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Journal articles on the topic 'Pharmaceutical polymorphism'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 6 February 2022

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1

Chistyakov, Dmitry, and Gleb Sergeev. "The Polymorphism of Drugs: New Approaches to the Synthesis of Nanostructured Polymorphs." Pharmaceutics 12, no. 1 (2020): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12010034.

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Among the significant problems of modern pharmacology are the low solubility and bioavailability of drugs. One way to resolve this problem is to obtain new polymorphic forms of drugs with improved physicochemical properties. Various approaches have been developed with this aim, including the preparation of co-crystals, the use of nanoparticles, or the use of compounds in the form of a salt. A promising direction in pharmacology concerns the production of new stable polymorphic structures. In this mini-review, we consider certain aspects of drug polymorphism, methods for the synthesis of polymo

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2

Hean, Duane, Andreas Lemmerer, and Joseph Michael. "Rampant Polymorphism in Pharmaceuticals: An Isoniazid Derivative." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (2014): C653. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273314093462.

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Investigations into the polymorphic forms of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) are of vital importance to drug formulations and are often kept a closely guarded secret by pharmaceutical companies. This secrecy is maintained as the nature of the polymorph could either make or break a drug formulation. Polymorphism is the ability of a solid crystalline form to exist in more than one structural arrangement. The variation in the crystalline forms often displays different mechanical, thermal, and chemical properties. These changes can remarkably influence the bioavailability, hygroscopicity,

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DELGADO, G., M. GUILLEN, and A. J. MORA. "4-METHYL HYPPURIC ACID: A CASE OF POLYMORPHISM AND SOLVATOMORPHISM." Periódico Tchê Química 16, no. 32 (2019): 812–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.52571/ptq.v16.n32.2019.830_periodico32_pgs_812_819.pdf.

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Polymorphism is known as the ability of a solid material to exist in more than one form or crystal structure, with important applications in the preparation of active pharmaceutical ingredients. Characterization of different polymorphs of the specific metabolite of 4-xylene can contribute to the chemical and pharmaceutical industry. Polymorphism is of particular importance in industrial processes, where different physical properties of polymorphic forms can substantially alter the viability and quality of a manufactured product. This is particularly so for the design and production of drugs in

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Giordano, Ferdinando. "Polymorphism in pharmaceutical solids." Journal of Controlled Release 71, no. 3 (2001): 354–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-3659(01)00252-8.

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5

Hudspeth, Jessica, Darren Goossens, and Richard Welberry. "Diffuse scattering in the polymorphs of p(N-methylbenzylidene)-p-methylaniline." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (2014): C627. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273314093723.

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Polymorphism refers to the ability of a solid to exist in more than one crystal structure. Apart from being of scientific interest, it is of practical importance in the pharmaceutical and chemical manufacturing industries. In pharmaceuticals the polymorphic form of the substance can affect the ease of manufacture or the rate of uptake by the human body [1]. There is consequently a great need to be able to understand, predict and control polymorphism. This work is part of a larger study using diffuse scattering methods to investigate the role of molecular flexibility and disorder in polymorphis

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Kant, Rajni. "Pharmaceutical Drug Polymorphism: A Case Study of Three Novel Drugs." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (2014): C544. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273314094558.

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Polymorphism is more widespread in pharmaceutical solids, with estimates of 30-50% in drug-like molecules, compared to 4-5% polymorphic crystals in the Cambridge Structural Database (Nangia, 2007). Most of the drug molecules are formulated and marketed in crystalline form and many of these are highly functionalized and can self-organize in several ways in the solid state with nearly the same lattice energies. Though a lot of work is going on in the field of pharmaceutical drug polymorphism and its possible application in the field of crystal engineering, yet there are difficulties in getting p

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7

Li, Z. G., R. L. Harlow, C. M. Foris, et al. "New Applications of Electron Diffraction in the Pharmaceutical Industry: Polymorph Determination by Using a Combination of Electron Diffraction and Synchrotron X-ray Powder Diffraction Techniques." Microscopy and Microanalysis 8, no. 2 (2002): 134–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927601020050.

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Electron diffraction has been recently used in the pharmaceutical industry to study the polymorphism in crystalline drug substances. While conventional X-ray diffraction patterns could not be used to determine the cell parameters of two forms of the microcrystalline GP IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist roxifiban, a combination of electron single-crystal and synchrotron powder diffraction techniques were able to clearly distinguish the two polymorphs. The unit-cell parameters of the two polymorphs were ultimately determined using new software routines designed to take advantage of each technique's u

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Ainurofiq, Ahmad, Kezia Esther Dinda, Maya Widia Pangestika, Ulia Himawati, Wening Dyah Wardhani, and Yustika Tamarin Sipahutar. "The effect of polymorphism on active pharmaceutical ingredients: A review." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, no. 2 (2020): 1621–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2044.

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Active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) are the main components in the production process of pharmaceutical products. If the API has a good quality, then it will lead to good pharmaceutical products. API consists of more than one different crystal form which, then forms a polymorph through the process of polymorphism. Until now, API polymorphism is still a big challenge in the pharmaceutical industry. That is because the nature of polymorphism is difficult to predict. One of them is by crystallizing molecules in one or many crystalline forms or combining with other molecules to form stable co-

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9

Karpinski, P. H. "Polymorphism of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients." Chemical Engineering & Technology 29, no. 2 (2006): 233–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.200500397.

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10

Fries, Aline Taís, Natália Olegário, Sarah Chagas Campanharo, Vitor Paulo Pereira, and Martin Steppe. "EVALUATION OF THE PRESENCE OF POLYMORPHIC FORMS AND INFLUENCE ON THE DISSOLUTION PROFILE OF TENOXICAM IN ACTIVE PHARMACEUTICAL INGREDIENT AND FORMULATIONS." Drug Analytical Research 2, no. 2 (2018): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/2527-2616.90005.

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Polymorphism is a relatively common phenomenon among pharmaceutical compounds, and one of the main aspects to be considered in the production and development of medications. The investigation of polymorphism associated with oxicams, a group belonging to the class of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) has increased in recent years and, in the case of tenoxicam, the existence of four polymorphic forms is reported in the literature. The objective of this study was to characterize the presence of different polymorphic forms of tenoxicam in active pharmaceutical ingredient and oral phar

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McGregor, Lindsay, Boris Zakharov, Callum Boa, Sergei Goryainov, Elena Boldyreva, and Colin Pulham. "The effects of pressure on structural strain in crystals with acetamide groups." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (2014): C270. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273314097290.

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Polymorphism is an ever growing area of interest in chemistry. Many active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) have the potential to have polymorphic forms, which can subsequently be used to the advantage of the pharmaceutical industry. There are a variety of conditions in which polymorphism can be examined; one way which has sparked interest in recent years is the influence of pressure and its effect on the behaviour of intermolecular bonds. The polymorphs of paracetamol were the first solid drugs for which the properties were compared at different pressures [1-2]. Another interesting research

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12

Zhou, Yanan, Jingkang Wang, Yan Xiao, Ting Wang, and Xin Huang. "The Effects of Polymorphism on Physicochemical Properties and Pharmacodynamics of Solid Drugs." Current Pharmaceutical Design 24, no. 21 (2018): 2375–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612824666180515155425.

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Background: Nowadays, the polymorphism of solid materials plays important roles in pharmaceutical field, food industry, fine chemicals and so on. Due to the differences in crystal structure, different polymorphs of a given solid drug show different physicochemical characteristics, which may lead to different drug bioavailability and half-life of the drug. Studies about polymorphism of solid drugs have become an indispensable important component in dosage form design, approval, production and quality control of drugs. Methods: In order to reveal the dissimilarity between polymorphs, the classif

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13

Abbas, Ahmed Abdul-Hassan, Zainab J. Fadhil, and Shatha Hussein Ali. "Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha-863 C/A Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms and Nephrotic Syndrome." International Journal of Drug Delivery Technology 10, no. 03 (2020): 319–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.25258/ijddt.10.3.1.

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Introduction: Cytokines act as a mediator of inflammation in childhood nephrotic syndrome. Polymorphisms of cytokines genes may influence susceptibility to nephrotic syndrome (NS), as well as, patients’ steroid responses. Objective: To study the association of tumor necrosis factor-alpha single nucleotide polymorphisms (TNF-α SNP) (-863 C/A) with the development of NS in addition to access to their effects on serum level of TNF and the response to steroid therapy. Patients and Methods: This study included 60 patients (19 female and 41 male) with nephrotic syndrome; their ages ranged from 2 to

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Llinàs, Antonio, Karl J. Box, Jonathan C. Burley, Robert C. Glen, and Jonathan M. Goodman. "A new method for the reproducible generation of polymorphs: two forms of sulindac with very different solubilities." Journal of Applied Crystallography 40, no. 2 (2007): 379–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889807007832.

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Polymorphism of drugs has been the subject of intense interest in the pharmaceutical industry for over forty years. Although identical in chemical composition, polymorphs differ in bioavailability, solubility, dissolution rate, chemical and physical stability, melting point, colour, filterability, density, flow properties, and many other properties. The difference in solubility is particularly important for pharmaceuticals, as it can affect drug efficacy, bioavailability and safety. Despite significant investment in processes to find all the possible polymorphs of active pharmaceutical ingredi

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15

Mukhtar, Maryam, Andleeb Batool, Abdul Wajid, and Iram Qayyum. "Vitamin D Receptor Gene Polymorphisms Influence T1D Susceptibility among Pakistanis." International Journal of Genomics 2017 (2017): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/4171254.

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Background. The vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene regulates insulin secretion from the pancreas and acts as a mediator of the immune response through vitamin D. Polymorphism in VDR causes alterations in the functioning of vitamin D, leading to type 1 diabetes (T1D) predisposition. The aim of the present study was to determine VDR gene polymorphism in association with T1D in Pakistanis. Methods. The association was evaluated by selecting rs2228570 (FokΙ), rs7975232 (ApaΙ), and rs731236 (TaqΙ) polymorphic sites in 102 patients and 100 controls. Genotypes were identified by DNA sequencing and PCR-RFL

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Kuzmin, V. S., V. V. Chernyshev, and A. I. Luttseva. "X-RAY POWDER DIFFRACTION IN QUALITY CONTROL OF MEDICINES." Bulletin of the Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products 8, no. 3 (2018): 158–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.30895/1991-2919-2018-8-3-158-161.

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X-ray powder diffraction is one of the methods used for detection and analysis of polymorphic forms of pharmaceutical substances. The article elucidates the concept of polymorphism, briefly explains physical characteristics of this phenomenon, conditions of polymorphic transformations and the prevalence of polymorphic forms among drug substances. It should be noted that polymorphism is observed in drug substances belonging to different pharmacologic classes. Polymorphic forms of the same drug substance have different solubility, melting point, resistance to oxidation and to other destructive p

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17

Mondal, Pradip, and Deepak Chopra. "Role of Polymorphism in Materials Science." Material Science Research India 11, no. 1 (2014): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/msri/110106.

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Polymorphism is a widespread and commonly occurring phenomenon in fields of chemistry, biology and materials science. In recent years, the development of technology has lead to the development of different instrumentation tools(such as SXRD, PXRD, IR, NMR, AFM) which are employed for the characterization of different polymorphic materials (namely polymers, nano crystalline metal oxides and pharmaceutical drugs) which are of great importance because of their applications in the field of materials science.

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18

Mnguni, Malitsatsi J., Joseph P. Michael, and Andreas Lemmerer. "Binary polymorphic cocrystals: an update on the available literature in the Cambridge Structural Database, including a new polymorph of the pharmaceutical 1:1 cocrystal theophylline–3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid." Acta Crystallographica Section C Structural Chemistry 74, no. 6 (2018): 715–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053229618006861.

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An analysis and classification of the 2925 neutral binary organic cocrystals in the Cambridge Structural Database is reported, focusing specifically on those both showing polymorphism and containing an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). The search was confined to molecules having only C, H, N, O, S and halogens atoms. It was found that 400 out of 2925 cocrystals can be classified as pharmaceutical cocrystals, containing at least one API, and that of those, 56 can be classified as being polymorphic cocrystals. In general, the total number of polymorphic cocrystal systems of any type stands

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19

Pedro, Sónia N., Carmen S. R. Freire, Armando J. D. Silvestre, and Mara G. Freire. "The Role of Ionic Liquids in the Pharmaceutical Field: An Overview of Relevant Applications." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 21 (2020): 8298. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21218298.

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Solubility, bioavailability, permeation, polymorphism, and stability concerns associated to solid-state pharmaceuticals demand for effective solutions. To overcome some of these drawbacks, ionic liquids (ILs) have been investigated as solvents, reagents, and anti-solvents in the synthesis and crystallization of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), as solvents, co-solvents and emulsifiers in drug formulations, as pharmaceuticals (API-ILs) aiming liquid therapeutics, and in the development and/or improvement of drug-delivery-based systems. The present review focuses on the use of ILs in the

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20

Legendre, B. "Polymorphism and solvates. Application to pharmaceutical compounds." Le Journal de Physique IV 11, PR10 (2001): Pr10–1—Pr10–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jp4:20011001.

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21

Lewis, Lori, Peter Troost, Donald Lavery, and Koichi Nishikida. "Pharmaceutical Polymorphism Studies by Infrared Spectroscopic Imaging." Microscopy and Microanalysis 7, S2 (2001): 158–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600026866.

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Many drugs are known to crystallize in different polymorphic forms or as solvates. Solubility, melting point, density, hardness, optical properties, vapor pressure, and a host of other physical properties may all vary with polymorphic form. Not only do the various crystal structures of a given pharmaceutical compound affect the efficacy of the drug, but they may also carry enormous legal implications. Much product revenue can depend upon the identification and patent protection of certain polymorphic forms. Thus, the control of crystallization is a very important process parameter, and techniq

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22

Lu, Jie, Zhen Li, and Xiaolin Jiang. "Polymorphism of pharmaceutical molecules: perspectives on nucleation." Frontiers of Chemical Engineering in China 4, no. 1 (2010): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11705-009-0294-2.

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23

Wuyun, Gerile, Yang Hu, Zihong He, Yanchun Li, and Xu Yan. "The Short Tandem Repeat of the DMT1 Gene as a Molecular Marker of Elite Long-Distance Runners." International Journal of Genomics 2019 (November 23, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7064703.

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The DMT1 gene encodes divalent metal transporter 1, a membrane iron transport protein. Divalent metal transporter 1 influences cellular iron availability, which might further affect aerobic exercise capacity. Short tandem repeat (STR) polymorphisms have been used as genetic markers in the literature, yet the STR polymorphisms of the DMT1 gene have not been well studied. In this current study, we explored the polymorphisms of the DMT1 gene in a group of elite long-distance runners and controls, by using the PCR-RFLP (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism) and Gene scan technology. We found t

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Li, J., J. Wu, Y. Zhang, X. Wang, J. Jin, and Y. Wang. "TaqMan Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction and Pyrosequencing using Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Protocol for Rapid Determination of ALDH2 *2 in a Chinese Population." Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 14, no. 9 (2015): 1679–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v14i9.19.

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Purpose: To establish a rapid molecular method for the detection of aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2), and determine whether the polymorphic ALDH2 gene is associated with drinking behavior in a Chinese population.Methods: The gene polymorphism of ALDH2 *2 was detected using pyrosequencing and TaqMan realtime polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques. Genotyping of 176 volunteers were performed at The Third Hospital of Wuhan, Hubei, China. Genetic associations with alcohol use behavior was assessed.Results: Pyrosequencing and TaqMan real time PCR methods were successfully developed to identify

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Trontelj, Zvonko, Janez Pirnat, Vojko Jazbinšek, et al. "Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance (NQR)—A Useful Spectroscopic Tool in Pharmacy for the Study of Polymorphism." Crystals 10, no. 6 (2020): 450. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst10060450.

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Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance (NQR) spectroscopy has been known for 70 years. It is suitable for the study of measured (poly)crystalline chemical compounds containing quadrupole nuclei (nuclei with spin I ≥ 1) where the characteristic NQR frequencies represent the fingerprints of these compounds. In several cases, 14N NQR can distinguish between the polymorphic crystalline phases of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). In order to further stimulate 14N NQR studies, we review here several results of API polymorphism studies obtained in Ljubljana laboratories: (a) In sulfanilamide, a clear d

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Brog, Jean-Pierre, Claire-Lise Chanez, Aurelien Crochet, and Katharina Fromm. "Polymorphism, what it is and how to identify it." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (2014): C1386. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273314086136.

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Polymorphism is a very important phenomenon not only in basic research, but certainly in pharmaceutical industry and materials science. Polymorphs possess different properties, for instance the solubility or the mechanical resistance can differ dramatically from one polymorph to the other – properties which can be crucial for their application. Hence, it is important to be able to control the formation of polymorphs and to understand their formation. We here gave some insights into the basic knowledge of polymorph formation and their identification and characterization in order to give an over

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Price, Sarah. "Interpreting computed crystal energy landscapes for pharmaceutical molecules." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (2014): C1615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273314083843.

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Crystal Structure Prediction (CSP) algorithms aim to generate the thermodynamically feasible crystal structures of a molecule from the chemical diagram, ranking their relative stability by a necessarily approximate estimate of the crystal energy. Such calculations are becoming feasible for molecules of a size and flexibility of small molecule pharmaceuticals. Contrasting the crystal energy landscape, the computer generated structures that are thermodynamically plausible as polymorphs, with the results of experimental polymorph screening, shows that CSP studies are not limited to being a search

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Kidd, W. Christopher, Peter Varlashkin, and Chia-yu Li. "The applicability of powder X-ray diffraction to the quantification of drug substance polymorphs using a model organic system." Powder Diffraction 8, no. 3 (1993): 180–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0885715600018157.

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With a new emphasis on the control of polymorphism in pharmaceutical production, the need for methods to quantify polymorphic forms has arisen. Techniques using X-ray powder diffraction are increasingly being used to characterize the phases of drug substances that exist in multiple crystal forms. Current methods to identify the polymorphic phases in a drug substance include microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, thermal analysis (DSC/TGA), solid state NMR, and X-ray powder diffraction. Of the aforementioned techniques, X-ray powder diffraction provides the most effective approach to identify and q

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Azizi, Ali, Hamidreza Ardalani, and Bernd Honermeier. "Statistical analysis of the associations between phenolic monoterpenes and molecular markers, AFLPs and SAMPLs in the spice plant Oregano." Herba Polonica 62, no. 2 (2016): 42–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hepo-2016-0010.

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Summary Introduction: Molecular markers are the examples of the contribution of genome technology to medicinal plant breeding through marker-assisted selection (MAS) for pharmaceutical quality. Objective: Forty-two accessions of Origanum vulgare L. originating from Europe were evaluated to detect genomic and chemotypic polymorphisms and to discover possible associations between them. Methods: A total of 477 molecular polymorphisms including 214 AFLP (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism) and 263 SAMPL (Selectively Amplified Microsatellite Polymorphic Loci) were used for genotyping. Component

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Anwar, Jamshed, Stephen E. Tarling, and Paul Barnes. "Polymorphism of Sulfathiazole." Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 78, no. 4 (1989): 337–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600780416.

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Wadsten, Tommy, and Nils-Olof Lindberg. "Polymorphism of Estramustine." Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 78, no. 7 (1989): 563–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600780711.

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Brittain, Harry G. "Polymorphism Solvatomorphism 2008." Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 99, no. 9 (2010): 3648–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jps.21966.

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LINDENBAUM, S., E. RATTIE, G. ZUBER, M. MILLER, and L. RAVIN. "Polymorphism of auranofin." International Journal of Pharmaceutics 26, no. 1-2 (1985): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-5173(85)90205-4.

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Lu, Jie, and Sohrab Rohani. "Polymorphism and Crystallization of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs)." Current Medicinal Chemistry 16, no. 7 (2009): 884–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/092986709787549299.

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Guthrie, Stephanie M., Detlef-M. Smilgies, and Gaurav Giri. "Controlling Polymorphism in Pharmaceutical Compounds Using Solution Shearing." Crystal Growth & Design 18, no. 2 (2018): 602–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.cgd.7b01686.

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Hiendrawan, Stevanus, Edward Widjojokusumo, Bambang Veriansyah, and Raymond R. Tjandrawinata. "Pharmaceutical Salts of Carvedilol: Polymorphism and Physicochemical Properties." AAPS PharmSciTech 18, no. 4 (2016): 1417–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1208/s12249-016-0616-x.

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Zaworotko, M., and V. Peddy. "Polymorphism in co-crystals and pharmaceutical co-crystals." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations of Crystallography 61, a1 (2005): c12—c13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108767305099460.

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Raw, A. "Pharmaceutical solid polymorphism in drug development and regulation." Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 56, no. 3 (2004): 235–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2003.10.004.

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Kang, Juan, Yongli Wang, Yifu Chen, et al. "Coordination-induced conformation diversity for pharmaceutical polymorph control." CrystEngComm 21, no. 43 (2019): 6585–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ce01310e.

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Paczkowska, Magdalena, Gabriela Wiergowska, Andrzej Miklaszewski, et al. "The Analysis of the Physicochemical Properties of Benzocaine Polymorphs." Molecules 23, no. 7 (2018): 1737. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23071737.

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The study was a pioneering attempt to assess the influence of the structural polymorphism (forms I, II, III) of benzocaine on its solubility, apparent solubility, and chemical stability, which are vital parameters for preformulation and formulation work. The impact of differences in the solubility of selected polymorphs of benzocaine on their permeability through artificial biological membranes (PAMPA system) was evaluated. The polymorphs of benzocaine were obtained by means of techniques commonly used for the preparation of various pharmaceutical dosage forms: ball milling, micro milling, and

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Lee, Min-Jeong, Srinivasulu Aitipamula, Guang J. Choi, and Pui Shan Chow. "Agomelatine–hydroquinone (1:1) cocrystal: novel polymorphs and their thermodynamic relationship." Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science, Crystal Engineering and Materials 75, no. 6 (2019): 969–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2052520619011739.

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Polymorphism of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) is of significance in the pharmaceutical industry because it can affect the quality, efficacy and safety of the final drug product. In this regard, polymorphic behavior of cocrystals is no exception because it can influence the development of cocrystals as potential drug formulations. The current contribution aims to introduce two novel polymorphs [forms (III) and (IV)] of agomelatine–hydroquinone (AGO-HYQ) cocrystal and to describe the thermodynamic relationship between the cocrystal polymorphs. All polymorphs were characterized using p

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Li, Lin, Xue Zhang, and Zhong-Ti Zhang. "Genetic Polymorphisms in the RAD51 Gene with a Risk of Head and Neck Cancer and Esophageal Cancer: A Meta-Analysis." International Journal of Genomics 2019 (December 5, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2789035.

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Background. The role of RAD51 gene polymorphisms with the development of head and neck cancer (HNC) and esophageal cancer (EC) remains controversial. This meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the correlation between the RAD51 polymorphisms and these two cancers quantitatively. Methods. Databases of PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase were used to search relevant papers prior to August 17, 2019. STATA 11.0 was performed to observe the correlation. Results. Ten relevant papers were enrolled in our analysis. Overall, a significant correlation was observed between the rs1801320 polymorphism and

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Zhang, Yong-lian, and Xiong-wei Xie. "Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T polymorphism and toxicity to 5-FU-based chemotherapy in colorectal cancer." Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 19, no. 1 (2020): 209–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v19i1.30.

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Purpose: To investigate the toxicity of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) polymorphism in colorectal cancer patients treated with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU).Methods: A total of 105 patients with colorectal cancer who underwent 5-FU therapy were included in this study. MTHFR C677T polymorphisms were determined using direct sequencing. Physical examination and the results of blood and urine tests were used to evaluate the toxicities, including gastrointestinal toxicity, hematopoietic toxicity, hair-skin toxicity and hand-foot syndrome.Results: In 90.5 % of all patients, 5-FU toxicity was ob

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Henck, Jan‐Olav, Emil Finner, and Artur Burger. "Polymorphism of Tedisamil Dihydrochloride." Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 89, no. 9 (2000): 1151–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1520-6017(200009)89:9<1151::aid-jps7>3.0.co;2-e.

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Henck, Jan‐Olav, Emil Finner, and Artur Burger. "Polymorphism of tedisamil dihydrochloride." Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 89, no. 9 (2000): 1151–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1520-6017(200009)89:9<1151::aid-jps7>3.3.co;2-5.

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Brittain, Harry G. "Polymorphism and Solvatomorphism 2005." Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 96, no. 4 (2007): 705–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jps.20772.

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Brittain, Harry G. "Polymorphism and Solvatomorphism 2006." Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 97, no. 9 (2008): 3611–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jps.21274.

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Brittain, Harry G. "Polymorphism and Solvatomorphism 2007." Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 98, no. 5 (2009): 1617–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jps.21518.

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Brittain, Harry G. "Polymorphism and Solvatomorphism 2009." Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 100, no. 4 (2011): 1260–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jps.22386.

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Vrecˇer, F., S. Srcˇicˇ, and J. Sˇmid-Korbar. "Investigation of piroxicam polymorphism." International Journal of Pharmaceutics 68, no. 1-3 (1991): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-5173(91)90124-7.

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