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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Phantastik'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 25 April 2022

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1

Holtschoppen, Felix. "Rebellische Technik Maschinenphantasien in der literarischen Phantastik um 1900." Berlin trafo, 2004. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=2784220&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm.

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Holtschoppen, Felix. "Rebellische Technik : Maschinenphantasien in der literarischen Phantastik um 1900 /." Berlin : Trafo, 2005. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=2784220&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm.

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3

Maier, Erika. "Phantastik und Realismus in Kinder- und Jugendliteratur nach 1945." [S.l. : s.n.], 2007. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:352-opus-32167.

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4

Kreuzer, Stefanie. "Literarische Phantastik in der Postmoderne : Klaus Hoffers Methoden der Verwirrung /." Heidelberg : Winter, 2007. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb41228448d.

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5

Antonsen, Jan Erik. "Poetik des Unmöglichen : [narratologische Untersuchungen zu Phantastik, Märchen und mythischer Erzählung] /." Paderborn : Mentis-Verl, 2007. http://deposit.d-nb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=3001517&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm.

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6

San, Martín Saldías Nalda. "Deutsche und südamerikanische Phantastik für Kinder : ein Vergleich der grundlegenden Erzählmodelle /." Frankfurt am Main : P. Lang, 2007. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb41147788g.

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7

Soetbeer, Cornelia. "Balzacs "Séraphîta" und die Konstruktion des Nordens im Modus der romantischen Phantastik /." Frankfurt am Main : P. Lang, 2003. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb39184709f.

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8

Martin, Thomas M. "Der bulgarische Diabolismus : eine Studie zur bulgarischen Phantastik zwischen 1920 und 1934 /." Wiesbaden : O. Harrassowitz, 1993. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb36693225q.

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9

Toppe, Jana [Verfasser]. "Massenpsychologie und Weltuntergang : Die Kollektivität in der trivialen Phantastik der Jahrhundertwende / Jana Toppe." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1060367955/34.

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10

Grande, Jasmin [Verfasser], and Gertrude [Gutachter] Cepl-Kaufmann. "Nussschalen der Wissenschaft. Aspekte des Phantastik-Diskurses / Jasmin Grande ; Gutachter: Gertrude Cepl-Kaufmann." Düsseldorf : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1121174671/34.

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11

Gémes, Márton Tamás. ""Wenn kleine Welten zerbrechen": José J. Veigas Cíclo Sombrio Erkenntnis, Perspektive, Macht und Phantastik." Hamburg Kovač, 2008. http://d-nb.info/990447022/04.

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12

Reichwald, Anika [Verfasser]. "Das Phantasma der Assimilation : Interpretationen des »Jüdischen« in der deutschen Phantastik 1890–1930 / Anika Reichwald." Göttingen : V&R Unipress, 2017. http://www.v-r.de/.

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13

Petterquist, Matilda. "Gesellschaftskritik durch die Phantastik : In Die unendliche Geschichte, Eine Woche voller Samstage, Krabat und Wir pfeifen auf den Gurkenkönig." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Tyska, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-31652.

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Diese Arbeit analysiert, aus einer literatursoziologischen Perspektive, wie die vier ausgewählten Romane die Gesellschaft kritisieren. Man kann Gesellschaftskritik in allen diesen Romanen finden, jedoch unterscheiden sich die Schwerpunkte. Die unendliche Geschichte ist ein komplexes Werk und behandelt sowohl die innere Reise, als auch, dass die Wünsche und Entscheidungen immer Konsequenzen haben müssen. Eine Woche voller Samstage widersetzt sich den Normen der Gesellschaft. Die Hauptkritik in Krabat ist die Gefahr mit Macht und Unterdrückung wie in einer Diktatur. Wir pfeifen auf den Gurkenkönig behandelt in erster Hand die Gleichberechtigungsfrage innerhalb der Familienstruktur und gegenüber dem autoritären Vater. Die Romane spiegeln die damalige Zeit und deswegen kann man diesen vier Romanen aus der Phantastik der 1970er Jahren die Rolle als kritischer Gesellschaftsprüfer zuschreiben.
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14

Apelmo, Mattsson Jenny. "Die Verbindung zwischen Romantik und Phantastik : Ein Vergleich zwischen Michael Endes „Die unendliche Geschichte „ und E.T.A Hoffmanns „Der goldne Topf „." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Tyska, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-24049.

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Diese Examensarbeit untersucht die Verbindung zwischen Die unendliche Geschichte von Michael Ende und der deutschen Epoche Romantik. Dies wird anhand einer textimmanenten Analyse von Die unendliche Geschichte und E.T.A Hoffmanns romantisches Werk Der goldne Topf durchgeführt.
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15

Scheinert, Mirko, Kristin Novotny, and Martin Horwath. ""Grenzen setzt uns nur die eigene Phantasie"." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-170367.

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16

Hanenberg, Reinhold Gerhard. "Phantasie und wissenschaftliche Kreativität in der Psychoanalyse Freuds." Frankfurt, M. Ed. Déjà-vu, 2007. http://d-nb.info/987716026/04.

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17

Hanenberg, Reinhold Gerhard. "Phantasie und wissenschaftliche Kreativität in der Psychoanalyse Freuds /." Frankfurt, M. : Ed. Déjà-vu, 2008. http://deposit.d-nb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=3075077&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm.

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18

Newton, Peter. "Protein interactions of phantastica homologues in Antirrhinum and Arabidopsis." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/15509.

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The leaves of Antirrhinum provide a good model system to study the mechanisms that specify formation of axes during plant development because mutation of the PHANTASTICA gene (PHAN) causes more complete disruption of these features than does mutation of its homologues in Arabidopsis or maize. PHAN encodes a Myb homologue and is expressed in the whole of the developing lateral organs yet the mutant phenotype suggests that it has functions restricted to the dorsal domain as well as in meristem maintenance. Mutants of PHAN in Antirrhinum, Arabidopsis and maize all missexpress knox genes so a related function of PHAN homologues is repression of meristem genes in lateral organs. The yeast 2-hybrid assay was used here to isolate PULP a novel potential modifier of PHAN protein function which, based on expression pattern in plant tissue has potential to interact with PHAN in vivo. The yeast 2-hybrid assay suggested that the interaction between PHAN and PULP is conserved because Arabidopsis PHAN and PULP homologues, AS1 and T20403, interact in the same way. Mutagenesis indicated that the interaction is biologically relevant because a putative T20403 mutant enhanced the as1-1 phenotype causing it to resemble that of phan. PULP expression pattern suggested that it may function in collaboration with PHAN in lateral organs but independently of PHAN in stem tissues to repress knox genes. The yeast 2-hybrid assay also revealed potential homotypic and heterotypic interaction between PHAN, AS1 and PHANL1 which could provide a mechanism for PHAN and AS1 repression of knox expression, but taken together with the function of knox gene and Myb homologues in animals and the nature of the genetic pathways important to regulation of growth of the tissue where they are expressed, a degree of functional homology between PHAN and cMyb or aMyb in animals is also suggested.
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19

Matsala, Yangota Emery Arnold. "La Phénoménologie de la Phantasia dans la poésie senghorienne." Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MON30089/document.

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Cette étude consiste à questionner la légitimité de proposer un contenu sémantique définitif et une illustration picturale fixe aux poèmes de Léopold Sédar Senghor. Pour ce faire, elle démontre que la lecture des poèmes senghoriens est une expérience de phantasia permettant au sujet-lisant de se construire intérieurement, par l’énergie de la présentification, un livre-vu conforme au sens instable de la poésie senghorienne. Et, cette localisation du livre-vu au carrefour du perçu et du phantasmé n’est pas sans incidences sur l’intelligence de la poésie senghorienne ainsi que sur son illustration. Parce qu’en pointant l’impossibilité d’une saisie effective et définitive du sens des poèmes senghoriens, elle pose sans détours la question de la fiabilité et de la recevabilité des illustrations picturales de ces derniers
This study offers a questioning of the legitimacy of a definitive semantic content and a fixed pictorial illustration of Léopold Sédar Senghor’s poems. To do this, it shows that the reading of senghorien poems is a phantasy experience allowing the reading-subject to build internally, by the energy of presentification, a picture-book conforms to the unstable meaning of Senghor’s poetry. And, the location of the picture-book at the crossroads between the perceived and the fantasized is not without implications for the understanding of Senghor's poetry as well as its illustration. Because in pointing the impossibility of an effective and definitive understanding of the meaning of senghorien poems, it asks bluntly raises the question of the reliability and admissibility of these pictorial illustrations
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20

Gittinger, Juli L. "Hindutva from Savarkar to Ayodhya: Phantasmic identity of Hindu nationalism." Connect to online resource, 2008. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1460858.

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21

Salzman, Patricia. "A web of fantasies : gaze, image and gender in Ovid's 'Metamorphoses'." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.365495.

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22

Vintenon, Alice. "Phantasia plus quam fantastica : penser en fiction à la Renaissance." Thesis, Paris 10, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA100121.

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This study intends to highlight and explain the development, in the Renaissance, of a category of fictions characterized by their comical improbability and their - more or less serious - claim to convey a philosophical content. Based on a corpus of six Italian and French “philosophical fantasies” (Alberti’s Momus, Ariosto’s Orlando Furioso, Folengo’s Baldo, Rabelais’s works, Ronsard’s “seasonal hymns”, and Philippe d’Alcripe’s Nouvelle Fabrique), our study aims at defining this category, and showing how a fictional pattern, initially borrowed by Italian humanists from Lucian of Samosata, has been adapted to new philosophical stakes and controversies. Our last six chapters are devoted to case studies. The five previous ones explore, from a theoretical perspective, the status of incredible fictions in the horatian, platonic and aristotelian poetics: far from being systematically regarded as lies, or considered as artistic failures, they benefit from the high value granted to fictional invention and to the intellectual impact of astonishment. However, their relationship to the allegorical tradition is complex: while they constantly refer to it, they resist to the allegorizers’s investigation. This ambiguity is specific to the products of creative fantasy which, in Renaissance philosophy, is a strongly ambivalent faculty of the soul
This study intends to highlight and explain the development, in the Renaissance, of a category of fictions characterized by their comical improbability and their - more or less serious - claim to convey a philosophical content. Based on a corpus of six Italian and French “philosophical fantasies” (Alberti’s Momus, Ariosto’s Orlando Furioso, Folengo’s Baldo, Rabelais’s works, Ronsard’s “seasonal hymns”, and Philippe d’Alcripe’s Nouvelle Fabrique), our study aims at defining this category, and showing how a fictional pattern, initially borrowed by Italian humanists from Lucian of Samosata, has been adapted to new philosophical stakes and controversies. Our last six chapters are devoted to case studies. The five previous ones explore, from a theoretical perspective, the status of incredible fictions in the horatian, platonic and aristotelian poetics: far from being systematically regarded as lies, or considered as artistic failures, they benefit from the high value granted to fictional invention and to the intellectual impact of astonishment. However, their relationship to the allegorical tradition is complex: while they constantly refer to it, they resist to the allegorizers’s investigation. This ambiguity is specific to the products of creative fantasy which, in Renaissance philosophy, is a strongly ambivalent faculty of the soul
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23

Kelly, Carolyn E. "Phantastes of hope? a theological reading of George MacDonald's early work /." Thesis, Available from the University of Aberdeen Library and Historic Collections Digital Resources, 2008. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?application=DIGITOOL-3&owner=resourcediscovery&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&pid=25166.

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24

Waites, Richard. "Phantastica : a gene required for dorsoventrality of leaves in Antirrhinum majus." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/13166.

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Leaves have three striking morphological features. Firstly, they are much longer and wider than thick, secondly they are produced laterally from the stem axis and thirdly, they exhibit dorsoventrality. To understand better the mechanisms that lead to dorsoventrality in the lateral organs of plants the morphology of mutants of the phantastica (phan) locus of Antirrhinum majus were characterised. The leaves, bracts, and petal lobes of phan mutants showed varying degrees of reduction in dorsal tissues, indicating that phan is required for establishing dorsal cell identity. Each phan mutant produces a similar variety of different leaf morphologies, but has a characteristic and relatively constant floral phenotype. In several different forms of phan mutant leaves and petal lobes, novel boundaries between dorsal and ventral cell types form ectopic axes of growth, suggesting that phan-dependent dorsal identity is required for lateral growth of the wild-type leaf and petal lobe. Comparisons between the development of wild-type and mutant petals or leaves reveal that phan acts early in development of these lateral organs. To allow molecular characterisation of the phan gene an attempt to isolate the locus was undertaken. Stable phan mutant lines were crossed to transposon active lines and 18,000 F1 progeny screened for a new phan mutant allele. One new mutant allele, phan-522, was identified and this showed the genetic instability characteristic of transposon-induced mutations. A new insertion of the transposon Tam 4 was identified that appeared to be responsible the phan-552 mutation. It was present in the phan-552, but not in eight wild-type siblings and had been lost in 31 Phan+ revertants in nine families produced by back-crossing the phan-552 mutant to its stable mutant parent. This copy of Tam 4 was isolated and DNA flanking the transposon shown to include part of the phan transcription unit.
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25

McVey, Geoffrey. "The problem of phantasia in the history and study of religion." Related electronic resource: Current Research at SU : database of SU dissertations, recent titles available full text, 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/login?COPT=REJTPTU0NWQmSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=3739.

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26

Crowley, Ryan P. "Making Life Beautiful| The Power of Phantasia in and for Psychotherapy." Thesis, Pacifica Graduate Institute, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10751219.

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Depth psychology, as a tradition originating from Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung, today differentiates itself from other practices of counseling psychology by claiming a special focus upon the soul and its experience of imagination. But the study of philosophy shows how the tenets of depth psychology are problematic—the anima mundi is a misunderstanding that brings about significant consequences for the practice of psychotherapy. This thesis undertakes a hermeneutic methodology by examining particular writings from philosophers Gotthold E. Lessing and Soren Kierkegaard. These works indicate the problematic character of thought that is not in accord with the beautiful, whereby a question is raised regarding how a psychotherapy that is informed by philosophy might make human life more beautiful. At the basis of these themes is the account of noetic heterogeneity and phantasia (“appearing”) in Aristotle’s De Anima, which is examined in relation to Michael Elliott’s new psychotherapy of Philosophic Psychology.

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27

Selvadurai, Harinee R. N. "Structure, expression and function of the Phantastica gene in Antirrhinum organ development." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/11379.

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The mutant phenotype of the PHANTASTICA (PHAN) gene had indicated that PHAN was required for dorsoventrality of leaves, bracts and petal lobes in Antirrhinum majus. Here it was shown that at low temperature, phan mutants carrying a likely null allele also stopped organ initiation and growth, and the shoot apical meristem arrested. These effects were reversed when plants were returned to a higher temperature. This indicated that PHAN is also required redundantly for earlier elaboration of the proximodistal axis of all organs and for meristematic function. PHAN was shown to encode a novel MYB-related transcription factor. In situ hybridisation revealed that PHAN mRNA was first expressed in leaf initials before they became morphologically distinct from the meristem. Comparisons of the expression patterns of PHAN and floral homeotic genes revealed that PHAN is expressed in floral organ initials at, or before, the time that their identifies are specified within the meristem. The early and specific expression pattern of PHAN, its requirement for elaboration of the two axes unique to lateral organs and the regulatory activity of its product suggest that it specifies the identify of lateral organ initials as distinct from the meristem and stem. The requirement for PHAN in maintenance of the shoot apical meristem appears to be non cell-autonomous and therefore to involve PHAN-dependent signalling from organ initials. To characterise the relationship between PHAN and other genes involved in meristem function, the expression pattern of an Antirrhinum homologue of the Arabidopsis SHOOTMERISTEMLESS (STM) gene, AmSTM, was determined. This showed that AmSTM was expressed in a domain complementary to that of PHAN. Evidence suggesting that PHAN is required for expression of AmSTM was obtained.
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28

Flitner, Elisabeth, and Philippe Merle. "«Hier berührt die Phantasie den Boden der Wirklichkeit» : Hinweise zur Trauma-Diskussion." Universität Potsdam, 1988. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2010/4597/.

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29

Scheinert, Mirko, Kristin Novotny, and Martin Horwath. ""Grenzen setzt uns nur die eigene Phantasie": Reinhard Dietrich - Versuch einer Würdigung." Technische Universität Dresden, 2014. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A28734.

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30

Gramigna, Viviane Dutra. "O conceito aristotélico de phantasia deliberativa no livro III do De anima." Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1843/ARBZ-7SNJMS.

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Cette dissertation recherche la notion de phantasia au long du livre III de De anima, qui consiste à une explicitation de la nature exacte du rôle quacquiert la phantasia, à travers lutilisation des interprétations dAristote. Il propose dexpliquer sa différence par rapport aux autres capacités de la connaissance et comment cette notion intervient dans le mouvement des animaux et de laction humaine. Lanalyse des principes qui semblent être responsables du mouvement, comme le désir et/ou lintellect, mettent en valeur certaines solutions adoptées dans le traité, qui entraînent plusieurs difficultés et problèmes liés à la phantasia délibérative, une fois que lon admet que le principe unique du mouvement local est une capacité désirante et que celle-ci, à son tour, nagit pas sans la phantasia. Les distinctions nées des mouvements antérieurs sorganisent autour dun objectif central qui a conduit toute la recherche, à savoir: lexplicitation de lactivité exacte de la phantasia délibérative dans la motivation humaine et la discussion de son caractère potentiellement délibératif. En outre, il sagit de discuter le rôle de la phantasia du livre III de De Anima: serait-ce elle qui substitue ou bien qui représente seulement lintellect pratique?
Esta dissertação investiga a noção de phantasía ao longo do livro III do De anima, que consiste em uma explicitação da natureza exata do papel adquirido pela phantasía, utilizando-se das interpretações de Aristóteles que propõe explicar sua diferença em relação às demais capacidades de conhecimento e como essa noção intervém no movimento dos animais e na ação humana. A análise dos princípios que parecem ser responsáveis pelo movimento, como desejo e/ou intelecto, ressalta certas soluções adotadas no tratado que levam a algumas dificuldades e problemas relacionados com a phantasía deliberativa, uma vez que se pode reconhecer que o princípio único do movimento local é a capacidade desiderativa e que esta, por sua vez, não opera sem a phantasía. As distinções oriundas dos momentos anteriores se organizam num objetivo central que norteia toda a pesquisa, a saber: a explicitação da exata atividade da phantasía deliberativa na motivação humana e a discussão sobre seu possível caráter deliberativo. Além disso, discute-se o papel da phantasía no livro III do De Anima: seria ela substitutiva ou apenas representativa do intelecto prático?
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Born, Barbara. "Lernen mit Alltagsphantasien : zur expliziten Reflexion impliziter Vorstellungen im Biologieunterricht /." Wiesbaden : VS, Verl. für Sozialwiss, 2007. http://deposit.d-nb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=2851873&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm.

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32

Schewe, Iska. "Positive Fantasien und Selbstüberschätzung bei ADHS-Kindern." [S.l. : s.n.], 2007. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:352-opus-32613.

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33

Monetha, Sabrina. "Alltagsphantasien, Motivation und Lernleistung zum Einfluss der expliziten Berücksichtigung von Alltagsphantasien im Biologieunterricht auf motivationale Faktoren und Lernleistung." Opladen Farmington Hills, Mich. Budrich, 2008. http://d-nb.info/994281498/04.

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34

Mathys, Annemarie. "Plötzlich wurde es hell, knallhell, und zwar von der Innenseite der Höhle her : ein daseinsanalytischer und graphologischer Zugang zu Menschen in der Arbeitswelt /." Zürich : Hochschule für Angewandte Psychologie, 2004. http://www.zhaw.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/psychologie/Downloads/Bibliothek/Arbeiten/D/d1820.pdf.

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35

Jegham, Najeh. "Ecriture de l'in-défini, in-défini de l'écriture : lectures de Phantasia d'Abdelwahab Meddeb." Paris 13, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA131023.

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La lecture du 1er chapitre permet de saisir la mise en œuvre de l'écriture particulière de phantasia : du langage in-defini qui saisit le corps du sujet nait l'écriture comme entreprise de saisie de soi et d'interprétation des multiples signifiants qui font le monde. Portant sur l'écriture - déambulation, la 2ème partie tente de manifester la manière dont le corps participe a l'espace historique entre la traversée du "désastre", la confrontation avec les discours de la clôture et l'analyse des signes inquiétants de saturation, s'installe l'élan vers la conquête d'un espace de l'être éclaire par les traces vives, a reconnaitre par la mise en œuvre de l'imaginatic la sortie de la saturation idéologique se fait dans la mobilité que procure l'éveil a la création perpétuelle. La dimension esthétique fonde l'écriture de phantasia comme convocation de multiples expériences créatrices qui tracent la voie de l'accomplissement a la fois du sujet et du texte, poursuivant leur quête de l'eternel signe dans le sillage du plus grand maitre, ibn arabi
The particular form of the begining of phantasia proceeds from the state of the personage's body starieled in an indefinite language. Writing is installed to control images of the language, to control oneself, and to interpret all meanings of the world. Reading the relations between the march of the personage and the work of writing, we have tried to understand how the body participates in the historic space. In paris, the personage moves between marks of destruction, confrontations with languages of closure and analysis of saturation as a symptom of apocalypse. How to escape from danger ? How to have space where the person can move in peace with himself and with the world ? Imagination phantasia is the motor to go, free, anyway, and to control the world. The march is now between arts, philosophy, religion and especially sufism : ibn arabi is the guide in the aesthetic lecture. That is the way of liberty, of sovereignty of the person, out of ideology, particularism, disaster, in the large space of creativ imagination
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Oliveira, Filipe Klein de. "As capacidades da alma e a Acrasia em Aristóteles." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/184681.

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No capítulo 3 do livro VII da Ética Nicomaquéia, Aristóteles explica a acrasia atribuindo ao acrático um erro cognitivo que consiste na não atualização da premissa particular do silogismo prático. A premissa particular do silogismo prático está vinculada à percepção sensível. Mas o que Aristóteles tem em mente ao fazer referência à percepção sensível? Ele deve ter em mente outra capacidade além dos cinco sentidos, ele deve ter em mente também a phantasia. Isto fica claro a partir do método utilizado para tratar das faculdades da alma. Segundo o método em questão, as faculdades da alma devem ser investigadas de acordo com a sua atividade própria e, antes disto, de acordo com o seu objeto correlato. Este método parece adequado para individualizar os cinco sentidos. As cores servem para individualizar a visão, os sons, a audição, os odores, o olfato, etc... Este método, contudo, tem as suas limitações, não é apenas quando sou estimulado por objetos externos que eu faço uso dos sentidos, é possível pensar em cores de olhos fechados, por exemplo. O objeto, portanto, não é o bastante para definir cada sentido, é necessário fazer referência à experiência que temos ao utilizar os sentidos. Esta experiência mental que está envolvida no uso dos sentidos corresponde a atividade da phantasia. A minha posição fica mais clara ainda a partir da discussão entre literalistas e espiritualistas. Essas duas tendênciaas interpretativas compreendem a afirmação de Aristóteles segundo a qual perceber é receber a forma sensível sem a matéria de formas distintas. Segundo o espiritualismo, receber a forma sensível sem a matéria significa alterar-se formalmente sem sofrer alteração material, isto é, perceber a cor branca, por exemplo, sem ser branqueado. Enquanto que, para o literalista, receber a forma sensível sem a matéria significa receber a forma sensível por transmissão. Temos assim uma fisiologia da percepção. O princípio da transmissão, contudo, não pode esgotar a explicação da percepção, é necessário pressupor um princípio formal irredutível que é a consciência sensível. A consciência sensível, por sua vez, é a phantasia. Uma evidência de que a phantasia é a consciência para Aristóteles é o fato de ela estar envolvida em todas as capacidades da alma que envolvem consciência: as capacidades sensíveis, a capacidade de desejar e de inteligir. É impossível tratar a percepção sem fazer referência à phantasia. Isto tudo que foi dito é vantajoso para análise da acrasia, uma vez que Aristóteles atribui duas características à phantasia. A phantasia depende da nossa vontade e pode ser influenciada pelos nossos desejos e emoções. Sendo assim, é possível encontrar uma espécie de conflito moral no caso da falha cognitiva de EN 7.3.
In chapter 3 of book VII of the Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle explains acrasia atributing to the acratic a cognitive failure which consists in the non-actualization of the particular premise of the practical syllogism. The particular premise of the practical syllogism is linked to sense perception. But what does Aristotle have in mind when he makes reference to sense perception? He must have in mind another capacity beyond the five senses, he must have in mind also phantasia. This is clear from the method used to deal with the faculties of the soul. According to the method in question, the faculties of the soul must be investigated according to their proper activity and, before that, according to their correlate object. This method seems appropriate to individualize the five senses. Colors serve to individualize sight, sounds, hearing, odors, smell, etc... This method, however, has its limitations, it is not only when I am stimulated by external objects that I make use of the senses, it is possible to think of colors with closed eyes, for example. The object, therefore, is not enough to define each sense, it is necessary to make reference to the experience that we have when using the senses. This mental experience that is involved in the use of the senses corresponds to the activity of phantasia. My position gets even clearer from the discussion between literalists and spiritualists. These two interpretative tendencies understand Aristotle's assertion that to perceive is to receive the sensible form without matter in distinct ways. According to spiritualism, to receive the sensible form without matter means to change formally without suffering material change, that is, to perceive the white color, for example, without being whitened. Whereas, for the literalist, receiving the sensible form without matter means receiving the sensible form by transmission. Thus we have a physiology of perception. The principle of transmission, however, can not exhaust the explanation of perception, it is necessary to presuppose an irreducible formal principle which is the sensitive consciousness. Sensitive consciousness, in turn, is phantasia. One evidence that phantasia is Aristotle's consciousness is that it is involved in all the capacities of the soul that involve consciousness: sensitive capacities, the capacity to desire and to understand. It is impossible to treat perception without reference to phantasia. All that has been said is advantageous for the analysis of acrasia, since Aristotle attributes two characteristics to phantasia. Phantasia depends on our will and can be influenced by our desires and emotions. Thus, it is possible to find a kind of moral conflict in the case of cognitive failure of EN 7.3.
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37

Delli, Eudoxia. "La "phantasia" selon Michel Psellos et ses origines néoplatoniciennes : une anthropologie de la "médiété"." Paris, EPHE, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011EPHE5018.

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Notre étude porte sur le concept de phantasia dans l’œuvre de Michel Psellos, notamment par rapport à ses origines néoplatoniciennes, aussi bien que vis-à-vis de la manière dont ce concept a été modifié et enrichi par la pensée chrétienne dont Psellos est également l’héritier. Dans son cas, ce concept s’inscrit certes dans la problématique plus large de la théorie de l’âme qui connaît un nouvel essor durant le 11me siècle à Byzance, mais Psellos développe en particulier la perspective d’une anthropologie de l’intermédiaire, qui se veut à la fois néoplatonicienne et chrétienne. En effectuant, dans un esprit éclectique, plusieurs emprunts particulièrement variés aux sources néoplatoniciennes concernant la phantasia, puissance par excellence intermédiaire de l’âme et faculté de la médiation la plus fondamentale et la plus flexible, il embrasse de nombreux registres thématiques, qui s’étendent de la psychophysiologie, de l’épistémologie, de l’éthique et de l’art rhétorique, jusqu’à la communication avec le divin. Il expose ses modalités figuratives et visuelles, ses fonctions, son évolution, ainsi que ses domaines d’application dans la vie de l’âme incorporée (rêves, mathématiques, mythes, discours symbolique, intériorité, sensibilitéé savante ) sans oublier ses déviations A la charnière de deux mondes et deux traditions philosophico-religieuses, Psellos revalorise le concept de la phantasia en soulignant sa polyvalence dans le cadre d’un humanisme naissant. En ce sens, la résurgence de la psychologie néoplatonicienne dans l’œuvre de Psellos ne constitue pas seulement un épisode de la pensée byzantine, mais représente également une phase de l’histoire du néoplatonisme
The purpose of this dissertation is a study of the concept of phantasia in the work of Michael Psellos. More specifically, it deals with its Neoplatonic origins and of the ways in which it had been modified and enriched by Christian thought, of which Psellos was also an heir. Admittedly, the concept of phantasia was part of a wider debate, namely the one concerning the theories of the soul, which were flourishing again in Byzantium during the 11th century. Psellos, however, developed the perspective of an anthropology of the middleness conceived of as both Neoplatonic and Christian. Concerning phantasia, which is considered to be the soul’s most fundamental and flexible means of mediation, its mediating power par excellence, Psellos makes use of numerous and particularly varied elements drawn from Neoplatonic sources. His theory about the phantasia embraces many fields, ranging from psycho-physiology, epistemology, ethics and rhetorics to communication with the divine. Psellos reflects upon the figurative and visual modalities of phantasia, its functions and development as well as its areas of applicability in the life of the incarnated soul (dreams, mathematics, myths, symbolic discourse, sensitivity), without omitting its deviations. Standing between two philosophical and religious traditions, namely pagan Neoplatonism and Christianity, Psellos revalorizes the concept of phantasia by underlining its multivalence in the context of a nascent humanism. In this sense the resurgence of Neoplatonic psychology in Psellos’ work does not only constitute an episode in the evolution of Byzantine thought, but it also represents an important moment in the history of Neoplatonism
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Bircher, Romana. "Die Gewalt beginnt im Kopf - zur Phänomenologie sadistischer Gewaltfantasien /." Zürich : Hochschule für Angewandte Psychologie, 2006. http://www.hapzh.ch/pdf/2s/2s0895.pdf.

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39

Steinlein, Rüdiger. "Die Domestizierte Phantasie : Studien zur Kinderliteratur, Kinderlektüre und Literaturpädagogik des 18. und frühen 19. Jahrhunderts /." Heidelberg : C. Winter, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb34936144f.

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Soria, Ana Carolina Soliva. "Interpretação, sentido e jogo: um estudo sobre a concepção de fantasia (Phantasie) em Sigmund Freud." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8133/tde-21092011-153518/.

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O presente estudo tem como propósito analisar, na obra freudiana, como a fantasia encontra-se na encruzilhada entre o que o ser humano possui de mais essencial e universal, e o que deste nos aparece de modo particularizado. Para demonstrar esta tese, buscamos expor, primeiramente, a concepção de fantasia e a sua relação com os termos interpretação (Deutung), sentido (Sinn) e jogo (Spiel). Em seguida, mostramos que a fantasia não é apenas um universo à parte, cuja existência está subtraída do exame de realidade, mas a condição de possibilidade da verdade e da efetividade do mundo. Na sequência do texto, traçamos uma analogia entre as criações fantásticas das crianças, dos enfermos e dos poetas, para em seguida mostrar como estas evidenciam a relação simbólica estabelecida entre o que há de comum e de particular nos homens. Em nosso último capítulo, analisamos a importância da fantasia na construção do saber científico e como este se revela como arte.
The present study has the purpose of analyzing, in Freud´s work, how fantasy is placed in an intersection between what the human being possess of most essential and universal, and in which it is shown in a particular way. To show this thesis we researched firstly to expose the conception of fantasy and its relation with concepts such as interpretation (Deutung), sense (Sinn) and play (Spiel). Then we show that fantasy is not only a separate universe, which existence relays on the exam of reality, but the condition of the possibility of truth and the effectiveness in the world. In the sequence, we traced an analogy between the fantastic creation of children, sick people and poets, and then demonstrate how those highlight the symbolic relation established between what there is in common and peculiar in people. In our last chapter, we analyzed the importance of fantasy in the building of scientific knowledge and how it is revealed as an art (Kunst).
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41

Mocan, Raluca. ""Phantasia" et conscience d’image chez Husserl. La théorie phénoménologique de l’imagination à l’épreuve de l’expérience théâtrale." Thesis, Paris Est, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PEST0026.

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Cette thèse a pour point de départ l’évolution de la conception husserlienne de l’imagination, ouvrant la voie à une phénoménologie du monde de la fiction théâtrale. En 1918, Husserl décrit l’expérience du spectateur au théâtre comme quasi expérience : regardant le jeu des acteurs, le spectateur fait l’expérience de quelque chose sans être dans l’attitude d’expérience, dans une « imagination perceptive ». Sur scène, l’acteur ne représente pas à la manière d’un portrait: sujet agissant et masque, il est une présence vivante, impossible à distinguer du personnage qu’il incarne. L’expérience du spectateur et celle de l’acteur sont interdépendantes. Cette dualité de points de vue m’a conduit à mener une double enquête : j’ai tâché d’éclairer l’une par l’autre la théorie husserlienne de l’imagination et l’expérience théâtrale dont témoignent les formateurs d’acteurs et les professionnels de la scène. La première partie de la thèse reconstitue la généalogie de la quasi expérience de phantasia chez Husserl, en fusionnant deux thématiques disjointes au départ: 1) l’imagination comme phantasia et conscience d’image et 2) l’expérience perceptive comme synthèse continue d’actes. Prenant appui sur l’acquis de ces analyses, la seconde partie apporte des compléments psychologiques et historiques concernant l’évolution de la formation de l’acteur, du Paradoxe du comédien du XVIIIe siècle jusqu’à nos jours. « Ouvriers de l’imagination » selon l’expression de Sartre, les acteurs agissent en leur nom propre et en même temps pour leurs personnages. Le jeu dramatique fait exister la fiction théâtrale pour le spectateur, impliquant chez l’acteur une double conscience et une continuité spécifique d’attention. J’ai proposé un traitement phénoménologique de l’intrication entre les deux plans, imaginaire et réel, fictif et effectif. L’enquête menée dans la thèse a ainsi abouti à une caractérisation phénoménologique de la représentation théâtrale : résultat de la mise en cohérence des événements vraisemblables, le monde représenté sur scène est pourvu d’une existence propre. Le jeu théâtral a la force d’ouvrir aux acteurs et aux spectateurs les possibilités imaginaires d’autres mondes, dont ils déploient les possibilités de sens
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42

Zumbansen, Lars. "Dynamische Erlebniswelten : ästhetische Orientierungen in phantastischen Bildschirmspielen /." Muenchen : kopaed, 2008. http://d-nb.info/989829960/04.

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43

Rodolpho, Melina. "Écfrase e evidência nas Letras Latinas: doutrina e práxis." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8143/tde-26042010-111303/.

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A finalidade da pesquisa é estudar a écfrase, identificada como descrição na retórica latina, e a evidência, com a qual geralmente é confundida A écfrase contribui para provocar o efeito de visualização do discurso verbal, portanto, o estudo das teorias antigas que aproximam o meio verbal do visual serve como base para sua compreensão. Há certa profusão de nomes para o processo ecfrástico, gerando confusão ao se tentar estabelecer os limites e diferenças de cada procedimento. O processo imaginativo, teorizado por Aristóteles como fantasia, é parte fundamental para compreender como se manifesta a evidência (ou ainda enargia). Além da teoria, analisamos a aplicação dos conceitos estudados a partir de alguns exemplos do gênero épico e historiográfico, realizando também a tradução de tais textos.
The purpose of this paper is to study the ecfrase, known as description in Latin Rhetoric, which is normally confused with the evidence. The ecfrase contributes to cause a visualizations effect of the verbal speech. Therefore, the study of ancient theories approaches the verbal language to the visual, and works as basis for its comprehension. There is profusion of names to the ecfrastic process, creating confusion when we try to establish the limits and differences of each procedure. The imaginative process, theorized by Aristotle as phantasia, is a fundamental part to understand how the evidence (or enargia) works. Beyond the theory, we analyze the application of the concepts from some examples of epic and historiographic genres, also translating these texts.
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44

Lorenz, Renate. "Aufwändige Durchquerungen Subjektivität als sexuelle Arbeit." Bielefeld Transcript, 2008. http://d-nb.info/994330898/04.

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45

Jouanno, Sophie. "Poétique des images dans l'épopée latine de l'époque républicaine à l'époque flavienne : d'une mimesis représentative à une phantasia créatrice." Paris 4, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA040245.

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Ce travail vise à étudier la poétique de l’enargeia (la qualité d’"évidence") dans des épopées latines de l’époque républicaine à l’époque flavienne : l’Odyssée de Livius Andronicus, la Guerre punique de Naevius, les Annales d’Ennius, l’Enéide de Virgile, la Pharsale de Lucain, la Guerre punique de Silius Italicus. Après avoir défini les acceptions antiques de l’image, ses enjeux rhétoriques et ses attentes génériques dans l’épopée, nous complétons cette approche théorique, par une étude des actes fondateurs, mettant en évidence certains traits inhérents à la poétique homérique : son aspect mimétique, rationnel et "réaliste". Or, d’après le témoignage des rhéteurs impériaux, il s’avère que cette conception traditionnelle de la mimèsis se transforme au Ier s. Ap. J. -C. : Pseudo-Longin et Quintilien donnent l’impulsion d’une "subjectivation" de la représentation, en l’affranchissant de sa norme "réaliste" et en la dotant d’une plus grande liberté créatrice. En confrontant les oeuvres de notre corpus à ces données, nous tentons donc de définir les contributions respectives de chacun des auteurs au renouvellement de l’enargeia épique. En définitive, ce travail laisse apparaître que, par sa créativité, l’enargeia épique romaine ne cesse de transgresser et de se jouer des limites attendues de l’épopée et qu’elle tend de plus en plus à se désenclaver du "réel" pour offrir des visions subjectives et créatrices. A cet égard, Virgile apparaît notamment comme un précurseur
The aim of the author is to study the Poetics of enargeia (the quality of "evidence") in latin epics from republican to flavian age : Livius Andronicus’s Odyssey, Naevius’s Punic War, Ennius’s Annals, Virgil’s Aeneid, Lucan’s Pharsalia, Silius Italicus’s Punic War. After defining the antique senses of image, its rhetorical stakes and its generic rules in epic, we complete this theoretical approach, studying the founding authors, which brings to the fore some traits inherent in homeric Poetics : its mimetic, rational, "realistic" aspect. But, according to the evidence given by imperial rhetors, it is a recognized fact that this traditional conception of mimèsis transforms itself in the 1st century A. D. : Longinus and Quintilian suggest that image becomes more and more subjective, frees itself from "realistic" convention and gains a greater inventive freedom. Therefore, comparing the works of our corpus with these facts, we try to define each author’s respective contributions at the renewal of the epic enargeia. In fact, it turns out that, since it is more creative, the epic Roman enargeia still transgresses and makes light of the generic epic laws and tends to open itself up from the "real" to offer subjective and inventive visions. In this respect, Virgil seems particularly like a precursor
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46

Liu, Hsin-Hung. "A study on compositional structure in Max Reger Phantasie für Orgel über den Choral, "Hallelujah! Gott zu loben, bleibe meine Sellenfreud!" /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/11211.

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47

Lorenz, Renate. "Aufwändige Durchquerungen : Subjektivität als sexuelle Arbeit /." Bielefeld : Transcript, 2009. http://d-nb.info/994330898/04.

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48

Plant, Alastair R. "The Regulation of Ontogenetic Diversity in Papaveraceae Compound Leaf Development." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1367928814.

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49

Kleimann, Thomas. "Lebensrealismus. Die Geschichtsphilosophie Giovanni Battista Vicos." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2010. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-201000062.

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Die Arbeit liefert eine Gesamtinterpretation des geschichtsphilosophischen Klassikers von Giovanni Battista Vico "Prinzipien einer neuen Wissenschaft über die gemeinsame Natur der Völker" (1744). Neben einer Interpretation des verum-factum-Prinzips als erkenntnistheoretische Grundlage des Werks und einer Rekonstruktion seines Geschichtsbildes schließt die Dissertation einen Vorschlag zur ideengeschichtlichen Einordnung Vicos sowie eine Diskussion der Aktualität seiner Geschichtsphilosophie ein. Es wird gezeigt, dass die rezeptionsgeschichtlich tonangebenden idealistischen und theologischen Interpretationsansätze dem Werk unangemessen sind. Als Alternative wird eine naturalistische Lesart entwickelt. Diese lebensrealistische Lesart zielt auf den Nachweis ab, dass Vico den menschlichen Geschichtsprozess als evolutionären und zugleich sinnvollen Vorgang begreift, dessen Ziel im Überleben der menschlichen Gattung besteht. Vicos Theorie der geschichtlichen Selbstregulierung stellt hierbei die symbolische und soziale Produktivität des Menschen als körperliches Naturwesen ins Zentrum, wobei die Entstehung von sozialen Institutionen und symbolischen Weltbildern als nicht-intendiertes Resultat subjektiv-sinnlicher Handlungsmotive begriffen wird. Detailliert herausgearbeitet wird die Leitidee Vicos, dass soziale Institutionen durch vorrationale Fiktionen stabilisiert werden, die der menschlichen Einbildungskraft entspringen. Insofern sind es soziale Mythen, die die Gesellschaft zusammenhalten. Mit der Orientierung seines systemtheoretisch angelegten Geschichtsdenkens an menschlichen Überlebensfragen vertritt Vico einen Standpunkt, der bis heute nichts Aktualität verloren hat.
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Baena, Mariane Silveira de Sousa. "Evolução e desenvolvimento de gavinhas em Bignonieae (Bignoniaceae)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41132/tde-19012012-143847/.

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Abstract:
As folhas das angiospermas sofreram grandes modificações funcionais e estruturais ao longo do tempo, e atualmente apresentam uma ampla diversidade de formas, tamanhos e arranjos. Por exemplo, na tribo Bignonieae (Bignoniaceae), as folhas são geralmente 2-3-folíoladas, e o folíolo terminal é frequentemente modificado em gavinha. As gavinhas dos representantes de Bignonieae apresentam formas variadas (simples, bífidas, trífidas ou multífidas) e estão possivelmente envolvidas na diversificação da tribo. Apesar da importância das gavinhas para as plantas escandentes, pouco ainda é conhecido sobre esses órgãos nas angiospermas. Atualmente, existem dados disponíveis sobre genes que controlam o desenvolvimento de gavinhas foliares apenas para Pisum sativum (ervilha). Embora a maioria das angiospermas tenha o desenvolvimento de suas folhas controlado pelos genes KNOX1, em P. sativum, KNOX1 não é expresso nos primórdios foliares e seu desenvolvimento é regulado por LEAFY/FLORICAULA (LFY/FLO). Esses dados sugerem que folhas com gavinhas em outras espécies de planta também podem ser reguladas exclusivamente por LFY/FLO. O presente estudo investigou a evolução e o desenvolvimento dos diferentes tipos de gavinhas em Bignonieae e visou entender como mudanças na morfogênese foliar geraram os padrões atuais de variação morfológica das mesmas. Analisou-se o padrão de expressão dos genes SHOOTMERISTEMLESS (STM, gene KNOX1), PHANTASTICA (PHAN) e LFY/FLO durante o desenvolvimento foliar de três espécies de Bignonieae com diferentes tipos de gavinhas (simples, trífidas e multífidas), buscando um melhor entendimento da estrutura geral, origem e base genética do desenvolvimento das gavinhas foliares neste grupo. Nossos resultados demonstraram que as folhas se desenvolvem de maneira acrópeta em Bignonieae, bem como indicaram que gavinhas trífidas são ancestrais na tribo, com a evolução dos outros tipos de gavinhas tendo envolvido mudanças heterocrônicas no padrão de desenvolvimento básico das folhas. Além disso, transcritos do gene STM foram detectados em folhas em desenvolvimento, revelando que as folhas em Bignonieae se desenvolvem de maneira diferente das folhas de P. sativum, embora ambas apresentem gavinhas. Analises anatômicas revelaram que as gavinhas apresentam simetria bilateral e possuem algumas características similares aos folíolos, corroborando indicações previas de que as gavinhas de Bignonieae representariam folíolos modificados. Estas conclusões foram reforçadas pelo padrão de expressão encontrado para o gene PHAN (gene de identidade adaxial), cujos transcritos estavam confinados ao domínio adaxial do primórdio de gavinha em espécies que possuem gavinhas ramificadas, num padrão muito similar ao padrão observado nos primórdios dos folíolos. Em B. callistegioides, espécie que possui gavinhas simples, PHAN é expresso uniformemente por toda a gavinha, indicando que o domínio adaxial não foi corretamente estabelecido. Assim, as diferenças encontradas nos padrões de expressão do gene PHAN entre espécies com diferentes tipos de gavinhas em Bignonieae indica a existência de uma possível correlação entre a expressão do PHAN com a ramificação de gavinhas. Além disso, o padrão de expressão encontrado sugere que PHAN pode ter um papel importante no estabelecimento da polaridade em gavinhas e no surgimento dos vários tipos de gavinha encontrados na tribo. Além disso, o padrão de expressão do LFY/FLO em primórdios foliares nos levou a inferir que LFY/FLO pode ter um papel importante na separação de novos órgãos a partir de zonas meristemáticas.
Angiosperm leaves have undergone major functional and structural modifications over time, and currently exist in a wide diversity of forms, sizes, and arrangements. For example, in the tribe Bignonieae (Bignoniaceae), leaves are generally 2-3-foliolated, and the terminal leaflet is often modified into tendrils.These tendrils present varied morphologies (simple, bifid, trifid or multifid) and are thought to have been involved in the diversification of Bignonieae. Despite the importance of tendrils for climbing plants, little is still known about the biology of tendrils in the angiosperms. To date, no data is available on the genes that control tendrilled-leaf development in species other than pea (Pisum sativum). Even though KNOX1 genes control leaf development in the majority of compound-leaved angiosperms, in pea, KNOX1 is completely excluded from the leaf primordium and its development is regulated by LEAFY/FLORICAULA (LFY/FLO). This observation suggests that the development of other tendrilled-leaves might also be exclusively regulated by LFY/FLO as well. This study investigated the evolution and development of tendril types in Bignonieae in order to further understand how changes in leaf morphogenesis led to current patterns of variation in tendril morphology. We further analyzed the expression patterns of SHOOTMERISTEMLESS (STM, KNOX1 gene), PHANTASTICA (PHAN) and LFY/FLO during leaf development in three representatives of Bignonieae with different tendril types in order to better understand the structure, origin and genetic basis of leaf tendrils in this plant clade. Our results demonstrate that leaves in Bignonieae develop acropetally, as well as indicates that trifid tendrils are ancestral in the tribe, with the evolution of other tendril types involving heterochonic shifts in the leaf basic developmental pathway. Furthermore, transcripts of STM were detected in developing leaves, revealing that tendrilled leaves of Bignonieae develop differently from those of pea. The anatomical analysis revealed that tendrils are bilaterally symmetrical and present some characteristics that are similar to leaflets, further corroborating earlier suggestions that tendrils indeed represent modified leaflets. This observation was further reinforced by the expression pattern of PHAN (an adaxial identity gene), as PHAN transcripts were confined to the adaxial domain of the tendril primordia in branched-tendrilled species, in a pattern very similar to that observed in leaflet primordia. In B. callistegioides, a simple-tendrilled species, PHAN was expressed throughout the entire tendril, indicating a certain degree of disruption in the establishment of the adaxial domain. The differences encountered in the expression pattern of PHAN amongst species with different tendril types indicate a possible correlation of the expression of PHAN with tendril branching. Furthermore, it suggests an important role for PHAN in the establishment of tendril polarity and in the rise of the various tendril types encountered in Bignonieae. In addition, the pattern of expression of LFY/FLO in developing leaves has led us to infer that LFY/FLO may present an important role for the separation of new organs from meristematic zones.
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