Journal articles: 'Pharmaceutical emulsions'

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Fu, Wei, Yang Liu, Chen Yang, Wen Hua Wang, Man Wang, and Yuan Yuan Jia. "Stabilization of Pickering Emulsions by Bacterial Cellulose Nanofibrils." Key Engineering Materials 645-646 (May 2015): 1247–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.645-646.1247.

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In order to develop safe and sustainable food and pharmaceutical emulsions, bacterial cellulose (BC) nanofibrils were prepared to stabilize maize oil/water Pickering emulsions. The influence of BC content and pH value on the emulsion stability was explored. Droplet diameters decreased with BC contents in emulsions. At pH 12, the emulsions were most stable among all tested pH values. The transformation of emulsion structure from liquid to gel-like at 8-15°C with BC content higher than 1.55 g/L is predominantly depended on the viscoelastic entangled BC network. These results can have meaningful inspiration of designing edible food and pharmaceutical emulsions.

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Sovilj, Verica, Jelena Saletic, Lidija Petrovic, and Petar Dokic. "Properties of hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose stabilized emulsion in the presence of sodium dodecylsulfate." Acta Periodica Technologica, no. 35 (2004): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/apt0435141s.

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Many food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic and chemical products exist in the form of emulsions. A common problem with emulsions is their instability. One method of effective protection against coalescence of the particles is to raise the viscosity and lower surface tension by adding a polymer and low-molar-mass surfactant. Interaction between polymer and surfactant could change the adsorption layer around the oil droplets in emulsion which effects emulsion stability. In this paper, the influence of low-molar-mass anionic surfactant, sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS), on the properties of hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC) stabilized emulsion, has been investigated. Changes of viscosity and rheological properties of emulsion caused by the HPMC-SDS interaction in continuous phase were measured and stability of emulsions was observed during two months of storage. Significant increase in viscosity and stability of the emulsions was found at SDS concentrations leading to HPMC-SDS interaction in the continuous phase. Stability of emulsions changed with time and was influenced by the HPMC-SDS interaction.

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Khan, Barkat Ali, Naveed Akhtar, Haroon Khan, and Valdir de Andrade Braga. "Development, characterization and antioxidant activity of polysorbate based O/W emulsion containing polyphenols derived from Hippophae rhamnoides and Cassia fistula." Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 49, no. 4 (December 2013): 763–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-82502013000400016.

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The objective of this study was to develop a pharmaceutical O/W emulsion containing plant-derived polyphenol extracts and evaluate its stability and antioxidant activity. O/W emulsions were prepared using ionic surfactant polysorbate 80 (Tween 80®). The odorwas adjusted with few drops of blue sea fragrance. DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) assay was used to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the plant extracts alone and emulsions containing these extracts. Physical stability was assessed by submitting the emulsions to storage at 8 ºC, 25 ºC, 40 ºC and 40 ºC + 70% RH (relative humidity) for two months. Various physical characteristics of emulsions monitored, include color, creaming, liquefaction, centrifugation and pH. Brookfield rotational rheometer was used to determined viscosities and rheological behavior of emulsions. Different types of emulsion were determined microscopically, while pH values of emulsions were measured by a pH meter. Electrical conductivity data confirmed that the outer phase was water. Samples presented an acceptable pH value for an external topical use. Shear thinning behaviour was observed for all emulsions. The polyphenol-rich-plant-derived extracts alone and the extract containing emulsions showed good antioxidant activities. This research confirmed that the method used was suitable for preparing emulsions with Hippophae rhamnoids and Cassia fistula extracts, suggesting that those emulsions are suitable for topical use.

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Bastola, Rakesh, Jo-Eun Seo, Taekwang Keum, Gyubin Noh, Jae Woong Choi, Jong Il Shin, Ju Hun Kim, and Sangkil Lee. "Preparation of Squalene Oil-Based Emulsion Adjuvants Employing a Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery System and Assessment of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae-Specific Antibody Titers in BALB/c Mice." Pharmaceutics 11, no. 12 (December 10, 2019): 667. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics11120667.

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In this study, a self-emulsifying drug delivery system (SEDDS) was employed to prepare novel squalene oil-based emulsion adjuvants. Deionized water, 0.01% and 0.02% (w/v) carbomer solutions of C-971P NF and C-940 grades were used to prepare emulsions containing 3%, 5% and 10% of squalene oil. Altogether 15 candidate emulsions were prepared and used as adjuvants for the delivery of a combination vaccine containing a porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) antigen and inactivated Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (J101 strain) antigen. Most of the emulsions showed droplet sizes in the submicron range and maintained zeta potential values between −40 mV to 0 mV for six months, indicating good physical stability as a vaccine adjuvant. Emulsion-based candidate adjuvants prepared with SEDDS technology stimulated IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a like a currently commercially available adjuvant, Montanide ISATM 201, and they were safe and their Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae-specific antibody titers were considered as comparable with that of Montanide ISATM 201.

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Abruzzo, Angela, Bruno Saladini, Francesco Dalena, Fiore P. Nicoletta, Barbara Luppi, Federica Bigucci, and Teresa Cerchiara. "Dry Emulsions based on Alpha Cyclodextrin and Vegetable Oils for Buccal Delivery of Lipophilic Drugs." Drug Delivery Letters 10, no. 3 (September 10, 2020): 219–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2210303110666200303125449.

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Background: Buccal delivery of drugs can be used as an alternative administration route to conventional oral route avoiding the liver first-pass effect and improving patient compliance. Objective: The goal of this work was to develop dry emulsions for buccal delivery of ketoprofen, used as a lipophilic model drug. The influence of two vegetable oils, olive oil or wheat germ oil, in the presence of α-cyclodextrin and different drying techniques on the dry emulsion properties was evaluated. Methods: Emulsions were prepared by adding olive oil or wheat germ oil to an aqueous solution of α-cyclodextrin and subsequently dried through an oven, freeze-dryer or spray-dryer. Dry emulsions were characterized in terms of yield, encapsulation efficiency, morphology and drug solid-state. In vitro drug release and permeation studies were carried out to evaluate dry emulsion ability to release the drug and to allow its permeation through the esophageal porcine epithelium. Results: The formation of stable and milky emulsion was assured by cyclodextrin ability to interact with oil components obtaining an inclusion complex with amphiphilic property able to act as a surfaceactive agent. The drying process influenced the yield and the encapsulation efficiency, while no significant differences were observed between olive oil and wheat germ oil. Freeze-dried emulsions, selected as the best formulations, resulted in fast release of drug thereby ensuring its permeation across the epithelium. Conclusion: Dry emulsions prepared with a simple and easy method, using natural ingredients and avoiding synthetic surfactants and organic solvents, could be used for buccal delivery of lipophilic drugs.

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Lallemand, Frederic, Philippe Daull, Simon Benita, Ronald Buggage, and Jean-Sebastien Garrigue. "Successfully Improving Ocular Drug Delivery Using the Cationic Nanoemulsion, Novasorb." Journal of Drug Delivery 2012 (February 27, 2012): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/604204.

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Topical ophthalmic delivery of active ingredients can be achieved using cationic nanoemulsions. In the last decade, Novagali Pharma has successfully developed and marketed Novasorb, an advanced pharmaceutical technology for the treatment of ophthalmic diseases. This paper describes the main steps in the development of cationic nanoemulsions from formulation to evaluation in clinical trials. A major challenge of the formulation work was the selection of a cationic agent with an acceptable safety profile that would ensure a sufficient ocular surface retention time. Then, toxicity and pharmacokinetic studies were performed showing that the cationic emulsions were safe and well tolerated. Even in the absence of an active ingredient, cationic emulsions were observed in preclinical studies to have an inherent benefit on the ocular surface. Moreover, clinical trials demonstrated the efficacy and safety of cationic emulsions loaded with cyclosporine A in patients with dry eye disease. Ongoing studies evaluating latanoprost emulsion in patients with ocular surface disease and glaucoma suggest that the beneficial effects on reducing ocular surface damage may also extend to this patient population. The culmination of these efforts has been the marketing of Cationorm, a preservative-free cationic emulsion indicated for the symptomatic treatment of dry eye.

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Akram, Salman, Nicolas Anton, Ziad Omran, and Thierry Vandamme. "Water-in-Oil Nano-Emulsions Prepared by Spontaneous Emulsification: New Insights on the Formulation Process." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 7 (July 7, 2021): 1030. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13071030.

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Nano-emulsions consist of stable suspensions of nano-scaled droplets that have huge loading capacities and are formulated with safe compounds. For these reasons, a large number of studies have described the potential uses of nano-emulsions, focusing on various aspects such as formulation processes, loading capabilities, and surface modifications. These studies typically concern direct nano-emulsions (i.e., oil-in-water), whereas studies on reverse nano-emulsions (i.e., water-in-oil) remain anecdotal. However, reverse nano-emulsion technology is very promising (e.g., as an alternative to liposome technology) for the development of drug delivery systems that encapsulate hydrophilic compounds within double droplets. The spontaneous emulsification process has the added advantages of optimization of the energetic yield, potential for industrial scale-up, improved loading capabilities, and preservation of fragile compounds targeted for encapsulation. In this study, we propose a detailed investigation of the processes and formulation parameters involved in the spontaneous nano-emulsification that produces water-in-oil nano-emulsions. The following details were addressed: (i) the order of mixing of the different compounds (method A and method B), (ii) mixing rates, (iii) amount of surfactants, (iv) type and mixture of surfactants, (v) amount of dispersed phase, and (vi) influence of the nature of the oil. The results emphasized the effects of the formulation parameters (e.g., the volume fraction of the dispersed phase, nature or concentration of surfactant, or nature of the oil) on the nature and properties of the nano-emulsions formed.

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Avlani, Dhruti, Vaibhav Agarwal, Vansh Khattry, Gopa Roy Biswas, and Sutapa Biswas Majee. "EXPLORING PROPERTIES OF SWEET BASIL SEED MUCILAGE IN DEVELOPMENT OF PHARMACEUTICAL SUSPENSIONS AND SURFACTANT-FREE STABLE EMULSIONS." International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics 11, no. 1 (January 9, 2019): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijap.2019v11i1.29877.

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Objective: The objective of the investigation was to isolate mucilage from sweet basil seeds and explore its physicochemical properties for the development of pharmaceutical suspensions and surfactant-free stable emulsions.Methods: Possible applications of sweet basil seed mucilage in the pharmaceutical field for dosage form development are being explored. The physicochemical and functional properties of the mucilage from the seeds of the Ocimum basilicum L. (Sweet basil) have been investigated for stabilization of suspensions and emulsions. The following analyses were performed: FTIR spectroscopy, phytochemical tests, XRD, swelling and rheological studies.Results: The analyses showed that the mucilage is rich in glucose, mannose, and xylose. High swelling index values varying from 100±10 to 200±13%, high water-holding capacity of 97.5±2.4 g/g mucilage and reasonable oil holding capacity of the mucilage (13.2±1.3 g/g mucilage) makes it an ideal candidate for utilization as viscosifier and stabilizer of suspensions and surfactant-free emulsions. Adult and paediatric paracetamol suspension formulations with 1%w/v mucilage have exhibited flocculated nature and good stability owing to its high sedimentation volume(F= 0.85-0.98) and good redispersibility. Sunflower oil emulsions prepared with 0.25%w/v mucilage demonstrated emulsion stability index of 105.714 on 5th day and extremely low creaming rate of 0.0004 cm/h thus confirming maximum stability compared to emulsions developed with 0.3-0.5% w/v mucilage.Conclusion: The mucilage isolated from Ocimum basilicum L. seeds may be regarded as a functional biomaterial for pharmaceutical use to ensure quality and stability of liquid dosage forms.

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Francke, Nadine Monika, Frederic Schneider, Knut Baumann, and Heike Bunjes. "Formulation of Cannabidiol in Colloidal Lipid Carriers." Molecules 26, no. 5 (March 8, 2021): 1469. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26051469.

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In this study, the general processability of cannabidiol (CBD) in colloidal lipid carriers was investigated. Due to its many pharmacological effects, the pharmaceutical use of this poorly water-soluble drug is currently under intensive research and colloidal lipid emulsions are a well-established formulation option for such lipophilic substances. To obtain a better understanding of the formulability of CBD in lipid emulsions, different aspects of CBD loading and its interaction with the emulsion droplets were investigated. Very high drug loads (>40% related to lipid content) could be achieved in emulsions of medium chain triglycerides, rapeseed oil, soybean oil and trimyristin. The maximum CBD load depended on the type of lipid matrix. CBD loading increased the particle size and the density of the lipid matrix. The loading capacity of a trimyristin emulsion for CBD was superior to that of a suspension of solid lipid nanoparticles based on trimyristin (69% vs. 30% related to the lipid matrix). In addition to its localization within the lipid core of the emulsion droplets, cannabidiol was associated with the droplet interface to a remarkable extent. According to a stress test, CBD destabilized the emulsions, with phospholipid-stabilized emulsions being more stable than poloxamer-stabilized ones. Furthermore, it was possible to produce emulsions with pure CBD as the dispersed phase, since CBD demonstrated such a pronounced supercooling tendency that it did not recrystallize, even if cooled to −60 °C.

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Arriagada, Francisco, Catalina Ugarte, Germán Günther, María Angélica Larraín, Víctor Guarnizo-Herrero, Santi Nonell, and Javier Morales. "Carminic Acid Linked to Silica Nanoparticles as Pigment/Antioxidant Bifunctional Excipient for Pharmaceutical Emulsions." Pharmaceutics 12, no. 4 (April 19, 2020): 376. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12040376.

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The incorporation of pigments and natural polyphenols into inorganic matrices, resulting in a hybrid material that improves the resistance and chemical stability of the pigments and the antioxidant capacity of the materials, has been of great interest to the pharmaceutical, chemical and food industries. The aim of this work was to prepare and characterize a bifunctional pigment–antioxidant nanomaterial-based carminic acid-decorated solid core-mesoporous shell silica nanoparticles, evaluating its properties as a pigment, its antioxidant capacity and its properties as a chemical stabilizer of emulsions. The chemical stability of oil-in-water (O/W) Pickering emulsions was evaluated determining the stability of vitamin E solubilized in the oil phase. Carminic acid was attached through the action of coupling ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC)/N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) agents, and the resulting spherical and homogeneous nanoparticles showed a diameter close to 175 nm. A notorious change of emulsion color was observed by the addition of the nanomaterial. Emulsions showed an attractive pink color, and when the pH was adjusted to pH 3 and pH 9, a change in color was observed, analogous to carminic acid in solution. The nanomaterial incorporation also improved chemical stability, decreasing vitamin E consumption to 9.26% of the initial value, demonstrating an important antioxidant effect of the developed nanomaterial.

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Kowalska, Małgorzata, Anna Krztoń-Maziopa, Monika Babut, and Paulina Mitrosz. "Rheological and physical analysis of oil-water emulsion based on enzymatic structured fat." Rheologica Acta 59, no. 10 (August 12, 2020): 717–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00397-020-01232-6.

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Abstract Structured triacylglycerols play an important role in determining the functional properties of fat-based emulsion products. The aim of the study was to evaluate the physical properties of the emulsion systems manufactured on the basis of enzymatically modified rabbit fat with pumpkin seed oil in the presence of sn-1,3 regioselective lipase. Emulsions containing variable contents of thickener and variable fat ratios were analyzed for rheological behavior and particle size changes during storage, and their stability was assessed using the Turbiscan test. The results showed that the emulsion containing the majority of rabbit fat and 1 wt% of carboxymethylcellulose was characterized by the highest stability. On the other hand, the emulsions containing higher amounts of pumpkin seed oil in a fatty base characterized the lowest resistance to destabilization processes. The research confirmed the possibility of producing structured fat which can be the basis for new emulsion systems proposed as a food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical product.

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Agubata, Chukwuma. "Self-Emulsifying Formulations: A Pharmaceutical Review." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 10, no. 3 (May 15, 2020): 231–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v10i3.3981.

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The oral route of drug delivery is commonly utilized for administration of medicines and is particularly preferred for the treatment of many chronic diseases which require continuous ingestion over a reasonably prolonged period of time. However the oral delivery of lipophilic drugs presents a major obstacle because of their low aqueous solubility. The aqueous solubility of a drug is a crucial determinant of its dissolution rate, absorption and bioavailability. Drugs with relatively high intrinsic lipophilicity can be dissolved in appropriate mixtures of oils/lipids, surfactants, cosolvents which can rapidly form oil-in-water (o/w) fine emulsions when dispersed in aqueous phase under mild agitation or mixing. These isotropic self-emulsifying formulations or self-emulsifying drug delivery systems are effective for delivery of poorly soluble, lipophilic drugs by dispersing the drugs within fine oil droplets in emulsions and this solubilization of drugs can then improve its absorption, bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy. The present paper reviews the concept, design, formulation, characterization and applications of self-emulsifying formulations. Keywords: Self-Emulsifying Formulations, lipophilicity, emulsions

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Woźniak, Magdalena, Małgorzata Kowalska, Serge Tavernier, and Anna Żbikowska. "Enzymatically Modified Fats Applied in Emulsions Stabilized by Polysaccharides." Biomolecules 11, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom11010049.

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The subject of the study was emulsions based on enzymatically modified fats and stabilized with polysaccharides (xanthan gum and scleroglucan). Emulsion oil phases (blends of mutton tallow and hemp seed oil in a ratio of 3:1, 3:2, 3:3, 2:3 and 1:3) were characterized in the terms of acid value, melting point and mono- and diacylglycerols content before and after the modification. Emulsions containing modified fat blends and various amount (0.6, 0.8 and 1.0% w/w) of polysaccharides were investigated in the terms of their color, rheological properties, microstructure, droplet size and stability. The obtained results confirmed that enzymatic modification allowed to produce new fats, which can successfully be applied as an emulsion oil phases equipped with a sufficient amount of emulsifiers. The use of a variable amount of texture modifier in the proposed formulations did not show clear differences in the stability of the systems. Therefore, it does not seem justified to use greater amounts of a modifier (above 0.6% w/w) in this type of emulsions. The proposed formulations could be of interest to the cosmetics, food or pharmaceutical industry.

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Babazadeh, Afshin, Mahnaz Tabibiazar, Hamed Hamishehkar, and Bingyang Shi. "Zein-CMC-PEG Multiple Nanocolloidal Systems as a Novel Approach for Nutra-Pharmaceutical Applications." Advanced Pharmaceutical Bulletin 9, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 262–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/apb.2019.030.

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Purpose: Hydrophobic nutraceuticals are suffering from water solubility and physicochemical stabilities once administered to the body or food matrixes. The present study depicts the successful formulation of a zein-carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) complex to stabilize a water in oil (W/O) emulsion to protect them from environmental and gastrointestinal conditions. The formulated water in oil in water (W/O/W) system was used for nanoencapsulating of hydrophobic nutraceutical, rutin, via protein-polysaccharide complexes. Methods: Zein nano particles smaller than 100 nm were produced using poly ethylene glycol (PEG 400) and Tween 80, which eliminates the use of ethanolic solutions in preparation of zein nanoparticles (ZN). CMC was then added to the ZN under magnetic stirrer to provide zein-CMC complex. A concentration of 20% CMC showed the smallest particle size (<100 nm). Rutin was dispersed in water in oil in water (W/O/W) emulsion stabilized by zein-CMC complex. A set of experiments such as encapsulation efficiency (EE%), encapsulation stability (ES%), and releasing rate of rutin were measured during 30 days of storage at 4°C. Results: Results showed that, produced multiple emulsion prepared with lower concentrations of Tween 80 (0.5%), ethanol: PEG: water ratio of 0:80:20 showed smaller size (89.8±4.2 nm). ES% at pH values of 1.2, 6.8, and 7.4 were 86.63±6.19, 91.54±3.89, and 97.13±2.39 respectively, indicating high pH tolerability of formulated W/O/W emulsions. Conclusion: These findings could pave a new approach in stabilizing W/O/W emulsions for encapsulating and controlling the release of water insoluble nutraceuticals/drugs.

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Lee, Siang Yin, Chia Chin Teo, Wei Jen Tan, Hui Yan Lim, Hwei Hwei Lim, and Siew Yong Teo. "LIPID MICROEMULSION-BASED HYDROGELS FOR EFFECTIVE TOPICAL DELIVERY OF PHENYTOIN." International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 8, no. 11 (October 28, 2016): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2016v8i11.13394.

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Objective: Microemulsion is a promising drug delivery vehicle for lipophilic drugs but its acceptability for topical application is limited to its very low viscosity. The aim of the present study was to develop and characterize lipid microemulsion hydrogel as a topical drug carrier for phenytoin.Methods: Lipid oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions were formulated from palm kernel oil (PKO), coconut kernel oil (CKO) and soybean oil (SBO), and their blends using phase inversion temperature method. Stable nano-sized microemulsions were identified and formulated into phenytoin loaded hydrogels. The physicochemical properties of the formulations were evaluated in term of emulsion stability index, droplet size, zeta potential, pH, and rheological properties. The efficacy of in vitro drug release of phenytoin was further evaluated using Franz diffusion cells.Results: Stability study revealed that ten lipid emulsions mixing with surfactant Tween 80 at an oil-to-surfactant ratio of 1:9 having 100% emulsion stability indices. Among these, two emulsions (F6 and F21) were identified as the most stable nano-sized microemulsions with clear and transparent appearances; mean droplet size maintained within 100 nm (11–16 nm) as per stability study. Rheological data showed that all phenytoin is loaded hydrogels exhibited non-Newtonian and shear-thinning flow behavior, with high yield stress of a 10.3–18.8 Pa. The in vitro release profiles followed the first-order kinetic model, with R2>0.95, where F21 demonstrated the highest release rate, with 93.12% drug released in 12 h.Conclusion: These findings concluded that CKO/SBO blend microemulsion hydrogel has the highest potential for topical phenytoin delivery.

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Marto, Joana, Andreia Nunes, Ana Margarida Martins, João Carvalheira, Pedro Prazeres, Lídia Gonçalves, Alexandre Marques, António Lucas, and Helena Margarida Ribeiro. "Pickering Emulsions Stabilized by Calcium Carbonate Particles: A New Topical Formulation." Cosmetics 7, no. 3 (July 31, 2020): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics7030062.

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Pickering emulsions are systems composed of two immiscible fluids stabilized by solid organic or inorganic particles. Pickering emulsions are particularly useful in cosmetics, where the surfactants are unwanted, as well as in the pharmaceutical field, where transdermal and/or dermal drug delivery is difficult to achieve and controlled drug release is desired. Here, we studied calcium carbonate particles as stabilizers of Pickering emulsions for topical use. An optimized formulation was obtained using a Quality by Design approach. First, a screening experiment was performed to identify the formulation and process critical variables that affect the quality properties of the Pickering emulsion. The optimization of the production was then studied by establishing the design space. The final formulation was hereinafter investigated regarding the pH, rheological properties, and in vitro cytotoxicity assays. The results showed the formulation had a pH compatible with human skin and a shear thinning behavior. Moreover, this formulation showed a strong network structure, with a suitable spreadability on the skin, allowing an easy application. The in vitro assays were performed to assess the potential cytotoxicity of the calcium carbonate-stabilized emulsion and the particles themselves, and the results revealed that the formulation did not significantly affect the cell viability. In conclusion, the use of calcium carbonate particles as a stabilizer ingredient contributed to achieve an eco-friendly Pickering emulsion.

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Powell, Kristin Conrad, Robert Damitz, and Anuj Chauhan. "Relating emulsion stability to interfacial properties for pharmaceutical emulsions stabilized by Pluronic F68 surfactant." International Journal of Pharmaceutics 521, no. 1-2 (April 2017): 8–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.01.058.

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Emery Kalonda Mutombo, Marsi Mbayo Kitambala, Victor Ngambi Nyambi, Joseph Mbayo Mukala, Evodie Numbi Wa Ilunga, Jean-Baptiste Kalonji Ndumba, Kahumba Byanga Joseph, and Jean-Baptiste Lumbu Simbi. "Emulsion formulation assays based on natural substances stimulating the hair growth and evaluation of its biological activity." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 10, no. 3 (June 30, 2021): 012–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2021.10.3.0119.

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Aim: This study aims to identify the physicochemical parameters for the stability of emulsions prepared with medicinal plant extracts (i); to study the optimum parameters contributing to the stabilization of emulsions used for hair care (ii); to determine the physicochemical and galenical conditions for better stable formulation and the reproducible to ensure a pharmaceutical use (iii) and finally to evaluate the capillary activity of the emulsions prepared in vivo on Cavia porcellus L. (iv). Methodology: To achieve the goal of this study, the water-oil emulsions prepared by the mixture of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. flowers extracts (1mg/g and 10mg/g), Cannabis sativa L. seeds oil (1mg/g and 10mg/g), Ricinus communis L. oil, Olea europaea crude oil, and beeswax. The prepared emulsions were tested in vivo on Cavia porcellus L. for 28 days following the protocols established in preliminary studies on cosmetic systems with natural extracts as well as those established for the evaluation of the antialopecic activity. Results: The water-oil emulsion, with a ratio of 4/6, a Hydrophilic/Lipophilic Balance [HLB] of 7, an average globule size of 2.57 ± 1,91μm made with Cannabis sativa L. seed oil (10mg/g), Ricinus communis L. oil, Olea europaea oil, extract of flowers of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. (10mg/g), and beeswax exhibited good stability as well as stimulating activity of capillary growth. Conclusion: The stability of a water-in-oil emulsion formulated with natural substances selected for this research depends on the hydrophilic/lipophilic balance, uniformity of the globules distribution in their average size as well as the hydrophilic/lipophilic ratio.

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Phan, Tony, Christian Devine, Erik D. Laursen, Adrian Simpson, Aaron Kahn, Amit P. Khandhar, Steven Mesite, et al. "Squalene Emulsion Manufacturing Process Scale-Up for Enhanced Global Pandemic Response." Pharmaceuticals 13, no. 8 (July 28, 2020): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph13080168.

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Squalene emulsions are among the most widely employed vaccine adjuvant formulations. Among the demonstrated benefits of squalene emulsions is the ability to enable vaccine antigen dose sparing, an important consideration for pandemic response. In order to increase pandemic response capabilities, it is desirable to scale up adjuvant manufacturing processes. We describe innovative process enhancements that enabled the scale-up of bulk stable squalene emulsion (SE) manufacturing capacity from a 3000- to 5,000,000-dose batch size. Manufacture of concentrated bulk along with the accompanying viscosity change in the continuous phase resulted in a ≥25-fold process efficiency enhancement. Process streamlining and implementation of single-use biocontainers resulted in reduced space requirements, fewer unit operations, and minimization of cleaning requirements. Emulsion physicochemical characteristics were measured by dynamic light scattering, laser diffraction, and HPLC with charged aerosol detection. The newly developed full-scale process was demonstrated by producing two 5,000,000-dose batches of bulk concentrated SE. A scale-up of adjuvant manufacturing capacity through process innovation enables more efficient production capabilities for pandemic response.

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Verissimo, Lourena Mafra, Lucymara Fassarela Agnez Lima, Lucila Carmem Monte Egito, Anselmo Gomes de Oliveira, and E. Sócrates Tabosa do Egito. "Pharmaceutical emulsions: a new approach for gene therapy." Journal of Drug Targeting 18, no. 5 (December 3, 2009): 333–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10611860903434019.

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Driscoll, David F. "Pharmaceutical and Clinical Aspects of Lipid Injectable Emulsions." Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 41, no. 1 (October 14, 2016): 125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0148607116673187.

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Peppas, N. A. "Technologie von salben, suspensionen und emulsionen (technology of ointments, suspensions and emulsions)." Journal of Controlled Release 4, no. 3 (October 1986): 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-3659(86)90010-6.

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Han, Sang Yeong, Eunhye K. Kang, and Insung S. Choi. "Iron Gall Ink Revisited: A Surfactant-Free Emulsion Technology for Black Hair-Dyeing Formulation." Cosmetics 8, no. 1 (January 22, 2021): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics8010009.

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Inspired by the redox reactions in the preparation of the iron gall ink that has been used in Europe since the Middle Ages, we developed a technology for forming the oil-in-water emulsions, without any surfactants and emulsifiers, by homogenizing a mixture of tannic acid, gallic acid, Fe(D-gluconate)2, and natural oil, which are all approved as cosmetic ingredients. Various plant-derived oils, such as argan oil, olive oil, sunflower oil, grape seed oil, hemp seed oil, peppermint oil, rosemary oil, and ylang-ylang oil, were used as an oil phase for the emulsion formation, and all the fabricated emulsions exhibited the capability of black hair-dyeing. This surfactant-free emulsion technology for combining the hair-dyeing capability of Fe3+–tannin complex with the hair-fortifying property of natural oil would have great impact on the hair-cosmetic industry.

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El-Guendouz, Soukaïna, Smail Aazza, Susana Anahi Dandlen, Nessrine Majdoub, Badiaa Lyoussi, Sara Raposo, Maria Dulce Antunes, Vera Gomes, and Maria Graça Miguel. "Antioxidant Activity of Thyme Waste Extract in O/W Emulsions." Antioxidants 8, no. 8 (July 25, 2019): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox8080243.

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Thymus vulgaris (thyme) is an aromatic plant and its essential oil has been applied as antimicrobial and antioxidant due to the presence of phenolic compounds. However, after steam distillation, the deodorized plant material is rejected, despite the possible presence of bioactive compounds. Ethanolic thyme waste extract revealed the presence of benzoic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, ferulic acid, caffeic acid, and sinapic acid. This waste thyme extract had the capacity for preventing the formation of primary and secondary lipid oxidation products in emulsions O/W (oil in water), constituted by diverse proportions of wheat and almond oils, without interfering with the viscosity parameters, for 10 weeks, at 37 °C. The increasing proportion of almond oil (≥50%) in the emulsion increases its resistance to oxidation, which is improved with the presence of an optimal concentration of tested thyme waste extract (0.02% and 0.04%). The waste thyme extract can, therefore, be used as an antioxidant either in food or pharmaceutical emulsions O/W, replacing the synthetic antioxidants.

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Molet-Rodríguez, Anna, Olga Martín-Belloso, and Laura Salvia-Trujillo. "Formation and Stabilization of W1/O/W2 Emulsions with Gelled Lipid Phases." Molecules 26, no. 2 (January 9, 2021): 312. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26020312.

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Water-in-oil-in-water (W1/O/W2) emulsions are emulsion-based systems where the dispersed phase is an emulsion itself, offering great potential for the encapsulation of hydrophilic bioactive compounds. However, their formation and stabilization is still a challenge mainly due to water migration, which could be reduced by lipid phase gelation. This study aimed to assess the impact of lipid phase state being liquid or gelled using glyceryl stearate (GS) at 1% (w/w) as well as the hydrophilic emulsifier (T80: Tween 80 or lecithin) and the oil type (MCT:medium chain triglyceride or corn oil (CO) as long chain triglyceride) on the formation and stabilization of chlorophyllin W1/O/W2 emulsions. Their colloidal stability against temperature and light exposure conditions was evaluated. Gelling both lipid phases (MCT and CO) rendered smaller W1 droplets during the first emulsification step, followed by formation of W1/O/W2 emulsions with smaller W1/O droplet size and more stable against clarification. The stability of W1/O/W2 emulsions was sensitive to a temperature increase, which might be related to the lower gelling degree of the lipid phase at higher temperatures. This study provides valuable insight for the formation and stabilization of W1/O/W2 emulsions with gelled lipid phases as delivery systems of hydrophilic bioactive compounds under common food storage conditions.

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Pengon, Sirikarn, Chutima Limmatvapirat, and Sontaya Limmatvapirat. "Design of Nanoemulsions through Combination of Fixed-Volatile Oils." Key Engineering Materials 486 (July 2011): 123–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.486.123.

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The aim of study was to comparatively evaluate emulsions containing volatile oils e.g. peppermint oil, optamint and tea tree oil, and those containing the combination of volatile oils with soybean oil. The emulsions were prepared and then characterized by monitoring of particle size, visual observation of creaming and cracking, and zeta potential measurement. The results showed that particle size of emulsions containing only volatile oils was in the micron range (3-10 mm). However, the particle size was decreased to less than 300 nm after incorporation with soybean oil (1:1 by weight), suggesting the formation of nanoemulsions. The nanoemulsions containing both volatile oils and soybean oil demonstrated almost 100% creaming and did not show any evidence of cracking. Additionally, percent creaming and particle size were not significantly changed even after accelerated stability testing. The results indicated the good physical stability. The stabilization of emulsion might relate with the high surface charge as observed by higher zeta potential of emulsions prepared from volatile oils combined with soybeans oil. Glycerides from soybean should give more negative charge to the oleaginous phase that help preventing aggregation of oil droplets and thus increased the stability of nanoemulsions. In conclusion, the results from this study could provide the basic guideline for preparation of stable nanoemulsions for food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical fields in the near future.

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Dziza, Katarzyna, Eva Santini, Libero Liggieri, Ewelina Jarek, Marcel Krzan, Thilo Fischer, and Francesca Ravera. "Interfacial Properties and Emulsification of Biocompatible Liquid-Liquid Systems." Coatings 10, no. 4 (April 17, 2020): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10040397.

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A comparative study is reported on the interfacial properties of a set of surfactants and is discussed in terms of the effects on the features of the corresponding oil-water emulsions. The surfactants are saponin, Tween 80 and citronellol glucoside (CG), while the oil is Miglyol 812N—A Medium Chain Triglyceride (MCT) oil. Due to their high biocompatibility, all these compounds are variously utilized in food, cosmetic or pharmaceutical products. Among the surfactants, which are all soluble in water, CG presents also an important solubility in oil, as shown by the measured partition coefficient. For these systems, dynamic and equilibrium interfacial tensions and dilational viscoelasticity are measured as a function of the surfactant concentration and analyzed according to available adsorption models. In order to compare these results with the time evolution of the corresponding emulsions, the actual surfactant concentration in the matrix phase of the emulsion is accounted for. This may differ significantly from the nominal concentration of the solutions before dispersing them, because of the huge area of droplets available for surfactant adsorption in the emulsion. Using this approach allows the derivation of the correlations between the observed emulsion behavior and the actual surfactant coverage of the droplet interface.

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Frasca, S., P. Couvreur, M. Seiller, D. Pareau, B. Lacour, M. Stambouli, and J. L. Grossiord. "Paraquat detoxication with multiple emulsions." International Journal of Pharmaceutics 380, no. 1-2 (October 1, 2009): 142–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.07.016.

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Reineccius, Gary. "Microemulsions and emulsions in foods." Journal of Controlled Release 18, no. 3 (January 1992): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-3659(92)90173-o.

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Cao, A., E. Hantz, E. Taillandier, P. Depraetere, and M. Seiller. "Study of emulsions of pharmaceutical interest by light scattering." Colloids and Surfaces 14, no. 3-4 (June 1985): 217–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-6622(85)80175-x.

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Cao, A., E. Hantz, E. Taillandier, P. Depraetere, and M. Seiller. "Study of emulsions of pharmaceutical interest by light scattering." Colloids and Surfaces 14, no. 2 (January 1985): 217–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-6622(85)80216-x.

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Adilbekova, Akbota, and Ayaulym Yertayeva. "Pickering emulsions stabilized by some inorganic materials." Chemical Bulletin of Kazakh National University, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 30–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.15328/cb1135.

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The paper presents studies of various solid stabilizers of emulsions based on inorganic materials. Inorganic colloidal particles have an advantage for obtaining of stable emulsions due to their safety for use in food, cosmetics, pharmaceutical industry and medicine. Pickering emulsions have a higher biodegradability compared to classical emulsions stabilized with surfactants. An overview of inorganic substances such as silicon dioxide, clay materials, metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, calcium compounds and carbon particles used for stabilizing of Pickering emulsions is considered. A variety of solid inorganic particles as well as modification of their surfaces by surfactants allows to obtain the stable Pickering emulsions of different types for a wide range of applications. It should be noted that despite a large number of studies, this class of disperse systems is still not studied fully; various methods of their preparation and influence of solid particle size on stability and size of emulsions droplets are shown.

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Zarai, Zied, Rafik Balti, Assaâd Sila, Yassine Ben Ali, and Youssef Gargouri. "Helix aspersa gelatin as an emulsifier and emulsion stabilizer: functional properties and effects on pancreatic lipolysis." Food & Function 7, no. 1 (2016): 326–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5fo00963d.

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Kowalska, Małgorzata, Magdalena Woźniak, Anna Żbikowska, and Mariola Kozłowska. "Physicochemical Characterization and Evaluation of Emulsions Containing Chemically Modified Fats and Different Hydrocolloids." Biomolecules 10, no. 1 (January 9, 2020): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom10010115.

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The study aims to investigate the physicochemical properties and stability of the dispersion systems containing structured fats as a fatty base. In this work, calf tallow and pumpkin seed oil blends were chemically interesterified at various ratios (9:1, 3:1, 3:2, 3:3, 2:3, and 1:3) to produce structured lipids. Fatty acids composition, polar and nonpolar fraction content, and acid value were determined for the raw fats and interesterified blends. Afterwards, selected blends were applied in emulsion systems. Stability, microstructure, color and texture of emulsions were evaluated. The chemical interesterification had an effect on the modified blends properties, and caused an increase in polar fraction content and acid value, and a decrease in nonpolar fraction content. No effect on the fatty acids composition has been found. The evaluation of the prepared emulsions results allowed us to select two of the most stable and favorable samples—both containing chemically interesterified calf tallow and a pumpkin seed oil blend in a ratio of 1:3 as a fatty base, and xanthan gum or carboxymethylcellulose as a thickener. The obtained dispersions, containing fatty bases with improved physicochemical properties and desirable functionality, can be applied as food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical emulsions.

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Agustinisari, Iceu, Kamarza Mulia, and Mohammad Nasikin. "The Effect of Eugenol and Chitosan Concentration on the Encapsulation of Eugenol Using Whey Protein–Maltodextrin Conjugates." Applied Sciences 10, no. 9 (May 4, 2020): 3205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10093205.

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Eugenol has many functional properties for food and pharmaceutical purposes, especially as an antimicrobial agent. However, its use is constrained by its volatility and shelf life because it is easily degraded due to temperature, oxidation, and light. Research on encapsulation technology using biopolymers is still required to obtain the appropriate formulation in a eugenol delivery system. The aims of this research were to develop a new formulation of protein and polysaccharides in eugenol encapsulation and to determine the effect of eugenol and chitosan concentration on the characteristics of the emulsions and spray-dried powder produced. In this study, eugenol was encapsulated in whey protein–maltodextrin conjugates and chitosan through the double layer encapsulation method. The emulsions which were prepared with 2.0% eugenol were relatively more stable than those of 1.0% eugenol based on the polydispersity index and zeta potential values. Spray-dried powder which was prepared using an emulsion of 2.0% w/w eugenol and 0.33% w/w chitosan had the highest eugenol loading. The presence of chitosan resulted in more stable emulsions based on their zeta potential values, improved thermal stability of eugenol, increased eugenol loading to become twice as much as the loading obtained without chitosan, and modified release profile of eugenol from the spray-dried powders.

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Prasanthi, D., N. Varsha Priya, Amoolya Chennuri, and PK Lakshmi. "Optimization of Fluconazole Pickering Emulsion Using Taguchi Orthogonal Array Design." Dhaka University Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 19, no. 2 (December 10, 2020): 169–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujps.v19i2.50633.

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Emulsifier-free, particle-stabilised emulsions called Pickering emulsions of fluconazole for topical delivery, were studied using Taguchi L9 orthogonal array (OA) design. Formulations were prepared by homogenization method, using bentonite in the concentration range of 2-4% w/v, oil phase (coconut oil, oleic acid, sesame oil). In Taguchi L9 OA experimental design, independent variables (oil phase & concentration of bentonite) effect on dependent variables (drug content & release rate) was studied. All the formulations have shown good physicochemical properties. The PS3 formulation containing sesame oil and 4% bentonite was optimized as particle size was found to be 758.0 nm, zeta potential -48 mv, with Q8 of 166.70±0.15μg/cm2, flux of 17.33±0.02 μg/cm2/hr, permeability coefficient of 3.46±0.015 cm/hr×10-3 and skin content of 4.01±0.24 mg/g. The formulations were stable and non-irritant. Hence pickering emulsion of fluconazole using sesame oil can be used for topical delivery as the drug release was maintained at the localised site. Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 19(2): 169-178, 2020 (December)

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Liang, Hongshan, Bin Zhou, Jing Li, Yun He, Yaqiong Pei, and Bin Li. "Engineering functional alginate beads for encapsulation of Pickering emulsions stabilized by colloidal particles." RSC Advances 6, no. 103 (2016): 101267–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra21755a.

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Nakano, Masahiro. "Places of emulsions in drug delivery." Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 45, no. 1 (December 2000): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-409x(00)00096-x.

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Magdassi, Shlomo, and Anita Siman-Tov. "Formation and stabilization of perfluorocarbon emulsions." International Journal of Pharmaceutics 59, no. 1 (February 1990): 69–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-5173(90)90065-c.

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Magdassi, S., M. Royz, and S. Shoshan. "Interactions between collagen and perfluorocarbon emulsions." International Journal of Pharmaceutics 88, no. 1-3 (December 1992): 171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-5173(92)90314-r.

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Fraj, Jadranka, Lidija Petrovic, Jelena Milinkovic, Jaroslav Katona, Sandra Bucko, and Ljiljana Spasojevic. "Properties of water in oil emulsions (W/O) stabilized with mixtures of PGPR and polyglycerol fatty acid esters." Acta Periodica Technologica, no. 48 (2017): 95–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/apt1748095f.

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Water in oil (W/O) emulsions are dispersed systems which have very wide application as a carriers in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry products. The main problem with practical application of such systems is their low stability. The emulsifiers used to stabilize this type of emulsions are with low hydrophilic-lipophilic balance values. The present work examines the possibility of the application of mixtures of lipophilic emulsifiers polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR) and polyglycerol fatty acid esters for stabilization of W/O emulsions. First of all, the adsorption properties of the used emulsifiers were examined by tensiometic measurements. Based on these results, two emulsifiers PGPR and decaglycerol decaoleate (Caprol 10G10O) were selected for the preparation of the emulsions, as well as their mass ratios and total concentrations. The results of the investigation of the emulsions properties (dispersion analysis and sedimentation stability) showed that more stable emulsions can be obtained by decreasing the Caprol 10G10O mass ratio and increasing the total concentration of emulsifiers.

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Pereira, Joana, Rita Gonçalves, Margarida Barreto, Clarisse Dias, Fátima Carvalho, António J. Almeida, Helena Margarida Ribeiro, and Joana Marto. "Development of Gel-in-Oil Emulsions for Khellin Topical Delivery." Pharmaceutics 12, no. 5 (April 26, 2020): 398. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12050398.

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Hypopigmentation is a progressive dermatological condition caused by a reduction in the skin pigment, melanin. Its treatment is considered a challenge due to the lack of a highly efficient single therapy. Currently, the main treatments include photochemotherapy, application of corticosteroids and immunosuppressants, and laser. Khellin-based gel-in-oil emulsions appear as a promising alternative since they ensure a concentration of the drug, a natural furanochromone, at the desired location, skin surface. Khellin promotes repigmentation as it forms a dark colored complex after solar irradiation. The aim of this study was the development and characterization (e.g., rheological behaviour, droplet size, tackiness, adhesion and spreadability) of three topical gel-in-oil emulsions prepared with different emollients, formulated through a cold emulsification process, and suitable for the incorporation of khellin. In vitro studies were performed to evaluate the drug release and permeation profiles across artificial membranes and excised human skin, respectively, using Franz-type vertical diffusion cells. The W/O emulsions developed showed macroscopic appearance, shear-thinning behavior with a mean droplet size from 3.28 to 4.28 μm, suitable for topical application. In vitro studies revealed permeation values of about 1% of khellin across the stratum corneum, making these gel-in-oil emulsions promising for preclinical and clinical studies. The cold process, being an easy and low energy production method, represents an innovative strategy to produce khellin-based gel-in-oil emulsions to treat patients with hypopigmentation.

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Ran, Hao, Weibin Liu, Xin Pan, Chuanbin Wu, Guilan Quan, Ying Huang, and Yingtong Cui. "Oleophylic Nanospheres Self-Assembly by Emulsion Technique Utilizing the Automatic Nanoscalar Interfacial Alternation (ANIAE)." Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology 22, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 182–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389201021666200602134054.

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Background: The administration of many pharmaceutical active ingredients is often performed by the injection of an aqueous-based solution. Numerous active ingredients are however, insoluble in water, which complicates their administration and restricts their efficacy. Objective: The current solutions are hindered by both, a time-consuming manufacturing process and unsuitability for hydrophilic and hydrophobic materials. Method: Emulsions of oleophilic active ingredients and polyprotein microspheres are an important step to overcome insolubility issues. Results: Polyprotein microspheres offer a versatile modifiable morphology, thermal responsivity, and size variation, which allows for the protection and release of assembled biomaterials. In addition, nanospheres present promising cell phagocytosis outcomes in vivo. Conclusion: In this research, a reproducible multifunctional approach, to assemble nanospheres in one step, using a technique termed “automatic nanoscalar interfacial alternation in emulsion” (ANIAE) was developed, incorporating a thermally controlled release mechanism for the assembled target active ingredients. These results demonstrate a viable, universal, multifunctional principal for the pharmaceutical industry.

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Sarheed, Omar, Douha Shouqair, KVRNS Ramesh, Muhammad Amin, Joshua Boateng, and Markus Drechsler. "Physicochemical characteristics and in vitro permeation of loratadine solid lipid nanoparticles for transdermal delivery." Therapeutic Delivery 11, no. 11 (November 2020): 685–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.4155/tde-2020-0075.

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Aim: To prepare loratadine-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) using a modified two-step ultrasound-assisted phase inversion temperature (PIT) process. Results/methodology: Loratadine was dissolved in beeswax and Tween 80 was dissolved in water. The two phases were mixed together to prepare a water-in-oil emulsion preconcentrate (w/o) at a PIT of 85°C, followed by gradual water addition at 25°C to trigger nanoparticles formation (o/w). Kinetic stability was investigated. No change in the size was observed within 6 months. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy demonstrated stability of the emulsions via molecular structure of water at the interface of the o/w nanoemulsions. SLNs enhanced the in vitro skin permeation of loratadine. Conclusion: Stable SLNs were successfully prepared by ultrasound-assisted PIT.

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Schmidts, T., P. Schlupp, A. Gross, D. Dobler, and F. Runkel. "Required HLB Determination of Some Pharmaceutical Oils in Submicron Emulsions." Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology 33, no. 6 (June 2012): 816–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01932691.2011.584800.

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Driscoll, David F., Bruce R. Bistrian, Hans Demmelmair, and Berthold Koletzko. "Pharmaceutical and clinical aspects of parenteral lipid emulsions in neonatology." Clinical Nutrition 27, no. 4 (August 2008): 497–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2008.05.003.

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Carriço, Catarina, Pedro Pinto, Angélica Graça, Lídia Gonçalves, Helena Ribeiro, and Joana Marto. "Design and Characterization of a New Quercus Suber-Based Pickering Emulsion for Topical Application." Pharmaceutics 11, no. 3 (March 19, 2019): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics11030131.

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Quercus Suber Bark from Quercus suber L. is a natural, renewable and biodegradable biomaterial with multifunctional proprieties. In this study, we used it as solid particles to stabilize a Pickering emulsion. The main goal was to produce an optimized topical formulation using biocompatible organic particles as stabilizers of the emulsion instead of the common surfactants, whilst benefiting from Quercus suber L. proprieties. In this work, a Quality by Design (QbD) approach was successfully applied to the production of this emulsion. A screening design was conducted, identifying the critical variables of the formula and process, affecting the critical quality attributes of the emulsion (droplet size distribution). The optimization of the production was made through the establishment of the design space. The stability was also investigated during 30 days, demonstrating that Quercus Suber Bark-stabilized emulsions are stable since the droplet size distribution lowers. In vitro studies were performed to assess antioxidant and antiaging efficacy, which revealed that the formulation had indeed antioxidant proprieties. A physicochemical characterization demonstrated that the formulation presents a shear-thinning fluid, ideal for topical administration. The in vivo compatibility study confirmed that the final formulation is not skin irritant, being safe for human use. A sensorial analysis was also performed, using a simple sensory questionnaire, revealing very positive results. Thus, the use of Quercus Suber Bark particles as a multifunctional solid ingredient contributed to achieve a stable, effective and innovative Pickering emulsion with a meaningful synergistic protection against oxidative stress.

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Fraj, Jadranka, Lidija Petrovic, Jelena Milinkovic-Budincic, Jaroslav Katona, Sandra Bucko, and Ljiljana Spasojevic. "Properties of double W/O/W emulsions containing vitamin C and E stabilized with gelatin/sodium caseinate complex." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 84, no. 12 (2019): 1427–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc190515075f.

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Double emulsions are complex liquid dispersion systems in which the droplets of one dispersed liquid are further dispersed in another liquid, producing W/O/W or O/W/O emulsions. W/O/W emulsions are the most studied systems because they have great potential application. However, despite all the advantages, that these systems offer, it is very difficult to obtain stable formulations, and this is the reason for their limited practical application. The use of biopolymers to stabilize double emulsions could give rise to pharmaceutical and food applications. Based on previous studies, appropriate concentrations of gelatin and sodium caseinate (NaCAS) were selected to investigate the possibility of stabilization of double W/O/W emulsions by this system, if they are present in the outer aqueous phase. The investigations showed that interactions between gelatin and NaCAS in the outer water phase, as well as the composition of the mixtures of lipohilic emulsifiers used for the primary W/O emulsions preparation, influences the droplets size and sedimentation stability of double emulsions. The most stable emulsions were obtained at a NaCAS concentration when an insoluble coacervate forms (0.5 mass %) and at concentrations higher then this, when soluble negatively charged complexes adsorb at the oil/water interface.

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Washington, C., M. A. Connolly, R. Manning, and M. C. L. Skerratt. "The electrokinetic properties of phospholipid stabilized fat emulsions. V. The effect of amino acids on emulsion stability." International Journal of Pharmaceutics 77, no. 1 (October 1991): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-5173(91)90301-4.

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BUDAI-SZŰCS. "Gel Emulsions as Controlled Drug Delivery Systems." Scientia Pharmaceutica 78, no. 3 (2010): 598. http://dx.doi.org/10.3797/scipharm.cespt.8.pdd09.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Pharmaceutical emulsions'

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