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Mandimika, Nyaradzo. "Evaluation of the pharmaceutical availability of erythromycin from topical formulations." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2008. http://eprints.ru.ac.za/1176/.
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Wang, Jialu. "Facile Methods for the Analysis of Lysophosphatidic Acids in Human Plasma." PDXScholar, 2015. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/2235.
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Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) influences many physiological processes, such as brain and vascular development. It is associated with several diseases including ovarian cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, colorectal cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, multiple myeloma atherosclerotic diseases, cardiovascular diseases, pulmonary inflammatory diseases and renal diseases. LPA plasma and serum levels have been reported to be important values in diagnosing ovarian cancer and other diseases. However, the extraction and quantification of LPA in plasma are very challenging because of the low physiological concentration and similar structures of LPA to other phospholipids. Many previous studies have not described the separation of LPA from other phospholipids, which may make analyses more challenging than necessary.
We developed an SPE extraction method for plasma LPA that can extract LPA at high purity. We also developed an HPLC post-column fluorescence detection method that allows the efficient quantification of LPA. These methods were used in a clinical study for ovarian cancer diagnosis to help validate LPA as a biomarker of ovarian cancer. Moreover, molecular imprinted polymers (MIPs) were designed and synthesized as material for the improved extraction of LPA. Compared to the commercially available materials, the MIP developed shows enhanced selectivity for LPA. The extraction was overall relatively more efficient and less labor-intensive.
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Thakur, Shravan Singh. "Introduction to Pharmaceutical Thermal Analysis: A Teaching Tool." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1316880806.
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Faulkner, W. "Linkage between industrial and academic research : The case of biotechnological research in the pharmaceutical industry." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.373169.
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This thesis is a study of research linkage between industry and academia. It concentrates on the industrial side of these interactions and, in particular, the impact of information flows from academia industrial innovation. Specifically, the study explores the proposition that linkage varies - in extent and nature according to the stage of development of the research field involved. A review of the literature suggested that linkage should be particularly strong in a nascent technology, such as that unfolding currently in biotechnology. The field study involved face-to-face interviews with industrial researchers from UK pharmaceutical companies and from new start-up companies. It was designed in order to ascertain the relative strength of linkages in the new biotechnology; to characterize these linkages; and to explore how they might change as the technology develops. It is ~emonstrated that linkage is indeed strong here, involving lntensive 'search' activities and often substantial formal collaboration with academia. The background material collected - concerning the role of linkage in innovation and in corporate strategies for biotechnology confirm that companies are obliged to 'plug in' to academic research precisely because 'of the dynamism and uncertainty which characterizes a new technological field. It is argued that those pharmaceutical companies which are interacting most with academic research are also those which are most likely to succeed commercially with the new techniques. The start-up companies in biotechnology are shown to have extremely close links with both academia and the large established companies active in the field. It is argued that the very presence of such companies is itself symptomatic of the proximity of academic science and industrial technology in this new field. In conclusion, it is suggested that the pattern of linkage found in biotechnology may well ~ertain in other new science-based fields; some policy lmplications are discussed.
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Enlund, Anna Maria. "Capillary electroseparations in pharmaceutical analysis of basic drugs and related substances." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Univ.-bibl. [distributör], 2001. http://w3.ub.uu.se/fulltext/91-554-4908-5.pdf.
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Han, Guoxia. "Design, synthesis, pharmacology, and structural analysis of bioactive melanocortin receptors' ligands by hybrid approaches." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/284287.
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A number of alpha-melanotropin (α-MSH) analogues have been designed de novo, synthesized and bioassayed at different melanocortin receptors from frog skins, mice and humans. These ligands were designed from two scaffolds, Somatostatin and Deltorphin-II, by two new hybrid approaches, one of which utilizes the modified cyclic structure (H-DPhe-Cys---Cys-Thr-NH₂) of a Somatostatin analogue--Sandostatin®, while the other incorporates the hydrophobic tail of Deltorphin-II (Glu-Val-Val-Gly-NH₂). Some of the ligands designed, H-DPhe-c [XXX-YYY-ZZZ-Arg-Trp-AAA]-Thr-NH₂ [XXX and AAA = Cys, DCys, Pen, DPen; YYY = His, His(1-Me), His(3-Me); ZZZ = Phe and side chain halogen substituted Phe, DPhe, DNal(1') and DNal(2 ')] and c[XXX-YYY-ZZZ-Arg-Trp-Glu]-Val-Val-Gly-NH₂ [XXX = nothing, Gly, β-Ala, γ-Abu, 6-Ahx; YYY = His, His(3-Bom), (S)-cyclopentylglycine (CPG); ZZZ = Phe, DPhe; DNal(2')], show unique selectivity and potency among the receptors tested. In particular, one of the ligands, Delt-38B--c[Gly-CPG-DNal(2')Arg-Trp-Glu]-Val-Val-Gly-NH₂, is a human melanocortin receptor (hMC1R) antagonist (IC₅₀ = 12 nM) the first potent hMC1R antagonist discovered. These results provide strong evidence supporting our hypothesis that ligand scaffolds for different G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) can be used to design ligands for other GPCRs. In addition, the structures of some of the ligands have been analyzed by high field solution NMR and their conformation evaluated by modeling with MacroModel. The conformations obtained from these methods help us better understand the structural basis the selectivities and ligand-receptor interactions.
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Currie, Christa Anne. "Capillary and Microchip Electrophoresis Systems for Pharmaceutical Analysis." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1242998601.
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Randall, Elizabeth Claire. "Development and integration of chemical imaging methods for applications in biomedical and pharmaceutical research." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2017. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/7602/.
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Imaging of biomolecules in biological substrates by mass spectrometry or spectroscopic imaging techniques plays a major role in biomedical, clinical, and pharmaceutical research. The work presented in this thesis investigates the capabilities of three imaging techniques, liquid extraction surface analysis (LESA) mass spectrometry imaging (MSI), matrix assisted laser desorption ionisation (MALDI) MSI and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy. A method for combined LESA and MALDI analysis was developed and results provided high resolution imaging of multiple analyte classes (proteins, lipids and small molecule drugs) in thin tissue sections. SRS microscopy was used for the quantitative imaging of MALDI sampling effects and sample preparation, providing insight into fundamental processes of MALDI MS. Multimodal SRS, LESA and MALDI imaging was executed on a single tissue sample revealing the complementarity between the three approaches. Specific challenges for LESA were further explored, namely quantification, improved spatial resolution and alternative biological substrates. A quantitative LESA method based on the production of mimetic tissue models containing stable isotope-labelled proteins was developed. An alternative platform, the Flow-Probe™, with the potential to achieve higher spatial resolution was assessed. Finally, a LESA method for the direct analysis of proteins from live bacterial colonies was developed.
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Medeiros, Marina dos Santos Garruti de. "Sensory analysis of extemporaneous formulations of cardiovascular drugs prepared with the vehicle âguteâ and administered to pediatric patients." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2014. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=12247.
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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel SuperiorMany pediatric patients require medications that are not available in age appropriate formulations, especially those with cardiovascular diseases. Furosemide and Captopril generally are produced in solid dosage forms for adults, and need to be fractionated and transformed in suspensions for use in children. The use of a suitable vehicle is critical to the preparation of a homogeneous, stable and palatable extemporaneous formulation that can guarantee the expected effect. In this work was evaluated the acceptability of a vehicle, named Gute, developed by a research group from Universidade Federal do CearÃ, considering that palatability is essential to treatment adherence in children. We analyzed the vehicle in different flavors with respect to the ability to mask the bitter taste of Captopril and Furosemide, the acceptance and preference without actives by healthy children and their parents, and the acceptance of extemporaneous formulations of the mentioned drugs administered to pediatric patients as prescribed. In the laboratory, eight panelists evaluated the masking ability of the vehicle flavored in mint, cherry, strawberry and neutral using a linear scale. ANOVA scores for bitterness intensity for captopril and furosemide showed that the flavored samples had significantly greater capacity of masking the bitter taste than the vehicle without flavor (neutral), however, there was no different between the flavors. 62 children 4-12 years and 21 guardians participated in the evaluation of the vehicle without actives flavored in mint, strawberry and cherry, using a facial-verbal hedonic scale with seven degrees. The three flavors were accepted and equally preferred by children and guardians. In hospitalized patients who received suspensions of Captopril (34) and furosemide (36), the flavors mint, strawberry and neutral acceptance was evaluated through the guardians with the hedonic scale and compared with the observation of the researcher .Suspensions in neutral and strawberry flavors were considered acceptable for both drugs. The correlation between the results from the two methods was moderate for Captopril, and absent Furosemide. The results for the neutral flavor showed that the addition of flavoring agents did not influenced in the acceptance and can be avoided in this case, an advantage in terms of safety for infants and neonates.
Muitos medicamentos necessÃrios a pacientes pediÃtricos nÃo sÃo disponÃveis em formulaÃÃes apropriadas à idade, principalmente aqueles que tratam doenÃas cardiovasculares. Captopril e Furosemida, de modo geral, sÃo produzidos na forma sÃlida em doses para adultos, e necessitam ser fracionados e transformados em suspensÃes para uso em crianÃas. O uso de um veÃculo adequado à crÃtico para o preparo de formulaÃÃes extemporÃneas homogÃneas, palatÃveis e estÃveis, que possam garantir o efeito esperado. Neste trabalho foi avaliada a aceitabilidade de um veÃculo com nome fantasia Gute, desenvolvido por um grupo de pesquisa da Universidade Federal do CearÃ, tendo em vista que a palatabilidade à essencial para a adesÃo ao tratamento em crianÃas. Analisou-se o veÃculo em diferentes sabores em relaÃÃo à capacidade de mascarar o gosto amargo de Captopril e Furosemida, sua aceitaÃÃo e preferÃncia sem ativos por crianÃas sadias e seus responsÃveis, bem como a aceitaÃÃo de formulaÃÃes extemporÃneas dos medicamentos citados, administradas a pacientes pediÃtricos, conforme prescriÃÃo. Em laboratÃrio, oito provadores avaliaram a capacidade de mascaramento do veÃculo flavorizado nos sabores menta, cereja, morango e neutro, utilizando uma escala linear. A anova dos valores de intensidade do sabor amargo, para Captopril e Furosemida, mostrou que a capacidade dos sabores flavorizados de mascarar o sabor amargo foi significativamente maior do que a do veÃculo sem sabor, contudo, os sabores nÃo diferiram entre si. Participaram da avaliaÃÃo do veÃculo sem ativos, nos sabores menta, morango e cereja, 62 crianÃas de 4 a 12 anos e 21 responsÃveis, usando uma escala hedÃnica facial-verbal de sete graus. Os trÃs sabores foram aceitos e igualmente preferidos pelas crianÃas e pelos responsÃveis. Com os pacientes internados que receberam suspensÃes de Captopril (34) e Furosemida (36), nos sabores menta, neutro e morango, a aceitaÃÃo foi avaliada atravÃs dos responsÃveis com uso da escala hedÃnica e comparada com a observaÃÃo da pesquisadora. As suspensÃes nos sabores neutro e morango foram consideradas aceitas para ambos os medicamentos. A correlaÃÃo entre os resultados provenientes dos dois mÃtodos de avaliaÃÃo da aceitaÃÃo foi moderada para Captopril, e para Furosemida, nÃo houve correlaÃÃo. Os resultados relativos ao sabor neutro mostraram que a adiÃÃo de flavorizantes nÃo influenciou na aceitaÃÃo das suspensÃes, podendo ser evitada nesses casos, uma vantagem em termos de seguranÃa para bebÃs e neonatos.
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Mabotha, Tebogo E. "The application of physicochemical methods for the analysis of small and complex pharmaceutical drugs." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/6327.
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Includes bibliographical references.The application of physicochemical methods for the analysis of small and complex pharmaceutical drugs was investigated. The methods were applied to small chiral molecules and further extended to analysis of complex glycoconjugate vaccines.
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Vernon, John A. "The economics of pharmaceutical research development : investment models, capital market imperfections and policy considerations." Thesis, City University London, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.367264.
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Batlokwa, Bareki Shima. "Development of molecularly imprinted polymer based solid phase extraction sorbents for the selective cleanup of food and pharmaceutical residue samples." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004967.
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This thesis presents the development of chlorophyll, cholic acid, aflatoxin B1 molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) particles and cholic acid MIP nanofibers for application as selective solid phase extraction (SPE) sorbents. The particles were prepared by bulk polymerization and the nanofibers by a novel approach combining molecular imprinting and electrospinning technology. The AFB1 MIP particles were compared with an aflatoxin specific immunoextraction sorbent in cleaning-up and pre-concentrating aflatoxins from nut extracts. They both recorded high extraction efficiencies (EEs) of > 97 % in selectively extracting the aflatoxins (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2). High reproducibility marked by the low %RSDs of < 1% and low LODs of ≤ 0.02 ng/g were calculated in all cases. The LODs were within the monitoring requirements of the European Commission. The results were validated with a peanut butter certified reference material. The chlorophyll MIP on the other hand selectively removed chlorophyll that would otherwise interfere during pesticide residue analysis (PRA) from > 0.6 to <0.09 Au in green plants extracts. The extracted chlorophyll was removed to far below the level of ≥ 0.399 Au that is usually associated with interference during PRA. Furthermore, the MIP demonstrated better selectivity by removing only chlorophyll (> 99%) in the presence of planar pesticides than the currently employed graphitized carbon black (GCB) that removed both the chlorophyll (> 88%) and planar pesticides (> 89%). For the interfering cholic acid during drug residue analysis, cholic acid MIP electrospun nanofibers demonstrated to be more sensitive and possessing higher loading capacity than the MIP particles. 100% cholic acid was removed by the nanofibers from standard solutions relative to 80% by the particles. This showed that the nanofibers have better performance than the micro particles and as such have potential to replace the particle based SPE sorbents that are currently in use. All the templates were optimally removed from the prepared MIPs by employing a novel pressurized hot water extraction template removal method that was used for the first time in this thesis. The method employed only water, an environmentally friendly solvent to remove templates to ≥ 99.6% with template residual bleeding of ≤ 0.02%.
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Desai, Suketu Dipakbhai. "Formulation of controlled release ocular delivery systems of pilocarpine." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/185894.
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The main objective of this work was to develop Poloxamer 407 (Pluronic F127)-based formulations for controlled ocular delivery of pilocarpine as a model drug. Various additives such as polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylpyrrolidone, methylcellulose (MC) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), were incorporated into formulations containing 25% PF127, 1% pilocarpine hydrochloride (PHCL) alone or containing one of the additives. The release of PHCL from the PF127 formulations and the dissolution profile of the formulations are obtained simultaneously at RT and 34°C. The formulations with 25% PF127, 1% PHCL and either 5% MC or 3% HPMC showed the slowest dissolution and also released the drug the slowest of the formulations evaluated in vitro. The PHCL release from the two formulations exhibited a zero-order release and the mechanism of PHCL release seem to be dissolution controlled. Therefore the MC- and HPMC-containing PF127 formulations of PHCL were selected for further in-vivo studies. The miotic response to equal administered volumes of an isotonic solution of 1% PHCL and the MC-containing PF127 formulation of PHCL was measured. The PF127 formulation showed a statistically significant increase in the duration of miosis and the intensity of the miotic response (i.e., higher ocular bioavailability) compared to the same instilled volume of the Isotonic PHCL solution. In the next phase of this work pilocarpine-incorporated polyisobutylcyanoacrylate nanocapsules (PIBCA-NC) were prepared, characterized in vitro and evaluated in vivo in albino rabbit eyes. Here the PIBCA-NC of PHCL containing 1% pilocarpine, of which about 13.5% was incorporated into the nanocapsules, were administered alone or using the aforementioned MC-containing PF127 formulation with 25% PF127 and 5% MC as a vehicle. The in vivo results indicated that the PIBCA-NC dispersion of 1% pilocarpine, when administered using the MC-containing PF127 gel vehicle, significantly improved the duration and the intensity of the miotic response compared to the administration of the same volume of the PIBCA-NC dispersion of 1% pilocarpine alone. Therefore, the PF127 formulations of pilocarpine developed and evaluated thus far, offer considerable promise in terms of their potential to be used for the controlled release ocular delivery of pilocarpine.
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Qu, Shuo. "Models and software for improving the profitability of pharmaceutical research." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:1a73a652-9e85-4952-b6ef-8aeb83917cdf.
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Pharmaceutical R&D is time-consuming, extremely costly and involves great uncertainty. Although there is a broad range of literature on statistical issues in clinical trials, there is not much that focuses directly on the modelling of pre-clinical research. This thesis investigates models and associated software for improving decisionmaking in this area, building on earlier work by the same research group. We introduce a class of adaptive policies called forwards induction policies for candidate drug selection, and show that these are optimal, with a straightforward solution algorithm, within a restricted setting, and are usually close to optimal more generally. We also introduce an adaptive probabilities model that allows the incorporation of learning from a project’s progress into the planning process. Real options analysis in the evaluation of project value is discussed. Specifically, we consider the option value of investing in clinical trials once a candidate drug emerges from pre-clinical research. Simulation algorithms are developed to investigate the probability distributions of the total reward, total cost, profitability index and the required future resource allocations of a pharmaceutical project under a given allocation plan. The ability to simulate outcome distributionsmeans that we can also compare the riskiness of different projects and portfolios of projects.
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Alwarthan, Abdulrahman Abdullah. "Chemiluminescence in flow injection analysis." Thesis, University of Hull, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.339162.
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Åsberg, Dennis. "Fundamental and Regulatory Aspects of UHPLC in Pharmaceutical Analysis." Doctoral thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för ingenjörs- och kemivetenskaper, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-47852.
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Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) provides a considerable increase in throughput compared to HPLC and a reduced solvent consumption. The implementation of UHPLC in pharmaceutical analysis, e.g. quality control, has accelerated in recent years and there is currently a mix of HPLC and UHPLC instrumentation within pharmaceutical companies. There are, however, technical and regulatory challenges converting a HPLC method to UHPLC making it difficult to take full advantage of UHPLC in regulatory-focused applications like quality control in pharmaceutical production. Using chromatographic modelling and fundamental theory, this thesis investigated method conversion between HPLC and UHPLC. It reports on the influence of temperature gradients due to viscous heating, pressure effects and stationary phase properties on the separation performance. It also presents a regulatory concept for less regulatory interaction for minor changes to approved methods to support efficient life cycle management. The higher pressure in UHPLC gave a retention increase of up to 40% as compared to conventional HPLC while viscous heating, instead, reduced retention and the net result was very solute dependent. Selectivity shifts were observed even between solutes with similar structure when switching between HPLC and UHPLC and an experimental method to predict such selectivity shifts was therefore developed. The peak shape was negatively affected by the increase in pressure for some solutes since secondary interactions between the solute and the stationary phase increased with pressure. With the upcoming ICH Q12 guideline, it will be possible for the industry to convert existing methods to UHPLC in a more flexible way using the deeper understanding and the regulatory concept presented here as a case example.Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) provides a considerable increase in throughput compared to conventional HPLC and a reduced solvent consumption. The implementation of UHPLC in pharmaceutical analysis has accelerated in recent years and currently both instruments are used. There are, however, technical and regulatory challenges converting a HPLC method to UHPLC making it difficult to take full advantage of UHPLC in regulatory-focused applications like quality control in pharmaceutical production. In UHPLC, the column is packed with smaller particles than in HPLC resulting in higher pressure and viscous heating. Both the higher pressure and the higher temperature may cause changes in retention and selectivity making method conversion unpredictable. Using chromatographic modelling and fundamental theory, this thesis investigates method conversion between HPLC and UHPLC. It reports on the influence of temperature gradients due to viscous heating, pressure effects and stationary phase properties on the separation performance. It also presents a regulatory concept for less regulatory interaction for minor changes to approved quality control methods and how predicable method conversion is achieved by improved understanding.
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Bennett, James Elston. "Bayesian analysis of population pharmacokinetic models." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.363017.
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Kimber, M. L. "Mass spectrometric methods in drug analysis." Thesis, Bucks New University, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.373602.
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Thompson, Meghan L. "Physicochemical and Structural Analysis of Polymers as Putative Drugs." VCU Scholars Compass, 2015. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/4061.
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Sulfated low molecular weight lignins (LMWLs) have shown good activity as anticoagulants by allosterically inhibiting thrombin, as well as promising agents for treating emphysema through inhibition of elastolysis, oxidation, and inflammation. Sulfated LMWLs are chemo-enzymatically synthesized from starting monomers caffeic, ferulic, and sinapic acid into sulfated dehydropolymers known as CDS, FDS, and SDS. To further the LMWLs’ development as drugs, their structural composition and physicochemical characteristics were defined in this work. The molecular weight distribution profile of the sulfated LMWLs from size exclusion chromatography performed on a high pressure liquid chromatography system (SEC-HPLC) changed from bimodal when no surfactant is used in the mobile phase of the HPLC to unimodal when surfactant is used in the mobile phase. This indicates that some large molecular weight species, likely an aggregate of smaller molecular weight chains, are disrupted when surfactant is present. The resulting estimates of molecular weight calculated when surfactant is used in the mobile phase resulted in peak average molecular weights of 5700 Da for CDS, 7400 Da for FDS, and 4300 Da for SDS. These molecular weights are 17-45% higher and can be considered more accurate than the previously reported molecular weights (CDS: 3320 Da, FDS: 4120 Da, SDS: 3550 Da) because they were measured directly whereas previous estimates were calculated from GPC-HPLC data of the unsulfated LMWL precursors. Elemental analysis and distribution coefficient measurements were also performed on the LMWL library, revealing information about the level of sulfation and hydrophobic character of the sulfated LMWLs.
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Shubietah, Raqi Moh'd Hasan. "Adsorptive stripping voltammetry as a method of analysis of some pharmaceutical and other purine derivatives." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1995. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/11215.
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Adsorptive stripping voltammetry (AdSV) is a recent technique (initially named by Lam, Kalvoda and Kopanica in 1983) in which there is generally a nonelectrolytic accumulation (adsorption) of the determinand followed by a cathodic reductive or anodic oxidative scan. In this work, a hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE) was used to accumulate several purine derivatives with and without the addition of Cu(lI) in a suitable buffer (usually Britton-Robinson, pH 7.5). In the presence of copper(lI) the copper(l) purine complex was usually accumulated at about -0.1 V. Some of the compounds studied (i.e dimenhydrinate, theophylline, guanine and azathioprine) can be determined as free compounds (i.e with no Cu(lI) added) after accumulation at potentials ranging from 0 to -0.2 V versus Ag/AgCI reference electrode. The determination of these compounds was made after optimising pH, buffer constituents, accumulation potential and accumulation time. The addition of Cu(lI) to these purines makes possible accumulation at shorter accumulation times , and improves the detection limits. For example, the detection limit of azathioprine in the presence of Cu(lI) is as low as 2x10-10 M. Both differential-pulse polarography (DPP) and DP-AdCSV (differential pulse adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetry) were used in the determination of theophylline and azathioprine in their dosage forms (tablets). The relative standard deviations for the determination of the pharmaceutical purines in their tablets were 3.0%. 4.2% and 1.3% for the measured concentrations of dimenhydrinate(1.5x10-7 M) , theophylline(2x10-7 M) by AdSV ; and azathioprine(2x10-6 M) by DPP, respectively . Other purines (eg xanthine,1,3-dimethyluric acid and some methylguanines) did not give peak currents useful for their determination. The addition of Cu(lI) was necessary to obtain satisfactory peak currents for these purines. At low copper(lI) concentrations (Le.< 10-6 M), it is suggested that the purines form Cu(l) complexes which are adsorbed at the HMDE surface: Cu(lI) + Cu(O) + 2 L ~ 2 Cu(I)-L adsorbed.
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Naicker, Krishnaveni. "An investigation into the introduction of process analytical technology, using near infrared analysis, to selected pharmaceutical processes." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/577.
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Introduction: Process analytical technologies are systems for the analysis and control of manufacturing processes to assure acceptable end-product quality. This is achieved by timely measurements of critical parameters and performance attributes of raw material and in-process material and processes. The introduction of process analytical technology using near infrared analysis was investigated in three areas, namely incoming raw material analysis, blend uniformity analysis and moisture determination in the fluid bed dryer. Methodology: Incoming raw material identification - The FOSS XDS rapid content analyzer was used for the development of a NIR method for the identification and material qualification of starch maize and lactose monohydrate. Blend uniformity analysis – The SP15 Laboratory Blender fitted with near infrared probe was utilized for the study. Two types of blend experiments were designed to monitor the distribution of magnesium stearate (lubricant) in the blend, namely, a powder blend utilizing lactose monohydrate and a granule blend utilizing Ridaq® granule. Software methods were developed to monitor the standard deviation of the absorbance at the wavelengths that were specific for lactose monohydrate, Ridaq® granule and magnesium stearate. To confirm the prediction of end-point using near infrared, results were verified using an atomic absorption method for magnesium stearate. The blends were sampled at the selected time intervals corresponding to three states of the blend, namely, before end-point, at end-point and after end-point using a sampling plan. An additional six blends were conducted for the granule blend and sampled when the standard deviation had reached a value below 3 x 10-6 at the magnesium stearate wavelength at four consecutive data points (standard deviation value extrapolated from blends carried out to predetermined time intervals). Moisture determination in the fluid bed dryer – Moisture values for two products (Product A and Product B) were retrospectively collected from past production batches. A process capability study was conducted on the moisture values to determine if the current process was in a state of control. Results and Discussion: Incoming raw material identification – The algorithms used for the spectral library were able to distinguish between the raw materials selected. The spectral library positively identified the starch maize and lactose monohydrate samples that were not present in the library. The negative challenge with pregelatinised starch and tablettose demonstrated that the spectral library was able to differentiate between closely related compounds. Blend uniformity analysis – Blends sampled at the predetermined time intervals demonstrated a homogeneous state when the standard deviation of the absorbance was low and a non-homogeneous state when the standard deviation of the absorbance was high, thus near infrared prediction on the state of the blend was confirmed by the standard analytical methods. The series of Ridaq® granule and magnesium stearate blends sampled when the standard deviation was below 3 x 10-6 were homogeneous with the exception of one blend that was marginally out of specification. Blend durations were significantly lower than the standard blend durations used in the facility and ranged from 112 to 198 seconds. Moisture determination in the fluid bed dryer – From the process capability study of the two products it was noted that Product A is stable but can still be optimized while Product B is at a desirable state. The statistical evaluation of the moisture values for Product A and Product B demonstrated that the use of the product temperature to monitor the moisture gave consistent results. The current process is stable and capable of producing repeatable results although near infrared provides a means for continuously monitoring the product moisture and allows one to take action to prevent over-drying or under-drying. Conclusion: From the investigations conducted, it can be seen that there is definitely a niche for process analytical technology at this pharmaceutical company. The implementation is a gradual process of change, which may take time, probably several years (Heinze & Hansen 2005).
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Gassim, A. E. H. "The analysis of benperidol and some related tranquilliser drugs." Thesis, Cardiff University, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.370786.
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Parsons, Andrew A. "Analysis of functional 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors in cerebral vasculature." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.237286.
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Farebrother, Joanna E. "Statistical design and analysis of factorial combination drug trials." Thesis, University of Reading, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.264855.
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Chapman, David John. "Analysis and pharmacokinetics of morphine and morphine-6-glucuronide." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1990. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/843031/.
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The behaviour of morphine and morphine glucuronides has been defined in an attempt to overcome the confusion surrounding the pharmacokinetics of morphine and the potential contribution of the active metabolite morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G), to the clinical effects observed after morphine treatment. Differential RIAs for the quantitation of morphine, M6G, and morphine-3-glucuronide (M3G) in a range of biological fluids have been developed. A specific M6G antiserum, suitable for use in an immunoassay, has been successfully raised. Pharmacokinetic parameters for morphine and M6G have been established in volunteers treated with morphine. Similar quantities of morphine and M6G were. observed after intravenous dosing. Bioavailabilities of enteral morphine preparations ranged between 19% and 24%. There was little difference between these routes with respect to the relative quantities of morphine and M6G measured, with quantities of M6G exceeding those of morphine by up to 7-fold. Data obtained following intravenous morphine, or M6G revealed similar elimination half-lives for both compounds. M6G was less widely distributed and not significantly bound by plasma proteins. Significant biliary concentrations of morphine and morphine glucuronides suggested the presence of an enterohepatic circulation, but no secondary plasma peaks or prolonged elimination half-lives were apparent. After systemic administration, significantly less M6G than morphine entered the central nervous system (CNS). In rats, the mean brain:serum ratios for morphine and M6G were 0.4:1 and 0.2:1 respectively. A mean cerebrospinal fluid (CSF):plasma morphine ratio of 0.9:1 was found in patients receiving intravenous morphine; no M6G was detected in the CSF. After oral morphine, mean CSF:plasma ratios were 0.6:1 and 0.3:1 for morphine and M6G respectively. A similar rate of disappearance from the CNS was observed for both morphine and M6G. Following intravenous M6G, the mean M6G CSF:plasma ratio was 0.1:1. Morphine was absent from the CSF and plasma indicating that the clinical effects observed are due to M6G alone.
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Lerdkanchanaporn, Supaporn. "Application of thermal analysis to ibuprofen and associated formulation excipients." Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.302281.
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Pang, Fung-Yin. "Tribulin : an analysis of its components, distribution and physiological significance." Thesis, University of Westminster, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.283455.
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Alexander, Christine. "A study of column switching liquid chromatography in drug analysis." Thesis, Robert Gordon University, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.308697.
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Mills, James Edward John. "Analysis of hydrogen-bond data applied to drug-design strategies." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.243067.
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Crabb, Nicholas Clive. "Applications of chiral chromatography to the analysis of drugs and herbicides." Thesis, University of Bradford, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.277117.
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Choi, Bong-Jin. "Statistical Analysis, Modeling, and Algorithms for Pharmaceutical and Cancer Systems." Scholar Commons, 2014. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5200.
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The aim of the present study is to develop a statistical algorithm and model associ- ated with breast and lung cancer patients. In this study, we developed several statistical softwares, R packages, and models using our new statistical approach.
In the present study, we used the five parameters logistic model for determining the optimal doses of a pharmaceutical drugs, including dynamic initial points, an automatic process for outlier detection and an algorithm that develops a graphic user interface(GUI) program. The developed statistical procedure assists medical scientists by reducing their time in determining the optimal dose of new drugs, and can also easily identify which drugs need more experimentation.
Secondly, in the present study, we developed a new classification method that is very useful in the health sciences. We used a new decision tree algorithm and a random forest method to rank our variables and to build a final decision tree model. The decision tree can identify and communicate complex data systems to scientists with minimal knowledge in statistics.
Thirdly, we developed statistical packages using the Johnson SB probability distribu- tion which is important in parametrically studying a variety of health, environmental, and engineering problems. Scientists are experiencing difficulties in obtaining estimates for the four parameters of the subject probability distribution. The developed algorithm com- bines several statistical procedures, such as, the Newtwon Raphson, the Bisection, the Least Square Estimation, and the regression method to develop our R package. This R package has functions that generate random numbers, calculate probabilities, inverse probabilities, and estimate the four parameters of the SB Johnson probability distribution. Researchers can use the developed R package to build their own statistical models or perform desirable statistical simulations.
The final aspect of the study involves building a statistical model for lung cancer sur- vival time. In developing the subject statistical model, we have taken into consideration the number of cigarettes the patient smoked per day, duration of smoking, and the age at diagnosis of lung cancer. The response variables the survival time. The significant factors include interaction. the probability density function of the survival times has been obtained and the survival function is determined. The analysis is have on your groups the involve gender and with factors. A companies with the ordinary survival function is given.
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Stubberud, Karin. "Studies of Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography as an Analytical Technique in Pharmaceutical Analysis - an Industrial Perspective." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Univ.-bibl. [distributör], 2002. http://publications.uu.se/theses/91-554-5281-7/.
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Omile, Clement Ibe. "Analysis and pharmacokinetics of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug combinations in man." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1988. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21283.
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High Performance Liquid Chromatographic methods for quantifying 11 commonly used non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs in serum were developed. Rapid, specific and sensitive adaptations of the methods were achieved by extraction with chloroform : acetonitrile 3:2 or diethylether : n-hexane 1:1 , giving recoveries of 85-98 %. The methods were used to study the in-vivo kinetic properties of aspirin in healthy volunteers when aspirin (652mg) was taken alone (I), with paracetamol (l000mg) (II) or with indomethacin (l00mg) (III) The salicylate absorption rate for I was 0.75 ± 0.03 hr⁻¹ (mean ± S.E.M) but for II the absorption rate was 0.99 ± 0.03 hr⁻¹; for III the absorption rate was 1.14 ± 0.05 hr⁻¹.These constants for II and III were different (p = 0.05) from that for I but not from each other. Statistically significant differences were not found between other pharmacokinetic parameters viz: (mean ± S. E. M. ) I II II Distribution Volume ( L ) 8.60 ± 0.79 : 7.97 ± 0.57 : 7.27 ± 0.45 : Rate (hrp-1s) blood to tissue 0.07 ± 0.02 : 0.11 ± 0.02 : 0.23 ± 0.03 : Tissue to blood 0.15 ± 0.01 : 0.20 ± 0.02 : 0.23 ± 0.03 : Elimination rate (hr⁻¹) Pseudodistribution ( body) 0.08 ± 0.01 : 0.08 ± 0.01 : 0.09 ± 0.01 : Central compartment (plasma) 0.12 ± 0.01 : 0.13 ± 0.02 : 0.13 ± 0.01 Relating the findings to changes in electropotential differences across the gastric mucosa it is apparent that a reduced gastric mucosal distribution of aspirin with an increased intestinal mucosal transport of aspirin when combined with paracetamol or indomethacin confer protective effect on the gastric mucosa.
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Bonzom, Pascale Marie Andree. "High resolution NMR applied to lipid analysis and lipid based drug design." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.300537.
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Azizeh, Bassem Yousef. "Structure-activity relationship analysis: Developing glucagon agonists and antagonists for studies of glucagon action in normal and diabetic states." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282252.
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Several glucagon analogues containing substitutions in the N-terminal region, in particular residues 1, 5, 6, 9 and 10 (histidine, threonine, phenylalanine, aspartic acid and tyrosine, respectively), were synthesized. In addition four β-methylphenylalanine isomers were introduced at position ten to assess the role of these topographical modifications on hormone activity, and to study the effect of constraint and biased conformational preferences of the side chain moieties on biological activity. All the analogues were synthesized by solid-phase methodology, purified to homogeneity by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, and characterized by electrospray mass spectroscopy, amino acid analysis and thin layer chromatography. Following characterization they were analyzed using rat liver plasma membranes for receptor-binding affinity as well as their ability to stimulate adenylate cyclase. Structure-activity relationship analysis provided critical information about the conformational, chemical and structural properties of amino acid residues required for receptor recognition and signal transduction in the glucagon sequence. His¹ was confirmed to operate along with Asp⁹ for the activation and binding to the glucagon receptor. These new findings should permit the design of more pure and potent glucagon receptor antagonists by focusing on the role of Phe⁶ and other residues in the N-terminal region. A newly developed assay for examining low levels of cAMP accumulation in response to glucagon antagonists, agonists and partial agonists was developed. Previously reported glucagon receptor antagonists had partial agonist activity in rat hepatocytes. This assay system, in conjunction with binding and adenylate cyclase studies in both hepatocytes and liver plasma membranes, redefines the major characteristics of pure glucagon antagonists. The most potent glucagon receptor antagonist [des-His¹, des-Phe⁶, Glu⁹]glucagon-NH₂ was studied using conformational analysis and 2D NMR techniques to analyze the secondary structure of the analogue. Proton resonance assignments using COSY, NOESY and TOCSY in d₆-DMSO were made.
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McAuley, F. "The effects of d-amphetamine on schedule-controlled behaviour : A fine-grained analysis." Thesis, University of Ulster, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.370944.
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Rogers, Helen. "An electrophysiological analysis of the actions of opiods on the mouse hypogastric ganglion." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.305680.
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Baird, P. D. "Computational aids to the structural analysis of molecules of interest to the medicinal chemist." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.386785.
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Hayhurst, Graham Patrick. "Analysis of the structure-function relationships of cytochrome P450 2D6 by site-directed mutagenesis." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.265573.
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Laidler, Paul. "Qualitative and quantitative analysis of human chorionic gonadotropin : applied to drug control in sport." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.309125.
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Peron, Jean-Marie. "Quantitative structure activity relationship analysis of anti-oxidants with central nervous system therapeutic potential." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.271327.
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Watt, Gillian Fairfull. "Analysis of the cross-tissue expression of antagonist and agonist activity on isolated tissue." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.266521.
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劉榮光. "龜苓膏與涼粉的指紋圖譜比較." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2010. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/1136.
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Pule, Bellah Oreeditse. "Solid-phase extraction based sample preparation for the determination of drug and organic pollutant residue." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006711.
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This thesis presents solid phase extraction (SPE) methodologies based on mixed-mode polymeric sorbents; a mixed mode strong anion exchanger (Agilent SampliQ SAX) and a mixed mode strong cation exchanger (Agilent SampliQ SCX). Furthermore, dispersive-SPE based on a quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe (QuEChERS) method was assessed for applicability in the determination of drug residues. The mixed-mode polymeric sorbents were evaluated for the simultaneous fractionation of drugs that exhibit diverse polarities with acidic, basic and neutral functionalities in biological matrices (plasma and urine). The polymeric skeleton of these sorbents entails an exchanger group and therefore provides two retention mechanisms, strong cation or anion exchange retention mechanisms with hydrophobic interactions. It was demonstrated that with a sequential elution protocol for sample clean-up analytes were fractionated into acidic, basic and neutral classes. The SAX was employed for analysis of ketoprofen, naproxen (acidic drugs), nortriptyline (basic) and secobarbital (neutral) from urine sample. The SCX was used for fractionating phenobarbital, p-toluamide (acidic), amphetamine, m-toluidine (basic) and acetaminophen (neutral drug) from plasma sample. QuEChERS method was employed for quantitative determination of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from fish fillets and soil; 9 sulfonamides (SAs) from chicken muscles and acrylamide (AA) in cooking oil. The analyte recoveries ranged from 79.6 - 109% with RSDs ranging from 0.06 - 1.9% at three different fortification levels. Good linearity (r2 > 0.9990) was attained for most analytes. The limits of detection and quantification ranged from 0.03 - 0.84 μg/ml and 0.81 - 1.89 μg/ml respectively for analytes in biological samples. LODs and LOQs for analytes in food and environmental samples ranged from 0.02 to 0.39 and 0.25 to 1.30 ng/g respectively.
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Chichetu, Karen. "Characterization, DNA Binding and Cleavage Activities of New Prodigiosin and Tambjamine Analogues and Their Cu²⁺ and Zn²⁺ Complexes." PDXScholar, 2015. http://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/2467.
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Prodigiosins and tambjamines are natural compounds from bacterial and marine sources belonging to a family containing a common 4-methoxy-2,2'-bipyrrole core. These compounds have received a lot of interest due to their promising biological activities. Studies have suggested DNA as a potential therapeutic target for the natural prodigiosin and tambjamine due to their ability to facilitate oxidative DNA cleavage in the presence of Cu2+. Based on this we sought to study the metal binding activity of new prodigiosin and tambjamine analogues. A new prodigiosin analogue was synthesized and complexed with Cu2+. This revealed 1:1 complex formation between the tripyrrole and Cu2+ that was confirmed by mass spectra and NMR spectra analysis. In addition in situ studies also revealed that our new analogues of prodigiosin cannot bind Zn2+ when the methoxy group on ring B is replaced by an alkyl group or when one of the ring nitrogens is methylated.
Our UV-Vis experiments with calf thymus DNA showed that prodigiosins and tambjamines bind DNA mainly through an external mode, suggesting that hydrogen bonding between the pyrrole ring nitrogens and the bases of DNA takes precedence over stacking interactions. For the new Cu2+ complex synthesized however, we observed spectral changes that suggest intercalation into DNA.
DNA cleavage experiments revealed that the prodigiosin-Cu complex is able to convert supercoiled DNA into its linear form. The data from the gel shift assays fit well to a first-order consecutive reaction model. In addition to preformed metal complexes, we showed DNA cleavage by in situ complexation of the ligands in the presence of Cu2+. However, although we showed Zn2+ complex formation with prodigiosin analogues, in situ studies did not show induction of DNA cleavage by Zn2+ complexes under our experimental conditions.
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Chan, Chun Wong Aaron. "Ultraselective nanocatalysts in fine chemical and pharmaceutical synthesis." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:866296af-5296-4d2e-8e52-6499dacaef0f.
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Surface catalysed reactions play an important role in chemical productions. Developments of catalyst requiring high activity whilst improving on product selectivity can potentially have a profound effect in the chemical industry. Traditional catalyst modifications were focused on tuning the size, shape and foreign metal doping to form well defined metal nanoparticles of unique functionalities. Here, we show new approach to engineering of metal nanocatalysts via a subsurface approach can modify the chemisorption strength of adsorbates on the surface. Carbon modified nanoparticles were synthesised using glucose to stabilise Pd nanoparticles at a molecular level. Upon heat treatment, the carbonised glucose encapsulated the Pd nanoparticles with carbon atoms take residence in the octahedral holes (15 at.%). These materials were tested in liquid phase stereoselective hydrogenations of 3-hexyn-1-ol and 4-octyne. The former has importance in the fragrance industry towards the production of leaf fragrance alcohol. It was shown for the first time that the geometrically and electronically modified Pd with interstitial carbon atoms reduced the adsorption energy of alkenes, ultimately leading to higher reaction selectivity. Boron modified Pd nanoparticles was synthesised using BH3.THF in the liquid phase. The material possess high B interstitial saturation (20 at.%), which can be synthesised for the first time below 100°C. These materials were tested in the liquid phase selective hydrogenation of various alkynes and 2-chloronitrobenzene, of which the latter has importance in the pesticides industry. Kinetic modelling on the hydrogenation of 4-octyne suggests these subsurface occupied B does play a pivotal role on increasing the reaction selectivity, as removal of these species lead to decreased selectivity. Au nanoparticles were synthesised and characterised using H13COOH NMR. The new liquid NMR characterisation method is successfully applied to examine the chemisorption strength of metal nanoparticles. An attempt to synthesise PVP capped B modified Pd nanoparticles with the above NMR characterisation was investigated. It is believed the examples of subsurface atom modifications as shown here may offer future catalyst developments in this area.
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Mahmod, Sadi Mohammad. "Mechanical and electrical activity of rat ileum in relation to calcium transport : an analysis with 'calcium active' drugs." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.305675.
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Wills, Simon. "The identification and classification of detrimental drug related effects and an analysis of their prevalence in patients attending an accident and emergency department." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.323276.
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Zhao, Xiaoning. "Synthesis and applications of functional magnetic polymer beads; synthesis and mass spectrometry analysis of model peptides." Scholarly Commons, 2012. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/156.
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The first part of the thesis describes the synthesis and application of functional magnetic polymer beads. The traditional suspension polymerization approach was used to synthesize polystyrene-iron oxide (Fe 3 O 4 ) based magnetic beads. The beads were coupled to different surface functional groups. The Fe 3 O 4 particles were encapsulated into a polystyrene shell. The surface functional groups were generated by graft-polymerization with functional monomers. The average size of the beads was in the range of 100-500 μm. Chemical tests showed that the beads were stable in strong acid, strong base and polar solvent. The beads had a fast response to an external magnetic field. A self-emulsion-polymerization approach was developed to synthesize smaller magnetic beads with the - OH groups on the surface. A modified approach based on traditional suspension-polymerization was developed to synthesize acid-durable beads with more Fe 3 O 4 encapsulated inside the beads. A novel emulsion-suspension polymerization method was successfully developed to synthesize much smaller magnetic beads ( A new peptide synthesis approach was developed using functional magnetic beads as the resin for solid phase synthesis. In this application, synthesized magnetic beads were further modified by a two-step reaction. The amino group was anchored onto the surface of these beads, followed by coupling with the Rink amide linker. The resulting beads were used as the resin to synthesize several model peptides. The peptides were successfully synthesized, and the sequences were confirmed by mass spectrometry analysis. The yields of the peptides were comparable to those obtained from commercial Rink amide resin. The second part of the thesis describes the synthesis and mass spectrometry analysis of two series of model peptides. One series has the linear (non-cyclic) structure, A n K, KA n , P n K, and AcA n K. The other series contains cyclic peptides, c-Ac-DAKAK and c-Ac-DADapAK. All peptides were synthesized using solid phase peptide synthesis. The relative proton affinities of the model peptides were measured using the collision induced dissociation experiments using a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. It was found that the effective proton affinity of a cyclic peptide was significantly reduced compared to a linear analogue. The reduced proton affinity implies an increased lipophilicity of the peptide.
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Booth, Rupert J. "A multidimensional analysis of post-acquisition performance : the case of research and development in the pharmaceutical sector." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2011. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/55431/.
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This thesis provides an additional perspective of the Merger Paradox, namely that mergers and acquisitions (M&A) continue to be transacted when historically their results seem to be disappointing overall. The thesis shows that when a theoretically sound basis (related to the Resource Based View and expressed as twelve design principles) is used to design a performance measurement framework, then there is no association between a firm's post-acquisition performance and the scale of a firm's previous acquisitions; the thesis then shows, by contrast, that there is a positive association between firms with an above-average level of past acquisitions (by value) and higher financial performance. This divergence provides both a motive and an ability to continue to undertake M&A, despite a lack of association of acquisitions with longer-term operational performance and very strong evidence of diseconomy of scale in the most crucial business process, for the case examined, which is the research and development (R&D) process in the research-based pharmaceutical sector. Additionally, the thesis examines the relative merits of Return on Sales and Return on Assets as financial metrics of performance, and establishes statistically significant differences in the measurement of performance by these two metrics. The thesis also establishes a contrast between the findings at the level of the firm and at the level of the sector, namely acquisitions considered in aggregate are associated with gains at the sector level, even though this association was not observed when acquisition was considered at the level of the acquiring firm. The thesis provides a new application of Data Envelopment Analysis and establishes a scale efficiency relationship for the pharmaceutical R&D process. A further empirical contribution is the examination of the statistical distribution of acquisitions in the pharmaceutical sector and confirmation of the consistency of that distribution with a power-law.