusion was that the economy needs to grow at a higher rate so as to boost tax revenues and public expenditure. Strong revenue collection, therefore, depends on highly increasing economic growth and efficient tax administration. The implication of a growth-oriented tax system is to minimise distortions created by the tax system and create incentives for drivers of economic growth.

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Winkler, Harald. "Reducing energy poverty through carbon tax revenues in South Africa." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 28, no. 3 (September 22, 2017): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2017/v28i3a2332.

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How much can poverty be reduced through carbon tax revenue? This study analyses specific programmes, with carbon taxes generating revenues and equivalent spending on programmes to reduce energy poverty. The twin challenges of development and climate change could be addressed in this way in South Africa. A simple spreadsheet model was used to estimate revenue available from a carbon tax, given different tax rates and emission projections. Four programmes to reduce energy poverty were quantified: electrification, extended free basic energy, scaling-up sustainable housing, and subsidising rooftop solar for poor households. Matching carbon revenue with equivalent expenditure, the study found that applying all carbon revenue to a single programme could fund the national budget for electrification. Hundreds of thousands, and up to tens of millions, of households could receive free energy in the form of 5 kg of liquefied petroleum gas every month, as well as better houses that are warmer in winter and with fewer health impacts from indoor air pollution. Carbon revenues could fund at least a few hundred thousand improved homes, or subsidies for at least 100 000 rooftop solar systems per year to poor households. Institutional and other constraints would have to be addressed. Carbon revenue could fully fund all four programmes combined into an integrated strategy, in three of the four scenarios. The results suggested that full funding could be available from 2019 or from 2025, dependent on carbon tax revenue scenario. Energy poverty can be reduced by expenditure of carbon tax revenues.

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International Monetary Fund. "South Africa: Technical Assistance Report-Petroleum Sector Fiscal Regime Reform-Additional Analysis for the Davis Tax Committee." IMF Staff Country Reports 16, no. 259 (2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781475520286.002.

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Adeniji, A. O., O. O. Okoh, and A. I. Okoh. "Petroleum Hydrocarbon Fingerprints of Water and Sediment Samples of Buffalo River Estuary in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa." Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry 2017 (2017): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/2629365.

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Petroleum hydrocarbon status of the Buffalo River Estuary in East London, South Africa, was evaluated from January to May, 2016. Surface water and sediment samples were collected from five points in the estuary and extracted using standard methods. The extracts were subsequently analyzed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection. Results showed that total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) varied from 7.65 to 477 μg/L in the water and 12.59 to 1,100 mg/kg in the sediments, with mean values of 146.50 ± 27.96 μg/L and 209.81 ± 63.82 mg/kg, respectively. Concentrations of TPH in the sediments correlated significantly with organic carbon (OC) in both seasons. TPH and OC levels were slightly lower in summer than in autumn in the two environmental matrices, and the average amount of TPH in the water samples collected from all the sampling stations was generally lower than the EU standard limit of 300 μg/L. However, the levels in the sediments exceeded the EGASPIN target value (50 mg/kg) for mineral oil but were below the intervention value (5,000 mg/kg), indicating a serious impact of industrial growth and urbanization on the area, although the n-alkane ratios and indexes used for source tracking revealed excessive flow from both natural and anthropogenic sources.

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Butler, A. C., and R. R. Sibbald. "Sampling and Gas Chromatographic Analysis of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in the Ocean Surface Microlayer off Richards Bay, South Africa." Water Science and Technology 18, no. 4-5 (April 1, 1986): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1986.0213.

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Sturdy, Joline, and Christo Cronjé. "An analysis of the tax implications of prospecting expenditure incurred by junior exploration companies in South Africa." Journal of Economic and Financial Sciences 6, no. 2 (July 31, 2013): 329–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/jef.v6i2.263.

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One of the consequences of the change in the mineral policy of South Africa with the promulgation of the Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act 28 of 2002 was the increase in junior exploration companies. Junior exploration companies are mainly involved in prospecting activities. No definition exists for either prospecting or exploration in the Income Tax Act 58 of 1962 (Income Tax Act). The lack of research and case law on the tax treatment of prospecting expenditure by junior exploration companies may result in various interpretations for the treatment of prospecting expenditure. Through critical analysis of specific sections in the Income Tax Act, applicable case law and relevant literature, it is evident that there are different interpretations by junior exploration companies of the treatment of prospecting expenditure from an income tax perspective. The perceived challenges with interpretation of the tax treatment of prospecting expenditure by junior exploration companies create an opportunity for further research.

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Cheng, Jong E. "PETROLEUM SYSTEM OF SHOUSHAN BASIN, WESTERN DESERT, EGYPT." Geological Behavior 4, no. 1 (February 28, 2020): 01–08. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/gbr.01.2020.01.08.

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The Western Desert is located in Egypt and it consists of a few extensional coastal rift-basins. It started as rifts and was formed during the Jurassic time in association with the opening of the Tethys Sea. There were three major tectonic events that occurred in Western Desert within Jurassic to Eocene time and resulted in NE-SW trend and NW-SE trend normal fault, and inversion of Western Desert basin due to rifting of Neo-Tethys followed by South America & Africa Atlantic rifting and Transpressional Syrian Arc event which had contributed to the formation of hydrocarbon trap. The generation, migration and accumulation of hydrocarbon started in the Late Cretaceous (95–90 Ma) and it continues to the present time. There is proven petroleum system named as Khatatba-Khatatba petroleum system within the Western Desert. The source of hydrocarbons is the Middle Jurassic Khatatba organicz-rich shales which contains type II- III and type III kerogen source migrated into Khatatba sandstones reservoir rock. Khatatba sandstones are mostly quartz arenite, which composed mainly of more than 95 % quartz. These sandstones have high porosity and high permeability with well sorted and are mostly subangular to subrounded grains. Masajid carbonate acts as regional seal within the basin. Hence, the Western Desert of Egypt has a significant hydrocarbon potential for exploration or development targeting on inversion structure.

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Butler, A. C., and R. R. Sibbald. "Sampling and GC-FID, GC/MS analysis of petroleum hydrocarbons in the ocean surface microlayer off Richards Bay, South Africa." Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 25, no. 1 (July 1987): 27–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0272-7714(87)90023-0.

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Kyere-Davies, Gertrude, Christian Agyare, Yaw Duah Boakye, Brian M. Suzuki, and Conor R. Caffrey. "Effect of Phenotypic Screening of Extracts and Fractions of Erythrophleum ivorense Leaf and Stem Bark on Immature and Adult Stages of Schistosoma mansoni." Journal of Parasitology Research 2018 (June 7, 2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9431467.

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Schistosomiasis is a disease caused by a flatworm parasite that infects people in tropical and subtropical regions of Sub-Saharan Africa, South America, China, and Southeast Asia. The reliance on just one drug for current treatment emphasizes the need for new chemotherapeutic strategies. The aim of this study was to determine the phenotypic effects of extracts and fractions of leaf and stem bark of Erythrophleum ivorense (family Euphorbiaceae), a tree that grows in tropical parts of Africa, on two developmental stages of Schistosoma mansoni, namely, postinfective larvae (schistosomula or somules) and adults. Methanol leaf and stem bark extracts of E. ivorense were successively fractionated with acetone, petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, and methanol. These fractions were then incubated with somules at 0.3125 to 100 μg/mL and with adults at 1.25 μg/mL. The acetone fractions of both the methanol leaf and bark of E. ivorense were most active against the somules whereas the petroleum ether fractions showed least activity. For adult parasites, the acetone fraction of methanol bark extract also elicited phenotypic changes. The data arising provide the first step in the discovery of new treatments for an endemic infectious disease using locally sourced African medicinal plants.

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Pienaar, Wessel. "Logistics aspects of pipeline transport in the supply of petroleum products." Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie 27, no. 2 (September 16, 2008): 102–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/satnt.v27i2.85.

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The commercial transportation of crude oil and petroleum products by pipeline is receiving increased attention in South Africa. Transnet Pipeline Transport has recently obtained permission from the National Energy Regulator of South Africa (Nersa) to construct and operate a new petroleum products pipeline of 60 cm diameter from Durban to Gauteng. At an operating speed of 10 km/h the proposed 60 cm Transnet pipeline would be able to deliver 3,54 million litres of petroleum product per hour. This is equivalent to 89 deliveries per hour using road tank vehicles with an average carrying capacity of 40 000 litres of fuel per vehicle. This pipeline throughput is also equivalent to two trains departing per hour, each consisting of 42 petroleum tank wagons with an average carrying capacity of 42 500 litres of fuel per wagon. Considering that such road trucks and rail wagons return empty to the upstream refineries in Durban, it is clear that there is no tenable long-term alternative to pipeline transport:pipeline transport is substantially cheaper than road and rail transport;pipeline transport is much safer than rail and especially road transport; andpipeline transport frees up alternative road and rail transport capacity.Pipeline transport is a non-containerised bulk mode of transport for the carriage of suitable liquids (for example, petroleum commodities, which include crude oil, refined fuel products and liquid petro-chemicals), gas, slurrified coal and certain water-suspended ores and minerals. InSouth Africa, petroleum products account for the majority of commercial pipeline traffic, followed by crude oil and natural gas. There are three basic types of petroleum pipeline transport systems:Gathering pipeline systemsCrude oil trunk pipeline systemsRefined products pipeline systems Collectively, these systems provide a continuous link between extraction, processing, distribution, and wholesalers’ depots in areas of consumption. The following activities are involved in the flow of goods between place of origin and place of consumption or application:Demand forecasting, Facility site selection, Procurement,Materials handling, Packaging, Warehouse management, Inventory management,Order processing, Logistics communications, Transport, Reverse logistics. Because cost is incurred without adding value each time goods are handled (activity 4) at a terminal or storage facility, a primary logistics objective is to eliminate handling wherever possible. With the carriage of crude oil and petroleum products by pipeline this objective is fully met. Commodity intake, haulage, and discharge are combined in one process, usually a remote-controlled operation. Pipeline transport is a non-containerised bulk mode of transport thereby obviating the need for packaging (activity 5) and returning empty containers. Pipelines provide a direct and long-term link between these origins and destinations. If necessary a continuous service can be provided with no need for a return trip or a reverse pumping process (activity 11).The elimination of handling, packaging and reverse logistics activities contribute substantially to the high measure of economies of scale that pipeline transport enjoys. The article provides adscription of each of the eleven logistics activities in the context of pipeline transport. Effective logistics service is a prerequisite to help ensure that customers receive the required products at the desired quality and quantity, where and when needed. The most pertinent determinants of logistics service performance aresuitability, accessibility, goods security, transit time, reliability and flexibility. The article offers a discussion of the extent to which pipeline transport conforms to each of these measures of effectiveness.

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Sefako, Ramotholo, and Petri Väisänen. "Protection of SAAO observing site against light and dust pollution." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 11, A29A (August 2015): 118–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921316002568.

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AbstractThe South African Astronomical Observatory (SAAO) observing station near Sutherland, Northern Cape in South Africa, is one of the darkest sites in the world for optical and IR astronomy. The SAAO hosts and operates several facilities, including the Southern African Large Telescope (SALT) and a number of international robotic telescopes. To ensure that the conditions remain optimal for astronomy, legislation called the Astronomy Geographic Advantage (AGA) Act, of 2007, was enacted. The Act empowers the Department of Science and Technology (DST) to regulate issues that pose a threat to optical and/or radio astronomy in areas declared Astronomy Advantage Areas in South Africa. For optical astronomy, the main challenges are those posed by light and dust pollution as result of wind energy developments, and petroleum gas and oil exploration/exploitation in the area. We give an update of possible threats to the quality of the night skies at SAAO, and the challenges relating to the AGA Act implementation and enforcement. We discuss measures that are put in place to protect the Observatory, including a study to quantify the threat by a planned wind energy facility.

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Dlamini, Lubanzi Z. D., and Sifiso Xulu. "Monitoring Mining Disturbance and Restoration over RBM Site in South Africa Using LandTrendr Algorithm and Landsat Data." Sustainability 11, no. 24 (December 5, 2019): 6916. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11246916.

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Considering the negative impact of mining on ecosystems in mining areas, the South African government legislated the Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act (No. 28 of 2002), to compel mining companies to restore the land affected by mining. Several studies have used remotely sensed data to observe the status and dynamics of surface mines. Advances in remote sensing along the cloud-based Google Earth Engine (GEE) now promise an enhanced observation strategy for improved monitoring of mine environments. Despite these advances, land rehabilitation at Richards Bay Minerals (RBM) is mainly restricted to field-based approaches which are unable to reveal seamless patterns of disturbance and restoration. Here, we illustrate the value of the trajectory-based LandTrendr algorithm in conjunction with GEE for mine rehabilitation studies. Our automated method produced disturbance and recovery patterns (1984–2018) over the RBM site. The study revealed that RBM has progressively been mining different portions of the mineral-rich coastal area after which restoration was undertaken. The duration of mining over each site ranged from 2 to 6 years. The LandTrendr outputs correspond with independent reference datasets that were classified with an overall accuracy of 99%; it captures mine-induced disturbance efficiently and offers a practical tool for mine restoration management.

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Mokoena, JKJ, and PJD Lloyd. "A business model to overcome barriers to entry in the South African downstream petroleum industry." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 16, no. 2 (May 1, 2005): 4–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2005/v16i2a3182.

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The South African downstream petroleum industry was in the hands of Whites and Multinational Oil Companies during the apartheid era. Many Historically Disadvantaged South Africans (HDSA’s) were excluded from the mainstream industry through, among other instruments, laws passed by the government such as the Petroleum Products Act 120 of 1977. Against this background, the newly elected democratic government instituted a policy process aimed at restructuring and transforming the petroleum industry to allow HDSA’s to enter the industry, in order to achieve sustainable presence, ownership and control of approximately a quarter of the industry by previously disadvantaged individuals. Since the introduction of this process, which culminated in the release of the White Paper on the Energy Policy of the Republic of South Africa (1998), little progress has been made towards achieving this government’s key policy objective. Instead, there is still little entry into the industry by HDSA’s, and the Black Oil Companies (BOC’s) that are in the industry continue to struggle to increase their market share. This paper discusses the possible constraints on achieving the objective, by looking at barriers that impede HDSA’s from entering the industry and BOC’s from increasing their market share significantly. There are three possible categories of barriers in the downstream petroleum industry, namely, economic barriers to entry, noneconomic barriers, and cross-sectoral barriers to entry, which are discussed in this paper. These categories of barriers prevent entry by HDSA’s into the industry and hinder BOC’s from increasing their market share. To circumvent these barriers, and in order to make progress towards achieving the government’s key policy objective of control by approximately a quarter of the HDSA’s, a black economic empowerment model was developed. This model seeks to increase the market share of the BOC’s and the presence of the HDSA’s in the industry in a sustainable way without significantly harming the multinational oil companies. It foresees Government licensing BOC’s to purchase up to 5% of the existing South African fuel demand at an Import Parity Price (IPP) that is significantly less than the Basic Fuel Price (BFP). The reason for this difference is that the BFP is based upon the supply of the totality of South Africa’s needs from elsewhere, whereas the IPP merely supplies up to 5% of South Africa’s needs, and can therefore source the product from refineries that are closer, so reducing the transport component. The impact of the loss of 5% of the internal market for petrol and diesel on the revenues of the MOC’s is less than 0.5%, because the difference between the IPP and BFP is a small fraction of the BFP.

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Van Heerden, Jan, James Blignaut, Heinrich Bohlmann, Anton Cartwright, Nicci Diederichs, and Myles Mander. "The economic and environmental effects of a carbon tax in South Africa: A dynamic CGE modelling approach." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 19, no. 5 (December 9, 2016): 714–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v19i5.1586.

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The economic and environmental effects of a carbon tax in South Africa: A dynamic cge modelling approachSouth Africa’s National Treasury released its Carbon Tax Policy Paper in May 2013. The paper proposed a R120/tCO2-equiv. levy on coal, gas and petroleum fuels. Here, we model the possible impacts of such a tax on the South African economy using the computable general equilibrium (CGE) 53-sector model of the University of Pretoria’s Department of Economics. The model shows that the carbon tax has the capacity to decrease South Africa’s greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by between 1 900MtCO2-equiv. and 2 300MtCO2-equiv. between 2016 and 2035. The extent of emissions reductions is most sensitive to the rate at which tax exemptions are removed. Recycling of carbon tax revenue reduces the extent of emissions reductions due to the fact that economic growth is supported. The manner in which carbon tax revenue is recycled back into the economy is therefore important in terms of the extent of emissions reductions achieved, but not as significant as the influence of different exemption schedules. The model shows the carbon tax to have a net negative impact on South Africa’s gross domestic product (GDP) relative to the baseline under all exemption regimes and all revenue recycling options assessed. The negative impact of the carbon tax on GDP is, however, greatly reduced by the manner in which the tax revenue is recycled. Recycling in the form of a production subsidy for all industries results in the lowest negative impact on GDP.

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Madikizela, Balungile, Ashwell Rungano Ndhlala, Jeffrey Franklin Finnie, and Johannes Van Staden. "In VitroAntimicrobial Activity of Extracts from Plants Used Traditionally in South Africa to Treat Tuberculosis and Related Symptoms." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2013 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/840719.

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Respiratory ailments are major human killers, especially in developing countries. Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease causing a threat to human healthcare. Many South African plants are used in the traditional treatment of TB and related symptoms, but there has not been a sufficient focus on evaluating their antimicrobial properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial properties of plants used traditionally to treat TB and related symptoms against microorganisms (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus,andMycobacterium aurumA+) associated with respiratory infections using the microdilution assay. Ten plants were selected based on a survey of available literature of medicinal plants used in South Africa for the treatment of TB and related symptoms. The petroleum ether, dichloromethane, 80% ethanol, and water extracts of the selected plants were evaluated for antibacterial activity. Out of 68 extracts tested from different parts of the 10 plant species, 17 showed good antimicrobial activities against at least one or more of the microbial strains tested, with minimum inhibitory concentration ranging from 0.195 to 12.5 mg/mL. The good antimicrobial properties ofAbrus precatorius, Terminalia phanerophlebia, Indigofera arrecta,andPentanisia prunelloidesauthenticate their traditional use in the treatment of respiratory diseases. Thus, further pharmacological and phytochemical analysis is required.

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Van Der Vyver, Johan. "The Protection and Promotion of a People’s Right to Mineral Resources in Africa: International and Municipal Perspectives." Law and Development Review 11, no. 2 (June 26, 2018): 739–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ldr-2018-0036.

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Abstract Development programs in many African countries include the reallocation of land and the nationalization of mineral resources for the benefit of less privileged communities in those countries. Implementing these programs is, however, quite complicated. This paper pays special attention to the confiscation of the land of white farmers in Zimbabwe as part of a development program, and the rapid decline of the economy of that country in consequence of this program. It serves as a reminder that depriving landowners of their property rights is counterproductive and is therefore not a feasible development strategy. As far as the right to explore natural resources is concerned, the paper highlights the repeated resolutions of the United Nations proclaiming the “inalienable right of all states freely to dispose of their natural resources in accordance with their national interests” as an inherent aspect of sovereignty [e.g. G.A. Res. 626, 7 U.N. GAOR, Supp. (No. 20), at 18, U.N. Doc. A/2361 (1952).], with occasional reminders that developing countries were in need of encouragement “in the proper use and exploitation of their natural wealth and resources” [e.g. E.S.C. Res. 1737, 54 U.N. ESCOR, Supp., No. 1 (1973).]. These resolutions were adopted in the context of the decolonization policy of the United Nations and were mainly aimed at denouncing the exploitation of the mineral resources of African countries by colonial powers [G.A. Res. 2288, 22 U.N. GAOR, Supp. (No. 16), at 48, U.N. Doc. A/6716 (1967)., para 3]. The emphasis of international law relating to the natural resources over time also emphasized the right to self-determination of peoples. As early as 1958, the General Assembly, in a resolution through which the Commission on Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources was established, stated that the “permanent sovereignty over natural wealth and resources” of states is “a basic constituent of the right to self-determination” [G.A. Res. 1314, 13 U.N. GAOR, Supp. (No. 18), at 27, U.N. Doc. A/4090 (1958).]. The African Charter on Human and People’s Rights similarly provides “All peoples shall freely dispose of their wealth and natural resources. This right shall be exercised in the exclusive interest of the people. In no case shall a people be deprived of it” [Art 21(1)]. This provision featured prominently in several judgments of courts of law, such as the one of the South African Constitutional Court in the case of Bengwenyama Minerals (Pty) Ltd & Others v Gemorah Resources (Pty) Ltd & Others [2011] (3) BCLR 229 (CC) (3) BCLR 229 (CC) and of the African Court of Human and People’s Rights in the case of Social and Economic Rights Action Centre (SERAC) v Nigeria (2001) AHRLR 60 (ACHPR 2001), Communication 155/96, 15th Annual Report. AHRLR 60 (Social and Economic Rights Action Centre (SERAC) v Nigeria (2001) AHRLR 60 (ACHPR 2001), Communication 155/96, 15th Annual Report.) Communication 155/96. In view of these directives of international law, the paper will critically analyze the South African Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act 28 of 2002, which deprived landowners of the ownership of unexplored minerals and petroleum products and proclaimed mineral and petroleum resources to be “the common heritage of all the people of South Africa” with the state as the custodian thereof.

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Omukoro, Dickson Ebikabowei. "Ensuring Environmental Accountability in Nigeria through the Liberalisation of the Locus Standi Rule: Lessons from some Selected Jurisdictions." African Journal of International and Comparative Law 27, no. 4 (November 2019): 473–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/ajicl.2019.0287.

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Oil pollution has become something of a daily occurrence in Nigeria, despite the existence of laws regulating petroleum operations. This is partly due to the cost of accessing judicial justice. Apart from cost issues, a plaintiff must satisfy that they have the standing to petition the court for the act complained of, which sometimes leaves the polluter without responsibility. This is against the notion of environmental accountability. It is the challenges posed by the strict interpretation of the standing rule in Nigeria on environmental accountability that forms the basis of this article. The article explores the lessons that can be learned from the development of standing rules in three different jurisdictions – the UK, Australia and South Africa.

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Botha, Doret. "Barriers to Career Advancement of Women in Mining: A Qualitative Analysis." African Journal of Employee Relations (Formerly South African Journal of Labour Relations) 41 (January 19, 2018): 15–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/2520-3223/3766.

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In recent years, various initiatives, protocols and legislation have been developed globally to promote gender equality and address existing discrimination against women. South Africa is no exception to this trend. In the global mining industry, equal opportunity and mining legislation introduced by various countries, including South Africa, have opened up former bastions, such as mining, to women.Since the introduction of the Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act 28 of 2002 and the accompanying Broad-Based Socio- Economic Empowerment Charter, in 2004, the number of women in the mining industry has increased significantly. However, the â€œgender issueâ€ still remains contentious and very problematic in the industry and women are still subjected to various challenges.This article aims to reveal the barriers women encounter in the industry. This study adopted a qualitative research design. Data were collected by means of semi-structured individual and group interviews. The research findings show that women are subjected to social, physiological, structural and employment barriers. Therefore, it is of paramount importance that the relevant government departments, top and senior management in the mining industry, as well as human resource managers and employment relations practitioners embrace and support a clear-cut vision of gender diversity in the industry.

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Pienaar, Wessel. "Economic aspects of pipeline transport: a South African perspective." Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie 28, no. 2 (September 6, 2009): 119–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/satnt.v28i2.53.

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Pipeline transport is unique among modes of transport in that the pipe, which facilitates freight movement, is both the way and the vehicle, and it is permanently connected to terminals, which facilitate freight storage. This feature makes it the only mode of transport that does not require any materials or goods handling. In view of the facts that pipeline infrastructure is extremely capital intensive and that it has an unprecedented longevity, pipeline transport enjoys the highest level of economies of scale of all modes of transport. This economy is subject to steady and enduring high levels of demand. It is also the only mode of freight transport of which the operations do not require a return journey, whereby joint cost due to empty running is avoided. The commercial transport of crude oil and petroleum products by pipeline and the envisaged new investment in this mode of transport are receiving increased attention in South Africa. Transnet Pipelines recently obtained permission from the National Energy Regulator of South Africa (Nersa) to construct and operate a new 60-cm petroleum products pipeline 704 kilometres in length from Durban to Gauteng. In addition, the newly-formed Petroline consortium recently obtained permission to construct and operate a 30 cm petroleum products pipeline 199 kilometres in length from Maputo to Nelspruit, with an extension of 249 kilometres in length eventually to Kendal, where it can be linked up with the present Transnet pipeline network. The disadvantages of pipeline transport lie mainly in its extreme functional speciali sation and dependence upon sustained high-volume trafﬁc. The initial cost of installation is high and justiﬁed only when both the demand and supply are guaranteed to continue for an indeﬁ nite period. Despite the fact that tank ships run empty during return trips, pipeline transport can only compete with sea transport between the same origin and destination if the pipeline route is considerably shorter than the sea route, or where sea transport is subject to exceptional charges, such as heavy canal dues. The economic assessment of a pipeline necessitates the investigation of several alternatives in order to determine whether the project is justiﬁable in terms of the economic resources its commercial existence will require. Firstly, alternative locations of the pipeline may have to be compared. A second consideration is the size of the pipeline, since one with a larger diameter, and capable of handling a greater trafﬁc volume, involves higher initial investment cost but lower costs for pumps and energy to propel the pumps. A third decision concerns the choice of pump technology. Most pumps are driven by electric motors, although diesel engines or gas turbines can also be used. A fourth important consideration is whether the reﬁnery should be located at the beginning of the line (upstream, close to the oil ﬁeld or the port of entry) or at the end of the line (downstream, close to the market). The ﬁfth step in the economic evaluation is to compare the pipeline cost with the cost of the next best transport alternative, which is usually rail transport. If these investigations indicate that a pipeline promises to be technically feasible, ﬁnancially viable and economically justiﬁed, detailed design of the pipeline may commence. In terms of market participants the supply of pipeline transport is the most highly concentrated of all freight transport modes. With a few exceptions, there is but one crude oil, one products and one natural gas pipeline connecting producing areas or reﬁneries and areas of consumption. This high degree of monopoly results from declining unit costs with increases in capacity, so that the lowest costs are achieved by a concentration of output in a single pipeline. Therefore, pipeline operations that can fulﬁl entire market demands are pure natural monopolies. Where the distance between supply points (such as geographically separated oil ﬁelds or ports of entry) is far in relation to the delivery distance to the market area, such an area’s fuel demand can often be most efﬁciently fulﬁlled by two or more different pipeline operations. The clients of a common carrier are direct competitors in the wholesale fuel market, therefore they should bear full cost responsibility for the service rendered by the pipeline. Service below total cost to a client implies that it is subsidized by its competitors. The only instance when delivery can take place below total cost is when:the necessary spare capacity exists to accommodate the consignment (i.e. that the opportunity for another consignment to be delivered at full cost is not jeopardized);all the avoidable (i.e. short-run) costs are covered and some contribution to unavoidable (i.e. ﬁ xed or long-run) costs is made; andthe consignment delivery would not have taken place at a price covering full costs.

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Xulu, Sifiso, Philani T. Phungula, Nkanyiso Mbatha, and Inocent Moyo. "Multi-Year Mapping of Disturbance and Reclamation Patterns over Tronox’s Hillendale Mine, South Africa with DBEST and Google Earth Engine." Land 10, no. 7 (July 19, 2021): 760. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10070760.

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This study was devised to examine the pattern of disturbance and reclamation by Tronox, which instigated a closure process for its Hillendale mine site in South Africa, where they recovered zirconium- and titanium-bearing minerals from 2001 to 2013. Restoring mined-out areas is of great importance in South Africa, with its ominous record of almost 6000 abandoned mines since the 1860s. In 2002, the government enacted the Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act (No. 28 of 2002) to enforce extracting companies to restore mined-out areas before pursuing closure permits. Thus, the trajectory of the Hillendale mine remains unstudied despite advances in the satellite remote sensing technology that is widely used in this field. Here, we retrieved a collection of Landsat-derived normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) within the Google Earth Engine and applied the Detecting Breakpoints and Estimating Segments in Trend (DBEST) algorithm to examine the progress of vegetation transformation over the Hillendale mine between 2001 and 2019. Our results showed key breakpoints in NDVI, a drop from 2001, reaching the lowest point in 2009–2011, with a marked recovery pattern after 2013 when the restoration program started. We also validated our results using a random forests strategy that separated vegetated and non-vegetated areas with an accuracy exceeding 78%. Overall, our findings are expected to encourage users to replicate this affordable application, particularly in emerging countries with similar cases.

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KUHLMANN, G., S. ADAMS, Z. ANKA, C. CAMPHER, R. DI PRIMIO, and B. HORSFIELD. "3D PETROLEUM SYSTEMS MODELLING WITHIN A PASSIVE MARGIN SETTING, ORANGE BASIN, BLOCKS 3/4, OFFSHORE SOUTH AFRICA - IMPLICATIONS FOR GAS GENERATION, MIGRATION AND LEAKAGE." South African Journal of Geology 114, no. 3-4 (December 1, 2011): 387–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssajg.114.3-4.387.

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Kleynhans, Ewert, and Moloto J. Sekhobela. "Shift-share analysis of production in the manufacturing industry of South Africa’s Southern District Municipality." Journal of Economic and Financial Sciences 4, no. 1 (April 30, 2011): 9–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/jef.v4i1.332.

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In this study, the development and structure of value-added production in the manufacturing industries of the Southern District Municipality (SDM) of South Africa are investigated. The field of study focuses on spatial economic development, with the aim of identifying industries that can offer future growth and job creation. The methodology of shift-share analysis, often applied to studies of Economic Geography, is used for the empirical analysis. The SDM district municipality includes the local municipalities of Klerksdorp, Potchefstroom, Ventersdorp, Merafong City and Wolmaransstad. The economy of these municipalities is mainly dependent on gold mining, which is declining as their gold reserves are becoming depleted which will lead to a large section of its population being unemployed in the near future. Shift-share analysis provides insight into the shifts of production between various sectors over time and is comprehensible to policymakers. It provides further insight into the national share effect on production of the sectors in the region, as well as the regional industrial mix and the competitive share effects. It was found that the sectors with the highest growth potential are Transport Equipment, Petroleum and Chemicals, Furniture, Metal Products, and Wood and Paper Products, and they merit attention in future development initiatives.

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Lubbe, Sam, Gary Parker, and Andrew Hoard. "The profit impact of IT investment." South African Journal of Business Management 25, no. 2 (June 30, 1994): 72–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajbm.v25i2.845.

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Two models were used to study the relationships between profitability and the level of information technology (IT) sophistication among long-term life insurance companies in South Africa. The first model was submitted by Kwong et al. in a study of six petroleum producing companies in Malaysia. They proposed a computerization index (CI) which incorporated factors that affect the level of computerization in a company and compared the CI with profitability ratios such as profit/total assets, profit/turnover, turnover/total assets, gross margin/turnover, profit growth rate and sales growth rate. The second model was proposed by Harris et al. in a study among forty long-term life insurance companies in America. They used the ratio of non-interest operating expense to premium income (operating expense ratio) to measure profitability, and the ratio of IT expense to non-interest operating expense (IT expense ratio) to measure the level of IT capital intensity. The results of the study showed a positive correlation between the Cl and the financial ratios, indicating that as the level of computerization increases, profitability also increases. The results also showed that the most profitable firms are more likely to spend a significantly higher proportion of their non-interest operating expenses on IT, and that the least profitable firms are likely to spend a significantly lower proportion of their non-interest operating expenses on IT. The study concludes by accepting the two studies as valid among the long-term life insurance industry in South Africa.

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Bashford, Alison, Pratik Chakrabarti, and Jarrod Hore. "Towards a modern history of Gondwanaland." Journal of the British Academy 9s6 (2021): 5–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/jba/009s6.005.

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Gondwanaland was a southern mega-continent that began to break up 180 million years ago. This article explores Gondwanaland�s modern history, its unexpected political and cultural purchase since the 1880s. Originating with geological and palaeontological research in the Gond region of Central India, �Gondwana� has become recognisable and useful, especially in settler colonial contexts. This prospectus sets out a program for a highly unusual �transnational� project, involving scholars of India, Australia, Antarctica, southern Africa and South America. Unpredictably across the five continents of former Gondwanaland, the term itself signals depth of time and place across the spectrum of Indigenous land politics, coal-based extractive politics, and, paradoxically, nationalist environmental politics. All kinds of once-living Gondwanaland biota deliver us fossil fuels today � the �gifts of Gondwana� some geologists call southern hemisphere coal, gas, petroleum � and so the modern history of Gondwanaland is also a substantive history of the Anthropocene.

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Nyarko, Isaac, Chukwudi Nwaogu, Hájek Miroslav, and Prince Opoku Peseu. "Socio-Economic Analysis of Wood Charcoal Production as a Significant Output of Forest Bioeconomy in Africa." Forests 12, no. 5 (May 1, 2021): 568. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12050568.

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Wood charcoal (WCH) is a sustainable biofuel for rural and urban users because of its higher energy density and emission of marginal smoke when compared with firewood. Besides helping the poor majority who cannot afford kerosene, electricity or liquid petroleum gas (LPG), WCH is a key source of income and livelihood. This work aimed at quantifying the volume of WCH production as well as appraising its socio-economics, including environmental impacts, especially the impact of long-term deforestation and forest degradation in Africa. Historically robust data from the databases of UN-FAO, FAOSTAT, International Energy Agency (IEA), United Nations Statistics Division, UN-DESA energy statistics yearbook, and the Forest Resources Assessment (FRA) were used. The data analysis involved descriptive statistics, multivariate analysis, and geospatial techniques. The result revealed that East Africa had the highest average wood charcoal production which was 32,058,244 tonnes representing 43.2% of the production whereas West Africa had 23,831,683 tonnes denoting 32.1%. Others were North Africa (8,650,207 tonnes), Middle Africa (8,520,329 tonnes), and South Africa (1,225,062 tonnes) representing 11.6%, 11.5% and 1.6% respectively. The correlation matrix showed that WCH production for the three decades had a significant positive correlation with all the measured parameters (such as areas of forest cover, export quantity, export value, GDP, human population, climate season, average income per citizen, and literacy rate). Wood charcoal is an essential livelihood support system. New policies including commercial wood charcoal production and licensing for revenue and ecological sustainability are required. Enterprise-based approaches for poverty reduction, smallholders’ tree-growing, wood charcoal-energy conserving technologies, improved electricity supply and agricultural productivity are encouraged. The novelty of this study can also be explained by the diverse parameters examined in relation to WCH production which no other studies in the region have done.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Petroleum - South Africa, Bredasdorp'

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