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Journal articles on the topic 'Pharmaceutical chemistry. South Africa'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Veale, Clinton G. L., and Ronel Müller. "Recent Highlights in Anti‐infective Medicinal Chemistry from South Africa." ChemMedChem 15, no. 10 (April 9, 2020): 809–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cmdc.202000086.

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2

Manganyi, Madira Coutlyne, Cornelius Carlos Bezuidenhout, Thierry Regnier, and Collins Njie Ateba. "A Chewable Cure “Kanna”: Biological and Pharmaceutical Properties of Sceletium tortuosum." Molecules 26, no. 9 (April 28, 2021): 2557. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26092557.

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Sceletium tortuosum (L.) N.E.Br. (Mesembryanthemaceae), commonly known as kanna or kougoed, is an effective indigenous medicinal plant in South Africa, specifically to the native San and Khoikhoi tribes. Today, the plant has gained strong global attraction and reputation due to its capabilities to promote a sense of well-being by relieving stress with calming effects. Historically, the plant was used by native San hunter-gatherers and Khoi people to quench their thirst, fight fatigue and for healing, social, and spiritual purposes. Various studies have revealed that extracts of the plant have numerous biological properties and isolated alkaloids of Sceletium tortuosum are currently being used as dietary supplements for medicinal purposes and food. Furthermore, current research has focused on the commercialization of the plant because of its treatment in clinical anxiety and depression, psychological and psychiatric disorders, improving mood, promoting relaxation and happiness. In addition, several studies have focused on the isolation and characterization of various beneficial bioactive compounds including alkaloids from the Sceletium tortuosum plant. Sceletium was reviewed more than a decade ago and new evidence has been published since 2008, substantiating an update on this South African botanical asset. Thus, this review provides an extensive overview of the biological and pharmaceutical properties of Sceletium tortuosum as well as the bioactive compounds with an emphasis on antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, antidepressant, anxiolytic, and other significant biological effects. There is a need to critically evaluate the bioactivities and responsible bioactive compounds, which might assist in reinforcing and confirming the significant role of kanna in the promotion of healthy well-being in these stressful times.

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3

Atkinson, Simon. "Veolia helps pharmaceutical manufacturer in South Africa meet strict standards of purity for process water." Membrane Technology 2020, no. 2 (February 2020): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0958-2118(20)30030-6.

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4

Hulley, M., BE van Wyk, and AL Schutte-Vlok. "Traditional medicine of the Little Karoo, Western Cape Province, South Africa." Planta Medica 81, S 01 (December 14, 2016): S1—S381. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1596477.

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5

Etsassala, Ninon, Tesfaye Waryo, Olugbenga Popoola, Adewale Adeloye, Emmanuel Iwuoha, and Ahmed Hussein. "Electrochemical Screening and Evaluation of Lamiaceae Plant Species from South Africa with Potential Tyrosinase Activity." Sensors 19, no. 5 (February 28, 2019): 1035. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19051035.

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South Africa is a country with a wide variety of plants that may contain excellent anti-tyrosinase inhibitors. With wide applications in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and food products, tyrosinase inhibitors have received very special attention in the recent past as a way of preventing the overproduction of melanin in epidermal layers which often over time brings detrimental effects on human skin. In this present study, a fast screening method using a cyclic voltammetry technique was applied in the evaluation of methanolic extracts of twenty-five species of plants from the Lamiaceae family for anti-tyrosinase activity. Among these plants, those that showed a fast current inhibition rate at a minimum concentration when compared to a kojic acid standard were classified as having the greatest anti-tyrosinase activity. These include Salvia chamelaeagnea, S. dolomitica, Plectranthus ecklonii, P. namaensis, and P. zuluensis. The results presented herein focused in particular on providng firsthand information for further extensive research and exploration of natural product materials with anti-tyrosinase activity from South African flora for use in cosmetics, skin care and medicinal treatments.

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6

Balogun, Fatai, and Anofi Ashafa. "A Review of Plants Used in South African Traditional Medicine for the Management and Treatment of Hypertension." Planta Medica 85, no. 04 (November 26, 2018): 312–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0801-8771.

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AbstractSouth Africa contains 9% of the worldʼs higher plants, and despite its rich biodiversity, it has one of the highest prevalence of hypertension in Africa. This review provides information on medicinal plants embraced in South Africa for hypertension management, with the aim of reporting pharmacological information on the indigenous use of these plants as antihypertensives. This review not only focuses on the activity of antihypertensive medicinal plants but also reports some of its phytochemical constituents and other ethnopharmacological and therapeutic properties. Information obtained from scientific and or unpublished databases such as Science Direct, PubMed, SciFinder, JSTOR, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and various books revealed 117 documented antihypertensive plant species from 50 families. Interestingly, Asteraceae topped the list with 16 species, followed by Fabaceae with 8 species; however, only 25% of all plant species have demonstrated antihypertensive effects originating from both in vitro and in vivo studies, lending credence to their folkloric use. Only 11 plant species reportedly possess antihypertensive properties in animal models, with very few species subjected to analytical processes to reveal the identity of their bioactive antihypertensive compounds. In this review, we hope to encourage researchers and global research institutions (universities, agricultural research councils, and medical research councils), particularly those showing an interest in natural products, for the need for concerted efforts to undertake more studies aimed at revealing the untapped potential of these plants. These studies are very important for the development of new pharmaceuticals of natural origin useful for the management of hypertension.

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7

ANELICH, L. E., and L. KORSTEN. "Survey of micro-organisms associated with spoilage of cosmetic creams manufactured in South Africa." International Journal of Cosmetic Science 18, no. 1 (February 1996): 25–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2494.1996.tb00133.x.

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8

Horn, Suranie, Bianca Vogt, Rialet Pieters, Hindrik Bouwman, and Carlos Bezuidenhout. "Impact of Potential COVID‐19 Treatment on South African Water Sources Already Threatened by Pharmaceutical Pollution." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 39, no. 7 (June 8, 2020): 1305–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.4734.

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9

Serrano, Rachel, Víctor González-Menéndez, Germán Martínez, Clara Toro, Jesús Martín, Olga Genilloud, and José R. Tormo. "Metabolomic Analysis of The Chemical Diversity of South Africa Leaf Litter Fungal Species Using an Epigenetic Culture-Based Approach." Molecules 26, no. 14 (July 14, 2021): 4262. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26144262.

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Microbial natural products are an invaluable resource for the biotechnological industry. Genome mining studies have highlighted the huge biosynthetic potential of fungi, which is underexploited by standard fermentation conditions. Epigenetic effectors and/or cultivation-based approaches have successfully been applied to activate cryptic biosynthetic pathways in order to produce the chemical diversity suggested in available fungal genomes. The addition of Suberoylanilide Hydroxamic Acid to fermentation processes was evaluated to assess its effect on the metabolomic diversity of a taxonomically diverse fungal population. Here, metabolomic methodologies were implemented to identify changes in secondary metabolite profiles to determine the best fermentation conditions. The results confirmed previously described effects of the epigenetic modifier on the metabolism of a population of 232 wide diverse South Africa fungal strains cultured in different fermentation media where the induction of differential metabolites was observed. Furthermore, one solid-state fermentation (BRFT medium), two classic successful liquid fermentation media (LSFM and YES) and two new liquid media formulations (MCKX and SMK-II) were compared to identify the most productive conditions for the different populations of taxonomic subgroups.

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10

Rae, Ian D. "Vitamin A and Australian Fish Liver Oils." Historical Records of Australian Science 25, no. 1 (2014): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hr14005.

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Research by an organic chemist at the University of Melbourne and support from Australia's Council for Scientific and Industrial Research provided the basis for a wartime industry when Australia was unable to maintain access to traditional supplies of cod liver oil from Britain and Norway in the 1940s. Two major pharmaceutical companies gathered oil from the livers of sharks in southern Australia that was rich in vitamin A, and so met domestic and military needs for this nutritional supplement. Other companies joined in and by the end of the war Australia had a flourishing industry that derived synergy from the marketing of shark flesh for human consumption. South Africa was a leader among countries that expanded fish-oil production in the late 1940s, as a result of which Australian producers suffered from import competition. A Tariff Board hearing found that the Australian industry was unable to meet local needs and so did not recommend increased tariffs. The industry struggled for years until the perceived nutritional benefits of other components of the fish oils helped to revive markets.

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11

Miya, Gugulethu, Mongikazi Nyalambisa, Opeoluwa Oyedeji, Mavuto Gondwe, and Adebola Oyedeji. "Chemical Profiling, Toxicity and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Essential Oils from Three Grapefruit Cultivars from KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa." Molecules 26, no. 11 (June 3, 2021): 3387. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26113387.

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The medicinal potential and volatile composition of different parts of three cultivars of grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) were evaluated for their toxicity and anti-inflammatory activities. Fresh leaf and fruit peel were separately isolated by hydrodistillation for 4 h. The essential oils were subjected to GC/GC-MS analysis for chemical profile. Toxicity of the essential oils in mice were evaluated using Lorke’s method, while an anti-inflammatory assay was performed in a rat model using egg albumin-induced oedema. The oils obtained were light yellow in colour, and odour varied from strong citrus smell to mild. Percentage yield of fresh peel oil (0.34–0.57%) was greater than the fresh leaf oil yield (0.21–0.34%). D-limonene (86.70–89.90%) was the major compound identified in the leaf oil, while β-phellandrene (90.00–91.01%) dominated the peel oil. At a dosage level of 5000 mg/kg, none of the oils showed mortality in mice. An anti-inflammatory bioassay revealed that all the oils caused a significant (p < 0.05–0.01) reduction in oedema size when compared to the negative control group throughout the 5 h post induction assessment period. The study reveals that the oils are non-toxic and demonstrate significant anti-inflammatory activity. Our findings suggest that the leaf and peel oils obtained from waste parts of grapefruit plants can be useful as flavouring agents, as well as anti-inflammatory agents.

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12

Lawton, J., H. Govender, and C. Rogers. "Mollic Acid Glucoside: A Possible (Third World) Answer to the Control of Schistosomiasis in South and Central Africa." Planta Medica 57, S 2 (December 1991): A74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-960341.

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13

Keyzers, Robert A., Catherine E. Arendse, Denver T. Hendricks, Toufiek Samaai, and Michael T. Davies-Coleman. "Makaluvic Acids from the South African Latrunculid SpongeStrongylodesmaaliwaliensis." Journal of Natural Products 68, no. 4 (April 2005): 506–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np049589w.

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14

Chaudhary, SK, L. Lerotholi, S. Combrinck, and A. Viljoen. "An untargeted UPLC-MS-based metabolomics approach towards quality control of bush tea (Athrixia phylicoides DC.) from South Africa." Planta Medica 81, S 01 (December 14, 2016): S1—S381. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1596292.

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15

Mmopele, Katlego, Sandra Combrinck, Josias Hamman, Clarissa Willers, Weiyang Chen, and Alvaro Viljoen. "Potential Herb-Drug Pharmacokinetic Interactions between African Wild Olive Leaf Extract and Selected Antihypertensive Drugs." Planta Medica 84, no. 12/13 (March 19, 2018): 886–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0583-0543.

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AbstractThe African wild olive (Olea europaea subsp. africana) is traditionally used as a hypotensive agent. Herb-drug interactions may result from the concurrent use of herbal medicines and conventional prescription drugs. This aspect was investigated by determining the effect of the extract on the in vitro intestinal epithelial permeation of selected hypotensive drugs using the Caco-2 cell culture model. The phytochemical profiles of leaf extracts of African wild olive from different localities in South Africa were compared, since efficacy is determined by the chemical composition. Extracts were analysed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography. The oleuropein concentration varied considerably from below the detection limit (4.94 µg/mL) to 59.4 mg/g dry weight. Chemometric models constructed from the aligned chromatographic data indicated only quantitative differences between the profiles. The leaf extract was found to increase the permeability of propranolol in the absorptive direction (Papp = 8.93 × 10−6 cm/s) across Caco-2 cell monolayers, but considerably decreased transport in the secretory direction (Papp = 3.68 × 10−6 cm/s). The permeation of diltiazem was enhanced by the extract in both the absorptive (Papp = 7.33 × 10−6 cm/s) as well as in the secretory direction (Papp = 7.16 × 10−6 cm/s), but a decrease in the efflux ratio was observed. The extract therefore caused a net increase in the transport of both drugs in the absorptive direction due to an inhibition effect on their efflux. This suggests a potential increase in the blood levels of these drugs when taken simultaneously with African wild olive leaf extract, indicating potential adverse effects that must be verified in vivo.

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16

Fu, Xiang, Xing-Cong Li, Yan-Hong Wang, Bharathi Avula, Troy Smillie, Wilfred Mabusela, James Syce, Quinton Johnson, William Folk, and Ikhlas Khan. "Flavonol Glycosides from the South African Medicinal PlantSutherlandia frutescens." Planta Medica 76, no. 02 (August 10, 2009): 178–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1186030.

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17

Mann, Maryssa G. A., Henry B. Mkwananzi, Edith M. Antunes, Catherine E. Whibley, Denver T. Hendricks, John J. Bolton, and Denzil R. Beukes. "Halogenated Monoterpene Aldehydes from the South African Marine AlgaPlocamium corallorhiza." Journal of Natural Products 70, no. 4 (April 2007): 596–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np060547c.

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18

Sagbo, Idowu Jonas, and Wilfred Otang-Mbeng. "Plants Used for the Traditional Management of Cancer in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa: A Review of Ethnobotanical Surveys, Ethnopharmacological Studies and Active Phytochemicals." Molecules 26, no. 15 (July 30, 2021): 4639. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26154639.

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Cancer occurrence is rapidly increasing all over the world, including in developing countries. The current trend in cancer management requires the use of herbal remedies since the majority of anticancer drugs are known to be costly, with unwanted side effects. In the Eastern Cape province, the use of medicinal plants for cancer management has been climbing steadily over the past two decades due to their cultural belief, low cost, efficacy, and safety claims. With the aim of identifying some potential anticancer plants for probable drug development, this study was undertaken to review plants reported by ethnobotanical surveys in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa for the traditional management of cancer. Information regarding plants used for cancer management in the Eastern Cape province was obtained from multidisciplinary databases and ethnobotanical books. About 24 plant species belonging to twenty families have been reported to be used for the traditional management of cancer in the Eastern Cape province. Among the anticancer plant species, only 16 species have been explored scientifically for their anticancer activities. This review authenticated the use of anticancer plant species in the Eastern Cape province and, therefore, identified several promising unexplored species for further scientific evaluation.

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19

Venter, Pieter, Kholofelo Malemela, Vusi Mbazima, Leseilane J. Mampuru, Christo J. F. Muller, and Sylvia Riedel. "An RP-LC-UV-TWIMS-HRMS and Chemometric Approach to Differentiate between Momordicabalsamina Chemotypes from Three Different Geographical Locations in Limpopo Province of South Africa." Molecules 26, no. 7 (March 27, 2021): 1896. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26071896.

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Momordica balsamina leaf extracts originating from three different geographical locations were analyzed using reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RP-LC) coupled to travelling wave ion mobility (TWIMS) and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) in conjunction with chemometric analysis to differentiate between potential chemotypes. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity of the three individual chemotypes was evaluated using HT-29 colon cancer cells. A total of 11 molecular species including three flavonol glycosides, five cucurbitane-type triterpenoid aglycones and three glycosidic cucurbitane-type triterpenoids were identified. The cucurbitane-type triterpenoid aglycones were detected in the positive ionization mode following dehydration [M + H − H2O]+ of the parent compound, whereas the cucurbitane-type triterpenoid glycosides were primarily identified following adduct formation with ammonia [M + NH4]+. The principle component analysis (PCA) loadings plot and a variable influence on projection (VIP) analysis revealed that the isomeric pair balsaminol E and/or karavilagen E was the key molecular species contributing to the distinction between geographical samples. Ultimately, based on statistical analysis, it is hypothesized that balsaminol E and/or karavilagen E are likely responsible for the cytotoxic effects in HT-29 cells.

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20

Antunes, Edith M., Denzil R. Beukes, Michelle Kelly, Toufiek Samaai, Louis R. Barrows, Kathryn M. Marshall, Catherine Sincich, and Michael T. Davies-Coleman. "Cytotoxic Pyrroloiminoquinones from Four New Species of South African Latrunculid Sponges†." Journal of Natural Products 67, no. 8 (August 2004): 1268–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np034084b.

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21

Nyakudya, Trevor T., Thulani Tshabalala, Rachael Dangarembizi, Kennedy H. Erlwanger, and Ashwell R. Ndhlala. "The Potential Therapeutic Value of Medicinal Plants in the Management of Metabolic Disorders." Molecules 25, no. 11 (June 9, 2020): 2669. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25112669.

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Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a prevalent, multifactorial and complex disease that is associated with an increased risk of developing diabetes and other major cardiovascular complications. The rise in the global prevalence of MetS has been attributed to genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. The adoption of sedentary lifestyles that are characterized by low physical activity and the consumption of high-energy diets contributes to MetS development. Current management criteria for MetS risk factors involve changes in lifestyle and the use of pharmacological agents that target specific biochemical pathways involved in the metabolism of nutrients. Pharmaceutical drugs are usually expensive and are associated with several undesirable side effects. Alternative management strategies of MetS risk factors involve the use of medicinal plants that are considered to have multiple therapeutic targets and are easily accessible. Medicinal plants contain several different biologically active compounds that provide health benefits. The impact of phytochemicals present in local medicinal plants on sustainable health and well-being of individuals has been studied for many years and found to involve a plethora of complex biochemical, metabolic, and physiological mechanisms. While some of these phytochemicals are the basis of mainstream prescribed drugs (e.g., metformin, reserpine, quinine, and salicin), there is a need to identify more medicinal plants that can be used for the management of components of MetS and to describe their possible mechanisms of action. In this review, we assess the potential health benefits of South African ethnomedicinal plants in protecting against the development of health outcomes associated with MetS. We aim to provide the state of the current knowledge on the use of medicinal plants and their therapeutically important phytochemicals by discussing the current trends, with critical examples from recent primary references of how medicinal plants are being used in South African rural and urban communities.

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22

Rambaldi, J., A. Zaghini, AS Ahmed, FS Botha, L. McGaw, and JN Eloff. "Biological activity of 16 South African plants with potential efficacy against dermatophytes." Planta Medica 81, S 01 (December 14, 2016): S1—S381. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1596896.

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23

Makatini, Maya M., Katja Petzold, Shimoga N. Sriharsha, Mahmoud E. S. Soliman, Bahareh Honarparvar, Per I. Arvidsson, Yasien Sayed, et al. "Pentacycloundecane-based inhibitors of wild-type C-South African HIV-protease." Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 21, no. 8 (April 2011): 2274–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.02.105.

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24

Abdillahi, Halima, and Johannes Van Staden. "Application of Medicinal Plants in Maternal Healthcare and Infertility: A South African Perspective." Planta Medica 79, no. 07 (April 22, 2013): 591–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0032-1328504.

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25

Tajuddeen, Nasir, Tarryn Swart, Heinrich C. Hoppe, and Fanie R. van Heerden. "Antiplasmodial and Cytotoxic Flavonoids from Pappea capensis (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Leaves." Molecules 26, no. 13 (June 25, 2021): 3875. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26133875.

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Ethnobotanical surveys indicate that the Masai and Kikuyu in Kenya, the Venda in South Africa, and the Gumuz people of Ethiopia use Pappea capensis for the treatment of malaria. The present study aimed to investigate the phytochemical and antiplasmodial properties of the plant leaves. The bioactive compounds were isolated using chromatographic techniques. The structures were established using NMR, HRMS, and UV spectroscopy. Antiplasmodial activity of P. capensis leaf extract and isolated compounds against chloroquine-sensitive 3D7 P. falciparum was evaluated using the parasite lactate dehydrogenase assay. Cytotoxicity against HeLa (human cervix adenocarcinoma) cells was determined using the resazurin assay. The extract inhibited the viability of Plasmodium falciparum by more than 80% at 50 µg/mL, but it was also cytotoxic against HeLa cells at the same concentration. Chromatographic purification of the extract led to the isolation of four flavonoid glycosides and epicatechin. The compounds displayed a similar activity pattern with the extract against P. falciparum and HeLa cells. The results from this study suggest that the widespread use of P. capensis in traditional medicine for the treatment of malaria might have some merits. However, more selectivity studies are needed to determine whether the leaf extract is cytotoxic against noncancerous cells.

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26

Nyamwihura, Rogers J., Huaisheng Zhang, Jasmine T. Collins, Olamide Crown, and Ifedayo Victor Ogungbe. "Nopol-Based Quinoline Derivatives as Antiplasmodial Agents." Molecules 26, no. 4 (February 14, 2021): 1008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26041008.

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Malaria remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. While clinical antimalarials are efficacious when administered according to local guidelines, resistance to every class of antimalarials is a persistent problem. There is a constant need for new antimalarial therapeutics that complement parasite control strategies to combat malaria, especially in the tropics. In this work, nopol-based quinoline derivatives were investigated for their inhibitory activity against Plasmodium falciparum, one of the parasites that cause malaria. The nopyl-quinolin-8-yl amides (2–4) were moderately active against the asexual blood stage of chloroquine-sensitive strain Pf3D7 but inactive against chloroquine-resistant strains PfK1 and PfNF54. The nopyl-quinolin-4-yl amides and nopyl-quinolin-4-yl-acetates analogs were generally less active on all three strains. Interesting, the presence of a chloro substituent at C7 of the quinoline ring of amide 8 resulted in sub-micromolar EC50 in the PfK1 strain. However, 8 was more than two orders of magnitude less active against Pf3D7 and PfNF54. Overall, the nopyl-quinolin-8-yl amides appear to share similar antimalarial profile (asexual blood-stage) with previously reported 8-aminoquinolines like primaquine. Future work will focus on investigating the moderately active and selective nopyl-quinolin-8-yl amides on the gametocyte or liver stages of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax.

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27

Najar, Basma, Giulia Mecacci, Valeria Nardi, Claudio Cervelli, Simona Nardoni, Francesca Mancianti, Valentina Virginia Ebani, Simone Giannecchini, and Luisa Pistelli. "Volatiles and Antifungal–Antibacterial–Antiviral Activity of South African Salvia spp. Essential Oils Cultivated in Uniform Conditions." Molecules 26, no. 9 (May 10, 2021): 2826. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26092826.

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Spontaneous emissions of S. dentata Aiton and S. scabra Thunb., as well as the essential oil (EO) composition of the cited species, together with S. aurea L., were investigated. The chemical profile of the first two species is reported here for the first time. Moreover, in vitro tests were performed to evaluate the antifungal activity of these EOs on Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Microsporum canis, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, and Fusarium solani. Secondly, the EO antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus pseudointermedius was examined, and their antiviral efficacy against the H1N1 influenza virus was assessed. Leaf volatile organic compounds (VOCs), as well as the EOs obtained from the arial part of Salvia scabra, were characterized by a high percentage of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (97.8% and 76.6%, respectively), mostly represented by an equal amount of germacrene D (32.8% and 32.7%, respectively). Both leaf and flower spontaneous emissions of S. dentata, as well as the EO composition, showed a prevalence of monoterpenes divided into a more or less equal amount of hydrocarbon and oxygenated compounds. Interestingly, its EO had a non-negligible percentage of oxygenated sesquiterpenes (29.5%). S. aurea EO, on the contrary, was rich in sesquiterpenes, both hydrocarbons and oxygenated compounds (41.5% and 33.5%, respectively). S. dentata EO showed good efficacy (Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC): 0.5%) against M. canis. The tested EOs were not active against E. coli and S. aureus, whereas a low inhibition of S. dentata EO was observed on S. pseudointermedius (MIC = 10%). Once again, S. dentata EO showed a very good H1N1 inhibition; contrariwise, S. aurea EO was completely inactive against this virus. The low quantity of S. scabra EO made it impossible to test its biological activity. S. dentata EO exhibited interesting new perspectives for medicinal and industrial uses.

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28

Mulaudzi, Nduvho, Chinedu P. Anokwuru, Sidonie Y. Tankeu, Sandra Combrinck, Weiyang Chen, Ilze Vermaak, and Alvaro M. Viljoen. "Phytochemical Profiling and Quality Control of Terminalia sericea Burch. ex DC. Using HPTLC Metabolomics." Molecules 26, no. 2 (January 15, 2021): 432. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26020432.

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Terminalia sericea is used throughout Africa for the treatment of a variety of conditions and has been identified as a potential commercial plant. The study was aimed at establishing a high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) chemical fingerprint for T. sericea root bark as a reference for quality control and exploring chemical variation within the species using HPTLC metabo3lomics. Forty-two root bark samples were collected from ten populations in South Africa and extracted with dichloromethane: methanol (1:1). An HPTLC method was optimized to resolve the major compounds from other sample components. Dichloromethane: ethyl acetate: methanol: formic acid (90:10:30:1) was used as the developing solvent and the plates were visualized using 10% sulfuric acid in methanol as derivatizing agent. The concentrations of three major bioactive compounds, sericic acid, sericoside and resveratrol-3-O-β-rutinoside, in the extracts were determined using a validated ultra-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array (UPLC-PDA) detection method. The rTLC software (written in the R-programming language) was used to select the most informative retardation factor (Rf) ranges from the images of the analysed sample extracts. Further chemometric models, including principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), were constructed using the web-based high throughput metabolomic software. The rTLC chemometric models were compared with the models previously obtained from ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS). A characteristic fingerprint containing clear bands for the three bioactive compounds was established. All three bioactive compounds were present in all the samples, although their corresponding band intensities varied. The intensities correlated with the UPLC-PDA results, in that samples containing a high concentration of a particular compound, displayed a more intense band. Chemometric analysis using HCA revealed two chemotypes, and the subsequent construction of a loadings plot indicated that sericic acid and sericoside were responsible for the chemotypic variation; with sericoside concentrated in Chemotype 1, while sericic acid was more abundant in Chemotype 2. A characteristic chemical fingerprint with clearly distinguishable features was established for T. sericea root bark that can be used for species authentication, and to select samples with high concentrations of a particular marker compound(s). Different chemotypes, potentially differing in their therapeutic potency towards a particular target, could be distinguished. The models revealed the three analytes as biomarkers, corresponding to results reported for UPLC-MS profiling and thereby indicating that HPTLC is a suitable technique for the quality control of T. sericea root bark.

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Mokoka, Tsholofelo, Stefanie Zimmermann, Tasqiah Julianti, Yoshie Hata, Nivan Moodley, Monica Cal, Michael Adams, et al. "In vitroScreening of Traditional South African Malaria Remedies againstTrypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania donovani, andPlasmodium falciparum." Planta Medica 77, no. 14 (March 16, 2011): 1663–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0030-1270932.

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Thovhogi, Fhatuwani, Godwin Richard Ainamensa Mchau, Eastonce Tendayi Gwata, and Nombasa Ntushelo. "Evaluation of Leaf Mineral, Flavonoid, and Total Phenolic Content in Spider Plant Germplasm." Molecules 26, no. 12 (June 11, 2021): 3600. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26123600.

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Spider plant (Cleome gynandra L.) is an important leafy vegetable that grows naturally in many parts of the world. The leaves are highly nutritious and are used mainly for human consumption. The mineral content and phenolic compounds of 17 genotypes (local and exotic) of spider plant and four standards (swiss chard, jute mallow, cowpea, and pumpkin) were investigated. Leaf samples were harvested from plants raised at Thohoyandou, South Africa. Exotic genotypes were superior to local genotypes for most of the minerals. Swiss chard possessed significantly high levels of some minerals such as iron and manganese in comparison with exotic spider plant genotypes. The calcium content in the local (‘MP-B-3-CG’) and exotic (‘GPS’) genotypes was >30.0% and >60.0% higher than in swiss chard, respectively. Total phenolics among spider plant genotypes ranged from 9.86 to 12.21 mg GAE/g DW and were superior to pumpkin. In addition, the spider plant genotypes varied significantly in the antioxidant capacity as estimated by the 2,2 diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl method and ferric-reducing antioxidant power. The main flavonoid in the leaves of spider plant genotypes was quercetin-3-rutinoside. Crotonoside (glycoside) was detected in all the spider plant genotypes and swiss chard. A positive correlation was observed between total phenolic content and each of the three flavonoids. The PCA biplot associated exotic genotypes (‘ML-SF-29′, ‘PS’, ‘TZ-1’, and ‘GPS’) and local genotypes (‘ML-3-KK’, ‘ML-13-SDM’, and ‘ML-12-TMP’) with high Al, Fe, Zn, N, and TPC. Cluster analysis indicated high “distant groups” between exotic and local genotypes of spider plant. These results indicated that some of the local germplasm of spider plant was largely inferior to the exotic germplasm in terms of their mineral composition but contained considerable quantities of quercetin-3-rutinoside, particularly in the local genotypes ‘MP-B-2-CG’ and ‘MP-B-1-CG’. There is a need for genetic improvement of the local germplasm in some of the minerals particularly to benefit the end-users.

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Gray, Andy. "Drug Pricing in South Africa-." Journal of Pharmaceutical Finance, Economics & Policy 12, no. 2 (June 7, 2004): 95–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j371v12n02_01.

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32

Gouws, Chrisna, Tanya Smit, Clarissa Willers, Hanna Svitina, Carlemi Calitz, and Krzysztof Wrzesinski. "Anticancer Potential of Sutherlandia frutescens and Xysmalobium undulatum in LS180 Colorectal Cancer Mini-Tumors." Molecules 26, no. 3 (January 25, 2021): 605. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26030605.

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Colorectal cancer remains to be one of the leading causes of death worldwide, with millions of patients diagnosed each year. Although chemotherapeutic drugs are routinely used to treat cancer, these treatments have severe side effects. As a result, the use of herbal medicines has gained increasing popularity as a treatment for cancer. In this study, two South African medicinal plants widely used to treat various diseases, Sutherlandia frutescens and Xysmalobium undulatum, were evaluated for potential activity against colorectal cancer. This potential activity for the treatment of colorectal cancer was assessed relative to the known chemotherapeutic drug, paclitaxel. The cytotoxic activity was considered in an advanced three-dimensional (3D) sodium alginate encapsulated LS180 colorectal cancer functional spheroid model, cultured in clinostat-based rotating bioreactors. The LS180 cell mini-tumors were treated for 96 h with two concentrations of each of the crude aqueous extracts or paclitaxel. S. frutescens extract markedly decreased the soluble protein content, while decreasing ATP and AK per protein content to below detectable limits after only 24 h exposure. X. undulatum extract also decreased the soluble protein content, cell viability, and glucose consumption. The results suggested that the two phytomedicines have potential to become a source of new treatments against colorectal cancer.

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33

Otterlo, Willem A. L. van. "Organic chemistry in South Africa." Arkivoc 2020, no. 3 (April 16, 2020): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.24820/ark.5550190.p001.480.

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34

Naudé, C. Te W., and J. M. Luiz. "An industry analysis of pharmaceutical production in South Africa." South African Journal of Business Management 44, no. 1 (March 30, 2013): 33–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajbm.v44i1.146.

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The purpose of this research is to investigate the shifting structure of pharmaceutical production in South Africa and examine the global and local factors that have contributed to this change. Generally, these factors have resulted in a decline in the number of pharmaceutical manufacturers in South Africa and in particular manufacturing operations owned by multinational companies. Simultaneously the global demand for generic medicines has increased due to their ability to improve access to affordable medicines. As a result, the supply of medicines in South Africa is being increasingly met by imported generic medicines and to a lesser extent locally manufactured generic medicines. These changes, together with a turbulent and sometimes uncertain regulatory environment, have led to interesting dynamics and changes within the structure of the pharmaceutical manufacturing industry in South Africa.

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35

Djolov, George G. "Market power and the pharmaceutical industry in South Africa." Economic Affairs 24, no. 2 (June 2004): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0270.2004.00473.x.

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36

Lehmann, Andreas, David R. Katerere, and Jennifer Dressman. "Drug Quality in South Africa: A Field Test." Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 107, no. 10 (October 2018): 2720–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.xphs.2018.06.012.

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37

Dube, Nondumiso P., Xavier Siwe-Noundou, Rui W. M. Krause, Douglas Kemboi, Vuyelwa Jacqueline Tembu, and Amanda-Lee Manicum. "Review of the Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacological Activities of Rhoicissus Species (Vitaceae)." Molecules 26, no. 8 (April 16, 2021): 2306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26082306.

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Species within the genus Rhoicissus (Vitaceae) are commonly used in South African traditional medicine. The current review discusses the occurrence, distribution, traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological properties of Rhoicissus species covering the period 1981–2020. The data reported were systematically collected, read, and analysed from scientific electronic databases including Scopus, Scifinder, Pubmed, and Google Scholar. Reported evidence indicates that species in this genus are used for the treatment of gastrointestinal complaints, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and infertility, as well as to tone the uterus during pregnancy and to facilitate delivery. Pharmacological studies have further shown that members of the Rhoicissus genus display antidiabetic, uterotonic, ascaricidal, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory properties. They are linked to the presence of bioactive compounds isolated from the genus. Hence, Rhoicissus species can potentially be an alternative therapeutic strategy to treat diseases and develop safer and more potent drugs to combat diseases. Plant species of this genus have valuable medicinal benefits due to their significant pharmacological potential. However, scientific investigation and information of the therapeutic potential of Rhoicissus remain limited as most of the species in the genus have not been fully exploited. Therefore, there is a need for further investigations to exploit the therapeutic potential of the genus Rhoicissus. Future studies should evaluate the phytochemical, pharmacological, and toxicological activities, as well as the mode of action, of Rhoicissus crude extracts and secondary compounds isolated from the species.

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Dai, Jingqiu, James A. Fishback, Yu-Dong Zhou, and Dale G. Nagle. "Sodwanone and Yardenone Triterpenes from a South African Species of the Marine SpongeAxinellaInhibit Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1 (HIF-1) Activation in Both Breast and Prostate Tumor Cells." Journal of Natural Products 69, no. 12 (December 2006): 1715–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np060278q.

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39

Johnson, Rabia, Dalene de Beer, Phiwayinkosi Dludla, Daneel Ferreira, Christo Muller, and Elizabeth Joubert. "Aspalathin from Rooibos (Aspalathus linearis): A Bioactive C-glucosyl Dihydrochalcone with Potential to Target the Metabolic Syndrome." Planta Medica 84, no. 09/10 (January 31, 2018): 568–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0044-100622.

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AbstractAspalathin is a C-glucosyl dihydrochalcone that is abundantly present in Aspalathus linearis. This endemic South African plant, belonging to the Cape Floristic region, is normally used for production of rooibos, a herbal tea. Aspalathin was valued initially only as precursor in the formation of the characteristic red-brown colour of “fermented” rooibos, but the hype about the potential role of natural antioxidants to alleviate oxidative stress, shifted interest in aspalathin to its antioxidant properties and subsequently, its potential role to improve metabolic syndrome, a disease condition interrelated with oxidative stress. The potential use of aspalathin or aspalathin-rich rooibos extracts as a condition-specific nutraceutical is hampered by the limited supply of green rooibos (i.e., “unfermented” plant material) and low levels in “fermented” rooibos, providing incentive for its synthesis. In vitro and in vivo studies relating to the metabolic activity of aspalathin are discussed and cellular mechanisms by which aspalathin improves glucose and lipid metabolism are proposed. Other aspects covered in this review, which are relevant in view of the potential use of aspalathin as an adjunctive therapy, include its poor stability and bioavailability, as well as potential adverse herb-drug interactions, in particular interference with the metabolism of certain commonly prescribed chronic medications for hyperglycaemia and dyslipidaemia.

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40

Kongolo, Tshimanga. "Public Interest versus the Pharmaceutical Industry's Monopoly in South Africa." Journal of World Intellectual Property 4, no. 5 (November 1, 2005): 609–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-1796.2001.tb00130.x.

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41

Meissner-Roloff, Madelein, and Michael S. Pepper. "Curbing stem cell tourism in South Africa." Applied & Translational Genomics 2 (December 2013): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atg.2013.05.001.

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42

Lehmann, Andreas, Martin Hofsäss, and Jennifer Dressman. "Differences in drug quality between South Africa and Germany." Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 70, no. 10 (July 25, 2018): 1301–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jphp.12985.

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43

Cleary, Susan, Di McIntyre, and Stephen Thomas. "Globalization and Health Policy in South Africa." Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 3, no. 1 (2004): 131–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1569150042036738.

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AbstractThis paper considers influences of globalization on three relevant health policy issues in South Africa, namely, private health sector growth, health professional migration, and pharmaceutical policy. It considers the relative role of key domestic and global actors in health policy development around these issues. While South Africa has not been subject to the overt health policy pressure from international organizations experienced by governments in many other low- and middle-income countries, global influence on South Africa's macroeconomic policy has had a profound, albeit indirect, effect on our health policies. Ultimately, this has constrained South Africa's ability to achieve its national health goals.

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V., Senthil, L. Srianitha, and R. Baviyapriyadharshini. "REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS FOR DRUG PRODUCTS REGISTRATION IN SOUTH AFRICA." International Journal of Drug Regulatory Affairs 3, no. 4 (February 13, 2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/ijdra.v3i4.171.

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The South African Pharmaceutical market is one of the emerging markets in the world and it is important to study on how to register a drug in the promising pharmaceutical market in Africa. The MCC is the regulatory body which deals with the quality, safety and efficacy of the medicines in South African market which regulates by approving the medicines by very specific process which is unique to South African health system. They have a specific type of CTD for Regulatory submissions which is generally well known as ZA CTD. This article provides the insight on the Drug Registration process in South Africa, the details of data to be submitted to the agency and the pathways of registration an applicant can avail, categories a drug can be registered by MCC, Application fees to be paid to the agency on various types of applications are also dealt.

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45

Eloff, Jacobus Nicolaas. "A Proposal Towards a Rational Classification of the Antimicrobial Activity of Acetone Tree Leaf Extracts in a Search for New Antimicrobials." Planta Medica 87, no. 10/11 (May 6, 2021): 836–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1482-1410.

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AbstractMany scientists investigate the potential of finding new antibiotics from plants, leading to more than a thousand publications per year. Many different minimum inhibitory concentrations of extracts have been proposed to decide if an extract has interesting activity that could lead to the discovery of a new antibiotic. To date, no rational explanation has been given for the selection criteria different authors have used. The cumulative percentage of plant extracts with different activities from a large experiment determining the activity of 714 acetone tree leaf extracts of 537 different South African tree species against 4 nosocomial pathogenic bacteria and 2 yeasts was calculated using a widely accepted serial dilution microplate method with p-iodonitrotetrazolium violet as indicator of growth. All the extracts were active at a concentration of 2.5 mg/mL. The formula, % of active extracts = 439 × minimum inhibitory concentration in mg/mL1.5385, describes the results for minimum inhibitory concentrations below 0.16 mg/mL, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9998. A rational approach could be to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations of the most active 1, 3, 9, 25, 50, and > 50% of a large number of plant extracts investigated against these six important microbial pathogens. Starting with an extract concentration of 10 mg/mL, I propose the following classification based on minimum inhibitory concentrations: outstanding activity < 0.02 mg/mL, excellent activity 0.021 – 0.04 mg/mL, very good activity 041 – 0.08 mg/mL, good activity 0.081 – 0.16 mg/mL, average activity 0.161 – 0.32 mg/mL, and weak activity > 0.32 mg/mL. Higher minimum inhibitory concentrations may still be effective in ethnopharmacological studies.

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Djolov, George G. "South African pharmaceutical prices: An international price comparison." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 6, no. 2 (June 30, 2003): 369–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v6i2.3319.

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A major presumption underlying the current debate on pharmaceutical prices in South Africa is that South African medicines are priced at levels out of line with comparable products in other countries. This paper presents some empirical evidence in an attempt to ascertain the validity of these presumptions. The results provide little support for the view that South African prices are in need of controls over and above those already existing through competition. The evidence reveals that recent calls and public policy proposals for parallel importation and its variant reference pricing are misplaced. To put forward such proposals without taking account of existing empirical knowledge for policy (or legislative) making purposes is a less than optimal approach.

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47

Capps, Ken. "My Fulbright Experience in South Africa." Journal of Chemical Education 86, no. 8 (August 2009): 900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed086p900.

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Najar, Basma, Valeria Nardi, Claudio Cervelli, Giulia Mecacci, Francesca Mancianti, Valentina Virginia Ebani, Simona Nardoni, and Luisa Pistelli. "Volatilome Analyses and In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of the Essential Oils from Five South African Helichrysum Species." Molecules 25, no. 14 (July 13, 2020): 3196. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25143196.

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Helichrysum genus was used in folk South African medicine to treat various human disorders. As a part of our on-going research addressing the exploitation of South African plants belonging to this genus, five species were investigated for their volatile and antimicrobial activities. The volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and the essential oils (EOs) were analysed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Microdilution was the method used for assessing both antimycotic and antibacterial activities, which was also tested by Kirby-Bauer agar disc diffusion. Total monoterpenes (TMs) dominated the VOCs of four species (H. trilineatum (70.6%), H. edwardsii (79.3%), H. cooperi (84.5%), and H. pandurifolium (57.0%)). H. cooperi and H. edwardsii EOs showed the predominance of TMs (68.2% and 84.5%, respectively), while H. pandurifolium and H. trilineatum EOs were characterized by the prevalence of TSs (86.5% and 43.6%, respectively). H. odoratissimum EO evidenced a similar amount of both TMs (49.5%) and TSs (46.4%). Microsporum canis was more sensitive to these EOs. The lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was observed with H. pandurifolium and H. edwardsii EOs (0.25%). H. pandurifolium and H. trilineatum had a good effect on Staphylococcus aureus (MIC 5%). These findings open new perspectives for the exploitation of these natural compounds for application in cosmetics and pharmaceutics.

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Viviers, Wilma, Martie Lubbe, Ermie Steenkamp, and Douglas Olivier. "The Identification Of Realistic Export Opportunities For The South African Pharmaceutical Industry." International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER) 13, no. 2 (February 27, 2014): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/iber.v13i2.8438.

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South Africa needs to advance its industrialisation process and diversify its exports if it is to enhance its global competitiveness ranking and meaningfully tackle the double scourge of unemployment and poverty. The pharmaceutical industry makes a significant contribution to the countrys economy, and has a growing international footprint. However, export activity is largely centred on Southern and Eastern Africa, while markets in other parts of the world remain largely untapped. A longstanding concern of the government has been that export market selection has not been conducted in a scientific manner. Added to this is the problem of limited resources on the part of export promotion organisations. A Decision Support Model (DSM), originally conceived by Cuyvers et al. (1995) and then developed for the South African environment by Viviers, Steenkamp, Rossouw, and Cuyvers (2009, 2010), was used in this study to identify those export opportunities with the greatest potential for the South African pharmaceutical industry. Through a systematic filtering and elimination process, the DSM revealed that there are a large number of export opportunities for South African pharmaceutical products, particularly in Western Europe, North America, and Africa. Such information constitutes an important basis for strategic decision making on the part of industry and government stakeholders.

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Matongo, Solomon, Grace Birungi, Brenda Moodley, and Patrick Ndungu. "Pharmaceutical residues in water and sediment of Msunduzi River, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa." Chemosphere 134 (September 2015): 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.03.093.

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