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Journal articles on the topic 'Pharmaceutical suspension'
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Sahu, Yogesh, Arvind Singh Jadon, Prateek Jain, Bhupendra Singh Thakur, Basant Khare, and Anushree Jain. "An Overview on Recent Advances in Pharmaceutical Suspensions." International Journal of Medical Sciences and Pharma Research 7, no. 1 (March 15, 2021): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/ijmspr.v7i1.54.
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The suspension is a biphasic liquid or semi-solid dosage form where the finely divided insoluble solid drug particles are homogeneously dispersed in a liquid or semi-solid medium. The solid drug particles act here as the dispersed phase and the liquid or the semi-solid as the dispersion medium. The particle diameter in a suspension is usually greater than 0.5 µm. However, it is difficult and also impractical to impose a sharp boundary between the suspensions and the dispersions having finer particles. Suspensions are an important class of pharmaceutical dosage forms. The advantages of suspension dosage forms include effective dispensing of hydrophobic drugs; avoidance of the use of cosolvents; masking of unpleasant taste of certain ingredients; offering resistance to degradation of drugs due to hydrolysis, oxidation or microbial activity; easy swallowing for young or elderly patients; and efficient intramuscular depot therapy. In addition, when compared to solution dosage forms, relatively higher concentration of drugs can be incorporated into suspension products. The present review provides an overview of various aspects of suspensions such as classification of suspensions, theories of suspensions, various suspending agents, formulations aspects of suspensions, stability of suspensions and recent research work that is being carried on suspensions. Keywords: Suspensions, suspending agents, flocculated, Stability.
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Doye, Pakpi, Tanya Mena, and Nilimanka Das. "FORMULATION AND BIO-AVAILABILITY PARAMETERS OF PHARMACEUTICAL SUSPENSION." International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Research 9, no. 3 (May 5, 2017): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijcpr.2017.v9i3.18892.
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The suspension is a biphasic liquid or semi-solid dosage form where the finely divided insoluble solid drug particles are homogeneously dispersed in a liquid or semi-solid medium. The solid drug particles act here as the dispersed phase and the liquid or the semi-solid as the dispersion medium. Suspensions contribute to pharmaceutical dosage form development by supplying drugs that are insoluble in all acceptable medium and often distasteful. Suspension translates such drugs into more bio-available form when compared to capsules, tablets, coated tablets, enteric coated tablets and sustained release products. The dosage form is palatable to the patient and many are doing well when applied to the skin or mucous membrane. This particular dosage form is also applied for injecting drugs into the systemic circulation. Therefore, pharmaceutical suspension finds its application through three different routes of administration namely oral, externally applied suspension and injectable one. The success of any dosage form largely depends on formulation parameters and the factors that influence the bioavailability which ultimately dictate the therapeutic success of the formulated dosage form. Hence, it is obvious to discuss the formulation parameters and the factors influencing bioavailability of suspension for the therapeutic success of it.
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Jackson, Remonica, Paul Lewis, and Stacy D. Brown. "Comparative Stability of Compounded Omeprazole Suspension Versus Commercial Omeprazole Kit When Stored in Oral Syringes Under Refrigerated Conditions." Journal of Pharmacy Technology 36, no. 5 (June 26, 2020): 179–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/8755122520935532.
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Background: Omeprazole is a proton pump inhibitor used to manage gastrointestinal disorders. Special populations may require omeprazole to be given as an oral suspension. Objective: The purpose of this project was to compare the stability of omeprazole in the FIRST kit product to a traditionally compounded omeprazole suspension, when stored in refrigerated unit-dosed syringes. NG tube delivery of the 2 products was also investigated. Methods: Five batches of compounded omeprazole oral suspension and 5 kits of FIRST-Omeprazole were prepared to an initial concentration of 2 mg/mL. Suspensions were aliquoted into 5-mL doses in clear plastic oral syringes, and stored at 2-8 °C. Syringes from each batch were analyzed at baseline and after 7, 14, 21, and 30 days for omeprazole potency using HPLC. To assess suitability for NG tube administration, 20 mL of each suspension were administered through NG tubes (8Fr, 10Fr, and 18Fr), and percent omeprazole recovery assessed. Results: The chemical potency remained within 90-110% for 14 days and 30 days for compounded samples and FIRST-Omeprazole samples, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference in initial concentration; 1.89 mg/mL versus 1.98 mg/mL for compounded and FIRST-Omeprazole, respectively. After 30 days, FIRST-Omeprazole demonstrated 97.20% API recovery. Neither suspension experienced statistically significant loss of potency following NG tube passage. Conclusion: FIRST-Omeprazole suspension may be stored in refrigerated clear luer-lock oral syringes for 30 days. Traditionally compounded omeprazole suspension should be used within 14 days. Both suspensions are suitable for NG tube administration.
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Mantry, Shubhrajit, Shubham Shinde, Sahil Shaikh, Sumit Joshi, and Ganesh Dama. "Emerging Implementation of Nano-Suspension Technology for Delivery of Poorly Soluble Drug for the Treatment of Helminths Disease." International Journal of Current Research and Review 14, no. 06 (2022): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.31782/ijcrr.2022.14607.
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Anthelmintics are medications that are used to treat parasitic worm infections. This comprises flat worms like flukes and tapeworms as well as round worms like nematodes. They are critical for human tropical medicine. Nano-suspensions are one of the many applications of nanotechnology. Nano-suspensions are liquid formulations that feature submicron colloidal dispersion of pharmaceutical active component particles stabilised by surfactants. Nano-suspension technology is a novel and cost-effective method for improving the bioavailability of hydrophobic medicines, particularly those that are poorly soluble in aqueous solutions. Nano-suspensions play a significant role in the development of new medication formulations. High pressure homogenizers, emulsion solvent evaporation, melt emulsification technique, and nanoprecipitation are all used to make nano-suspensions. Particle size, zeta potential, drug content, and in vitro drug dissolution were all examined for the nano-suspensions. Poorly soluble drugs can benefit from nano-suspension technology to improve their stability and bioavailability. The bioavailability of nano-suspension was also tested in mice, which showed that the particle size distribution of nano-suspension was considerably affected by bioavailability. The rate of anthelmintic nano-suspension dissolution was substantially higher than that of raw drug powder. In vivo pharmacokinetic characteristics of nano-suspension indicated a substantial increase in Cmax and AUC(0-t) when compared to pure drug. When compared to pure drug bioavailability, anthelmintic nano-suspension had a greater oral bioavailability.
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Uhumwangho, Michael U., and Ikechukwu Louis Ileje. "Preliminary evaluation of the suspending properties of Brachystegia eurycoma gum on metronidazole suspension." International Current Pharmaceutical Journal 3, no. 11 (October 25, 2014): 328–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/icpj.v3i11.20727.
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The aim of this study was to evaluate the suspending properties of Brachystegia eurycoma gum on metronidazole suspension. The suspending properties of Brachystegia eurycoma gum (family leguminosae) were evaluated comparatively with that of compound tragacanth powder at concentration range of 2.5 10.0%w/v in metronidazole suspension. The following parameters were determined; sedimentation volume (%), viscosity, pH and re-dispersion number. The values obtained were used as basis for comparison of the suspending agents studied. Brachystegia eurycoma and compound tragacanth gums had a pH range between 4.7 to 4.9 and between 3.9 to 4.1 respectively which indicates that they are slightly acidic. Particles suspended with tragacanth gum at concentration ? 7.5%w/w redispersed easily than those formulated with the Brachystegia eurycoma gum at ? 10% w/w. It was observed that with increase in concentration of the gum the viscosity of the suspension increased correspondingly. For instance, at concentration of 2.5%w/w viscosities of the suspensions are 490 poise (Brachystegia eurycoma gum) and 603 poise (compound tragacanth gum) while at concentrations of 7.5%w/w their viscosities were 914 poise (Brachystegia eurycoma gum) and 1709 poise (compound tragacanth gum). There was a direct proportionality between viscosity of the gums at different concentrations and the sedimentation rate of the suspensions, as the viscosity of the gum increases, the rate of sedimentation of the suspension decreases. Brachystegia eurycoma gum at predetermined concentration can be exploited as an alternative excipient in the formulation of pharmaceutical suspensions of insoluble substances.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/icpj.v3i11.20727 International Current Pharmaceutical Journal, October 2014, 3(11): 328-330
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Owusu, Frederick William Akuffo, Mariam El Boakye-Gyasi, Philomena Entsie, Christina Osei-Asare, Ofosua Adi-Dako, Grace Boakye Bosuthe, Esther Antwi-Mensah, and Marcel Tunkumgnen Bayor. "Formulation and Pharmaceutical Assessment of Annona muricata Oral Capsules and Suspension as Antidiarrhea Dosage Forms." Journal of Chemistry 2021 (December 14, 2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/1792437.
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Annona muricata (Annonaceae) is a tropical plant widely known for its edible fruits. Recent scientific studies have confirmed the folkloric use of its seeds as an antidiarrheal agent. This study sought to formulate capsules and suspensions using the ethanolic extract from Annona muricata seeds. The dried ethanolic extract was formulated into granules and subsequently encapsulated. The suspension formulated was assessed for sedimentation rate, sedimentation volume, viscosity, dissolution, drug content, and flow rate, while pharmacopeia tests such as disintegration, dissolution, uniformity of weight, and drug content were carried out on the formulated capsules. The formulated suspension passed the drug content and in vitro release studies. Annona muricata suspension exhibited pseudoplastic flow with good sedimentation rate and sedimentation volume. The formulated capsules passed the in vitro dissolution studies, weight uniformity, disintegration, and drug content tests. The ethanolic extract of Annona muricata seeds was appropriately formulated into standardized solid and liquid oral dosage forms.
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Alayo, Mutiat A., Oluyemisi A. Bamiro, Shittu Esther, Lateef G. Bakre, and Olutayo A. Adeleye. "Evaluation of Basella alba L. Mucilage as a Suspending Agent in Metronidazole Suspension." Jordan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 15, no. 3 (September 1, 2022): 428–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.35516/jjps.v15i3.418.
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In the quest for natural biodegradable, non-toxic polymers for use as excipients in pharmaceutical formulations, mucilage of Basella alba L (BAM) stem was isolated and evaluated as a suspending agent in metronidazole suspensions at different concentrations (0.5% - 2% w/v) in comparison to tragacanth (TCG) and gelatin gums (GLT). The micromeritic properties of the mucilage powder were determined and the metronidazole suspension was characterized using flow rate, redispersion number, sedimentation volume, viscosity and pH. The degree of flocculation was also determined. BAM powder has good flow property with minimal swelling. The order of flow rate of metronidazole suspension was BAM=TCG>GLT while sedimentation volume ranking was TCG>BAM>GLT. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in the redispersion number of BAM and TCG formulations. The viscosities of formulations containing BAM and TCG at concentrations of 0.5%-1.0% w/v were the same. The pH of the suspensions ranged from 5 to 8. The degree of flocculation was in the order GLT>BAM>TCG. From our findings, BAM can be used as an alternative suspending agent in suspension formulation.
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Mengesha, Yohannes, Abdu Tuha, Yimer Seid, and Admassu Assen Adem. "Evaluation of Aloe weloensis (Aloeacea) Mucilages as a Pharmaceutical Suspending Agent." Advances in Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 2021 (May 19, 2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6634275.
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Natural polymers, specifically mucilages, have been used as a suspending agent for a long period of time. Natural excipients can serve as an alternative to synthetic products since they are less expensive, less toxic, and devoid of environmental pollution. There are many species of Aloe found in Ethiopia which can be used as a source of mucilage. In this study, mucilage from Aloe weloensis, which is found in Wollo floristic region, was extracted and tested as a suspending agent at different suspending agent concentrations and compared with standard suspending agents (acacia and sodium carboxy methylcellulose (NaCMC)) by formulating zinc oxide suspension. The mucilage obtained from Aloe weloensis leaves has shown comparable suspending agent ability with acacia. The rate of sedimentation and viscosity was higher at 1% and 4% mucilage concentrations than acacia though the difference was not significant ( p > 0.05 ). The suspension was slightly basic and easily dispersible than NaCMC. Suspensions formulated from NaCMC were superior in terms of viscosity and sedimentation volume which was significantly different ( p < 0.05 ) accompanied by lower flow rates than suspensions formulated from acacia and Aloe weloensis mucilages. The results suggested that Aloe weloensis mucilage could be used as an alternative suspending agent.
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&NA;. "Megestrol Acetate NCD Oral Suspension ??? Par Pharmaceutical." Drugs in R & D 8, no. 4 (2007): 251–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00126839-200708040-00005.
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&NA;. "Megestrol Acetate NCD Oral Suspension – Par Pharmaceutical." Drugs in R & D 8, no. 6 (2007): 403–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00126839-200708060-00009.
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Gedar, Sushma, Mahesh Kumar Kataria, Ajay Bilandi, and Ruchi Taneja. "ADVANCEMENTS AND PATENTS IN PHARMACEUTICAL SUSPENSION TECHNOLOGIES." Journal of Biological & Scientific Opinion 1, no. 4 (December 26, 2013): 372–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.7897/2321-6328.01420.
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Havinal, A. M., R. Hiremath, and V. Mannur. "DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF VYOSHADI SUSPENSION – A POLYHERBAL FORMULATION." INDIAN DRUGS 51, no. 08 (August 28, 2014): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.53879/id.51.08.10108.
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Vyoshadi churna is a polyherbal formulation explained in the context of Pinasa (Coryza), Pratishyaya (Rhinitis), Swarabheda (hoarsness of voice), kasa (cough) etc. Most of the drugs in the formulation are bitter and pungent in taste and churna is difficult to administer, especially in pediatric and geriatric age groups. Suspensions are biphasic liquid dosage forms wherein active drug is in the dispersed phase and a suitable vehicle to carry the drug is the dispersion medium. Suspension can mask the unpalatable taste and has greater bioavailability than other dosage forms. An attempt was made here to develop Vyoshadi churna in suspension form without changing the basic concept of Ayurveda. Here gum tragacanth was incorporated as a suspending agent. Physicochemical analysis, TLC study, and physical tests for Vyoshadi churna and suspension were carried out. Vyoshadi suspension passed all the parameters for standard suspension.
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Woldu, Gebremariam, Berhe Baymot, Desta Tesfay, and Gebre Teklemariam Demoz. "Evaluation of Aloe elegans Mucilage as a Suspending Agent in Paracetamol Suspension." BioMed Research International 2021 (July 31, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5058372.
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Background. There are various natural excipients which have been used as suspending agents in pharmaceutical suspensions due to the presence of mucilage in their specialized cells and their capacity to form a colloidal gel in an aqueous medium. Objective. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the suspending capacity of Aloe elegans mucilage in suspension formulations. Materials and Methods. Aloe elegans mucilage (AEM) was evaluated as a suspending agent in comparison with xanthan gum (XG) in paracetamol suspensions at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5% ( w / v ) concentrations. The resulting suspensions were evaluated for their sedimentation volume, apparent viscosity, flow rate, rate of redispersibility, pH, assay, and dissolution profile. Results. The volume of sedimentation, apparent viscosity, and redispersibility rate of the formulations were significantly increased ( p < 0.05 ), with the concentration of the suspending agents. Meanwhile, the apparent viscosity for all formulations has significantly decreased ( p < 0.05 ) with an increase in shear rates. Volume of sedimentation, apparent viscosity, and redispersibility degree of the formulations prepared with AEM were significantly ( p < 0.05 ) lower than XG-containing formulations at the same concentration. Nevertheless, the sedimentation volume of all formulations with AEM was significantly ( p < 0.05 ) higher than the suspension without any suspending agent. With regard to drug content and pH values, all formulations showed an acceptable result with the standards. All formulations showed a release of greater than 85% of drug content within 45 min. Conclusion. Aloe elegans mucilage could have a potential to be utilized as an alternative suspending agent in pharmaceutical suspensions.
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Kawashima, Yoichi, Mitsuaki Kuwano, and Atsutoshi Ota. "Pharmaceutical design of Kary Uni® ophthalmic suspension." Drug Delivery System 14, no. 6 (1999): 480–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2745/dds.14.480.
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Bhattarai, Prapanna, Timothy McPherson, Marcelo Nieto, and William M. Kolling. "Stability of Olmesartan Medoxomil Extemporaneous Suspensions." Journal of Pharmacy Technology 38, no. 1 (October 27, 2021): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/87551225211051756.
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Background: Olmesartan medoxomil (OLM) is only available in the United States as tablets. The United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) has placed OLM on its priority list of preparations that require stability data to support practitioner compounding. Objective: The purpose of the study was to develop a stability-indicating assay and then determine the beyond-use date (BUD) for an extemporaneous OLM suspension. Methods: A reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay was developed and validated according to guidelines for USP official compounded monographs. OLM 2 mg/mL suspensions were compounded with Ora-Sweet and Ora-Plus and stored at room temperature or in a refrigerator. Suspensions were assayed periodically over 90 days for OLM concentration and observed for physical stability. The pH was measured at the beginning and end of the study. Results: The OLM concentration remained above 97% of the starting concentration for 90 days when stored in the refrigerator and above 94% of the starting concentration for 90 days when stored at room temperature. The suspension pH did not change and indicators of physical stability were unchanged for 90 days. Conclusion: OLM 2 mg/mL suspensions were chemically and physically stable at room temperature and in the refrigerator for 90 days. The BUD may be set at 90 days under either storage condition.
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Kawano, Yayoi, Yuichiro Shimizu, and Takehisa Hanawa. "Testing a Benchtop Wet-Milling Method for Preparing Nanoparticles and Suspensions as Hospital Formulations." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 4 (April 2, 2021): 482. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13040482.
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In clinical practice, for elderly or pediatric patients who have difficulty swallowing, solid dosage forms such as tablets or capsules are crushed or unsealed, prepared as powder forms, and often administered as suspensions. However, because their dispersibility is poor, aggregation or precipitation occurs readily. Once precipitation and deposition happen, redispersion is difficult, which can limit patient and caretaker drug adherence. In this study, we attempted to prepare nanoparticles as a hospital formulation by a benchtop wet-milling method to obtain a suspension with high dispersibility. This is the first study to apply the wet-milling method to prepare the hospital formulation. We chose cefditoren pivoxil (CDTR-PI) as an experimental active pharmaceutical ingredient. CDTR-PI crystals were physically mixed with various water-soluble polymers such as polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyethylene oxide, hydroxypropyl cellulose, or hypromellose and wet-milled with a surface-active agent (sodium lauryl sulfate) under different conditions. The mean particle diameter of most of the samples was less than 200 nm. In FTIR spectra of ground samples, peak shifts suggesting inter- or intramolecular interactions between CDTR-PI and the other additive agents were not observed. Besides, the nanoparticle suspension had favorable dispersibility, as determined using a dispersion stability analyzer. Providing a suspension with high dispersibility makes dispense with the resuspension, the patient’s medication adherence would improve. These results show that suspended liquid formulations of active pharmaceutical ingredients could be obtained by the simple wet-milling method as hospital formulations.
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Moghimipour, Eskandar, Maryam Kouchak, Anayatollah Salimi, Saeed Bahrampour, and Somayeh Handali. "The Effect of Polymer Content on the Non-Newtonian Behavior of Acetaminophen Suspension." Journal of Drug Delivery 2013 (September 10, 2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/907471.
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Acetaminophen is used as an analgesic and antipyretic agent. The aim of the study was evaluation of the effect of different polymers on rheological behavior of acetaminophen suspension. In order to achieve controlled flocculation, sodium chloride was added. Then structural vehicles such as carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), tragacanth, and magnesium aluminum silicate (Veegum) were evaluated individually and in combination. Physical stability parameters such as sedimentation volume (F), redispersibility (n), and growth of crystals of the suspensions were determined. Also, the rheological properties of formulations were studied. The results of this study showed that the combination of suspending agents had the most physical stability and pseudoplastic behavior with some degree of thixotropy. Viscosity of suspensions was increased by adding NaCl 0.02%. Presence of PVP is necessary for improving rheological behavior of suspensions by NaCl. This may be related to the cross-linking between the carbonyl group in the PVP segment and Na+ ions.
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Islam, Tabinda, Nusrat Hossain, Mohsina Rahman, Sadia Shabnam, Eyasmin Chowdhury, Syeda Tahsin Nahar, Zarin Tasnim Gias, and Hasan Mahmud Reza. "Study of Release-Retardant Polymers in Formulation Development of Cinnarizine-HCl Sustained-release Oral Suspension Using Raft Technology." Dhaka University Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 19, no. 1 (June 26, 2020): 14–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujps.v19i1.47814.
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The main objective of this research was to develop a sustained-release suspension of cinnarizine hydrochloride using raft-forming technique. This innovative approach has been utilized to formulate a series of suspension formulations using hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) as a release-retardant polymeric agent. Cinnarizine sustained-release suspensions were prepared by physical mixing method with varying concentrations and combinations of HPC, sodium citrate, sodium saccharin, calcium carbonate, sodium alginate, methyl hydroxybenzoate and propyl hydroxybenzoate. The formulations were subjected for determination of floating time, floating lag time, weight of the raft, physical appearance and in-vitro dissolution. The dissolution was conducted through USP apparatus 2 (paddle type) in 0.1N hydrochloric acid medium having pH 1.2. The key findings of the study demonstrate that a stable sustained-release suspension of cinnarizine can be formulated using raft-forming approach for increased bioavailability and patient-convenience.
Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 19(1): 15-24, 2020 (June)
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Koval, A. S. "The choice of method of introduction of active substances into the basis of the cream for the treatment of acne and demodecosis." Farmatsevtychnyi zhurnal, no. 1 (February 17, 2021): 50–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.32352/0367-3057.1.21.06.
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Among dermatological diseases demodicosis and acne occupy a very important place. The incidence of demodicosis is more than 5% and ranks seventh in frequency among dermatological diseases. It is known that demodicosis can turn into acne.
Treatment of demodicosis and acne does not lose its relevance. This medical problem can be solved through the development of the composition and technology of a soft drug of complex action with the content of active substances used to treat these diseases. Since in dermatology for external use the optimal soft medicines is a cream (taking into account the medical and biological requirements for the drug for the treatment of this disease), we have developed the composition of the base, which is the rheological properties of the cream.
The aim of the work is to substantiate the optimal method of introducing active pharmaceutical ingredients into the basis of a soft medicines.
Materials and research methods – metronidazole, benzyl benzoate, benzoyl peroxide, emulsion base. When choosing the optimal method of introduction of active pharmaceutical ingredients to the base used pharmaco-technological research methods (homogeneity of the content of API in the base). Used a microscope with a photoresist (microscope – OLYMPUS BX-41, photoresist – OLYMPUS U-CMAD3, Japan).
Active pharmaceutical ingredients was added to the base in the form of a suspension with glycerol. According to previous studies, we found that propylene glycol and polyethylene oxide were used to obtain the suspension. Studies have shown that in the process of storage for 6 months at room temperature there is a stratification of the base, in order to improve the stability of the composition of the developed cream, we introduced glycerin.
Experimental studies have shown that active pharmaceutical ingredients in the form of a suspension must be introduced into the base alternately: a suspension of metronidazole, a suspension of benzoyl peroxide. After bringing the mass to homogeneity, benzyl benzoate was finally introduced. We studied 8 samples with different sequence of administration of active substances in suspension with glycerol, sample № 2 in the study showed the best results of homogeneity of the suspension, so this method we used in further studies.
Experimental studies have established the procedure for the introduction of active pharmaceutical ingredients in the form of a suspension to the base: a suspension of metronidazole, a suspension of benzoyl peroxide and, last but not least, benzyl benzoate. The results of the research make it possible to develop a rational technology for the production (manufacture) of a treated soft medicines with metronidazole, benzyl benzoate and benzoyl peroxide for dermatology.
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Kocherovets, V. I., and S. G. Mardanly. "Nifuroxazide Pharmaceutical Preparations in the Russian Federation. Publication One: Nomenclature, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Characteristics of the Preparations’ Composition." Antibiotics and Chemotherapy 66, no. 7-8 (October 21, 2021): 90–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.37489/0235-2990-2021-66-7-8-90-98.
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One of the most used antimicrobial nitrofurans in Russian medical practice is nifuroxazide, which is distinguished by high therapeutic efficacy, drug safety, as well as economic availability in the treatment of acute bacterial diarrhea without deterioration of the general condition, fever, and intoxication. In the Russian Federation (RF), nifuroxazide preparations in general circulation are supplied by 19 domestic and foreign pharmaceutical organizations. The aim of this study was to analyze the nomenclature, as well as chemical and pharmaceutical characteristics of excipients (EXs) in the composition of nifuroxazide preparations, which received state registration in the RF. A comparative study of the chemical and pharmaceutical characteristics of EXs of 42 nifuroxazide preparations in the form of capsules, tablets, and suspension for oral administration was carried out. The pharmaco-economic status is noted and the demand prospects for all forms of nifuroxazide preparations in the RF are outlined. Quantitative and qualitative differences in the composition of the EXs of a number of nifuroxazide preparations in the form of capsules and suspensions has been shown.
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Hristova, Svetlana H., and Alexandar M. Zhivkov. "Protein–Mineral Composite Particles with Logarithmic Dependence of Anticancer Cytotoxicity on Concentration of Montmorillonite Nanoplates with Adsorbed Cytochrome c." Pharmaceutics 15, no. 2 (January 23, 2023): 386. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15020386.
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Montmorillonite (MM) colloid nanoplates have high adsorption capacity due to their large size/thickness ratio, which allows them to be used as carriers for drug delivery. Upon adsorption of the mitochondrial protein cytochrome c (cytC) onto MM plates, the composite cytC–MM particles acquire anticancer properties because of the ability of cancer cells to phagocytize submicron particles (in contrast to the normal cells). In this way, exogenous cytC can be introduced into tumor cells, thereby triggering apoptosis—an irreversible cascade of biochemical reactions leading to cell death. In the present study, we investigated the physicochemical properties of cytC–MM particles as a function of the cytC concentration in the suspension, namely, the electrophoretic mobility, the mass increment of MM monoplates upon cytC adsorption, the ratio of the adsorbed to the free cytC in the bulk, the protein density on the MM’s surface, the number of cytC globules adsorbed on an MM monoplate, the concentration of cytC–MM composite particles in the suspension, and the dependence of cytotoxicity on the cytC–MM particle concentration. For this purpose, we used microelectrophoresis, static and electric light scattering, and a colon cancer cell culture to test the cytotoxic effects of the cytC–MM suspensions. The results show that the cytotoxicity depends linearly on the logarithm of the particle concentration in the cytC–MM suspension reaching 97%.
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Bussey, D. M., and K. Tsuji. "Bioluminescence for USP sterility testing of pharmaceutical suspension products." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 51, no. 2 (1986): 349–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.51.2.349-355.1986.
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Bostijn, N., J. Van Renterghem, W. Dhondt, C. Vervaet, and T. De Beer. "A continuous manufacturing concept for a pharmaceutical oral suspension." European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 123 (October 2018): 576–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejps.2018.08.015.
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Ostrowski, Michał, Ewa Wilkowska, and Tomasz Bączek. "Impact of pharmaceutical dosage form on stability and dissolution of roxithromycin." Open Medicine 5, no. 1 (February 1, 2010): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11536-009-0113-7.
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AbstractThe behavior of dispersible tablets containing enteric-coated pellets and oral suspension, both containing roxithromycin, was investigated using dissolution tests in different media. The dissolution test was performed under different pH conditions. For both dosage forms investigated, the test was conducted at pH 1.2, 4.5, and 6.8. Additionally, for dispersible tablets, the test involving increasing pH was performed at pH 1.2 (acid stage) and afterwards at pH 6.8 (buffer stage). The extent of dissolution was measured using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In all cases tested, roxithromycin underwent rapid degradation at pH 1.2. Dispersible tablets displayed the features of modified release preparations with a non-complete dissolution during the test times in all media. Conversely, the oral suspension behaved as an immediate release preparation, with degradation at pH 1.2. However, the dissolution of the oral suspension at pH 4.5 and 6.8 was rapid and complete. The role of enteric-coated pellets is to mask the bitter taste of the active substance upon administration. However, the coating showed lack of resistance to media at pH 1.2. Therefore, dispersible tablets containing enteric-coated pellets are not pharmaceutically equivalent to the immediate-release oral suspension.
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Lyapunov, N. A., E. P. Bezuglaya, A. N. Lyapunov, I. A. Zinchenko, K. Yu Bryleva, and A. A. Lysokobilka. "LABORATORY EQUIPMENT DURING PHARMACEUTICAL DEVELOPMENT OF SEMI-SOLID PREPARATIONS." Drug development & registration 8, no. 1 (February 14, 2019): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.33380/2305-2066-2019-8-1-29-36.
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Introduction. When developing drugs it is necessary to use laboratory equipment that simulates pilot and industrial equipment. For the production of semi-solid preparations the key equipment are rotor-stator dispersers and vacuum reactors-homogenizers. Aim. Investigation of the functional characteristics of laboratory equipment: Megatron® MT 1-50 dispersant SHS F/2 (Kinematica AG, Switzerland) and the RP-5 vacuum homogenizer reactor (Promvit, Ukraine). Materials and methods. During development a generic product Penciclovir cream 1% the initial particle size in suspension of penciclovir and particle size after grinding were studied by optical microscopy and laser diffraction methods. In a cream made in the reactor, the particle size of the dispersed phase of the o/w emulsion and suspension, as well as the absence of air bubbles, were determined by optical microscopy. The assay of penciclovir in 9 samples of the cream taken from the reactor-homogenizer was performed by liquid chromatography. By the of rotational viscometry method the rheological properties of the cream were studied. By the inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy the getting of metal impurities from the disperser and the reactor-homogenizer into the suspension and cream were investigated. Results and discussion. With an increase in the rotor speed, the particle size of penciclovir in suspension decreases. The disperser effectively performs its function at a rotor speed of 25,000 rpm. In a cream made in the reactor, the deviations in the quantitative content of penciclovir from the average value in each sample are within the uncertainty of the analytical procedure, which indicates its uniform distribution. The reactor provides effective dispersion and uniform distribution of the oil phase, prevents the formation of a gas emulsion and allows getting a cream that, according to its rheological properties, corresponds to the reference preparation Fenistil® Pencivir cream 1%. In the production process metal impurities were not emitted into the suspension and the cream from the equipment. Conclusion. The disperser and the reactor during the production of cream with penciclovir are suitable for their intended use. It is rational to combine these two types of equipment at the sites for the production of semi-solid preparations. The disperser can also be used to produce emulsions with a very small particle size of the dispersed phase.
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Teng, Renli, Anna-Carin Hansson, and Inger Börjesson. "Oral Bioavailability of Candesartan Cilexetil Suspension." Journal of Pharmacy Technology 23, no. 5 (September 2007): 270–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/875512250702300503.
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Background: Candesartan cilexetil is a prodrug that is converted to candesartan during absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. Candesartan is a potent, orally active, specific angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist that has become a well-accepted treatment for hypertension. Pediatric patients often require alternative dosage forms, as candesartan cilexetil is not yet commercially available as a liquid formulation. Objective: To determine the relative bioavailability of candesartan by comparing a candesartan cilexetil tablet (reference formulation) with an oral candesartan cilexetil suspension (test formulation). Methods: In an open-label, randomized, 2 period, 2 treatment crossover study, 24 healthy volunteers were given a 32 mg candesartan cilexetil tablet and a 32 mg candesartan cilexetil suspension with a 7 day washout period between treatments. Results: Pharmacokinetic analyses showed that the mean relative bioavailability of the candesartan cilexetil commercial 32 mg tablet compared with the suspension of 32 mg candesartan cilexetil was 93%. The 90% CIs of the plasma AUC for the tablet versus suspension (0.861 and 0.998, respectively) were well within the bioequivalence criteria of 80–125%. Administration of candesartan cilexetil suspension was associated with a 17% increase in the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) relative to the tablet administration (643 vs 523 nM/L, respectively). The 90% CIs on the ratio of mean Cmax for the tablet and suspension were 0.738 and 0.914, respectively. Mean time to peak plasma concentrations (tmax) after suspension administration was 3.1 hours, whereas the tablet resulted in a mean tmax of 3.9 hours. No significant differences in elimination half-life were observed between the 2 formulations. Both formulations were well tolerated, and no serious adverse events were reported. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that administration of candesartan cilexetil suspension achieves an extent of absorption and tolerability that is comparable with those of orally administered candesartan cilexetil tablets.
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Roshchin, D. O., A. N. Plutnitskiy, and A. A. Chimbireva. "Suspension of the License for Implementation of Medical, Pharmaceutical Activity in Administrative (Extrajudicial) Procedure." Actual Problems of Russian Law, no. 7 (August 25, 2019): 35–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1994-1471.2019.104.7.035-038.
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The article is devoted to the consideration of the problems of administrative suspension of the license for medical and pharmaceutical activity. The article highlights that the law-maker has provided for the possibility of suspension of the license in administrative order if the activity of the licensee is suspended in general, as well as if there is a failure to comply with the order to eliminate an essential breach of the license under consideration. At the same time, the lack of by-laws and explicit instructions in the law concerning operation of such provisions in respect of licensees engaged in medical and pharmaceutical activities does not prevent application of mechanisms in question. The authors note that a wider application of the license suspension would be facilitated by the adoption of normative legal acts regulating the procedure for the application of administrative measures in the health sector.
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Law, Sai-Lung, Whe-Yong Lo, and Go-Wai Teh. "Effect of Liposomes on Suspension Stability." Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 76, no. 7 (July 1987): 545–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600760711.
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Krishna, Anjali, and Shan Mohanan. "FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF LIQUID ORAL SUSPENSION OF PARACETAMOL USING NEWLY ISOLATED AND CHARACTERIZED HYGROPHILA SPINOSA SEED MUCILAGE AS SUSPENDING AGENT." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 11, no. 11 (November 7, 2018): 437. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i11.28856.
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Objective: The objective of this study was to demonstrate and evaluate the suspending property of newly isolated, purified, and characterized Hygrophila spinosa seed mucilage in liquid oral suspensions of paracetamol.Methods: Isolation of mucilage from H. spinosa seeds was done by maceration process, and then it was characterized by phytochemical screening, solubility, pH, swelling index, flow rate, viscosity, loss on drying, and cytotoxicity. The characterized mucilage was then used as a suspending agent for the preparation of suspensions containing paracetamol as a model drug. The prepared formulations were then evaluated for different parameters such as sedimentation volume, redispersibility, flow rate, pH, viscosity, and other physical examination.Results: The isolated mucilage is a polysaccharide with no impurities and nontoxic in nature. It has got enough swellability and good viscosity. The prepared suspensions were evaluated, and the results such as sedimentation volume, redispersibility, flow rate, pH, viscosity, and other physical examination showed its suspending property.Conclusion: The study revealed that a lesser amount of H. spinosa seed mucilage can produce a good suspension. By this study, it could be find out that a 1/5th quantity of mucilage (0.2%) is only required to prepare a suspension of paracetamol when compared with suspensions prepared of compound tragacanth (1%) and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (1%) as suspending agents. Thus, by this study, it can be stated that the mucilage from H. spinosa possesses all the criteria needed by a standard suspending agent.
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G Kalaskar, Mohan, Vishal S Bagul, Sandip D. Firke, Md Mujeeb G. Khan, Kapil M. Agrawal, Piyush R. Joshi, and Sanjay J. Surana. "Isolation and Evaluation of Tamarind Seed Coat Mucilage as Pharmaceutical Suspending Agent." Journal of University of Shanghai for Science and Technology 23, no. 07 (July 5, 2021): 293–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.51201/jusst/21/07141.
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Natural polymers, specifical mucilages, have been used as a suspending agent for a long period of time. Natural excipients can serve as an alternative to synthetic products since they are less expensive, less toxic, and devoid of environmental pollution. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the mucilage isolated from Tamarindusindica (Fabaceae) seed coat, commonly named tamarind, as an innovative suspending agent. Paracetamol suspensions (10% w/v) were prepared using the T. indica seed coat mucilage as a suspending agent, and it was evaluated for parameters like physical stability, sedimentation profile, dispersibility, and flow property. Furthermore, it was assessed for its stability. The effect of the tested mucilage on the suspension was compared with commonly used suspending agents, i.e. sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) at concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5% w/v. The results obtained indicated that the T. indica seed coat mucilage could be used as a suspending agent.
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Dijkers, Eli, Valerie Nanhekhan, Astrid Thorissen, Diego Marro, and Marta Uriel. "Limited Influence of Excipients in Extemporaneous Compounded Suspensions." Hospital Pharmacy 52, no. 6 (June 2017): 428–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018578717717393.
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Objective: The objective of this study was to identify whether compounding oral suspensions with SyrSpend SF based on tablets or capsules is a suitable alternative for using raw pharmaceutical materials. Methods: Suspensions based on 5 different tablets and capsules were studied in SyrSpend SF. The summary of product characteristics of these different tablets and capsules were obtained from the manufacturer. Our hypothesis was that, if the maximum beyond-use date of the study was reached, the excipient did not seem to have an influence on the stability of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) within the studied time frame. Results: All excipients used in flecainide acetate, labetalol HCl, and tiagabine HCl tablets as well as in celecoxib and oseltamivir capsules did not seem to influence the beyond-use date of the overall suspension based on SyrSpend SF. Conclusion: Although using raw materials as API sources is preferred, oral suspensions with SyrSpend SF prepared from crushed tablets or opened capsules could be a possible alternative. Based on this study, a wide range of different excipients does not seem to impact the beyond-use date of different APIs compounded in SyrSpend SF.
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Kazandjievska, Elena, Iva Antova, Slavica Mitrevska, Aleksandar Dimkovski, Elena Dimov, Maja Hadzieva Gigovska, Packa Antovska, Sonja Ugarkovic, Jasmina Tonic Ribarska, and Suzana Trajkovic-Jolevska. "Non-compendial vs compendial analytical tests - a powerful tool for predicting in vitro similarity of highly viscous oral suspension." Macedonian Pharmaceutical Bulletin 64, no. 02 (2019): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.33320/maced.pharm.bull.2018.64.02.007.
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In vitro dissolution profiles are increasingly used to evaluate drug release characteristics of pharmaceutical products. The dissolution methods is expected to be an appropriate tool for checking consistency of the pharmaceutical attributes by discriminating similarities and dissimilarities between different drug formulations. Expansion in development of novel “special” dosage forms, due to the manner in which these dosage forms release the active pharmaceutical ingredient, usually requires applying non-compendial dissolution strategy that differs from the traditional compendial recommendations. For demonstrating sameness in the dissolution profile, in vitro drug release comparison between test and reference product of highly viscous oral suspension by applying non-compendial peak vessel against conventional hemispheric vessel was demonstrated in this study. All reference batches exhibited high variability in dissolution data when using hemispheric vessel due to forming mound compact mass at the bottom of the vessel. Different strategies for samples manipulation, before and during dissolution period, were performed in order to eliminate additional variabilities. Modifications of conventional USP 2 apparatus such as using peak vessel provided with more reproducible and reliable result for distinguishing in vitro similarities between different formulations of oral suspensions. Misinterpretation of dissolution data can lead to negative impact on product development. Taking time to observe and evaluate what is happening to the product in the vessel during dissolution is of curtail consideration for proper selection of the dissolution strategy. Keywords: oral suspensions; in-vitro release; hydrodynamic variability; USP apparatus 2/ Paddle apparatus; peak vessel
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Avlani, Dhruti, Vaibhav Agarwal, Vansh Khattry, Gopa Roy Biswas, and Sutapa Biswas Majee. "EXPLORING PROPERTIES OF SWEET BASIL SEED MUCILAGE IN DEVELOPMENT OF PHARMACEUTICAL SUSPENSIONS AND SURFACTANT-FREE STABLE EMULSIONS." International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics 11, no. 1 (January 9, 2019): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijap.2019v11i1.29877.
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Objective: The objective of the investigation was to isolate mucilage from sweet basil seeds and explore its physicochemical properties for the development of pharmaceutical suspensions and surfactant-free stable emulsions.Methods: Possible applications of sweet basil seed mucilage in the pharmaceutical field for dosage form development are being explored. The physicochemical and functional properties of the mucilage from the seeds of the Ocimum basilicum L. (Sweet basil) have been investigated for stabilization of suspensions and emulsions. The following analyses were performed: FTIR spectroscopy, phytochemical tests, XRD, swelling and rheological studies.Results: The analyses showed that the mucilage is rich in glucose, mannose, and xylose. High swelling index values varying from 100±10 to 200±13%, high water-holding capacity of 97.5±2.4 g/g mucilage and reasonable oil holding capacity of the mucilage (13.2±1.3 g/g mucilage) makes it an ideal candidate for utilization as viscosifier and stabilizer of suspensions and surfactant-free emulsions. Adult and paediatric paracetamol suspension formulations with 1%w/v mucilage have exhibited flocculated nature and good stability owing to its high sedimentation volume(F= 0.85-0.98) and good redispersibility. Sunflower oil emulsions prepared with 0.25%w/v mucilage demonstrated emulsion stability index of 105.714 on 5th day and extremely low creaming rate of 0.0004 cm/h thus confirming maximum stability compared to emulsions developed with 0.3-0.5% w/v mucilage.Conclusion: The mucilage isolated from Ocimum basilicum L. seeds may be regarded as a functional biomaterial for pharmaceutical use to ensure quality and stability of liquid dosage forms.
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Xu, Wei, Zhaoyou Deng, Yifei Xiang, Dujuan Zhu, Dandan Yi, Yihao Mo, Yu Liu, et al. "Preparation, Characterization and Pharmacokinetics of Tolfenamic Acid-Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 9 (September 13, 2022): 1929. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14091929.
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The clinical use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs is limited by their poor water solubility, unstable absorption, and low bioavailability. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) exhibit high biocompatibility and the ability to improve the bioavailability of drugs with low water solubility. Therefore, in this study, a tolfenamic acid solid lipid nanoparticle (TA-SLN) suspension was prepared by a hot melt–emulsification ultrasonication method to improve the sustained release and bioavailability of TA. The encapsulation efficiency (EE), loading capacity (LC), particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), and zeta potential of the TA-SLN suspension were 82.50 ± 0.63%, 25.13 ± 0.28%, 492 ± 6.51 nm, 0.309 ± 0.02 and −21.7 ± 0.51 mV, respectively. The TA-SLN suspension was characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), fluorescence microscopy (FM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The TA-SLN suspension showed improved sustained drug release in vitro compared with the commercially available TA injection. After intramuscular administration to pigs (4 mg/kg), the TA-SLN suspension displayed increases in the pharmacokinetic parameters Tmax, T1/2, and MRT0–∞ by 4.39-, 3.78-, and 3.78-fold, respectively, compared with TA injection, and showed a relative bioavailability of 185.33%. Thus, this prepared solid lipid nanosuspension is a promising new formulation.
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Kamila, Rezkia Azka. "Kaolin in pharmaceutical preparations: a review." Jurnal Ilmiah Farmasi 17, no. 2 (December 28, 2021): 145–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.20885/jif.vol17.iss2.art5.
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Background: Kaolin is a clay mineral with Al2Si2O5(OH)4 structure which can be found in sedimentary rocks also known as clay stones. Kaolin consists of clay materials such as quartz, illite, smectite, and hematite, with the largest constituent component being kaolinite. Kaolin is one of the most common minerals with an abundant presence in the earth's crust compared to other minerals, especially in Indonesia. In the pharmaceutical sector, this clay mineral is widely used in Indonesia. Kaolin is known to be a good adsorbent and has good physical, chemical, and surface physicochemical properties. Objective: This review article aims to provide information about the uses of kaolin in the pharmaceutical industry. Methods: This review article was written by conducting a literature search study method in the PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar databases. Results: In the pharmaceutical field, kaolin is used as an excipient in various types of medicinal preparations, one of which is as a suspension agent because of its ability to stabilize suspensions in a deflocculated state as an emulsifying agent, crushing agent, filling agent, and drug carrier. As an active substance, kaolin is widely used because it has a therapeutic activity. In the cosmetic industry, kaolin can be administered in a variety of topical dosage forms which act as skin protective agents or sunscreens. Conclusion: Based on the results of the review, it was found that kaolin, with its abundant presence on earth and its great potential in the pharmaceutical field, is used as an active medicinal substance, excipient ingredient, and in the cosmetic field as a sunscreen. Keywords: Kaolin, excipient, active pharmaceutical ingredient, cosmetics
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Ibrahim, S., S. Tous, T. El-Faham, and M. Hassan. "EVALUATION OF COMMERCIAL BENZOYL METRONIDAZOLE SUSPENSION." Bulletin of Pharmaceutical Sciences. Assiut 13, no. 2 (December 31, 1990): 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/bfsa.1990.70562.
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Jovanovic, Dusan, Vesna Kilibarda, Veljko Todorovic, and Olivera Potrebic. "A pharmacokinetic comparison of three pharmaceutical formulations of nimesulide in healthy volunteers." Vojnosanitetski pregled 62, no. 12 (2005): 887–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vsp0512887j.
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Background/Aim. Switching the patient from one pharmaceutical formulation of the same drug to another, may lead to therapeutic inadequancy in some cases. To minimize the risk, careful pharmacokinetic studies are desired in the pre-registration period and afterwards. Methods. A randomized, crossover design with one-week wash-out period between each dose was applied. Serum samples, obtained before dosing and at various appropriate time points up to 15 hours, were analyzed for nimesulide content by a high-performance liquid chromatographic method with ultraviolet (UV) detection. The pharmacokinetics and relative bioavailability of three different pharmaceutical formulations containing nimesulide, manufactured by the same pharmaceutical factory, were studied prospectively in 12 healthy subjects of both sexes. A single 100-mg oral dose of nimesulide was given to the volunteers in the form of conventional tablets, mouth dissolving tablets or as a suspension. Analysis of variance, power analysis, 90% confidence intervals, and two one-sided tests were used for the statistical analysis of pharmacokinetic parameters. Results. The tolerability of all preparations was excellent. The respective confidence intervals of the ratios of geometric means of Cmax and AUC0- ? of nimesulide were out of acceptable limits either for conventional tablets in comparison with suspension or for mouth dissolving tablets when compared with conventional tablets. A comparison of mouth dissolving tablets with suspension showed a statistically significant difference between Cmax values (suprabioavailability of mouth dissolving tablets), while the point estimate of the ratio of geometric means of AUC0- ? was 0.945 with the corresponding 90% confidence interval of 0.902 ?0.991. At the 5% level of significance, there were no differences between the formulations under the study in times elapsed to peak serum concentrations, as revealed by the non-parametric Wilcoxon signed ranks test. Conclusion. Only a 90% confidence interval for the relative differences of log-transformed AUC0- ? values of nimesulide absorbed from mouth dissolving tablets vs. suspension was included in the 80% to 125% interval proposed by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). On that basis, mouth dissolving tablets (Nimulid-MD ?) were considered bioequivalent to Nimulid ? suspension according to the extent of drug absorption. Concerning the comparable amounts of nimesulide available in the systemic circulation after application of these formulations the one might not expect therapeutic failure after switching the patient from one to another.
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Lykouras, Michail, Stefani Fertaki, Malvina Orkoula, and Christos Kontoyannis. "Sample Preparation of Posaconazole Oral Suspensions for Identification of the Crystal Form of the Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient." Molecules 25, no. 24 (December 19, 2020): 6032. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25246032.
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Determination of the polymorphic form of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) in a suspension could be really challenging because of the water phase and the low concentration of the API in this formulation. Posaconazole is an antifungal drug available also as an oral suspension. The aim of this study was to develop a sample-preparation method for polymorphic identification of the dispersed API by increasing the concentration of the API but with no compromise of polymorph stability. For this purpose, filtration, drying and centrifugation were tested for separating the API from the suspending medium. Centrifugation was selected because it succeeded in separating Posaconazole API with no polymorph transformation during the process. During this study, it was found that Posaconazole in oral suspensions is Form-S. However, when slower scanning rates were used for acquiring an XRPD pattern with better signal/noise ratio, Posaconazole was converted to Form I due to water loss. In order to protect the sample from conversion, different approaches were tested to secure an airtight sample including a commercially available XRPD sample holder with a dome-like transparent cap, standard polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) sample holders covered with Mylar film, transparent pressure-sensitive tape and a transparent food membrane. Only usage of the transparent food membrane was found to protect the API from conversion for a period of at least two weeks and resulted in a Posaconazole Form-S XRPD pattern with no artificial peaks.
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Le, Nhan Thi Hong, Au Thi Hai Truong, Chinh Ngoc Vuong, and Nam Thanh Son Phan. "STABILITY OF ‘SUBMICRON CURCUMIN’ FROM CURCUMA LONGA L. IN AQUEOUS MEDIA." Science and Technology Development Journal 14, no. 3 (September 30, 2011): 70–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v14i3.1966.
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Curcuma Longa L. has been considered as an excellent source of curcumin, having wide scale applications in pharmaceutical, food and cosmetic industry. However, widespread applications of this relatively efficacious agent have been limited due to the poor aqueous solubility, and consequently, minimal systemic bioavailability. In this research, ‘submicron curcumin’ suspension in aqueous media was prepared from Curcuma longa L. without the presence of any additive. The average diameter of the ‘submicron curcumin’ particles was 546 nm (DLS). It was found that the ‘submicron curcumin’ suspension could be used in conjunction with several common food ingredients with its stability remaining unaffected. As the system only contained ‘submicron curcumin’ and water, it would be highly promising to applications in functional food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries.
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Haile, Tsadkan Gebremeskel, Gereziher Gebremedhin Sibhat, Ebisa Tadese, Desta Tesfay, and Fantahun Molla. "Evaluation of Grewia ferruginea Hochst ex A. Rich Mucilage as Suspending Agent in Metronidazole Benzoate Suspension." BioMed Research International 2020 (October 29, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/7612126.
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Various species of the genus Grewia have been investigated for different pharmaceutical applications as excipients, yet a study on the potential use of Grewia ferruginea mucilage (GFM) as a suspending agent is lacking. Thus, this study is aimed at evaluating the efficacy of Grewia ferruginea mucilage (GFM) as a suspending agent in metronidazole benzoate suspension. The suspensions were prepared using 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, and 2% w / v of GFM and compared with suspensions prepared from xanthan gum (XGM) and sodium carboxyl methyl cellulose (SCMC) in similar concentrations. The prepared suspensions were evaluated for visual appearance, pH, rheology, sedimentation volume, redispersibility, degree of flocculation, and in vitro drug release profile. Stability study was done at different storage conditions for three months. The results indicated that all the prepared suspension formulations exhibited pseudoplastic flow characteristics with viscosity imparting ability of the suspending agents in the order of XGM > GFM > SCMC ( p < 0.05 ). The flow rate and redispersibility of the formulations prepared with GFM were significantly lower than those with SCMC and higher than those prepared with XGM. At 0.5% w / v suspending agent concentrations, the sedimentation volume of the formulations was in the order of XGM > GFM > SCMC ( p < 0.05 ). However, at all other concentrations, the sedimentation volume of the formulations prepared with GFM had similar results with XGM but exhibited significantly higher sedimentation volume than SCMC. The formulations with GFM showed a higher degree of flocculation at 0.5% w / v concentration but were comparable at 1.5% w / v with XGM containing formulations. The pH, assay, and in vitro release profile of all assessed formulations were within the pharmacopial limit. Thus, based on the finding of this study, it can be concluded that Grewia ferruginea bark mucilage has the potential to be utilized as a suspending agent in suspension formulations.
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Qizilbash, Farheen Fatima, Muhammad Usama Ashhar, Ameeduzzafar Zafar, Zufika Qamar, Annu, Javed Ali, Sanjula Baboota, Mohammed M. Ghoneim, Sultan Alshehri, and Asgar Ali. "Thymoquinone-Enriched Naringenin-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carrier for Brain Delivery via Nasal Route: In Vitro Prospect and In Vivo Therapeutic Efficacy for the Treatment of Depression." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 3 (March 16, 2022): 656. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14030656.
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In the current research, a thymoquinone-enriched naringenin (NGN)-loaded nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) was developed and delivered via the nasal route for depression. Thymoquinone (TQ) oil was used as the liquid lipid and provided synergistic effects. A TQ- and NGN-enriched NLC was developed via the ultrasonication technique and optimized using a central composite rotatable design (CCRD). The optimized NLC exhibited the following properties: droplet size, 84.17 to 86.71 nm; PDI, 0.258 to 0.271; zeta potential, −8.15 to −8.21 mV; and % EE, 87.58 to 88.21%. The in vitro drug release profile showed the supremacy of the TQ-NGN-NLC in comparison to the NGN suspension, with a cumulative drug release of 82.42 ± 1.88% from the NLC and 38.20 ± 0.82% from the drug suspension. Ex vivo permeation study displayed a 2.21-fold increase in nasal permeation of NGN from the NLC compared to the NGN suspension. DPPH study showed the better antioxidant potential of the TQ-NGN-NLC in comparison to NGN alone due to the synergistic effect of NGN and TQ oil. CLSM images revealed deeper permeation of the NGN-NLC (39.9 µm) through the nasal mucosa in comparison to the NGN suspension (20 µm). Pharmacodynamic studies, such as the forced swim test and the locomotor activity test, were assessed in the depressed rat model, which revealed the remarkable antidepressant effect of the TQ-NGN-NLC in comparison to the NGN suspension and the marketed formulation. The results signify the potential of the TQ-enriched NGN-NLC in enhancing brain delivery and the therapeutic effect of NGN for depression treatment.
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Toropainen, Elisa, Sara J. Fraser-Miller, Dunja Novakovic, Eva M. Del Amo, Kati-Sisko Vellonen, Marika Ruponen, Tapani Viitala, et al. "Biopharmaceutics of Topical Ophthalmic Suspensions: Importance of Viscosity and Particle Size in Ocular Absorption of Indomethacin." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 4 (March 26, 2021): 452. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13040452.
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Eye drops of poorly soluble drugs are frequently formulated as suspensions. Bioavailability of suspended drug depends on the retention and dissolution of drug particles in the tear fluid, but these factors are still poorly understood. We investigated seven ocular indomethacin suspensions (experimental suspensions with two particle sizes and three viscosities, one commercial suspension) in physical and biological tests. The median particle size (d50) categories of the experimental suspensions were 0.37–1.33 and 3.12–3.50 µm and their viscosity levels were 1.3, 7.0, and 15 mPa·s. Smaller particle size facilitated ocular absorption of indomethacin to the aqueous humor of albino rabbits. In aqueous humor the AUC values of indomethacin suspensions with different particle sizes, but equal viscosity, differed over a 1.5 to 2.3-fold range. Higher viscosity increased ocular absorption 3.4–4.3-fold for the suspensions with similar particle sizes. Overall, the bioavailability range for the suspensions was about 8-fold. Instillation of larger particles resulted in higher tear fluid AUC values of total indomethacin (suspended and dissolved) as compared to application of smaller particles. Despite these tear fluid AUC values of total indomethacin, instillation of the larger particles resulted in smaller AUC levels of indomethacin in the aqueous humor. This suggests that the small particles yielded higher concentrations of dissolved indomethacin in the tear fluid, thereby leading to improved ocular bioavailability. This new conclusion was supported by ocular pharmacokinetic modeling. Both particle size and viscosity have a significant impact on drug concentrations in the tear fluid and ocular drug bioavailability from topical suspensions. Viscosity and particle size are the key players in the complex interplay of drug retention and dissolution in the tear fluid, thereby defining ocular drug absorption and bioequivalence of ocular suspensions.
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Nerdy, Nerdy. "VALIDATION OF ULTRAVIOLET SPECTROPHOTOMETRY METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF MEFENAMIC ACID LEVEL IN SUSPENSION DOSAGE FORMS." Jurnal Natural 17, no. 1 (March 2, 2017): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/jn.v17i1.6540.
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Abstract. Mefenamic Acid is one type of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug that works to relieve pain by blocking an enzyme that produces prostaglandins. The quality requirements that must be met by pharmaceutical preparations are levels contained must meet the level requirement as listed in the Indonesian Pharmacopoeia or other standard books. The purpose of this study was to conduct a validation test of ultraviolet spectrophotometry methods for determination of the Mefenamic Acid level in the suspension preparation. The sample consisted of three suspensions preparation under the trade name obtained from a pharmacy in the Medan city. The solvent used is sodium hydroxide (NaOH) 0,1 N solution and the measurement was done at a wavelength of 286 nm. Validation parameters determined were Accuracy, Precision, Linearity, Range, Limit of Detection and Limit of Quantitation. The results of the determination of the Mefenamic Acid suspension preparation under the trade name Pondex® was 100,39±0,21%, trade name Omestan® was 99,98±0,33% and trade name Novastan® was 103,21±0,83%. All the suspension preparations were determined meet the general level requirement, that contain not less than 90,0% and not more than 110,0% of the amount stated on the label. The results meet the requirements of the validation test of analysis methods with the parameter percent recovery 100,08% for accuracy, relative standard deviation 0,04% for precision, the correlation coefficient 1,0000 for linearity, range 8 μg/mL to 12 μg/mL, limit of detection limit 0,0118 μg/mL, limit of quantitation 0,0356 μg/mL. Keywords: Validation, Spectrophotometry, Determination, Suspension, Mefenamic Acid
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Rogueda, Philippe. "Novel hydrofluoroalkane suspension formulations for respiratory drug delivery." Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery 2, no. 4 (July 2005): 625–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/17425247.2.4.625.
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Chi, Yu-Hsiang, and Li-Fen Huang. "Current Strategies to Improve Yield of Recombinant Protein Production in Rice Suspension Cells." Processes 10, no. 6 (June 3, 2022): 1120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10061120.
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A plant cell-based recombinant glucocerebrosidase was approved by the FDA in 2012 for the treatment of human inherited Gaucher disease, indicating that plant suspension cells have advantages in biosafety and a low production cost as a commercial pharmaceutical recombinant protein expression system. A low allergenic rice suspension cell-based recombinant protein expression system controlled by the αAmy3/RAmy3D promoter has been shown to result in relatively high protein yields in plant cell-based systems. Although several recombinant proteins have been produced in rice suspension cell-based systems, yields must be improved to compete with the current commercial protein expression systems. Different strategies were performed and showed successful improvements in recombinant protein yields in this rice system. The review updates and highlights strategies for potential improvements of the αAmy3-based rice suspension cell-based system.
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Xu, Zhiliang, Zhiyu Li, Qi Wu, Yimin Zhang, Shan Zhu, and Shengrong Sun. "Potential Role of Carbon Nanoparticles in Guiding Central Neck Dissection and Protecting Parathyroid Glands in Patients with Papillary Thyroid Cancer." Current Nanoscience 15, no. 3 (February 19, 2019): 254–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573413714666180820125745.
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Background: Carbon nanoparticle (CN) suspensions have been widely used as lymph node tracers in cancers. Here, CN suspension was successfully applied to lymph node dissection. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the role of CN suspension in identifying lymph nodes and preserving the parathyroid in patients with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). Method: A total of 96 PTC patients were divided into a CN group (n = 46) and a control group (n = 50). All patients underwent total thyroidectomy with central lymph node dissection from 2014 to 2015. Results: The number of lymph nodes removed in the CN group and the control group was 9.6±2.4 and 7.8±2.2, respectively, and the number of dissected lymph nodes identified as <5 mm in both groups was 4.4±1.3 and 2.4±1.4, respectively. These results were significantly different between the two groups (P < 0.05). However, the number of metastatic lymph nodes was similar in the two groups. In addition, the results further revealed that the level of serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) was significantly lower in the control group than in the CN group on postoperative day 1 and week 1 (P < 0.05), but similar outcomes were observed at postoperative month 1. Conclusion: CN suspension plays an important role in accurately identifying lymph nodes and protecting parathyroid glands. The clinical utilization of CN suspension could increase the accuracy of surgery programs and protect parathyroid function.
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Rawat, Pradeep Singh, Punna Rao Ravi, Shahid Iqbal Mir, Mohammed Shareef Khan, Himanshu Kathuria, Prasanna Katnapally, and Upendra Bhatnagar. "Design, Characterization and Pharmacokinetic–Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Poloxamer and Kappa-Carrageenan-Based Dual-Responsive In Situ Gel of Nebivolol for Treatment of Open-Angle Glaucoma." Pharmaceutics 15, no. 2 (January 25, 2023): 405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15020405.
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This study developed a dual-responsive in situ gel of nebivolol (NEB), a selective β-adrenergic antagonist. The gel could achieve sustained concentrations in the aqueous humor to effectively treat glaucoma. The gel was prepared using a combination of poloxamers (Poloxamer-407 (P407) and Poloxamer-188 (P188)) and kappa-carrageenan (κCRG) as thermo-responsive and ion-sensitive polymers, respectively. Box–Behnken design (BBD) was used to optimize the effect of three critical formulation factors (concentration of P407, P188 and κCRG) on two critical response variables (sol-to-gel transition temperature of 33–35 °C and minimum solution state viscosity) of the in situ gel. A desirability function was employed to find the optimal concentrations of P407, P188 and κCRG that yielded a gel with the desired sol-to-gel transition temperature and solution state viscosity. An NEB-loaded gel was prepared using the optimized conditions and evaluated for in vitro drug release properties and ex vivo ocular irritation studies. Furthermore, ocular pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics studies were conducted in rabbits for the optimized formulation. The optimized NEB-loaded gel containing P407, P188 and κCRG had a sol-to-gel transition temperature of 34 °C and exhibited minimum viscosity (212 ± 2 cP at 25 °C). The optimized NEB-loaded gel sustained drug release with 86% drug release at the end of 24 h. The optimized formulation was well tolerated in the eye. Ocular pharmacokinetic studies revealed that the optimized in situ gel resulted in higher concentrations of NEB in aqueous humor compared to the NEB suspension. The aqueous humor Cmax of the optimized in situ gel (35.14 ± 2.25 ng/mL) was 1.2 fold higher than that of the NEB suspension (28.2 ± 3.1 ng/mL), while the AUC0–∞ of the optimized in situ gel (381.8 ± 18.32 ng/mL*h) was 2 fold higher than that of the NEB suspension (194.9 ± 12.17 ng/mL*h). The systemic exposure of NEB was significantly reduced for the optimized in situ gel, with a 2.7-fold reduction in the plasma Cmax and a 4.1-fold reduction in the plasma AUC0–∞ compared with the NEB suspension. The optimized gel produced a higher and sustained reduction in the intra-ocular pressure compared with the NEB suspension. The optimized gel was more effective in treating glaucoma than the NEB suspension due to its mucoadhesive properties, sustained drug release and reduced drug loss. Lower systemic exposure of the optimized gel indicates that the systemic side effects can be significantly reduced compared to the NEB suspension, particularly in the long-term management of glaucoma.
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Ibrahim, S., S. Tous, T. El-Faham, and M. Hassan. "FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF BENZOYL METRONIDAZOLE SUSPENSION." Bulletin of Pharmaceutical Sciences. Assiut 13, no. 2 (December 31, 1990): 169–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/bfsa.1990.70565.
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Foley, Lisa, Jennifer Toney, James W. Barlow, Maura O’Connor, Deirdre Fitzgerald-Hughes, and Zebunnissa Ramtoola. "Investigation of the Physical, Chemical and Microbiological Stability of Losartan Potassium 5 mg/mL Extemporaneous Oral Liquid Suspension." Molecules 26, no. 2 (January 8, 2021): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26020301.
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Extemporaneous oral liquid preparations are commonly used when there is no commercially available dosage form for adjustable dosing. In most cases, there is a lack of stability data to allow for an accurately assigned shelf life and storage conditions to give greater confidence of product safety and efficacy over its shelf life. The aim of this study was to evaluate the physical, chemical and microbiological stability of an extemporaneous oral liquid suspension of losartan potassium, 5 mg/mL, used to treat paediatric hypertension in Our Lady’s Children’s Hospital Crumlin, Ireland. The losartan content of extemporaneous oral suspensions, prepared with and without addition of water, was measured by UV and confirmed by HPLC analysis. Suspensions were stored at 4 °C and room temperature (RT) and were monitored for changes in; pH, colour, odour, re-dispersibility, Total Aerobic Microbial Count, Total Yeast and Mould Count and absence of E. coli. Results showed that suspensions prepared by both methods, stored at 4 °C and RT, were physically and microbiologically stable over 28 days. Initial losartan content of all suspensions was lower than expected at 80–81% and did not change significantly over the 28 days. HPLC and NMR did not detect degradation of losartan in the samples. Suspensions prepared in water showed 100% losartan content. The reduced initial losartan content was confirmed by HPLC and was related to the acidic pH of the suspension vehicle. Physiochemical properties of the drug are important factors for consideration in the selection of suspension vehicle for extemporaneous compounding of oral suspensions as they can influence the quality, homogeneity and efficacy of these preparations.
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Zaid, Abdel Naser, Rania Shtayah, Ayman Qadumi, Mashour Ghanem, Rawan Qedan, Marah Daibes, Somud Abu Awwad, Nidal Jaradat, and Naim Kittana. "Stability of extemporaneously prepared rosuvastatin oral suspension." American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 74, no. 19 (October 1, 2017): 1579–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2146/ajhp160235.
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Abstract Purpose The stability of an extemporaneously prepared rosuvastatin suspension stored over 30 days under various storage conditions was evaluated. Methods Rosuvastatin suspension was extemporaneously prepared using commercial rosuvastatin tablets as the source of active pharmaceutical ingredient. The organoleptic properties, dissolution profile, and stability of the formulation were investigated. For the stability studies, samples of the suspension were stored under 2 storage conditions, room temperature (25 °C and 60% relative humidity) and accelerated stability chambers (40 °C and 75% relative humidity). Viscosity, pH, organoleptic properties, and microbial contamination were evaluated according to the approved specifications. High-performance liquid chromatography was used for the analysis and quantification of rosuvastatin in selected samples. Microbiological investigations were also conducted. Results The prepared suspension showed acceptable organoleptic properties. It showed complete release of rosuvastatin within 15 minutes. The pH of the suspension was 9.8, which remained unchanged during the stability studies. The microbiological investigations demonstrated that the preparation was free of any microbial contamination. In addition, the suspension showed stability within at least the period of use of a 100-mL rosuvastatin bottle. Conclusion Extemporaneously prepared rosuvastatin 20-mg/mL suspension was stable for 30 days when stored at room temperature.