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Journal articles on the topic 'Pharmaceutical policy. Pharmacy'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Traulsen, Janine M., and Anna Birna Almarsdóttir. "Pharmaceutical Policy and the Pharmacy Profession*." Pharmacy World & Science 27, no. 5 (October 2005): 359–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11096-005-3798-y.

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2

Kazaryan, Irina. "Assessment of the pharmaceutical policy framework." Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy 14, no. 8 (August 2018): e40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2018.05.072.

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3

Babar, Zaheer-Ud-Din, and Shazia Jamshed. "Social pharmacy strengthening clinical pharmacy: why pharmaceutical policy research is needed in Pakistan?" Pharmacy World & Science 30, no. 5 (August 7, 2008): 617–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11096-008-9246-z.

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4

Zgarrick, David P. "Research Methods for Pharmaceutical Practice and Policy." Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy 11, no. 3 (May 2015): e148-e149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2011.05.001.

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5

Nagaria, Raveena Amee, Syed Shahzad Hasan, and Zaheer-Ud-Din Babar. "Pharmacy, pharmaceuticals and public policy: Solving the puzzle." Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy 16, no. 6 (June 2020): 840–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2019.07.010.

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6

Ashker, Sumer, and Jill S. Burkiewicz. "Pharmacy residents’ attitudes toward pharmaceutical industry promotion." American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 64, no. 16 (August 15, 2007): 1724–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2146/ajhp060576.

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7

Jones, Erika JM, Neil J. MacKinnon, and Ross T. Tsuyuki. "Pharmaceutical Care in Community Pharmacies: Practice and Research in Canada." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 39, no. 9 (September 2005): 1527–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1345/aph.1e456.

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OBJECTIVE: To discuss the provision of pharmaceutical care in community pharmacies in Canada including the following topics: organization and delivery of health services, health service policy, methods of payment, types of pharmacy services provided, types of cognitive pharmacy services, research in community pharmacy, and future plans for community pharmacy services. DATA SYNTHESIS: The implementation of pharmaceutical care in Canadian community pharmacies continues to become more widespread. However, barriers to the provision of pharmaceutical care still exist, including the current shortage of pharmacists and lack of reimbursement systems for cognitive services. Evidence of the value of pharmaceutical care in Canadian community pharmacies has been supported by several pharmacy practice research projects. The pharmacist's role in patient care is expected to continue to expand. CONCLUSIONS: Although Canadian pharmacists' capabilities are not yet universally recognized and applied to their full potential, there is reason to be optimistic about the future of pharmaceutical care in the community setting in Canada.

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8

Hermansyah, Andi, Luh Wulandari, Susi A. Kristina, and Sherly Meilianti. "Primary health care policy and vision for community pharmacy and pharmacists in Indonesia." Pharmacy Practice 18, no. 3 (July 22, 2020): 2085. http://dx.doi.org/10.18549/pharmpract.2020.3.2085.

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The practice of community pharmacy in low and middle-income countries, including in Indonesia, is often described as in the state of infancy with several intractable barriers that have been substantially and continuously hampering the practice. Such description might be valid in highlighting how pharmacy is practiced and the conditions within and beyond community pharmacy organizations. Therefore, it is not surprising that the concept of integrating community pharmacy into the primary care system may not be considered in the contemporary discourse despite the fact that community pharmacy has been operating within communities for years. However, in the case of Indonesia, we argue that changes in the health care system within the past decade particularly with the introduction of the universal health coverage (UHC) in 2014, may have significantly amplified the role of pharmacists. There is good evidence which highlights the contribution of pharmacist as a substantial health care element in primary care practice. The initiative for employing pharmacist, identified in this article as primary care pharmacist, in the setting of community health center [puskesmas] and the introduction of affiliated or contracted community pharmacy under the UHC have enabled pharmacist to work together with other primary care providers. Moreover, government agenda under the “Smart Use of Medicines” program [Gema Cermat] recognizes pharmacists as the agent of change for improving the rational use of medicines in the community. Community pharmacy is developing, albeit slowly, and is able to grasp a novel position to deliver pharmacy-related primary care services to the general public through new services, for example drug monitoring and home care. Nevertheless, integrating community pharmacy into primary care is relatively a new notion in the Indonesian setting, and is a challenging process given the presence of barriers in the macro, meso- and micro-level of practice.

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9

Alrasheedy, Alian A. "Pharmaceutical pricing policy in Saudi Arabia: findings and implications." Generics and Biosimilars Initiative Journal 9, no. 1 (March 15, 2020): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5639/gabij.2020.0901.003.

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Introduction: Many countries have introduced policies and strategies to limit pharmaceutical expenditures. These include pharmaceutical pricing policies and related strategies to control medicine prices and to ensure appropriate and stable prices. The aim of this study was to provide an overview of the current pharmaceutical pricing policy for medicines in Saudi Arabia and to provide an evaluation of the impact of this policy on medicine prices. Methods: A description of the current pharmaceutical policy is presented by reviewing the current official documents and regulations related to pharmaceutical pricing in Saudi Arabia. A price comparison between the original brand medicines and their generic versions was conducted for the top six selling medicines in Saudi Arabia during the period of 2010–2015. Results: The findings showed that Saudi pharmaceutical pricing policy takes into consideration several factors including an international price benchmark, internal price referencing, and the price of the medicine in the country of origin when determining medicine prices. Based on this policy, there were large differences in the prices of generic medicines compared to original brand medicines. The generic medicine to original brand medicine price ratio was 0.87–0.30. However, the price of the first generic medicine was close to the price of original brand medicine, with the first generic medicine-to-original brand medicine price ratio was 0.87–0.81. In this study, there were large differences in the prices of generic medicines for the same molecule. In fact, price ratio among the generic medicines for the same molecule was between 0.96 and 0.18. However, some generic medicines imported from high income countries were cheaper than the medicines manufactured locally or manufactured in other countries in the Middle East. Conclusion: Medicine prices are strictly controlled through the pharmaceutical pricing policy in Saudi Arabia. Overall, the current policy has resulted in significant price differences among medicines, including medicines of the same molecule. Due to this large difference, the cost savings will depend on the product prescribed or procured by the health organization.

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10

Sepp, Kristiina, Anita Tuula, Veera Bobrova, and Daisy Volmer. "Primary health care policy and vision for community pharmacy and pharmacists in Estonia." Pharmacy Practice 19, no. 2 (May 2, 2021): 2404. http://dx.doi.org/10.18549/pharmpract.2021.2.2404.

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Estonia, with a population of 1.3 million, is the smallest country in the three Baltic States. As a post-soviet country, Estonia over the past 30 years has built up a new health care system, including the pharmaceutical sector. The GDP allocated to cover health care costs is significantly lower in Estonia compared to the EU average. Despite this, Estonia has excelled in the development of digital e-services in healthcare at both the domestic and international levels. The development and integration of the Estonian community pharmacy sector into primary health care has been influenced and affected by the liberalization within pharmaceutical policy and the lack of cooperation with the rest of the health care sector. Community pharmacy ownership and location matters have been prevalent. The promotion of the pharmacy services has mostly taken place on the basis of a professional initiative, as cooperation with the state has not been active. Possibly the professional fragmentation of the pharmacy sector may have played a negative role. The community pharmacy network in Estonia, especially in cities, enables fast and convenient access to the pharmacy services. Community Pharmacy Service Quality Guidelines support the harmonization of the provided services and patient-centered concept to enhance the patient role and involvement in their care. In recent years, community pharmacies in Estonia have also offered various extended services that are more or less integrated with the primary health care system. New developments may be affected by frequent changes in legislation and a shortage of professional staff in community pharmacies. The ownership reform of pharmacies in 2020 has so far not had a significant impact on the operation of pharmacies or the quality of services provided.

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11

Hayes, Lee. "Providing Pharmaceutical Services Through a Pharmacy Management Company." American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 50, no. 2 (February 1, 1993): 242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajhp/50.2.242.

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12

Basheti, Iman A., Nizar M. Mhaidat, Rajaa Al-Qudah, Razan Nassar, Bayan Othman, and Tareq L. Mukattash. "Primary health care policy and vision for community pharmacy and pharmacists in Jordan." Pharmacy Practice 18, no. 4 (December 5, 2020): 2184. http://dx.doi.org/10.18549/pharmpract.2020.4.2184.

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Jordan is considered a low middle-income country with a population of 9.956 million in 2018. It is considered the training center for healthcare professions in the region, as the Jordanian healthcare sector has seen remarkable development. In 2017, the expenditure on health as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was estimated to be around 8%. The healthcare sector is divided into two main sectors; the public and the private sector with both including hospitals, primary care clinics and pharmacies. The Jordanian government has a strong commitment to health and educational programs; hence, an increase in the number of pharmacy schools and pharmacy graduates has occurred in the past few years. Health authorities, such as the Jordan Food and Drug Association (JFDA) and the Jordan Pharmaceutical Association (JPA) have played an important role in ensuring the availability and affordability of medications, and has influenced the practice of pharmacists. Protecting the pharmaceutical market and professional interests, preserving pharmacists' rights, building needed cooperation with the internal federation, and maintaining professional ethics are some of the objectives for the JPA. Hence, the integration of community pharmacists into the primary healthcare system is considered vital to the different health authorities in Jordan, emphasizing the fact that community pharmacists are the most trusted, accessible, and affordable healthcare providers in the country. There have been many developments in the pharmacy practice in the past recent years, including the establishment of ‘Good Pharmacy Practice’, new curricular development based on the international accreditation (the ACPE), a new immunization program, and health services research aimed to save patients’ lives, influence expenses, and improve patients’ quality of life. Although these developments in pharmacy practice are promising, challenges continue to exist, specifically the establishment of an evidence base for pharmaceutical care services such as the medication management review service.

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13

Turkistani, Fatema, and Aseel Bin Sawad. "Pharmaceutical pricing benchmarks: governmental versus private sector." Journal of Comparative Effectiveness Research 9, no. 15 (October 2020): 1091–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/cer-2020-0106.

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Purpose: To explore the best pricing benchmark for workers’ compensation drugs reimbursement at retail pharmacies. Materials & methods: We used California workers’ compensation system (CAWCS) total cost of pharmacy dispensed medications (2017–2019) as a proxy to estimate drug prices using alternative pricing mechanism fee schedules. Results: CAWCS paid 65.6% of the average wholesale price (AWP), 104.1% of Medi-Cal, 122.1% of the wholesale acquisition cost (WAC), 140.1% of the national average drug acquisition cost (NADAC), and 253.5% of the federal upper limit. In addition, we found the AWP-based formulas: CAWCS = AWP - 34.4%, Medi-Cal = AWP - 36.9%, WAC = AWP - 46.3%, NADAC = AWP - 53.2%, and federal upper limit = AWP - 74.1%. We found that AWP: 50% for generics and AWP - 18.2% for brands are the lowest paying formulas. The estimated median cost savings were $8.7 million (by adapting 97% of the WAC) and $9.5 million (by adapting the NADAC) across all states. Conclusion: NADAC was the best pricing benchmark for reimbursement of pharmacy dispensed drugs.

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14

Dineen-Griffin, Sarah, Shalom I. Benrimoj, and Victoria Garcia-Cardenas. "Primary health care policy and vision for community pharmacy and pharmacists in Australia." Pharmacy Practice 18, no. 2 (May 15, 2020): 1967. http://dx.doi.org/10.18549/pharmpract.2020.2.1967.

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There is evidence that the Australian Government is embracing a more integrated approach to health, with implementation of initiatives like primary health networks (PHNs) and the Government’s Health Care Homes program. However, integration of community pharmacy into primary health care faces challenges, including the lack of realistic integration in PHNs, and in service and remuneration models from government. Ideally, coordinated multidisciplinary teams working collaboratively in the community setting are needed, where expanding skills are embraced rather than resisted. It appears that community pharmacy is not sufficiently represented at a local level. Current service remuneration models encourage a volume approach. While more complex services and clinical roles, with associated remuneration structures (such as, accredited pharmacists, pharmacists embedded in general practice and residential aged care facilities) promote follow up, collaboration and integration into primary health care, they potentially marginalize community pharmacies. Community pharmacists’ roles have evolved and are being recognized as the medication management experts of the health care team at a less complex level with the delivery of MedChecks, clinical interventions and medication adherence services. More recently, vaccination services have greatly expanded through community pharmacy. Policy documents from professional bodies highlight the need to extend pharmacy services and enhance integration within primary care. The Pharmaceutical Society of Australia’s Pharmacists in 2023 report envisages pharmacists practising to full scope, driving greater efficiencies in the health system. The Pharmacy Guild of Australia’s future vision identifies community pharmacy as health hubs facilitating the provision of cost-effective and integrated health care services to patients. In 2019, the Australian Government announced the development of a Primary Health Care 10-Year Plan which will guide resource allocation for primary health care in Australia. At the same time, the Government has committed to conclude negotiations on the 7th Community Pharmacy Agreement (7CPA) with a focus on allowing pharmacists to practice to full scope and pledges to strengthen the role of primary care by better supporting pharmacists as primary health care providers. The 7CPA and the Government’s 10-year plan will largely shape the practice and viability of community pharmacy. It is essential that both provide a philosophical direction and prioritize integration, remuneration and resources which recognize the professional contribution and competencies of community pharmacy and community pharmacists, the financial implications of service roles and the retention of medicines-supply roles.

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15

Gastelurrutia, Miguel A., Maria J. Faus, and Fernando Martinez-Martinez. "Primary health care policy and vision for community pharmacy and pharmacists in Spain." Pharmacy Practice 18, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.18549/pharmpract.2020.2.1999.

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From a political and governance perspective Spain is a decentralized country with 17 states [comunidades autónomas] resulting in a governmental structure similar to a federal state. The various state regional health services organizational and management structures are focused on caring for acute illnesses and are dominated by hospitals and technology. In a review by the Interstate Council, a body for intercommunication and cooperation between the state health care services and national government, there is a move to improve health care through an integrative approach between specialized care and primary care at the state level. Community pharmacy does not appear to have a major role in this review. Primary health care is becoming more important and leading the change to improve the roles of the health care teams. Primary care pharmacists as the rest of public health professionals are employed by the respective states and are considered public servants. Total health care expenditure is 9.0% of its GDP with the public health sector accounting for the 71% and the private sector 29% of this expenditure. Community pharmacy contracts with each state health administration for the supply and dispensing of medicines and a very limited number of services. There are approximately 22,000 community pharmacies and 52,000 community pharmacists for a population of 47 million people. All community pharmacies are privately owned with only pharmacists owning a single pharmacy. Pharmacy chain stores are not legally permitted. Community pharmacy practice is based on dispensing of medications and dealing with consumer minor symptoms and requests for nonprescription medications although extensive philosophical deep debates on the conceptual and practical development of new clinical services have resulted in national consensually agreed classifications, definitions and protocolized services. There are a few remunerated services in Spain and these are funded at state, provincial or municipal level. There are no health services approved or funded at a national level. Although the profession promulgates a patient orientated community pharmacy it appears to be reluctant to advocate for a change in the remuneration model. The profession as a whole should reflect on the role of community pharmacy and advocate for a change to practice that is patient orientated alongside the maintenance of its stance on being a medication supplier. The future strategic position of community pharmacy in Spain as a primary health care partner with government would then be enhanced.

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16

Traulsen, Janine Morgall, and Anna Birna Almarsdóttir. "The argument for pharmaceutical policy." Pharmacy World & Science 27, no. 1 (February 2005): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11096-004-5151-2.

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17

Lewis, Maj Jed S. "Expanding pharmacy drug information efforts to counter pharmaceutical marketing." American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 49, no. 10 (October 1, 1992): 2438–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajhp/49.10.2438.

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18

Cohen, Perry. "Managed Care Pharmacy: Leading Pharmaceutical Care Integration Forward." Journal of Managed Care Pharmacy 3, no. 2 (March 1997): 139–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.18553/jmcp.1997.3.2.139.

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19

Amariles, Pedro, Mauricio Ceballos, and Cesar Gonzalez-Giraldo. "Primary health care policy and vision for community pharmacy and pharmacists in Colombia." Pharmacy Practice 18, no. 4 (November 23, 2020): 2159. http://dx.doi.org/10.18549/pharmpract.2020.4.2159.

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Colombia is a decentralized republic with a population of 50 million, constituted by 32 departments (territorial units) and 1,204 municipalities. The health system provides universal coverage and equal access to health care services to 95% of the population. Primary health care is seen as a practical approach that guarantees the health and well-being of whole-of-society. The National Pharmaceutical Policy (NPP, 2012) goal is "to develop strategies that enable the Colombian population equitable access to effective medicines, through quality pharmaceutical services (PS)”. There are 4,351 providers certified to deliver PS: 3,699 (85%) ambulatory and 652 (15%) hospital care. The goals for PS are: a) promoting healthy lifestyles; b) preventing risk factors arising from medication errors; c) promoting rational use of medicines; and d) implementing Pharmaceutical Care. There are a number of ways that ambulatory patients access medications: through intermediary private companies, public and private hospitals pharmacies, and retail establishments (drugstores and pharmacies). Intermediary private companies are similar to Pharmaceutical Benefits Management in the U.S. health system, and act as intermediaries between health insurers, pharmaceutical laboratories, and patients. Pharmacists are being employed by these companies and in health insurance companies managing, auditing and delivering rational use of medicines programs. In 2014 there were approximately 20,000 pharmacies and drugstores, (private establishments) where a significant number of prescription-only medicines are sold without medical prescription. Colombian laws allow personal without pharmacy education to be a “director” in these establishments, so the training and education of persons working in drugstores and pharmacies is an important challenge. There about 8,000 registered pharmaceutical chemists with 25% to 30% working in patient care. Since the 90´s, there are more favorable conditions for pharmacist’s participation and contribution to health system and patient’s health outcome. These environmental facilitators include: a) laws and regulations regarding pharmaceutical services (2005-2007), b) establishment of a NPP (2012), and c) opportunities associated with the consolidation of private health management companies providing health services with an interest in pharmaceutical services (since 1995). Finally, telepharmacy, comprehensive care routes for pharmaceutical services, and further strengthen of postgraduate training in pharmacy practice are future strategies to improve the pharmacy profession in Colombia. They provide an opportunity to influence the recognition and value of the pharmacist as the health care professional.

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20

Huang, Yuankai, Dongning Yao, Xiaoyu Xi, Yitao Wang, and Wenbing Yao. "Current status of pharmacy services in primary healthcare institutions in Jiangsu Province, China." Australian Journal of Primary Health 26, no. 5 (2020): 424. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py20038.

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China is attempting to establish a pharmacy services network in primary healthcare (PHC) institutions. This study investigated the current status of pharmacy services in China. Following a conceptual framework derived from the structure–process–outcome model, a questionnaire was sent to a sample of 700 administrators, 2000 GPs, 2000 pharmacy service providers, 2000 patients with chronic diseases and 2000 patients receiving antibiotic transfusion treatment, selected using a multistage sampling strategy, from PHC institutions in Jiangsu Province, China, in July and August 2016. The installation of pharmaceutical facilities and devices, staffing by pharmaceutical professionals, patterns of pharmacy service provision and the outcomes of these services were assessed using descriptive statistics. There were 8346 respondents from 665 institutions (response rate 95.9%). Pharmaceutical department (63.0%), dispensary (50.2%) and pharmacy intravenous admixture services (54.1%) were not established in many PHC institutions. Dispensing (22.9%), pharmacotherapy consultation for patients (19.3%), drug management (17.4%) and prescription checking (16.5%) were the most important tasks for pharmacy service providers. Patients reported lower satisfaction with the dissemination of information regarding medication use (mean (±s.d.) 8.85±1.00%), the treatment of adverse drug reactions (5.65±0.50%), medical insurance reimbursement (15.25±2.45%) and the convenience of buying drugs (6.35±0.65%). Several issues regarding the facilities and devices related to pharmacy services, the quality and responsibilities of pharmacy service providers and the outcomes of pharmacy services may hamper the development of a pharmacy service system in PHC in China.

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21

Eickhoff, Christiane, Nina Griese-Mammen, Uta Mueller, André Said, and Martin Schulz. "Primary healthcare policy and vision for community pharmacy and pharmacists in Germany." Pharmacy Practice 19, no. 1 (January 20, 2021): 2248. http://dx.doi.org/10.18549/pharmpract.2021.1.2248.

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Germany is the highest populated country in Europe with a population of 82.3 million in 2019. As in many other developed countries, it has an aging population. Approximately 10% of the gross domestic product is spent on healthcare. The healthcare system is characterized by its accessibility. Patients are generally free to choose their primary care physicians, both family doctors and specialists, pharmacy, dentist, or emergency service. Up to a certain income, health insurance is mandatory with the statutory health insurance (SHI) system, covering 88% of the population. Major challenges are the lack of cooperation and integration between the different sectors and healthcare providers. This is expected to change with the introduction of a telematic infrastructure that is currently being implemented. It will not only connect all providers in primary and secondary care in a secure network but will also enable access to patients’ electronic record/medical data and at the same time switch from paper to electronic prescriptions. Approximately 52,000 of the 67,000 pharmacists are working in approximately 19,000 community pharmacies. These pharmacies are owner-operated by a pharmacist. Pharmacists may own up to three subsidiaries nearby to their main pharmacy. Community pharmacy practice mainly consists of dispensing drugs, counselling patients on drug therapy and safety, and giving advice on lifestyle and healthy living. Many cognitive pharmaceutical services have been developed and evaluated in the past 20 years. Discussions within the profession and with stakeholders on the national level on the roles and responsibilities of pharmacists have resulted in nationally agreed guidelines, curricula, and services. However, cognitive services remunerated by the SHI funds on the national level remain to be negotiated and sustainably implemented. A law passed in November 2020 by parliament will regulate the remuneration of pharmaceutical services by the SHI funds with an annual budget of EUR 150 million. The type of services and their remuneration remain to be negotiated in 2021. The profession has to continue on all levels to advocate for a change in pharmacy practice by introducing pharmacy services into routine care.

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22

Bektay, Muhammed Yunus, Mesut Sancar, Saad Ahmed Ali Jadoo, and Fikret Vehbi Izzettin. "Time to change to improve health: clinical pharmacy and pharmaceutical care education in Turkey." Journal of Ideas in Health 3, no. 1 (May 12, 2020): 130–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.47108/jidhealth.vol3.iss1.19.

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The practice of clinical pharmacy had a positive impact on the profession by giving pharmacists more job opportunities. Moreover, the pharmacy began to gain the status it deserved, which was lost many years ago. In this paper, we aimed to give a brief explanation of the clinical pharmacy philosophy and definition of pharmaceutical care. What are the general and specific roles of clinical pharmacists in the modern world healthcare system? Also, how to implement clinical pharmacy in education to obtain competent pharmacists. We shared our observation and experience, specifically on the progress of implementation of clinical pharmacy education in Turkey. The stepwise method has been successfully followed in the implementation of clinical pharmacy education in Turkey. In the undergraduate program, the first step taken was the addition of clinical courses, such as the role of clinical pharmacy, patient education, etc. and practical hospital rounds (internal medicine, pediatrics, and surgery). The post-graduate program, such as master (MSc) and doctoral (Ph.D.) degrees, also offered to prepare clinically oriented pharmacy academicians. The continuous education programs were structured to implement clinical pharmacy idea for the pharmacists in practice. In conclusion, the stepwise approach significantly smoothed the transition from the product-oriented to the patient-oriented pharmacy education. Moreover, the adoption of the skills education system to educate pharmacists needs to review the policy regularly and gradually change it accordingly.

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23

Saud, Anshar. "TINJAUAN SISTEMATIS TENTANG TEKNIK DELPHI DAN KAITANNYA TERHADAP ISU KEFARMASIAN TERKINI." Majalah Farmasi dan Farmakologi 23, no. 1 (May 9, 2019): 38–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.20956/mff.v23i1.6471.

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Delphi technique has been knowned in variety research of studies and countries for almost eight decades as one of reliable decision making method. Its success and relation in pharmacy field has been examined but not yet catalogue recently in a comprehensive manner. The objective of this study was to review existing literature studies on the topic of Delphi technique and its relation on current pharmaceutical issues to provide an analysis of its success and impact in pharmacy and health sector. A search of 6 electronic databases i.e: Google Scholar, MEDLINE, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science and Proquest was conducted during November 2018. A scientific review of literature (2008-2018) was performed to identify and collate information from relevant, peer reviewed original study articles investigating Delphi technique employed in pharmaceutical issues. A thematic analysis was undertaken to categorize categories of pharmacy, pharmaceutical, pharmaceutical care and pharmacist. Thirty two original study articles were included in this review. All articles were based in the U.S., Europe, Australia and Asia. After reviewing all the articles, 5 themes with 13 categories were generated. These themes included essential role of pharmacist in healthcare, pharmacy professionalism, medication management protocol, pharmacy education, and drug policy. It concluded that overall, through this review it is evident that there are a number of themes on pharmacy issues that employed by Delphi techniques. This review indicated that although Delphi technique are successful and to be satisfactory applied in pharmacy field, the usage of technique in pharmacy issues need to be further enhanced.

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24

Kishi, Donald T. "Japanese pharmaceutical education: Implications for Americans teaching Japanese pharmacy students." American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 58, no. 11 (June 1, 2001): 1032–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajhp/58.11.1032.

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25

Haines, Stuart T., and Peter Dumo. "Relationship between the pharmaceutical industry and pharmacy practitioners: Undue influence?" American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 59, no. 19 (October 1, 2002): 1871–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajhp/59.19.1871.

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26

Knapp, Katherine K. "Pharmacy manpower: Implications for pharmaceutical care and health care reform." American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 51, no. 9 (May 1, 1994): 1212–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajhp/51.9.1212.

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27

Traulsen, Janine M., and Anna Birna Almarsdóttir. "Pharmaceutical Policy and the Lay Public*." Pharmacy World & Science 27, no. 4 (August 2005): 273–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11096-005-8512-6.

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Chen, Hong, Carolina Oi Lam Ung, Peilian Chi, Jihong Wu, Daisheng Tang, and Hao Hu. "Consumers’ Perceptions About Pharmaceutical Care Provided by Community Pharmacists in China in Relation to Over-the-Counter Drugs: A Qualitative Study." INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing 55 (January 2018): 004695801879329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0046958018793292.

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While patient-centered care is highly anticipated nowadays, investigation of consumers’ perceptions and expectations about pharmacist’s pharmaceutical care when providing over-the-counter (OTC) drugs is sparse. This article aimed to explore consumers’ perceptions regarding the pharmaceutical care that community pharmacists provide in relation to OTC drugs. Semistructured interviews were conducted with consumers recruited (N = 97) in Yinchuan City, China. The 4 main themes that emerged were expectations on pharmaceutical care, attitude toward pharmacist’s competence, experience of self-medication, and suggestions for improving pharmaceutical care. Most participants had high expectations on community pharmacists to recommend the right medicines, to advise them about the effective use of drug, to advise them about the safe use of drug, and to recommend economic drugs. However, their previous experiences at community pharmacy were far from satisfaction reportedly, leading to a general distrust in pharmacist’s certification and qualification, knowledge, communication skills, and attitude. As a result, the participants turned to self-medication based on their personal experiences, their relatives’ experiences, the information on drug label, and the information distributed in the mass media. Realizing the need to improve pharmaceutical care, the participants also made improvement suggestions specific to community pharmacist, community pharmacy, and the government.

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Maio, Vittorio, Elaine Yuen, Carol Rabinowitz, Daniel Louis, Masahito Jimbo, Andrea Donatini, Sabine Mall, and Francesco Taroni. "Using pharmacy data to identify those with chronic conditions in Emilia Romagna, Italy." Journal of Health Services Research & Policy 10, no. 4 (October 1, 2005): 232–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/135581905774414259.

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Background and objectives: Automated pharmacy data have been used to develop a measure of chronic disease status in the general population. The objectives of this project were to refine and apply a model of chronic disease identification using Italian automated pharmacy data; to describe how this model may identify patterns of morbidity in Emilia Romagna, a large Italian region; and to compare estimated prevalence rates using pharmacy data with those available from a 2000 Emilia Romagna disease surveillance study. Methods: Using the Chronic Disease Score, a list of chronic conditions related to the consumption of drugs under the Italian pharmaceutical dispensing system was created. Clinical review identified medication classes within the Italian National Therapeutic Formulary that were linked to the management of each chronic condition. Algorithms were then tested on pharmaceutical claims data from Emilia Romagna for 2001 to verify the applicability of the classification scheme. Results: Thirty-one chronic condition drug groups (CCDGs) were identified. Applying the model to the pharmacy data, approximately 1.5 million individuals (37.1%) of the population were identified as having one or more of the 31 CCDGs. The 31 CCDGs accounted for 77% (E556 million) of 2001 pharmaceutical expenditures. Cardiovascular diseases, rheumatological conditions, chronic respiratory illness, gastrointestinal diseases and psychiatric diseases were the most frequent chronic conditions. External validation comparing rates of the diseases found through using pharmacy data with those of a 2000 Emilia Romagna disease surveillance study showed similar prevalence of illness. Conclusions: Using Italian automated pharmacy data, a measure of population-based chronic disease status was developed. Applying the model to pharmaceutical claims from Emilia Romagna 2001, a large proportion of the population was identified as having chronic conditions. Pharmacy data may be a valuable alternative to survey data to assess the extent to which large populations are affected by chronic conditions.

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Hallit, Souheil, Carla Abou Selwan, and Pascale Salameh. "Primary health care policy and vision for community pharmacy and pharmacists in Lebanon." Pharmacy Practice 18, no. 2 (June 3, 2020): 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.18549/pharmpract.2020.2.2003.

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Within a crippling economic context and a rapidly evolving healthcare system, pharmacists in Lebanon are striving to promote their role in primary care. Community pharmacists, although held in high esteem by the population, are not recognised as primary health care providers by concerned authorities. They are perceived as medication sellers. The role of the pharmacist in primary health care networks, established by the Ministry of Public Health (MOPH) to serve most vulnerable populations, is limited to medication delivery. The practice of the pharmacy profession in Lebanon has been regulated in 1950 by the Lebanese Pharmacists Association [Order of Pharmacists of Lebanon] (OPL). In 2016, the OPL published its mission, vision, and objectives, aiming to protect the pharmacists’ rights by enforcing rules and procedures, raise the profession’s level through continuous education, and ensure patients’ appropriate access to medications and pharmacist’s counseling for safe medication use. Since then, based on the identified challenges, the OPL has suggested several programs, inspired by the World Health Organization and the International Pharmaceutical Federation guidelines, as part of a strategic plan to develop the pharmacy profession and support patient safety. These programs included the application of principles of good governance, the provision of paid services, developing pharmacists’ core and advanced competencies, generation of accreditation standards for both community pharmacy and pharmacy education, suggesting new laws and decrees, continuing education consolidation and professional development. There was an emphasis on all decisions to be evidence assessment-based. However, OPL faces a major internal political challenge: its governing body, which is reelected every three years, holds absolute powers in changing strategies for the three-year mandate, without program continuation beyond each mandate. Within this context, we recommend the implementation of a strategic plan to integrate pharmacy in primary health centers, promoting the public health aspect of the profession and taking into account of critical health issues and the changing demographics and epidemiological transition of the Lebanese population. Unless the proposed blueprint in this paper is adopted, the profession is unfortunately condemned to disappear in the current political, economic and health-related Lebanese context.

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Chevalier, Kimiko. "International Movement of Japan's Pharmaceutical Industry: Health Policy Reform." Journal of Managed Care Pharmacy 3, no. 6 (November 1997): 667–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.18553/jmcp.1997.3.6.667.

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Greenwood, Bonnie C. "Introduction: Pharmacy Reimbursement." Journal of Managed Care & Specialty Pharmacy 26, no. 6 (June 2020): 702. http://dx.doi.org/10.18553/jmcp.2020.26.6.702.

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Johnson, Robert C. "Need for Coursework in Pharmacy Curricula on Managed Care Pharmacy." Journal of Managed Care Pharmacy 16, no. 6 (July 2010): 427. http://dx.doi.org/10.18553/jmcp.2010.16.6.427.

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Fava, Joseph P., Kristen M. Zofchak, Tyler J. Jedinak, and Steven R. Erickson. "Student Perspectives Regarding Specialty Pharmacy Within Doctor of Pharmacy Curricula." Journal of Managed Care & Specialty Pharmacy 25, no. 11 (November 2019): 1255–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.18553/jmcp.2019.25.11.1255.

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35

Vlasses, Peter H. "Clinical research: trends affecting the pharmaceutical industry and the pharmacy profession." American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 56, no. 2 (January 1999): 171–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajhp/56.2.171.

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36

Almarsdóttir, Anna Birna, and Janine M. Traulsen. "Cost-Containment as Part of Pharmaceutical Policy." Pharmacy World & Science 27, no. 3 (June 2005): 144–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11096-005-6953-6.

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37

Covington, Tim. "Managed Care Pharmacy Curriculum in Pharmacy Schools: The Samford University Perspective." Journal of Managed Care Pharmacy 2, no. 3 (May 1996): 320. http://dx.doi.org/10.18553/jmcp.1996.2.3.320.

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Schafermeyer, Kenneth, and Brenda R. Motheral. "Managed Care Pharmacy Education at the St. Louis College of Pharmacy." Journal of Managed Care Pharmacy 2, no. 4 (July 1996): 439–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.18553/jmcp.1996.2.4.439.

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39

Bataoel, James. "Pharmacy Internship Offers Real-World Exposure to Managed Care Pharmacy Practice." Journal of Managed Care Pharmacy 4, no. 6 (November 1998): 605–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.18553/jmcp.1998.4.6.605.

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40

Viswanathan, Hema. "India's Pharmaceutical Industry: A Growing Influential Force in the World Pharmaceutical Market." Journal of Managed Care Pharmacy 8, no. 3 (May 2002): 211–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.18553/jmcp.2002.8.3.211.

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41

Ribeiro, Nadine, Helder Mota-Filipe, Mara P. Guerreiro, and Filipa A. Costa. "Primary health care policy and vision for community pharmacy and pharmacists in Portugal." Pharmacy Practice 18, no. 3 (July 17, 2020): 2043. http://dx.doi.org/10.18549/pharmpract.2020.3.2043.

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The central role of the Portuguese National Health Service (P-NHS) guarantees virtually free universal coverage. Key policy papers, such as the National Health Plan and the National Plan for Patient Safety have implications for pharmacists, including an engagement in medicines reconciliation. These primary health care reform, while not explicitly contemplating a role for pharmacists, offer opportunities for the involvement of primary care pharmacists in medicines management. Primary care pharmacists, who as employees of the P-NHS work closely with an interdisciplinary team, have launched a pilot service to manage polypharmacy in people living with multimorbidities, involving potential referral to community pharmacy. Full integration of community pharmacy into primary health care is challenging due to their nature as private providers, which implies the need for the recognition that public and private health sectors are mutually complementary and may maximize universal health coverage. The scope of practice of community pharmacies has been shifting to service provision, currently supported by law and in some cases, including the needle and syringe exchange program and generic substitution, remunerated. Key changes envisaged for the future of pharmacists and their integration in primary care comprise the development and establishment of clinical pharmacy as a specialization area, peer clinician recognition and better integration in primary care teams, including full access to clinical records. These key changes would enable pharmacists to apply their competence in medicines optimization for improved patient outcomes.

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Airaksinen, Marja, Terhi Toivo, Lenita Jokinen, Eeva Savela, Stina Parkkamäki, Charlotta Sandler, Hanna Kalliomäki, and Maarit Dimitrow. "Policy and vision for community pharmacies in Finland: A roadmap towards enhanced integration and reduced costs." Pharmacy Practice 19, no. 1 (February 4, 2021): 2288. http://dx.doi.org/10.18549/pharmpract.2021.1.2288.

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Finland’s community pharmacy system provides an example of a privately-owned regulated system being proactively developed by the profession and its stakeholders. Community pharmacists have a legal duty to promote safe and rational medicine use in outpatient care. The development of professionally oriented practice has been nationally coordinated since the 1990s with the support of a national steering group consisting of professional bodies, authorities, pharmacy schools and continuing education centers. The primary focus has been in patient counseling services and public health programs. The services have extended towards prospective medication risk management applying evidence-based tools, databases and digitalization. Research has been essential in informing progress by indicating high-risk patients, medications, practices and processes needing improvement. Despite the commitment of the profession and pharmacy owners, large-scale implementation of services has been challenging because of lack of remuneration, the pharmacy income still consisting primarily of sale of prescription and nonprescription medicines. Policy documents by the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health have supported the extension of the community pharmacists’ role beyond traditional dispensing to promote rational pharmacotherapy. The current roadmap by the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health emphasizes ensuring adequate regional availability and accessibility of medicines, regardless of the future pharmacy system. It also emphasizes the importance of strong regulation on pharmacy business operations and sale of medicines to ensure medication safety. At the same time, the roadmap requires that the regulation must enable implementation of new patient-oriented services and procedures, and further promote digitalization in service provision. Competition and balance of funding should be enhanced, e.g., through price competition, but the risk of pharmaceutical market concentration should be managed. The regulation should also consider influence of the new social and health care system on drug delivery. Year 2021 will be crucial for making long-term political decisions on the future direction of tasks and finances of Finnish community pharmacies in this framework. Government-funded studies are underway to guide decision making. Ongoing Covid-19 crisis has demonstrated the readiness of Finnish community pharmacies to adapt fast to meet the changing societal needs.

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Mnatzaganian, Christina L., Candis M. Morello, Lord Sarino, and Grace M. Kuo. "Development of a community–academic collaborative pharmacy residency program." American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 76, no. 14 (June 7, 2019): 1079–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajhp/zxz088.

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Abstract Purpose To describe the development of a collaborative community–academic postgraduate year 1 pharmacy residency program in San Diego that provides a hybrid experience of opportunities in community practice, ambulatory care, and teaching. Summary Residency training programs are being developed to better match the evolving role of the community pharmacist. In 2016, the University of California San Diego Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences partnered with Ralphs Pharmacy, a division of the Kroger Co., to launch a 1-year community residency to develop community-based pharmacists with diverse patient care, leadership, and education skills. Learning experiences include pharmacy operations, clinical services focusing on chronic disease management and education, teaching, and practice-based research. Training settings include community pharmacy, corporate pharmacy, ambulatory care, and academia. Graduates are prepared to work in these settings as well as capitalize on advanced training opportunities, including postgraduate year 2 residencies and professional certifications. The program has been successfully accredited, and graduates have completed the program: one completed a postgraduate year 2 residency, and both have obtained a management or clinical pharmacist position. Conclusion An innovative community—academic residency program preparing postgraduate year 1 learners for careers in community-based pharmacy, corporate, ambulatory care, and academic settings was developed, with positive preliminary outcomes.

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Shah, Nisha B., Jacob A. Jolly, Sara N. Horst, Megan Peter, Heather Limper, and Autumn D. Zuckerman. "Development of quality measures for use of self-injectable biologic therapy in inflammatory bowel disease: An integrated specialty pharmacy initiative." American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 76, no. 17 (August 16, 2019): 1296–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajhp/zxz142.

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Abstract Purpose The development of a tool to measure medication safety, therapeutic efficacy, and other quality outcomes in patients receiving self-injectable biologic therapy for the management of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) at a health-system specialty pharmacy is described. Summary Through a collaborative initiative by pharmacists, gastro-enterologists, and representatives of a pharmacy benefit manager and a pharmaceutical company, a set of clinical and specialty pharmacy quality measures was developed. The clinical measures are intended for use in assessing patient safety, disease status, treatment efficacy, and healthcare resource utilization during 3 assessments (pre-treatment, on-treatment, and longitudinal). The specialty pharmacy measures can be used to assess medication adherence, medication persistence, specialty pharmacy accreditation, and patient satisfaction. The proposed quality measures provide a foundation for evaluating the quality of IBD care and improving patient outcomes within a health-system specialty pharmacy. Future efforts to validate and implement the tool in clinical practice are planned. Conclusion The proposed quality measures provide a foundation for future inquiry regarding the appropriateness and feasibility of integrating the measures into clinical care. Further work is needed to implement and validate these quality measures and determine their impact in optimizing health outcomes.

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Veronin, Michael A. "Canadian Internet pharmacies: Price, policy, and perspective." Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy 3, no. 2 (June 2007): 236–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2006.07.003.

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46

Hieber, Klaus. "Pharmacy Benefit Administration Options." Journal of Managed Care Pharmacy 2, no. 3 (May 1996): 272–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.18553/jmcp.1996.2.3.272.

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Lin, Swu-Jane. "Researching Managed Care Pharmacy." Journal of Managed Care Pharmacy 7, no. 3 (May 2001): 201–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.18553/jmcp.2001.7.3.201.

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Cannon, H. Eric. "Pharmacy Management of Vaccines." Journal of Managed Care Pharmacy 13, no. 7 Supp B (September 2007): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.18553/jmcp.2007.13.s7-b.7.

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49

Troina, S. G., and V. V. Kuhach. "LOYALTY ASSESSMENT OF ELDERLY CUSTOMERS TO THE PHARMACY USING KANO MODEL." Vestnik Farmacii 92, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 24–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.52540/2074-9457.2021.2.24.

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The article presents the results of a sociological study conducted with the questionnaire of 385 pharmacy customers from different regions of the Republic of Belarus aged over 60 using Kano model. The respondents consistently expressed their attitude to the presence and absence of 13 characteristics (parameters) effecting the performance of pharmacies. The purpose of this study is to assess the loyalty of elderly customers to the pharmacy using Kano model. The potentials of elderly customers’ satisfaction and dissatisfaction with the work of pharmacies are calculated. The same parameter was revealed to have a different effect on the potential of satisfaction and dissatisfaction of pharmacy elderly customers. The distribution of the parameters studied into 4 quadrants allowed to determine mandatory characteristics of the pharmacy (availability of a wide range of products, competence of pharmaceutical workers; provision of the customers with detailed information about the purchased product), linear (location of the pharmacy, convenient schedule of its work, rational pricing policy, discount availability, informative and esthetic design of shop windows, benevolence of pharmaceutical workers) and indifferent ones (availability of car parking near the pharmacy, advertising items in the pharmacy, ability to get additional services in the pharmacy, modern technologies for population service). Attractive parameters were not set. The design of shop windows is at the border edge of mandatory and one-dimensional characteristics intersection. To attract customers and increase their loyalty to the pharmacy it is necessary to ensure availability of mandatory and to develop the category of linear characteristics.

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Gardner, Jacqueline. "Managed Care Pharmacy Education at the University of Washington School of Pharmacy." Journal of Managed Care Pharmacy 2, no. 3 (May 1996): 319–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.18553/jmcp.1996.2.3.319.

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