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Journal articles on the topic 'Pfi'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 20 February 2023

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1

Umar, Abdullahi A., Noor Amila Wan Abdullah Zawawi, Abdul Ganiyu Otairu, and Idris Othman. "Private Finance Initiatives (PFI): Getting it Right." Applied Mechanics and Materials 567 (June 2014): 601–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.567.601.

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Recently, the UK government reformed the popular PFI into what is now referred to as PF2 after years of denying that the PFI was not delivering value for money. The reform is the result of many factors, principal of which was public sector PFI capacity deficiencies which has compromised the success of many projects. Therefore, this study set out to determine the most important PFI skills from the perspectives of public and private sector PFI practitioners and if there exists differences in opinion between the sectors. A survey of the most important PFI skills was conducted among practitioners during the course of 2 infrastructure conferences held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Factor analysis of 17 PFI skills produced 3 factor groupings that broadly explain the PFI skills requirements. These skills include Contract design skills, Contract Management skills, and Risk identification and Management skills. There was however no statistically significant difference in opinion between the public and private sector respondents.

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2

Varnavskii, V. "A New Concept of the Public-Private Partnerships in the UK." World Economy and International Relations, no. 8 (2014): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2014-8-67-75.

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A new Public-Private Partnerships concept Private Finance 2 (PF2) adopted by UK government instead of the Private Finance Initiative (PFI) is analyzing. PF2 follows the Open Public Services Program according to recent changes in the economic policy. A description and evaluation of PFI concept are given. The reasons for termination of PFI are also revealed. Special attention is paid to the new problems of the Concept, as an access to lax credit, concerning the public sector as an equal co-investor, and risks reduction. The increased importance of institutional investors such as banks, funds, insurance companies, international export-import agencies is shown.The paper is partly devoted to the issues of PFI/PF2 administration in UK. The role of governing authorities in Public-Private Partnerships implementation and their standing in the government structure are disclosed and analyzed as well as their functions and outcomes of their activities. PF2 reaffirms UK government’s commitment to Public-Private Partnerships. It remains to be a predominant form of drawing private investments into infrastructure development. The British government hopes that PF2 will increase private sector interest to finance public investment projects such as schools, roads, hospitals, waste utilization and other large-scale infrastructure.

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Kakkar, Preeti Handa, R. M. Saxena, and Mamta Joshi. "Histopathological analysis of liver in Puntius ticto exposed to water soluble fraction (WSF) of petrol." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 2, no. 2 (December 1, 2010): 290–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v2i2.136.

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The fresh water fish Puntius ticto were exposed to lethal concentration of water soluble fraction (WSF) of petrol (5%-PF1, 10%-PF2, 15%-PF3, 20%-PF4 and 25%-PF5) for 96 hours. The exposure of WSF produced some conspicuous histopathological changes in liver. The swelling of hepatocytes, degeneration, necrosis, hemolysis, dilation, congestion and fibrosis in blood sinusoids were the prominent changes observed. The histological analysis showed increasing damages dose-dependents and time-dependents.

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4

Eaton, David, and Charmaine O'Connor. "PFI/DBFO." Journal of Structured Finance 7, no. 4 (January 31, 2002): 50–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3905/jsf.2002.320266.

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5

Eaton, David, and Charmaine O'Connor. "PFI/DBFO." Journal of Structured Finance 8, no. 1 (April 30, 2002): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3905/jsf.2002.320273.

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6

Eaton, David, Charmaine O'Connor, and Andrew Turner. "PFI/DBFO." Journal of Structured Finance 8, no. 2 (July 31, 2002): 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3905/jsf.2002.320281.

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7

Esan, A. M., Z. Khan, R. Kiran, T. O. Omolekan, K. A. Aremu, and H. R. Y. Adeyemi. "Ameliorative Effects of Pseudomonas fluorescence Strains on Growth and Antioxidant Potential of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) Plant under Nematode Infection." European Journal of Biology and Biotechnology 2, no. 3 (June 5, 2021): 50–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejbio.2021.2.3.168.

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Meloidogyne incognita is a plant pathogen causing root-knot nematodes disease in many crops worldwide. Due to the environmental threat on the use of chemical fumigants, there is a need for a biological control method using microbial antagonists on root-knot nematodes disease. Therefore, this study was conducted to screen and evaluate the biocontrol potential of P. fluorescens strains against root-knot nematodes. The effectiveness of six P. fluorescens strains viz., Pf1, Pf2, Pf3, Pf4, Pf5and Pf6 were tested in vitro and also in pots experiment for their inhibitory activities and biocontrol potential against root-knot nematodes disease caused by Meloidogyne incognita on okra plant. Treatments of the nematode with 1.0-6.0% concentrations of 108 CFU/mL of Pf4 and Pf5 strains caused 70.0-95.0% inhibition on nematode egg-hatch and 2nd stage juveniles activity. Pf3, Pf4 and Pf5showed a decrease in the number of roots galling with increased root and shoot dry weights of stressed okra plant. Moreover, there was 25.99-36.43%, 37.76-79.145% and 42.62-62.37%, 69.83-98.09% increase in shoot length and leaf areas after 15th and 30th day respectively of P. fluorescens inoculation. The inoculated okra plants exhibited higher photosynthetic pigments, higher antioxidant enzymes activity and mineral contents than the nematode treated groups. Higher mineral contents were observed in the roots than the leaves of the okra plant subjected to the nematode infection. The bacteria strains especially Pf4 and Pf3 have considerable potential to reduce the menace of the nematodes in the treated okra plant. Therefore, the strains can be used for crop management against root-knot nematodes disease.

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8

Sleath, J. "PFI rides again." BMJ 320, no. 7237 (March 18, 2000): 797. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.320.7237.797.

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9

Rowan, Kirsty, and Tuvi Keinan. "IT PFI Projects." Computer Law & Security Review 18, no. 6 (November 2002): 411–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0267-3649(02)01106-8.

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10

Kerr, Derek. "The PFI Miracle." Capital & Class 22, no. 1 (March 1998): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030981689806400103.

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11

C. Edgar, Victoria, Matthias Beck, and Niamh M. Brennan. "Impression management in annual report narratives: the case of the UK private finance initiative." Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal 31, no. 6 (August 20, 2018): 1566–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aaaj-10-2016-2733.

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Purpose The UK private finance initiative (PFI) public policy is heavily criticised. PFI contracts are highly profitable leading to incentives for PFI private-sector companies to support PFI public policy. This contested nature of PFIs requires legitimation by PFI private-sector companies, by means of impression management, in terms of the attention to and framing of PFI in PFI private-sector company annual reports. The paper aims to discuss this issue. Design/methodology/approach PFI-related annual report narratives of three UK PFI private-sector companies, over seven years and across two periods of significant change in the development of the PFI public policy, are analysed using manual content analysis. Findings Results suggest that PFI private-sector companies use impression management to legitimise during periods of uncertainty for PFI public policy, to alleviate concerns, to provide credibility for the policy and to legitimise the private sector’s own involvement in PFI. Research limitations/implications While based on a sizeable database, the research is limited to the study of three PFI private-sector companies. Originality/value The portrayal of public policy in annual report narratives has not been subject to prior research. The research demonstrates how managers of PFI private-sector companies present PFI narratives in support of public policy direction that, in turn, benefits PFI private-sector companies.

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12

González-Serrano, Diego J., Milad Hadidi, Matin Varcheh, Aniseh Zarei Jelyani, Andres Moreno, and Jose M. Lorenzo. "Bioactive Peptide Fractions from Collagen Hydrolysate of Common Carp Fish Byproduct: Antioxidant and Functional Properties." Antioxidants 11, no. 3 (March 6, 2022): 509. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox11030509.

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Collagen isolated from byproducts of common carp was hydrolyzed with alcalase enzyme to obtain peptide fractions. The resulting >30 kDa (PF1), 10–30 kDa (PF2), 3–10 kDa (PF3) and <1 kDa (PF4) fractions were studied for their antioxidant and functional properties. All peptide fractions illustrated antioxidant activity at different concentrations (1, 5, and 10 mg/mL). Although PF4 indicated the highest DPPH radical-scavenging activity (87%) at a concentration of 1 mg/mL, the highest reducing power (0.34) and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity (95.4%) were also observed in PF4 at a concentration of 10 mg/mL. The solubility of the peptide fractions was influenced by pH. The lowest solubility of the peptide fractions was observed at pH 4. The highest emulsifying activity index (EAI) was observed for PF4 (121.1 m2/g), followed by PF3 (99.6 m2/g), PF2 (89.5 m2/g) and PF1 (78.2 m2/g). In contrast to what has been found in the case of EAI, the emulsion stability of the peptide fractions decreased at lower molecular weight, which ranged from 24.4 to 31.6 min. Furthermore, it was revealed that PF1 had the highest foam capacity (87.4%) and foam stability (28.4 min), followed by PF2 and PF3. Overall, the findings suggest that peptide fractions isolated from byproducts of common carp are a promising source of natural antioxidants for application in functional food and pharmaceutical products.

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13

Kume, Haruki, Yukio Homma, Nobuo Shinohara, Wataru Obara, Tsunenori Kondo, Go Kimura, Hiroyuki Fujimoto, et al. "Perinephric invasion as a prognostic factor in non-metastatic renal cell carcinoma: analysis of a nation-wide registry program." Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology 49, no. 8 (April 12, 2019): 772–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jjco/hyz054.

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Abstract Objectives Perinephric fat invasion (PFI) of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is known to be associated with adverse pathological features and poor prognosis. We analyzed these associations using a sub-group of the RCC registry of The Cancer Registration Committee of the Japanese Urological Association. Methods The study cohort of 2998 non-metastatic cases was retrieved from RCC registry (3648 in total). We compared clinicopathological characteristics of cases with PFI (n = 256) and without PFI (n = 2742), and investigated the impact of PFI on cancer-specific survival using univariate and multivariate analyses. Results Compared with non-PFI cases, PFI cases were older (P = 0.003), and more likely to be hypertensive (P = 0.034) and symptomatic at presentation (P < 0.001). PFI tumors were larger (P < 0.001), and more often have sarcomatoid component (P < 0.001) and tumor thrombus (P < 0.001). Cancer-specific survival was significantly shorter in cases with PFI than without (P < 0.001). The difference in survival tended to be greater in cases with large tumors but was significant in small tumor sub-groups. Cancer-specific survival was significantly shorter in cases with both PFI and renal vein involvement (RVI) in comparison to those with PFI or RVI alone (P = 0.011, P = 0.007, respectively). On multivariate analysis PFI with and without sinus fat invasion remained as an independent risk factor along with symptom at presentation, low body mass index, hypertension, multiple tumors, large tumor size (>7.0 cm), sarcomatoid component and RVI. Conclusions PFI was associated with advanced age and aggressive pathological features. PFI is an independent prognostic factor in non-metastatic RCC.

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Ozoya, Oluwatobi, Adaeze Ayuk, Odunayo Lawal, and Josephine Emole. "Pulmonary fungal infections in acute leukemias and aggressive lymphomas: Analysis of the United States National Inpatient Database." Journal of Clinical Oncology 39, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2021): e19042-e19042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2021.39.15_suppl.e19042.

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e19042 Background: For patients undergoing intensive chemotherapy, pulmonary fungal infections (PFI) represent a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Our study examined predictors and outcomes of PFI in hospitalized patients (pts) with hematological malignancies in the current era of antifungal prophylaxis for high-risk patients. Methods: Using the 2018 National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database, we conducted a retrospective study of hospitalized pts aged ≥ 18 years, with acute leukemias or aggressive lymphomas. Hospitalizations were selected using International Classification of Disease, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) codes for leukemias, lymphomas and PFI (candidiasis, aspergillosis, cryptococcus, and mucormycosis). Demographics, comorbidities, and outcomes were compared between pts with and without PFI using Chi-squared test. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to explore predictors associated with PFI. Results: Of 205,525 hospitalizations that met the inclusion criteria, PFI was diagnosed in 1635 (0.8%). Frequent infections were aspergillosis (80%) and candidiasis (11%). Pts with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) accounted for 64% of all PFI. The PFI group, compared to non-PFI, were more likely to be non-Caucasian (39% vs 32%, p<0.05), have higher Charlson comorbidity index (CI) [64% vs 55%, p<0.01], longer mean length of stay (23 vs 9 days, p<0.001), and more likely to have AML (64% vs 33%, p<0.001). Pts with PFI had higher odds of acute respiratory failure, severe sepsis, and in-hospital mortality. Mortality rates for PFI and non-PFI group were 17% and 6% respectively (p<0.001). Predictors associated with PFI were Hispanic or Native American race, Charlson CI ≥ 3, neutropenia, malnutrition, bone marrow transplant status and diagnosis of AML (Table). Conclusions: Our study identified clinical variables that predicted for PFI in patients with acute leukemias and aggressive lymphomas. Pts with these high-risk characteristics should get priority for close surveillance, mold-specific prophylaxis, and antifungal therapeutic drug monitoring. Selected predictors associated with pulmonary fungal infections. Adjusted Odds ratio (OR).[Table: see text]

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15

Lin, Nong, Qiaolu Yang, Tong Xu, and Lianguo Shi. "Evaluation of chidamide and PFI-1 as a combination therapy for triple-negative breast cancer." Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 19, no. 2 (April 9, 2020): 259–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v19i2.7.

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Purpose: To evaluate the in vitro and in vivo effects of the combination therapy of histone deacetylases (HDAsC) inhibitor, chidamide, and bromodomain-containing proteins (BETs) inhibitor, PFI-1, on triplenegative breast cancer (TNBC). Methods: Four distinct breast cancer cell lines and one TNBC mouse model were treated with vehicle, chidamide, PFI-1 alone, or chidamide and PFI-1. The inhibitory effect of chidamide or PFI-1 on HDACs and BETs was assessed by HDAC enzyme inhibition and AlphaScreen assays. Cell viability was determined by MTT assay while protein expression of p-STAT3 was evaluated by western blotting and immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining assay. Results: Chidamide exerted inhibitory effect on HDACs while PFI-1 inhibited BET proteins. The threedimensional model demonstrated the interactions between chidamide and HDAC2, and between PFI-1 and BRD4. Chidamide or PFI-1 exerted inhibitory effects on breast cancer cell proliferation in vitro. However, the combination of PFI-1 and chidamide significantly inhibit MDA-MB-231 cell viability, and decrease the expression of p-STAT3, when compared to that treated with chidamide or PFI-1 alone. Moreover, the combined inhibitory effect of PFI-1 and chidamide on tumor growth was also found in the in vivo mice experiments. Conclusion: The combination of chidamide and PFI-1 is a potential is a potential therapeutic strategy for the management of TNBC. Keywords: Triple-negative breast cancer, Histone deacetylases, Bromodomain

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16

Dale, Erling Lars. "Kritisk pedagogikk ved PFI." Norsk pedagogisk tidsskrift 93, no. 06 (January 11, 2010): 472–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.18261/issn1504-2987-2009-06-06.

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17

Hellowell, M. "NHS cuts and PFI." BMJ 343, oct18 3 (October 18, 2011): d6681. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.d6681.

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18

McGauran, A. "Parliamentary committee criticises PFI." BMJ 325, no. 7356 (July 20, 2002): 124d—124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.325.7356.124/d.

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de Lemos, Teresa, Martin Betts, David Eaton, and Luis Tadeu de Almeida. "The Nature of PFI." Journal of Structured Finance 9, no. 1 (April 30, 2003): 59–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3905/jsf.2003.320306.

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20

GRIMSEY, DARRIN, and RICHARD GRAHAM. "PFI in the NHS." Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management 4, no. 3 (March 1997): 215–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb021050.

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21

Wagner, Daniel. "Die Patellofemorale Instabilität (PFI)." Sports Orthopaedics and Traumatology 33, no. 1 (March 2017): 38–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orthtr.2017.01.007.

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Smith, R. "PFI: perfidious financial idiocy." BMJ 319, no. 7201 (July 3, 1999): 2–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.319.7201.2.

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Collins, Derek. "The 4Ps and PFI." Public Money and Management 17, no. 3 (July 1997): 6–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9302.00074.

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Grimsey, Darrin, and Richard Graham. "PFI in the NHS." Engineering Construction and Architectural Management 4, no. 3 (September 1997): 215–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-232x.1997.00005.x.

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Heil, Marintha L., Julie M. Decker, Jeffrey N. Sfakianos, George M. Shaw, Eric Hunter, and Cynthia A. Derdeyn. "Determinants of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Baseline Susceptibility to the Fusion Inhibitors Enfuvirtide and T-649 Reside outside the Peptide Interaction Site." Journal of Virology 78, no. 14 (July 15, 2004): 7582–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.78.14.7582-7589.2004.

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ABSTRACT The peptide fusion inhibitor (PFI) enfuvirtide is the first of a new class of entry inhibitors to receive FDA approval. We previously determined the susceptibility of 55 PFI-naïve-patient isolates to enfuvirtide and a second peptide inhibitor, T-649. Seven of the 55 viral isolates were insusceptible to enfuvirtide, T-649, or both inhibitors in the absence of prior exposure. To determine the molecular basis of the insusceptible phenotypes, we PCR amplified and cloned five PFI-insusceptible and one PFI-susceptible, full-length, biologically functional env genes and characterized viruses pseudotyped with the Env proteins in a single-round drug sensitivity assay. Overall, the mean 50% inhibitory concentrations of enfuvirtide and T-649 for the PFI-insusceptible Env pseudotypes were 1.4 to 1.7 log10 and 1.2 to 1.8 log10 greater, respectively, than those for a PFI-susceptible lab strain, NLHX; however, all of the PFI-insusceptible Env proteins conserved the sequence of a critical enfuvirtide interaction site (residues 36 to 38 of gp41, GIV) in HR-1. In contrast, multiple amino acid changes were observed C-terminal to HR-1, many of which were located in regions of HR-2 corresponding to the PFI. Nevertheless, peptides based on patient-derived HR-2 sequences were not more potent inhibitors than enfuvirtide or T-649, arguing that the basis of PFI susceptibility is not a higher-affinity, competitive HR-1/HR-2 interaction. These results demonstrate that regions of Env outside the enfuvirtide interaction site can significantly impact the PFI susceptibility of patient-derived Env, even prior to drug exposure. We hypothesize that both gp120 gene- and gp41 gene-encoded determinants that minimize the window of opportunity for PFI to bind provide a growth advantage and possibly a predisposition to resistance to this new class of drugs in vivo.

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Wilson, Benjamin R., Kianna D. Nunally, Danielle L. Cook, Zaamin B. Hussain, Evan T. Zheng, Yi-Meng Yen, Dennis E. Kramer, Lyle J. Micheli, Mininder S. Kocher, and Benton E. Heyworth. "Surgical Management of Patellofemoral Instability in Adolescents with High Grade Trochlear Dysplasia." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 10, no. 5_suppl2 (May 1, 2022): 2325967121S0043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967121s00438.

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Background: High-grade trochlear dysplasia (HGTD) has previously been identified as a risk factor for failure of surgical management of patellofemoral instability (PFI). However, limited data exists on the influence of the type of surgical procedure performed on postoperative outcomes in these patients. Hypothesis/Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the rates of failure of primary PFI surgery in patients with HGTD compared to those without HGTD and to assess the effect of the type of surgery on recurrent instability and return to OR. Methods: A retrospective review was performed on patients aged ≤19 years who underwent primary surgery for PFI at a single tertiary care center between 2008 and 2017. Patients underwent procedures including medial retinacular plication/reefing/advancement (MRP), graft-based medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction (MPFLR), tibial tubercle osteotomy with or without MRP (TTO), or combined MPFLR + TTO. Exclusion criteria were BMI >30kg/m2, surgery for fixation of chondral fractures >1cm, and diagnosis of a syndromic disorder. Trochlear dysplasia was evaluated based on pre-operative MRI according to the Dejour classification system. Those with Dejour grade B or higher were designated as having HGTD. Comparisons were made between HGTD patients and non-HGTD patients, with logistic regression utilized to determine if surgery type was associated with recurrent PFI and revision PFI surgery. Results: 303 patients (mean age 15.1 years, 71% female) underwent primary surgical stabilization for PFI with median follow up time of 3.0 years. Approximately half (149/303, 49%) of the cohort had HGTD. Demographics were comparable between HGTD and non-HGTD patients (Table 1). HGTD and non-HGTD cohorts showed similar rates of post-operative instability, revision PFI surgery, and non-PFI secondary surgery. HGTD patients (Table 2) who underwent MPFLR had a 63% decrease in the odds of post-operative PFI compared to those who underwent MRP (OR=0.37; p=0.03). HGTD patients who underwent TTO had an 80% decrease in the odds of post-operative PFI compared to patients undergoing MRP (OR=0.20; p=0.002). Conclusion: Adolescents with PFI and HGTD have similar results after surgical stabilization to those patients without HGTD. Within the HGTD cohort, however, the type of surgery performed significantly influenced outcome. Patients with HGTD that underwent MRP had significantly more recurrent PFI and revision PFI surgery than patients that underwent other procedures, suggesting a limited role for this procedure in this sub-population of PFI patients. [Table: see text][Table: see text]

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Ismail, Suhaiza. "Profitability of Major Private Sector Companies Involved in The Private Finance Initiative Scheme." Journal of Business Management and Accounting 1, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 17–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.32890/jbma2011.1.1.6792.

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Private Finance Initiative (PFI) has become a widely used mechanism for delivering public services in the United Kingdom. Despite the extensive use of the PFI scheme and strong support from the private sector companies, it has often been controversial. One of the controversies is based on the claim that the private sector companies are making excessive profits from PFI projects. Hence, this paper aims at evaluating the profitability of several private sector companies which are heavily involved in the PFI projects. The analysis of the performance of private sector companies suggested that no clear evidence of excessive profits were made by the companies from their PFI involvement.

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Tang, Bowen, Baicun Li, Boqun Li, Jingbo Qin, Junming Zhao, Jianwenn Xu, Yingkun Qiu, Zhen Wu, and Meijuan Fang. "Insights into the stereoselectivity of human SETD7 methyltransferase." RSC Advances 9, no. 16 (2019): 9218–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra00190e.

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This work clearly reveals the interaction of SAM/hSET7/(R/S)-PFI-2 systems, and confirms that the different bioactive energy barriers of (R)-PFI-2 and (S)-PFI-2 lead to the tremendously different inhibitory activities between these two antipodes.

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Brookman-May, Sabine Doris, Matthias May, Richard Zigeuner, Luca Cindolo, Shahrokh F. Shariat, Manfred Wirth, and Sven Gunia. "Prognostic significance of perirenal fat invasion and tumor size in pT1 to pT3a renal cell carcinoma: Results of a comprehensive multicenter study of the CORONA project—Can we improve prognostic discrimination of patients with stage pT3a tumors?" Journal of Clinical Oncology 33, no. 7_suppl (March 1, 2015): 416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2015.33.7_suppl.416.

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416 Background: The renal cell carcinoma (RCC) TNM system merges perirenal fat invasion (PFI) and renal vein invasion (RVI) as stage pT3a despite limited evidence concerning their prognostic equivalence. Additionally, the prognostic value of PFI compared to pT1-pT2 tumors remains controversial. Methods: Data of 7,595 pT1a-pT3a RCC patients undergoing radical nephrectomy or nephron-sparin surgery were pooled from 12 European and U.S. centers (1999-2010). Patients were grouped according to stages and presence of PFI/RVI, i.e., pT1-2N0M0 (n=6,137; 80.8%), pT3aN0M0+PFI (n=1,036; 13.6%), and pT3aN0M0 (RVI±PFI; n=422; 5.6%). Cancer-specific survival (CSS) was estimated by Kaplan-Meier method. Univariate and multivariable Cox proportional-hazards regression models, sensitivity and discrimination analyses were conducted to evaluate the impact of clinico-pathological parameters on cancer-specific mortality (CSM). Results: Compared to stage pT1-2, patients staged pT3a were significantly more frequently male (58.9 vs. 53.1%), older (65 vs. 62.1 yrs), more often had clear cell RCC (86.1 vs. 77.7%), Fuhrman grade 3-4 (30.5 vs. 13.4%), tumor size >7 cm (39.6% vs. 13%), and less often underwent NSS (7.1 vs. 36.6%; each p<0.001). On multivariable analysis, CSM of both patients with PFI and RVI±PFI was significantly enhanced compared to pT1-2 patients (HR 1.96 and 2.14, resp.; p<0.001), whereas patients featuring PFI only and RVI±PFI did not differ (HR 0.92; p=0.48). Tumor size instead significantly influenced CSM in stage pT3a (HR 1.07; p<0.001) with a 7 cm cut-off yielding the highest c-index. Conclusions: Since the prognostic impact of PFI and RVI on CSM seems to be comparable, merging both as stage pT3a might be justified. Enhanced prognostic discrimination of stage pT3a RCC patients appears to be possible by employing a 7 cm tumor size cut-off within an alternative staging system.

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Cheng, Feng Zhen, You Ming Li, and Dong Hai Chen. "Refining Energy Consumption and Fiber Development on CMC-Pretreated Poplar APMP." Applied Mechanics and Materials 319 (May 2013): 239–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.319.239.

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The aim is to get new information about the main energy consumption in where of refined poplar APMP fiber with CMC pretreatment. In this paper, PFI refining trials on 1% and 2% CMC-pretreated poplar APMP were conducted using a comparable standard process. In this process, the standard energy consumption linearly increased with PFI revolutions, CMC pretreatment changed the linear relationship and a plateau of energy consumption was shown against PFI from 2500 rev and 3000 rev. Moreover, the refined fiber was analyzed by a Fiber Lab Analyzer Kajaani FS300. the conclusion on energy consumption was that the energy consumption was mainly used in fiber straighten within PFI rev. 1000; During PFI rev. from 1000 to 2750, the energy demand was mainly used in fines and vessel increase; PFI rev. from 2750 to 3000, the energy consumption was used for fiber coarseness increase and fiber kink index decrease.

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Tousen, Yuko, Jun Takebayashi, Takashi Kondo, Hiroyuki Fuchino, Noriaki Kawano, Takayuki Inui, Kayo Yoshimatsu, Nobuo Kawahara, and Yoshiko Ishimi. "Safety and Efficacy Assessment of Isoflavones from Pueraria (Kudzu) Flower Extract in Ovariectomised Mice: A Comparison with Soy Isoflavones." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 12 (June 12, 2019): 2867. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20122867.

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Numerous Foods with Function Claims that contain the extract of Pueraria flower (kudzu) isoflavones (PFI) are available in the Japanese market. These are labelled with function claims of reducing visceral fat. However, these foods have not undergone proper safety assessment such as the evaluation of their oestrogenic activity and effects on drug-metabolising enzymes (cytochrome P-450: CYP) in the liver. This study evaluated the estrogenic effect and the hepatic CYP activity and mRNA expression in normal female mice as a safety assessment of PFI (Experiment 1). In addition, the bone mineral density and visceral fat weight in ovariectomised mice (OVX) compared to soy isoflavones (SI) was evaluated to assess the efficacy of PFI (Experiment 2). OVX control fed a control diet, OVX fed a PFI diet (the recommended human intake of PFI), OVX fed a PFI20 diet (20- times the recommended PFI), OVX fed an SI diet (the recommended human intake of SI), and OVX fed an SI20 diet (20 -times the recommended intake of SI) for 28 days in Experiment 2. Body, liver, and visceral fat weights were not affected by the PFI, PFI20, SI, or SI20 diets. The hepatic CYP1A and CYP3A activities were elevated by the SI20 treatment. Ovariectomy-induced bone loss was inhibited by the SI20 treatment, but not by the PFI20 treatment. These results suggest that (1) PFI intake in human doses had no oestrogenic properties and did not affect CYP activity in the liver; (2) there was no evidence that PFI affects the amount of visceral fat in OVX mice.

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Magliano, Lorenza, and Andrea Fiorillo. "Psychoeducational family interventions for schizophrenia in the last decade: from explanatory to pragmatic trials." Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale 16, no. 1 (March 2007): 22–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1121189x00004589.

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SUMMARYA number of explanatory RCT studies published since the 1980s have demonstrated the clinical efficacy of Psychoeducational Family Interventions (PFI) for schizophrenia when provided in combination with drug therapy. In recent years, there has been a shift from efficacy to effectiveness studies and great attention by the researchers in developing training programmes in these interventions for ordinary staff. In this paper, we will provide an overview of the studies on PFI for schizophrenia which have been carried out in the last decade in routine clinical settings or with at least a partial involvement of ordinary staff. These studies have been grouped into: a) studies comparing PFI with standard care; b) studies comparing PFI with individual integrated interventions; c) studies comparing different PFI strategies; d) implementation studies. The results of these studies reveal that, when provided in clinical settings, PFI have positive middle-term effects on patients' clinical status and disability, and limited impact on family burden. From a methodological viewpoint, these studies had several similarities, such as homogeneity of PFI models and mid-term follow-up assessments, and several differences, mainly in the intensity and duration of the family exposure to the intervention. Future studies are needed to identify the “best dose” at which PFI can be provided in routine conditions at the most convenient cost-benefit ratio.

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Abdullah, Nooriha, Darinka Asenova, and Stephen J. Bailey. "Risk Transferin Public Private Partnership/Private Finance Initiative Procurement Documents:The Differencebetween The United Kingdom and Malaysia." Journal of Emerging Economies and Islamic Research 4, no. 4 (December 31, 2016): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/jeeir.v4i4.9101.

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The aim of this paper is to analyse the risk transfer issue in Public Private Partnership/Private Finance Initiative (PPP/PFI) procurement documents in the United Kingdom (UK) and Malaysia. It utilises qualitative research methods using documentation and interviews for data collection. The UK documents (guidelines and contracts) identify the risks related to this form of public procurement of services and makeexplicittheappropriateallocation of those risks between the public and the private sector PPP/PFI partners and so the types of risks each party should bear. However, in Malaysia, such allocation of risks was not mentioned in PPP/PFI guidelines. Hence, a question arises regarding whether risk transfer exists in Malaysian PPP/PFI projects, whether in contracts or by other means. This research question is the rationale for the comparative analysis ofdocumentsand practicesrelatingtorisk transfer in the PPP/PFI procurements in both countries. The results clarify risk-related issues that arise in implementing PPP/PFI procurement in Malaysia, in particular how risk is conceptualised, recognised and allocated (whether explicitly or implicitly), whether or not that allocation is intended to achieve optimum risk transfer, and so the implications forachievement ofvalue for moneyor other such objectivesinPPP/PFI.

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Kim, Yong Yean, Girma Woldemichael, Berkley Gryder, Silvia Pomella, Ranuka Sinniah, Josh Kowalczyk, Young Song, et al. "Abstract 703: Novel histone lysine demethylase inhibitors disrupt PAX3-FOXO1-driven transcriptional output in fusion-positive rhabdomyosarcoma." Cancer Research 82, no. 12_Supplement (June 15, 2022): 703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-703.

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Abstract BACKGROUND: The PAX3/7-FOXO1 (P3F) fusion transcription factor is the oncogenic driver in fusion-positive rhabdomyosarcoma (FP-RMS). P3F drives oncogenesis in FP-RMS through transcriptional modulation of downstream target genes. Thus, P3F represents a unique vulnerability in FP-RMS. A screen for inhibitors of P3F action identified novel histone lysine demethylase (KDM) inhibitors characterized in this study. MATERIALS/METHODS: A specific luciferase assay which monitors P3F activity was utilized to screen 62,643 compounds. The top candidate with unknown mechanism of action, PFI-63, and its analog PFI-90, were characterized. Western blotting was used to detect MYOG, PARP, and PAX3-FOXO1. KDM enzyme inhibition assays were conducted. Ligand-observed NMR analysis was used to determine binding of PFI-90 to KDM3B. KDM knockdown using CRISPRi was carried out. ChIP-seq analysis on H3K4me3, H3K9me2, H3K27me3, H3K27ac, and PAX3-FOXO1 was performed. Mouse xenograft models of FP-RMS were used to determine in vivo efficacy. RESULTS: 64 compounds that inhibited P3F activity without general inhibition of transcription or induction of cell death were further characterized. PFI-63 and a more water-soluble analog, PFI-90, were identified. GSEA of RNA-seq showed activation of apoptosis and myogenesis while P3F targets were repressed. Activation of apoptosis and myogenesis were validated by Western blotting showing PARP cleavage and increased MYOG levels, respectively. RNA-seq suggested that PFI-63 and PFI-90 were KDM inhibitors. In vitro enzymatic inhibition assays confirmed activity against multiple KDMs with most potent inhibition of KDM3B. Western analysis for methylation at H3K4 and H3K9 showed increases after PFI-90 treatment. NMR techniques confirmed biophysical binding of PFI-90 to KDM3B. RNA-seq of KDM knockdowns demonstrated that KDM3B knockdown most closely recapitulated PFI-90’s downregulation of P3F targets. Knockdown of KDM1A recapitulated PFI-90’s upregulation of myogenesis and apoptosis. ChIP-seq analysis showed increased levels of H3K9me2 at P3F sites while H3K4me3 was increased in muscle differentiation and apoptosis. In two different in vivo xenograft models of FP-RMS, PFI-90 treatment delayed tumor progression vs DMSO control. CONCLUSION: We identified novel multi-KDM inhibitors with highest potency for KDM3B. Downregulation of P3F by KDM3B inhibition is associated with increased H3K9me2 at P3F sites. PFI-90 also inhibits KDM1A which increases H3K4me3 at myogenesis and apoptosis genes. Thus, PFI-90 is a novel multi-KDM inhibitor whose biological effect on FP-RMS is by inhibition of KDM3B and KDM1A. Pre-clinical validation via FP-RMS xenograft models showed that PFI-90 delayed tumor progression. PFI-90 thus represents a promising novel compound for the treatment of FP-RMS, and potentially, other transcriptionally driven cancers. Citation Format: Yong Yean Kim, Girma Woldemichael, Berkley Gryder, Silvia Pomella, Ranuka Sinniah, Josh Kowalczyk, Young Song, Mehal Churiwal, Joseph Barchi, John Schneekloth, Xinyu Wen, Hsein-Chao Chou, Barry Okeefe, John Shern, Robert Hawley, Javed Khan. Novel histone lysine demethylase inhibitors disrupt PAX3-FOXO1-driven transcriptional output in fusion-positive rhabdomyosarcoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 703.

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Wilson, Benjamin R., Evan T. Zheng, Danielle L. Cook, Zaamin B. Hussain, Kianna D. Nunally, Benton E. Heyworth, Lyle J. Micheli, Yi-Meng Yen, Dennis E. Kramer, and Mininder S. Kocher. "Radiologic Predictors of Failure of Patellofemoral Instability Surgery in Adolescents." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 10, no. 5_suppl2 (May 1, 2022): 2325967121S0050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967121s00508.

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Background: Adolescents often benefit from surgical management of recurrent patellofemoral instability (PFI). However, the precise radiologic risk factors for failure of PFI surgery remains incompletely investigated. Hypothesis/Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the rate of failure, defined as recurrence of instability, in a large cohort of adolescent athletes undergoing primary surgery for PFI, and to identify preoperative radiologic risk factors for recurrence. Methods: A retrospective review was performed on patients aged ≤19 years who underwent primary surgery for PFI at a single tertiary care center between 2008 and 2017. Patients underwent procedures including medial retinacular plication/reefing/advancement (MRP), medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction (MPFLR), tibial tubercle osteotomy with or without MRP (TTO), or combined TTO/MPFLR. Exclusion criteria were BMI >30kg/m2, surgery for fixation of chondral fractures >1cm, and diagnosis of a syndromic disorder. Preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies were reviewed, and radiologic parameters were recorded. Demographic and radiologic variables were compared between patients with and without subsequent PFI. Logistic regression was utilized to determine which imaging variables were associated with post-operative PFI. Results: 303 patients (mean age 15.1 years, 71% female) underwent surgery for PFI with median follow up time of 3.0 years. At final follow-up, 76/303 (25%) of patients experienced post-operative PFI, with 41 of these patients (54%; 14% overall) undergoing revision PFI surgery. Post-operative PFI patients were younger (14.3 vs 15.4 years; p<0.001) and more likely to have undergone isolated MRP surgery (66% vs 35%; p<0.001) (Table 1). Pertinent radiologic findings in recurrent PFI patients vs non-recurrence patients included open physes (62% vs 49%; p<0.001), larger sulcus angle (163.9 vs 159.2; p<0.001), larger patellar tilt angle (26.3 vs 23.6; p=0.04), and larger Caton-Deschamps Index (CDI) (1.3 vs 1.2; p=0.03) (Table 2). Each additional degree of sulcus angle increased the odds of recurrent instability by 5% (OR=1.05; p=0.002), while each additional year of age decreased the odds of failure by 23% (OR=0.77; p<0.001). Conclusion: In conclusion, 25% of adolescents experienced post-operative PFI after primary patellofemoral stabilization surgery. However, such patients were more likely to be younger—a known risk factor for recurrence—and were more likely to undergo MRP, a procedure now largely replaced by MPFLR. Radiologic risk factors for failure included open physes, flatter trochlea, greater patellar tilt, and greater patella alta. Such data should guide treatment decisions and inform the risk of failure of surgical stabilization procedures in adolescents with PFI. [Table: see text][Table: see text]

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Owolabi, Hakeem, Lukumon Oyedele, Hafiz Alaka, Saheed Ajayi, Muhammad Bilal, and Olugbenga Akinade. "Risk mitigation in PFI/PPP project finance." Built Environment Project and Asset Management 10, no. 1 (November 28, 2019): 28–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bepam-09-2018-0120.

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Purpose Earlier studies on risk evaluation in private finance initiative and public private partnerships (PFI/PPP) projects have focussed more on quantitative approaches despite increasing call for contextual understanding of the bankability of risks. The purpose of this paper is to explore the perspectives of UK PFI financiers’ regarding the bankability of four critical risks (construction and completion risk, operations, supply and offtake risk) in PPP projects. Design/methodology/approach Multiple case study strategy was adopted to investigate the phenomenon within real-life context of PFI/PPP projects in UK. Using purposive sampling approach, the study examined school and road PFI/PPP projects through interviews, documentations and focus group discussions. Findings Results from the study unravelled 36 suitable bankability criteria and some mitigation strategies for evaluating the four critical risks in PFI/PPP during due diligence appraisal. Further evidences from the study also show that, financiers’ bankability criteria, when paired along with corresponding risks and mitigation strategies within with a single framework, provides a quick and effective view of bankability of risks in PFI/PPP funding application. Research limitations/implications In order to ensure generalisability of findings, only projects with similar nature were selected from just two sectors of the UK economy (road and education sectors). The context of the study is also based on UK’s PFI/PPP and Construction Industry, as such, other geographical regions in Europe and beyond have not been contextualised in this study. Due to the significance of finance in PFI/PPP contracts, only the perspective of project financiers have been explored in this study. Practical implications This study provides a less complicated but useful understanding of how risks in PFI/PPP projects may be packaged in a bankable manner to secure the confidence of project financiers. By presenting a qualitative framework, the study addresses concerns of over quantification of risk analysis in PFI/PPP appraisals and provides a relatable approach useful for non-finance oriented PPP practitioners. Social implications This study addresses the social concerns of too much complexity and ambiguity in PFI/PPP structuring especially regarding factors that could make a project acceptable to lenders. Originality/value The study proposes a “Bankability and Risk Qualitative Framework”, which presents bankability information on critical risks in clear manner and represents critical parameters for winning financiers’ funding approvals for PFI/PPP projects.

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Martínez Marín, Andrés L., Pilar Gómez-Cortés, Nieves Núñez Sánchez, Manuela Juárez, Ana I. Garzón Sigler, Francisco Peña Blanco, and Miguel Angel de la Fuente. "Associations between major fatty acids in plant oils fed to dairy goats and C18 isomers in milk fat." Journal of Dairy Research 82, no. 2 (April 1, 2015): 152–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002202991500014x.

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Relationships between fatty acids (FAs) in plant oils included in goat diets and milk fat C18 isomers were determined by Principal Factor Analysis (PFA). The three first principal factors (PF1, PF2 and PF3) accounted for 64·5% of the total variation in milk FAs contents. Fatty acids with a double bond at carbons 13, 14, 15 or 16 had high (>0·6) and positive loadings for PF1, trans-4 to trans-8 C18:1 for PF2, whereas trans-10 C18:1, trans-11 C18:1 and cis-9 trans-11 C18:2 showed high and positive loadings for PF3. Pearson's correlations supported that PF1, PF2 and PF3 were related to α-linolenic, oleic and linoleic acid intakes, respectively. Our results show that the quantitatively main FAs in plant lipids supplemented to dairy ruminants are often the main cause of the observed changes in milk C18 isomer contents. However, sometimes the observed changes are caused, or at least are influenced, by other FAs present in lower quantities in the plant lipids. Thus, using mixtures of plant oils with differently unsaturated main FAs could be a way of tailoring milk fat composition to a pre-designed pattern.

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Yang, Chuanhe, Yinan Wang, Michelle M. Sims, Yali He, Duane D. Miller, and Lawrence M. Pfeffer. "Targeting the Bromodomain of BRG-1/BRM Subunit of the SWI/SNF Complex Increases the Anticancer Activity of Temozolomide in Glioblastoma." Pharmaceuticals 14, no. 9 (September 6, 2021): 904. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph14090904.

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Glioblastoma (GBM) is a deadly and incurable brain cancer with limited therapeutic options. PFI-3 is a small-molecule bromodomain (BRD) inhibitor of the BRM/BRG1 subunits of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex. The objective of this study is to determine the efficacy of PFI-3 as a potential GBM therapy. We report that PFI-3 binds to these BRDs when expressed in GBM cells. PFI-3 markedly enhanced the antiproliferative and cell death-inducing effects of temozolomide (TMZ) in TMZ-sensitive GBM cells as well as overcame the chemoresistance of highly TMZ-resistant GBM cells. PFI-3 also altered gene expression in GBM and enhanced the basal and interferon-induced expression of a subset of interferon-responsive genes. Besides the effects of PFI-3 on GBM cells in vitro, we found that PFI-3 markedly potentiated the anticancer effect of TMZ in an intracranial GBM animal model, resulting in a marked increase in survival of animals bearing GBM tumors. Taken together, we identified the BRG1 and BRM subunits of SWI/SNF as novel targets in GBM and revealed the therapeutic potential of applying small molecule inhibitors of SWI/SNF to improve the clinical outcome in GBM using standard-of-care chemotherapy.

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Baier, P. M., and Z. T. Miszczak. "Varicose vein surgery under anti-platelet therapy." Phlebologie 37, no. 06 (2008): 287–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1622242.

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Summary Background: Platelet function inhibitors (PFI) are used for prophylaxis of atherothrombosis. These drugs cause a prolongation of the bleeding time and should eventually be stopped before an elective operation. However, there is a risk that a perioperative pause of PFI lead to acute atherothrombosis. Objective: Our aim was to study whether a discontinuation of PFI therapy is necessary to avoid bleeding complications in patients undergoing varicose vein surgery. Methods: Selective review of the literature and retrospective analysis of clinical data of our own patients. Results: In the years 2002 to 2007 a total of 10 827 patients have been operated on varicose veins, 673 (6.2%) of these aged 32–86 years (67 ± 7.9) receiving permanent PFI therapy: 256 male patients (38.0%) and 417 female (62.0%), 39.1% categorized as ASA III patients: male 11.6%, female 27.5%. 38 patients who continued PFI therapy did not demonstrate haemorrhagic complications and none of those pausing anti-platelet medication experienced thromboembolic complications. The literature survey confirmed our finding that it is not necessary to suspend PFI medication for varicose vein surgery as the bleeding risk can be controlled for by technical means. Conclusion: Discontinuation of PFI therapy prior to interventions on varicose veins does not seem to be necessary, further studies are essential though.

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Hwang, Ji-Hye. "A Comparative Study on Force Majeure in Japanese Private Finance Initiative Legal System." Korean Public Land Law Association 99 (August 30, 2022): 209–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.30933/kpllr.2022.99.209.

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Recently, many unexpected variables have occurred in public projects-such as COVID-19 and weather changes caused by climate change. The representative of these unexpected variables is force majeure. Force majeure means an unexpected event regardless of the responsibility of the parties to the contract. Force majeure is a matters, especially when public projects are performed by Private Finance Initiative(PFI) scheme. This is because PFI is performed over a long period of time(approximately 20 to 30 years), so there is a high probability that force majeure occurs during the project. Force majeure hinders the implementation of PFI projects, making it difficult to properly provide public services to the people. In this reason, we can say that the discussion on force majeure has an important meaning, especially in PFI projects. In addition, force majeure itself damages PFI projects, but it also causes legal disputes over force majeure, which hinders the implementation of the project. Therefore, in order to reduce legal disputes related to force majeure in PFI projects, it is necessary to clearly determine the following matters. First, which event will be viewed as force majeure, that is, the reason for force majeure. Second, when damage or additional costs occur due to force majeure reasons, how the public sector and private sector will share and deal with them, that is, force majeure risk sharing and handling. In this motive, the writer compares force majeure in PFI legal system between Korea and Japan so that it can quickly and stably provide public services to the public. To this end, the contents of the reasons for force majeure in the PFI legal system of Korea and japan and sharing and handling of force majeure risks are compared, and implications of the Japanese PFI legal system are derived.

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Lop, Nor Suzila, Kharizam Ismail, and Haryati Mohd Isa. "AN 'AMALGAMATED-MODEL' OF PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT FOR PRIVATE FINANCE INITIATIVE PROJECT IN MALAYSIA." Malaysian Journal of Sustainable Environment 2, no. 1 (June 30, 2017): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/myse.v2i1.5574.

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In Private Finance Initiative (PFI), payment for services is based on predetermined standards and performance. Thus, Key Performance Indicators (KP ls) have been used to measure this performance. However, in Malaysia, the absence of an effective KP Is is identified as one of the core criticisms for measuring the PFI projects performance. Therefore, two objectives are established which are; to investigate the implementation of various PFI performance measurement models across the globe and how these models can be adopted within PFI in the Malaysia s context. Finally, an 'Amalgamated-Model' of Performance Measurement approach for PFI Project in Malaysia is proposed for measuring the project performance. The outcomes of this research can serve as a theoretical base for the improving performance measurement model in monitoring and measuring PPP projects performance in Malaysia.

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Freer, Robert. "A private view of PFI." Civil Engineering 157, no. 4 (November 2004): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/cien.157.4.147.52080.

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TIFFIN, M., and P. HALL. "PFI- THE LAST CHANCE SALOON?" Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Civil Engineering 126, no. 1 (February 1998): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/icien.1998.30008.

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Chubb, Andrew. "PFI: Challenging overly expensive contracts." SecEd 2021, no. 1 (January 2, 2021): 12–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/sece.2021.1.12.

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As an academy trust CEO, Andrew Chubb successfully challenged aspects of his school's PFI contract, leading to substantial savings. He looks here at why PFI often proves unfairly expensive for schools – and what can be done about it

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45

Sheridan, P. "PFI/PPP Disputes (Part 1)." European Procurement & Public Private Partnership Law Review 4, no. 2 (2009): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21552/epppl/2009/2/9.

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Sheridan, P. "PFI/PPP Disputes (Part 2)." European Procurement & Public Private Partnership Law Review 4, no. 3 (2009): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.21552/epppl/2009/3/76.

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SHI, Lei, Masamitsu OHNISHI, and Kiyoshi KOBAYASHI. "MORAL HAZARD IN PFI PROJECTS." Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshuu D 62, no. 4 (2006): 586–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscejd.62.586.

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Aguado, Edurne, Asier Longarte, Estela Alejandro, José A. Fernández, and Fernando Castaño. "ZEKE-PFI Spectroscopy of Benzocaine." Journal of Physical Chemistry A 110, no. 18 (May 2006): 6010–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp0582944.

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McCloskey, B. "PFI is here to stay." BMJ 324, no. 7353 (June 29, 2002): 1584a—1584. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.324.7353.1584/a.

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50

Christie, B. "Media: Scottish fears over PFI." BMJ 318, no. 7192 (May 1, 1999): 1220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.318.7192.1220.

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