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Journal articles on the topic 'Pharmacists – South Africa'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 17 February 2022

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1

Baker, Lee. "The Role of Pharmacists in Travel Medicine in South Africa." Pharmacy 6, no. 3 (July 19, 2018): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy6030068.

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Worldwide, pharmacists, who are the most accessible health-care providers, are playing an ever increasing role in travel medicine, assisting travelers in taking the necessary precautions to ensure safe and healthy travel. This article looks at the situation in South Africa, and how pharmacists are performing these functions within the legal constraints of the Medicines and Related Substances Act 101 of 1965, which prevents pharmacists from prescribing many of the travel vaccines and medications. The scope of practice in community pharmacies increased since the successful down-scheduling of some of the antimalarials, allowing pharmacists to supply the many travelers who frequently travel to neighboring countries. As in many other countries, travel medicine in South Africa is currently thwart with products that are out of stock, and a number of temporary guidelines were put in place to deal with these. Ways to facilitate expanding the role of pharmacists in travel medicine in South Africa need to be further explored.
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Baksh, Mohammed A., Velisha A. Perumal-Pillay, and Frasia Oosthuizen. "An Investigation Into the Knowledge of South African Pharmacists on the Identification and Management of Drug-Drug Interactions." Global Journal of Health Science 11, no. 12 (October 15, 2019): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v11n12p146.

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BACKGROUND: Detecting and reporting drug-drug interactions (DDIs) is an important role of pharmacists. Standard operating procedures (SOPs), that can be used to manage DDIs is not a requirement at pharmacies in South Africa. SOPs create standardized methods of identifying and reporting DDIs. AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate the knowledge of South African pharmacists on the identification and management of DDIs as well as the availability and use of SOPs in the detection and management of DDIs. METHODS: A quantitative approach was used targeting registered pharmacists from two provinces in South Africa, namely Gauteng and KwaZulu-Natal. 153 responses were received after mailing the questionnaire to 200 pharmacists (76.5% response rate). Data was analysed by using Microsoft Excel® and SPSS® (version 23.0). RESULTS: The majority (93.5%) of respondents were able to correctly define. Forty-four percent of respondents were aware of the existence of SOPs in their respective pharmacies. The majority of the respondents (80.4%) were of the opinion that having SOPs in place for the management of DDIs benefit the identification of these in the pharmacy environment. The findings indicated that availability and access of SOPs are the same across all sectors of pharmacy. CONCLUSION: The results show that the majority of participants have a sound knowledge regarding DDIs as well as the importance of reporting them should such events occur. While most pharmacists were not aware of SOPs in their pharmacies, they regarded this as beneficial.
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Naidoo, Vivian, Fatima Suleman, and Varsha Bangalee. "Roles and reimbursement of pharmacists as South Africa transitions towards Universal Health Coverage (UHC): An online survey-based study." PLOS ONE 16, no. 9 (September 23, 2021): e0257348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0257348.

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Background The implementation of Universal Health Coverage in SA has sought to focus on promoting affordable health care services that are accessible to all citizens. In this regard, pharmacists are expected to play a pivotal function in the revitalization of primary health care (PHC) during this transition by the expansion of their practice roles. Objectives To assess the readiness and perceptions of pharmacists to expand their roles in an integrated health care system. To determine the availability and pricing of primary health care services currently provided within a community pharmacy environment and to evaluate suitable reimbursement for the provision of such services by a community pharmacist. Methods Community pharmacists’ across SA were invited to participate in an online survey-based study. The survey consisted of both open- and closed-ended questions. Descriptive statistics for closed-ended questions were generated and analysed using Microsoft Excel® and Survey Monkey®. Responses for the open-ended questions were transcribed, analysed, and reported as emerging themes. Results Six hundred and sixty-four pharmacists’ responded to the online survey. Seventy-five percent of pharmacists’ reported that with appropriate training, a transition into a more patient-centered role might be beneficial in the re-engineering of the PHC system. However, in order to adopt these new roles, appropriate reimbursement structures are required. The current fee levied by pharmacists in community pharmacies that offered these PHC services was found to be lower to that recommended by the South African Pharmacy Council; this disparity is primarily due to a lack of information and policy standardisation. Therefore, in order to ensure that fees levied are fair, comprehensive service package guidelines are required. Conclusions This study provides baseline data for policy makers on pharmacists’ readiness to transition into expanded roles. Furthermore, it can be used as a foundation to establish appropriate reimbursement frameworks for pharmacists providing PHC services.
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Rothmann, Sebastiaan, and Madelaine Malan. "Occupational stress of hospital pharmacists in South Africa." International Journal of Pharmacy Practice 15, no. 3 (September 2007): 235–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1211/ijpp.15.3.0011.

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5

Truter, Ilse, and Brent C. Knoesen. "Perceptions towards the prescribing of antibiotics by pharmacists and the use of antibiotics in primary care in South Africa." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 12, no. 02 (February 28, 2018): 115–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.9630.

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Introduction: Antibiotics deserve their place a powerful pillar in modern medical care, but the development of antibiotic resistance is emerging faster than the availability of new antibiotics. This poses a major threat to public health. The primary aim was to determine the perceptions towards the prescribing of antibiotics by pharmacists and the use of antibiotics in primary care in Nelson Mandela Bay, South Africa. Methodology: A questionnaire survey was conducted under community pharmacists during 2014. Purposive sampling was used. Results: Eighty percent of pharmacists were of the opinion that antibiotics are overprescribed. Amoxicillin, or the combination of amoxicillin with clavulanic acid, was indicated by 87.5% of respondents as the most often dispensed in their pharmacies, with ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin and azithromycin also commonly dispensed. One specific trade name product was mentioned by 43.8% of respondents as the antibiotic product they most often dispense. The most common diagnoses for which antibiotics were dispensed were upper respiratory tract infections and sinusitis. On average, more females (60.0%) were dispensed antibiotics. Most antibiotics were dispensed to adults (44.4%) and children (23.1%). On the question whether respondents were of the opinion that pharmacists should prescribe antibiotics, 50.0% indicated that they do not agree and 31.3% agreed. The main reason was because pharmacists are not qualified to diagnose. However, with further training they should be able to diagnose minor ailments and counsel patients. Conclusions: Pharmacists had mixed opinions on whether they should be able to prescribe antibiotics. Most pharmacists were of the opinion that antibiotics are overprescribed.
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van Huyssteen, Mea, Angeni Bheekie, Sunitha C. Srinivas, and Azeezah Essack. "Continuous Professional Development for Public Sector Pharmacists in South Africa: A Case Study of Mapping Competencies in a Pharmacists’ Preceptor Programme." Pharmacy 8, no. 2 (June 3, 2020): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy8020096.

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Lifelong learning among healthcare practitioners is crucial to keep abreast of advances in therapeutic and service delivery approaches. In South Africa, continuous professional development (CPD) was mandated (2019) for re-registration of pharmacists to illustrate their learning according to the South African Pharmacy Council’s (SAPC) competency standards. This paper uses a preceptor programme linked to the University of the Western Cape School of Pharmacy’s service learning programme to map the competencies employed by pharmacist preceptors in primary care public healthcare facilities in Cape Town in an attempt to encourage completion of their annual CPDs and strengthening the academic-service partnership. Competencies identified were divided into input competencies related to the preceptor’s role in designing and implementing the educational programme in their facilities and assisting students to complete their prescribed learning activities, and output/outcome competencies that emerged from preceptors identifying the facility needs and employing their input competencies. Input competencies pertained to education, leadership, patient counselling, collaborative practice and human resources management. Output competencies related to pharmaceutical infrastructure, quality assurance, professional and health advocacy, primary healthcare, self-management and patient-centred care. The preceptor programme enabled pharmacist preceptors to employ several competencies that are aligned with the SAPC’s competency framework.
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Tandlich, Roman, Nosiphiwe P. Ngqwala, Aileen Boshoff, Phindile Madikizela, C. Sunitha Srinivas, Desmond M. Pyle, and Rene Oosthuizen. "Challenges and Curriculum Transformation in the Higher Education Sector in South Africa: A Case Study in WASH to Improve the Training of Pharmacists." Acta Educationis Generalis 8, no. 1 (April 1, 2018): 3–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/atd-2018-0001.

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AbstractIntroduction: South Africa is a member state of the “BRICS” bloc (BRICS2017.org, 2017) and the G20 group of the 20 nations/economic blocs, which between them account for the majority of the world’s trade and economic activity. It faces many developmental challenges which are mirrored in its higher education sector. In this article, the authors seek to provide an overview of the challenges that South African higher education faces in the achievement of the developmental goals of the country. The focus of this paper is a case study in WASH (water, sanitation and hygiene) to improve context-specific responses that trains pharmacists on knowledge and skills.Methods: The study was performed as a combination of calculations and a literature review to obtain the background or current status of the higher education sector and developmental planning in South Africa. For this, data were extracted from the Statistics South Africa reports, relevant professional articles on South African higher education sector and results of postgraduate research. Workshop results which were obtained as a collaboration between a public and a private higher education institution and results of postgraduate research were used as the paradigm for transformation and decolonisation of the curriculum for a professional degree in South Africa.Results and discussion: Challenges exist in the South African tertiary education sector and the graduation rate currently stands at 65.1% of the target set by the National Development Plan. Around 58.1% of all students do not complete their university/post-secondary education, which could provide a partial explanation for the skills shortage in South Africa. Decolonisation and transformation of the tertiary education curriculum are major topics in the discourse on higher education in South Africa. The authors propose that one way to achieve this would be inclusion of research results and group activities in the area of water, sanitation and hygiene as a topic for possible and partial transformation of the Bachelor of Pharmacy curriculum.Conclusions: The current article summarises some of topics and challenges that drive the current discourse, developmental and curriculum debate in higher education in South Africa. Student access and through put at tertiary institutions need to be improved and the curriculum needs to be transformed.
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Kiyange, F., V. Walusansa, G. Mandosela, H. Nzereka Kambale, E. Luyirika, and J. Orem. "The Role of South-to-South Partnerships in Developing Cancer Services in Africa." Journal of Global Oncology 4, Supplement 2 (October 1, 2018): 163s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.18.21200.

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Background and context: Despite being a growing public health concern in Africa, access to effective cancer treatment and pain relief is still limited in sub-Saharan Africa. The African Palliative Care Association (APCA) in collaboration with the American Cancer Society and the Ministry of Health of Swaziland have successfully implemented a South-to-South partnership which has facilitated the development and operation of a cancer unit in Mbabane National Hospital. Although the cancer burden continues to rise in Africa, many countries do not have established oncology services. They rely on cancer treatment, care and support through referral to neighboring countries or overseas, which is costly for governments and poses multiple challenges for patients and their families. Until recently, Swaziland has relied on cancer treatment and care in South Africa. This paper presents a model where the Uganda Cancer Institute (UCI) in Uganda has been facilitated to support the establishment of a cancer unit in Swaziland. Aim: The intervention aimed at providing technical assistance to the Ministry of Health of Swaziland to initiate and operate a cancer unit in Mbabane Government Hospital through a formal arrangement with the UCI. Strategy/Tactics: The planning and execution of activities was done by a tripartite of APCA, Uganda Cancer Institute a government entity and the Swazi Ministry of Health. Program/Policy process: Over a period of one year (Decemeber 2016 to December 2017) APCA, through a grant from the ACS formerly engaged the UCI to support the initiation and operation of a cancer unit in Swaziland. This was through expert exchange visits through which on-job training and mentorship was provided to a team of staff at Mbabane Government Hospital, with coordination by the Swaziland Ministry of Health. Experiential visits to Uganda were also organized for the lead pharmacist in Swaziland and a doctor to enable them set up and run a cancer unit in their country. The exchange visits provided a forum for both observation and application of knowledge and skills. Outcomes: A cancer unit was successfully established at Mbabane Government Hospital in Swaziland, which now provides services for patients, with breast cancer and expanding to include other cancers. The Swaziland Ministry of Health has been key to the success of this development and continues to identify human, financial and other resources to sustain the cancer unit. To date 69 patients have successfully undergone chemotherapy: 43 breast cancer, 22 Kaposi sarcoma, 2 colorectal cancer, 1 bladder cancer, 1 multiple myeloma. 21 health care workers were trained on cancer management; 9 doctors, 7 nurses and 5 pharmacists. What was learned: There are many opportunities for South-to-South partnership to support the establishment or improvement of cancer care. This model implemented in Swaziland can be replicated in other African countries. Documenting the model for replication in other countries is recommended.
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Joubert, M. C., and Panjasaram Naidoo. "Knowledge, perceptions and practices of pharmacovigilance amongst community and hospital pharmacists in a selected district of North West Province, South Africa." Health SA Gesondheid 21 (October 11, 2016): 238–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/hsag.v21i0.960.

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Background: Pharmacovigilance (PV) as a means of ensuring drug safety is an essential component of the process ensuring that the risk of drug use does not outweigh the benefit. Pharmacists are valuable in collecting PV information, but not many studies explored the knowledge, perceptions and practices of both community and hospital pharmacists towards the practice of PV.Objectives: The aim of the study was to explore the knowledge, perceptions and practise of PV amongst the pharmacists in a selected district of North West Province, South Africa.Method: A cross sectional study was conducted amongst pharmacists in a selected district of the North West province, using a pre-tested questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the results including ANOVA testing.Results: One hundred and two pharmacists (68.9%) completed the questionnaire. Although familiar with the concept of PV, pharmacists knowledge scores were low. Pharmacists agreed that PV is a useful tool, but perceived the PV authorities to be distant and remote. Although more than 90% indicated that all adverse drug reactions should be reported, only 44.1% indicated that they have reported adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Only 6.7% of pharmacists were satisfied with feedback received from authorities after reporting an ADR. Barriers were cited that prevented them from reporting ADRs. Over 80% indicated they would participate in further PV training.Conclusion: The majority of pharmacists are familiar with the concept of PV, but less than half reported any ADR. They are willing to participate in PV processes but are unsure what their exact role playing should be. More than half indicated that they would like to see improvements to the current PV system in South Africa. The majority are prepared to undergo further education to improve their PV knowledge.
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Reekie, W. D. "A view on the treatment of collusive and restrictive practices in competition policy." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 1, no. 1 (March 31, 1998): 8–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v1i1.1824.

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South African competition policy is in a state of flux. While professing to serve so-called national interest, legislation has tended to overlook the principles of economic efficiency and consumer welfare. The South African National Drug policy is a case in point. The best defence against collusion and restrictive practices in business is competition, but the Department of Health favours blanket rules like uniform pricing and a fixed fee-for-service. Thus supermarkets may not employ dispensing pharmacists, and uniform price legislation would make it illegal to negotiate discounts on prescription medicines with retailers. As a rule consumers are the losers. Many fallacies are contained in the debate on the "right" competition policy for South Africa. For example, a firm may appear big simply because the domestic market is small.
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Hariparsad, N. "Knowledge of emergency contraception among pharmacists and doctors in Durban, South Africa." European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care 6, no. 1 (March 1, 2001): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/713604174.

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Hariparsad, N. "Attitudes and practices of pharmacists towards emergency contraception in Durban, South Africa." European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care 6, no. 2 (June 1, 2001): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/713604207.

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Hariparsad, N. "Knowledge of emergency contraception among pharmacists and doctors in Durban, South Africa." European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care 6, no. 1 (January 2001): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/ejc.6.1.21.26.

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Hariparsad, N. "Attitudes and practices of pharmacists towards emergency contraception in Durban, South Africa." European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care 6, no. 2 (January 2001): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/ejc.6.2.87.92.

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15

Schellack, N., E. Bronkhorst, R. Coetzee, B. Godman, A. G. S. Gous, S. Kolman, Q. Labuschagne, et al. "SASOCP position statement on the pharmacist’s role in antibiotic stewardship 2018." Southern African Journal of Infectious Diseases 33, no. 1 (March 31, 2018): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajid.v33i1.24.

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Antibiotics are the most commonly prescribed medicines in global healthcare practice today. Their effectiveness is crucial and often life-saving in humanity’s battle against pathogens and infectious diseases. Antibiotic/antimicrobial stewardship strategies and programmes have become vital to the preservation of effective antibiotics and the optimisation of their use. The South African Society of Clinical Pharmacy (SASOCP) has written this guideline to outline the importance, role and purpose of pharmacists in such stewardship programmes, both in the public, as well as the private hospital sectors in South Africa. It also provides an overview of various approaches to antibiotic preservation, behavioural change, stewardship measures, and monitoring strategies.
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Chigome, Audrey K., Moliehi Matlala, Brian Godman, and Johanna C. Meyer. "Availability and Use of Therapeutic Interchange Policies in Managing Antimicrobial Shortages among South African Public Sector Hospitals; Findings and Implications." Antibiotics 9, no. 1 (December 20, 2019): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9010004.

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Background: Therapeutic interchange policies in hospitals are useful in dealing with antimicrobial shortages and minimising resistance rates. The extent of antimicrobial shortages and availability of therapeutic interchange policies is unknown among public sector hospitals in South Africa. This study aimed to ascertain the extent of and rationale for dealing with antimicrobial shortages, describe policies or guidelines available, and the role of pharmacists in the process. Methods: A quantitative and descriptive study was conducted with a target population of 403 public sector hospitals. Data were collected from hospital pharmacists using an electronic questionnaire via SurveyMonkeyTM. Results: The response rate was 33.5% and most (83.3%) hospitals had experienced shortages in the previous six months. Antimicrobials commonly reported as out of stock included cloxacillin (54.3%), benzathine benzylpenicillin (54.2%), and erythromycin (39.6%). Reasons for shortages included pharmaceutical companies with supply constraints (85.3%) and an inefficient supply system. Only 42.4% had therapeutic interchange policies, and 88.9% contacted the prescriber, when present, for substitution. Conclusions: Antimicrobial shortages are prevalent in South African public sector hospitals with the most affected being penicillins and cephalosporins. Therapeutic interchange policies are not available at most hospitals. Effective strategies are required to improve communication between pharmacists and prescribers to ensure that safe, appropriate, and therapeutically equivalent alternatives are available.
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Vorster, Merryll. "How can we keep our psychiatrists?" South African Journal of Psychiatry 8, no. 3 (December 1, 2002): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v8i3.927.

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An article in the Citizen of 5 November 2002 stated that 3 351 doctors, dentists and pharmacists resigned from the employ of Gauteng Health during 2000 and 2001. Where did they all go? There are 355 psychiatrists practising in South Africa. This figure remains constant despite our efforts at training some 20 new psy- chiatrists per year
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Papastergiou, John, Michelle Donnelly, Terence Yuen, Wilson Li, and Bart van den Bemt. "Community pharmacy–based H. pylori screening for patients with uninvestigated dyspepsia." Canadian Pharmacists Journal / Revue des Pharmaciens du Canada 153, no. 2 (February 18, 2020): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1715163520903065.

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Background: Helicobacter pylori is identified by the World Health Organization as a major risk factor of gastritis, peptic ulcer disease and gastric carcinomas. As point-of-care screening technology becomes more widely available, pharmacists are ideally suited to use this tool to screen patients with H. pylori infection. Purpose: The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of implementing point-of-care screening technology for H. pylori into community pharmacy practice and to assess the number of patients who are positively identified as a result of testing. Methods: Three pharmacies in Toronto, Ontario, offered H. pylori screening as part of their clinical programs. Pharmacists enrolled patients with symptoms of dyspepsia and/or receiving acid suppressant therapy for >6 weeks. Decision to screen was based on the Canadian Helicobacter Study Group Consensus (CHSG). Patients were screened using the Rapid Response H. pylori test. Results: Seventy-one patients were recruited, with a mean age of 46.3 years. Patients were ethnically diverse, with a significant proportion (59.2%) identified as being born outside of North America, including Asia (26.8%), Africa (9.9%), the Middle East (7%), Europe (9.9%) and South and Central America (5.6%). Overall, the detection rate of H. pylori infection was 21%. North Americans had the lowest incidence of an undiagnosed H. pylori infection (6.9%). Europeans (28.6%), Middle Easterners (20%) and Asians (21.1%) had a moderate incidence, followed by the highest prevalence in those of African descent (71.4%). Conclusion: These results highlight the readiness of community pharmacists to adopt H. pylori screening into practice and to leverage this novel technology to positively identify and treat undiagnosed H. pylori infection. Can Pharm J (Ott) 2020;153:xx-xx.
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Wyk, R. Van, and A. B. Boshoff. "The relationships of type A behaviour, organisational and personality variables among pharmacists and accountants: A further analysis." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 3, no. 2 (June 30, 2000): 189–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v3i2.2616.

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This paper is a follow-up of a previous study on the correlates of Type A Behaviour among professional workers in South Africa. In the previous study, data were analysed for a joint group of 375 pharmacists and accountants. In the present study, the two professions are analysed separately. Product-Moment Correlation and Stepwise Multiple Regression Analysis are used to determine the relationships between Job Satisfaction, Job Involvement, a number of personality variables and Type A Behaviour in samples of accountants (N = 175) and pharmacists (N = 200). Differences between the results for the two occupations were found to exist and are discussed in this paper.
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Gilbert, Leah. "The community pharmacist as a member of a primary health care team in South Africa - perceptions of pharmacists, doctors and nurses." International Journal of Pharmacy Practice 5, no. 4 (December 1997): 192–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7174.1997.tb00905.x.

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Brink, A., D. Van den Bergh, M. Mendelson, and G. A. Richards. "Passing the baton to pharmacists and nurses: New models of antibiotic stewardship for South Africa?" South African Medical Journal 106, no. 10 (September 6, 2016): 947. http://dx.doi.org/10.7196/samj.2016.v106i10.11448.

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Gilbert, Leah. "‘Pharmacists have been left out of the loop’: exploring the role of pharmacists in the management of HIV/AIDS in South Africa." International Journal of Pharmacy Practice 24, no. 1 (July 7, 2015): 40–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ijpp.12203.

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Schellack, N., R. Pretorius, and A. P. Messina. "‘Esprit de corps’: Towards collaborative integration of pharmacists and nurses into antimicrobial stewardship programmes in South Africa." South African Medical Journal 106, no. 10 (September 23, 2016): 973. http://dx.doi.org/10.7196/samj.2016.v106i10.11468.

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Gilbert, Leah. "“Your health is our duty, our commitment, our life's work”: Pharmacists in South Africa claim new ground." Society in Transition 35, no. 2 (July 2004): 302–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21528586.2004.10419121.

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Dreyer, A. "Cost Savings Effected by Community Pharmacists' Interventions in the Supply of Medicines in the Republic of South Africa." Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Economics 9, no. 4 (December 1, 1998): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j063v09n04_01.

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Blanchard, Kelly, Teresa Harrison, and Mosala Sello. "Pharmacists' Knowledge and Perceptions of Emergency Contraceptive Pills in Soweto and the Johannesburg Central Business District, South Africa." International Family Planning Perspectives 31, no. 04 (December 2005): 172–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1363/3117205.

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dos Santos, Monika, David Howard, Pieter Kruger, Arnaud Banos, and Saul Kornik. "Climate Change and Healthcare Sustainability in the Agincourt Sub-District, Kruger to Canyons Biosphere Region, South Africa." Sustainability 11, no. 2 (January 18, 2019): 496. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11020496.

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As low-income communities are most vulnerable to climate-associated health concerns, access to healthcare will increase in importance as a key priority in South Africa. This study explores healthcare sustainability in the Agincourt sub-district, Kruger to Canyons Biosphere Region in Mpumalanga, South Africa. A rapid assessment and response methodology (RAR) was implemented, which includes the examination of previous studies conducted in the sub-district, the mapping of healthcare facilities in the area, and the implementation of a facility infrastructure and workforce capacity investigation by means of key informant (KI) interviews at eight healthcare facilities. Findings indicate that the greatest need across the facilities relate to access to medical doctors and pharmacists. None of the facilities factored climate associations with health into their clinical care strategies. The necessity to train healthcare facility staff on aspects related to climate change, health, and sustainability is highlighted. Environmental health practitioners should also be incorporated in grassroots community climate adaptation strategies. Outcomes further indicate the need for the advancement of integrated healthcare and climate adaptation strategies that focus on strengthening healthcare systems, which may include novel technological approaches such as telemedicine. Policy makers need to be proactive and pre-emptive in finding and improving processes and models to render healthcare services prepared for climate change.
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Wong, Anabelle, Kevin K. C. Hung, Mzwandile Mabhala, Justin W. Tenney, and Colin A. Graham. "Filling the Gaps in the Pharmacy Workforce in Post-Conflict Areas: Experience from Four Countries in Sub-Saharan Africa." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 15 (July 31, 2021): 8132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18158132.

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Background: While the pharmacy workforce is the third largest professional healthcare group worldwide, the pharmacy workforce landscape remains unclear in post-conflict areas in sub-Saharan Africa. Method: Key informants were selected for semi-structured interviews due to their role in providing pharmacy services in the selected country: the Central African Republic (CAR), the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Ethiopia, and South Sudan. Transcripts from the interviews were anonymized, coded, and analyzed. Results: Nine participants were recruited (CAR: 2; DRC: 2; Ethiopia: 2; South Sudan: 3), and all except two were pharmacists. Conflict-specific challenges in pharmacy service delivery were identified as the following: unpredictable health needs and/or mismatched pharmaceutical supply, transport difficulties due to insecure roads, and shortage of pharmacy workforce due to brain drain or interrupted schooling. Barriers to health workforce retention and growth were identified to be brain drain as a result of suboptimal living and working conditions or remuneration, the perception of an unsafe work environment, and a career pathway or commitment duration that does not fit the diaspora or expatriate staff. Conclusion: To tackle the barriers of pharmacy health workforce retention and growth, policy solutions will be required and efforts that can bring about long-term improvement should be prioritized. This is essential to achieve universal health coverage and the targets of the sustainable development goals for conflict affected areas, as well as to “leave no one behind”.
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Mphekgwana, Peter M., Nancy Malema, Kotsedi D. Monyeki, Tebogo M. Mothiba, Mpsanyana Makgahlela, Nancy Kgatla, Irene Makgato, and Tholene Sodi. "Hypertension Prevalence and Determinants among Black South African Adults in Semi-Urban and Rural Areas." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 20 (October 14, 2020): 7463. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17207463.

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The burden of hypertension is reported to be on the rise in developing countries, such as South Africa, despite increased efforts to address it. Using a cross-sectional study design, we assessed and compared the prevalence of and risk factors associated with hypertension amongst adults aged ≥18 years in semi-urban and rural communities (1187 semi-urban and 1106 rural). Trained community health workers administered the INTERHEART Risk Score tool and performed blood pressure assessments using the MEDIC Pharmacists Choice Blood Pressure Monitor. Hypertension was defined to be a systolic blood pressure (BP) ≥ 140 mmHg and diastolic BP ≥ 90 mmHg. A multivariate logistic regression model was used to identify factors and determine their relationship with hypertension. The prevalence of hypertension amongst semi-urban and rural communities was 21% with no gender difference. In the semi-urban area, physical activity, family history, fruit intake, salty food, and eating meat were significantly associated with the odds of hypertension among women, whereas only the waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), diabetic status, and salty food were the predictors for rural women. Factors such as fried food and low fruit intake were significantly associated with the odds of hypertension among men in the semi-urban area, whereas only the WHR was significant among men in the rural area. Hypertension was found to be prevalent among semi-urban and rural adults in Limpopo Province, South Africa.
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Joubert, M. C., and Panjasaram Naidoo. "Knowledge, perceptions and practices of pharmacovigilance amongst community and hospital pharmacists in a selected district of North West Province, South Africa." Health SA Gesondheid 21 (December 2016): 238–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hsag.2016.04.005.

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Burger, Marisa, Jaco Fourie, Devin Loots, Tercia Mnisi, Natalie Schellack, Selente Bezuidenhout, and Johanna C. Meyer. "Knowledge and perceptions of antimicrobial stewardship concepts among final year pharmacy students in pharmacy schools across South Africa." Southern African Journal of Infectious Diseases 31, no. 3 (October 1, 2016): 84–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajid.v31i3.83.

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Background: Antimicrobial stewardship is currently not mandatory as part of the undergraduate training of pharmacists. Identifying gaps in knowledge and a better understanding of pharmacy students’ perceptions about antimicrobial stewardship could assist in recommendations for appropriate changes to the pharmacy degree curricula that may lead to more appropriate use of antimicrobials, within the multi-disciplinary team.Methods: A descriptive quantitative study with a survey design was conducted at the eight universities offering the pharmacy degree in South Africa. An electronic questionnaire with four main categories on antimicrobial stewardship was administered to final (fourth) year pharmacy students (June–August 2015).Results: An overall response rate of 26.6% (n = 260) was obtained from 978 students, despite a weekly reminder. Most of the respondents were familiar with antimicrobial stewardship programmes in South Africa (71.9%), and claimed to know what antimicrobial stewardship is (83.5%) with significant differences between the universities (p 0.001). Only 37.7% of the respondents recalled having had formal training on antimicrobial stewardship, with responses from the eight universities differing significantly (p 0.001). However, almost all respondents (98.5%) felt that a strong knowledge of antimicrobials was important for their future career, with 90.0% indicating that they would like more training on antimicrobial stewardship at undergraduate level.Conclusion: There were significant differences between the eight universities with regards to undergraduate education on antimicrobial stewardship. In order to help prevent antimicrobial resistance, efforts should be made to introduce concepts of antimicrobial stewardship into the undergraduate pharmacy curricula to promote better use of antimicrobials and prevent antimicrobial resistance.
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Mooi, Nomaxabiso M., and Busisiwe P. Ncama. "Perceived Potential Barriers to Implementation of Nutritional Therapy Practice Guidelines in Critically Ill Adults in a District of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa." Global Journal of Health Science 11, no. 11 (September 9, 2019): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v11n11p42.

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BACKGROUND: Transitional challenges in the disease profile and healthcare systems have revealed the need for the development of guidelines to assist healthcare practitioners in decision making regarding patient care. Implementing strong evidence‐based guideline recommendations into clinical practice is associated with improved clinical outcomes for patients, and integrated and collaborative nutritional services. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify perceived barriers to implementing national enteral nutritional therapy practice guidelines in critically ill adults in a district hospital and primary healthcare institutions in South Africa. METHODS: A quantitative descriptive research design was followed in this study. The district and institutions were selected using non-probability deliberate purposive and convenience sampling methods to select healthcare professionals (HCPs) for the study. Data were collected through a self-administered questionnaire and analysed with the IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25. RESULTS: Ninety-six HCPs participated in the study which included nurses (76.0%, n = 73), doctors (10.4%, n = 10), pharmacists (7.3%, n = 7), nutrition specialists (5.2%, n = 5), and a speech-language therapist (1.0%, n = 1). Lack of awareness among HCPs and unavailability of enteral nutritional therapy practice guidelines ENTPGs in the institutions were identified as potential high priority barriers to implementation. CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate the need for introducing guidelines to HCPs and institutions to create awareness of such guidelines and thus encourage adherence to recommendations. There is a strong need for further research on strategies to manage the identified barriers to facilitate adoption and implementation of the national enteral nutritional therapy practice guidelines for adults in a South African context.
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Motlatla, Mokete, and Thelmah Xavela Maluleke. "Assessment of Knowledge about Healthcare Risk Waste Management at a Tertiary Hospital in the Northern Cape Province, South Africa." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 2 (January 8, 2021): 449. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020449.

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This study aimed at assessing the knowledge about healthcare risk waste (HCRW) management among doctors, professional nurses, pharmacists and laboratory technicians, in accordance with National Environmental Management, Waste Act 59 of 2008, Constitution of South Africa and sustainable development goals (SDG). The quantitative cross-sectional study was conducted, using self-administered questionnaires and stratified random sampling was used. Data was analyzed using the descriptive and inferential statistics. One hundred and forty-four participants were included in the study. The majority 90.28% of the participants were aged 19–50 years, females (71%), professional nurses (36%), and they had 1–10 years of experience (71%). The health professionals were knowledgeable of sharps waste (89%), slightly over (52%) knew anatomical waste, whereas (27%) and (17%) knew radioactive and cytotoxic waste, respectively. Health professionals (92%) agreed that the sharps-waste container should be disposed of in a yellow bin container, at least (63%) and (27%) agreed that red liner and box should be used for both infectious non anatomical waste and for cytotoxic waste. The null hypothesis was tested on knowledge versus age, profession and gender, and evidence against it was found on waste storage period in all three variables where chi-square and Fisher exact p-values were less than the 5% significant level. More attention should be directed towards similar HCRW management training at the hospital for all health professionals and behavior modification. The hospital management must ensure that HCRW-trained health professionals and HCRW management officials put into practice what they have learnt.
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Motlatla, Mokete, and Thelmah Xavela Maluleke. "Assessment of Knowledge about Healthcare Risk Waste Management at a Tertiary Hospital in the Northern Cape Province, South Africa." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 2 (January 8, 2021): 449. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020449.

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This study aimed at assessing the knowledge about healthcare risk waste (HCRW) management among doctors, professional nurses, pharmacists and laboratory technicians, in accordance with National Environmental Management, Waste Act 59 of 2008, Constitution of South Africa and sustainable development goals (SDG). The quantitative cross-sectional study was conducted, using self-administered questionnaires and stratified random sampling was used. Data was analyzed using the descriptive and inferential statistics. One hundred and forty-four participants were included in the study. The majority 90.28% of the participants were aged 19–50 years, females (71%), professional nurses (36%), and they had 1–10 years of experience (71%). The health professionals were knowledgeable of sharps waste (89%), slightly over (52%) knew anatomical waste, whereas (27%) and (17%) knew radioactive and cytotoxic waste, respectively. Health professionals (92%) agreed that the sharps-waste container should be disposed of in a yellow bin container, at least (63%) and (27%) agreed that red liner and box should be used for both infectious non anatomical waste and for cytotoxic waste. The null hypothesis was tested on knowledge versus age, profession and gender, and evidence against it was found on waste storage period in all three variables where chi-square and Fisher exact p-values were less than the 5% significant level. More attention should be directed towards similar HCRW management training at the hospital for all health professionals and behavior modification. The hospital management must ensure that HCRW-trained health professionals and HCRW management officials put into practice what they have learnt.
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Dugani, Sagar, Henrietta Afari, Lisa R. Hirschhorn, Hannah Ratcliffe, Jeremy Veillard, Gayle Martin, Gina Lagomarsino, Lopa Basu, and Asaf Bitton. "Prevalence and factors associated with burnout among frontline primary health care providers in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review." Gates Open Research 2 (May 3, 2018): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/gatesopenres.12779.2.

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Background: Primary health care (PHC) systems require motivated and well-trained frontline providers, but are increasingly challenged by the growing global shortage of health care workers. Burnout, defined as emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and low personal achievement, negatively impacts motivation and may further decrease productivity of already limited workforces. The objective of this review was to analyze the prevalence of and factors associated with provider burnout in low and middle-income countries (LMICs). Methods: We performed a systematic review of articles on outpatient provider burnout in LMICs published up to 2016 in three electronic databases (EMBASE, MEDLINE, and CAB). Articles were reviewed to identify prevalence of factors associated with provider burnout. Results: A total of 6,182 articles were identified, with 20 meeting eligibility criteria. We found heterogeneity in definition and prevalence of burnout. Most studies assessed burnout using the Maslach Burnout Inventory. All three dimensions of burnout were seen across multiple cadres (physicians, nurses, community health workers, midwives, and pharmacists). Frontline nurses in South Africa had the highest prevalence of high emotional exhaustion and depersonalization, while PHC providers in Lebanon had the highest reported prevalence of low personal achievement. Higher provider burnout (for example, among nurses, pharmacists, and rural health workers) was associated with high job stress, high time pressure and workload, and lack of organizational support. Conclusions: Our comprehensive review of published literature showed that provider burnout is prevalent across various health care providers in LMICs. Further studies are required to better measure the causes and consequences of burnout and guide the development of effective interventions to reduce or prevent burnout.
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Dugani, Sagar, Henrietta Afari, Lisa R. Hirschhorn, Hannah Ratcliffe, Jeremy Veillard, Gayle Martin, Gina Lagomarsino, Lopa Basu, and Asaf Bitton. "Prevalence and factors associated with burnout among frontline primary health care providers in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review." Gates Open Research 2 (June 11, 2018): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/gatesopenres.12779.3.

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Background: Primary health care (PHC) systems require motivated and well-trained frontline providers, but are increasingly challenged by the growing global shortage of health care workers. Burnout, defined as emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and low personal achievement, negatively impacts motivation and may further decrease productivity of already limited workforces. The objective of this review was to analyze the prevalence of and factors associated with provider burnout in low and middle-income countries (LMICs). Methods: We performed a systematic review of articles on outpatient provider burnout in LMICs published up to 2016 in three electronic databases (EMBASE, MEDLINE, and CAB). Articles were reviewed to identify prevalence of factors associated with provider burnout. Results: A total of 6,182 articles were identified, with 20 meeting eligibility criteria. We found heterogeneity in definition and prevalence of burnout. Most studies assessed burnout using the Maslach Burnout Inventory. All three dimensions of burnout were seen across multiple cadres (physicians, nurses, community health workers, midwives, and pharmacists). Frontline nurses in South Africa had the highest prevalence of high emotional exhaustion and depersonalization, while PHC providers in Lebanon had the highest reported prevalence of low personal achievement. Higher provider burnout (for example, among nurses, pharmacists, and rural health workers) was associated with high job stress, high time pressure and workload, and lack of organizational support. Conclusions: Our comprehensive review of published literature showed that provider burnout is prevalent across various health care providers in LMICs. Further studies are required to better measure the causes and consequences of burnout and guide the development of effective interventions to reduce or prevent burnout.
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Marx, J. "The identification of variables which universally and significantly influence the return on assets (ROA) of retail pharmacies in South Africa." South African Journal of Business Management 24, no. 3 (September 30, 1993): 88–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajbm.v24i3.868.

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A retail pharmacist who wishes to ensure the long-term survival of his or her business in a free enterprise system must make the pharmacy's profitability the prime objective. In South Africa, the profitability of retail pharmacies and, thus, of their continued operation, are threatened by increasing competition among retail pharmacies and from dispensing doctors. Nonetheless, the profitability can be enhanced even in these circumstances by adopting a strategic management approach. The research hypothesis of this article is that there are specific controllable internal strategic management variables which universally and significantly influence the return on assets (ROA) of South African retail pharmacies. Multiple regression analysis was used in the study and it was found that the variance in the ROAs of South African retail pharmacies is explained by several strategic management variables. These are associated significantly (on a 5% level) with pharmacies' ROA and include variables such as the sole proprietorship and the partnership as forms of business organization, the purchase ratio and the analysis of strengths and weaknesses as part of their strategic management. Mark-up pricing and the closed corporation as a form of business organization are negatively related to ROA.'n Kleinhandelapteker wat die langtermyn-voortbestaan van sy of haar ondenreming in 'n vryemarkstelsel wil verseker, moet die winsgewendheid daarvan as primere doelstelling nastreef. In Suid-Afrika word die winsgewendheid en oorlewing van kleinhandelapteke deur toenemende mededinging tussen apteke onderling en deur resepterende geneeshere bedreig. Desnieteenstaande kan die winsgewendheid van apteke gehandhaaf word deur 'n strategiese bestuursbenadering toe te pas. Die navorsingshipotese van hierdie artikel is dat spesifieke, beheerbare interne veranderlikes betreffende strategiese bestuur bestaan, wat die opbrengs op bates (ROA) van Suid-Afrikaanse apteke universeel en beduidend beinvloed. Meervoudige regressie-analise is in die studie gebruik en daar is bevind dat die variansie in die ROA's van Suid-Afrikaanse apteke deur verskeie veranderlikes betreffende strategiese bestuur verklaar kan word. Hierdie veranderlikes toon 'n beduidende verband (op 'n peil van 5%) met die ROA's van apteke en sluit veranderlikes in soos die eenmansaak en vennootskap as ondernemingsvorme, die aankoopverhouding, en die ontleding van sterk en swak punte van die onderneming as deel van strategiese bestuur. Die toeslagmetode van prysbepaling en die beslote korporasie as ondernemingsvorm toon 'n negatiewe verband met ROA.
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Dugani, Sagar, Henrietta Afari, Lisa R. Hirschhorn, Hannah Ratcliffe, Jeremy Veillard, Gayle Martin, Gina Lagomarsino, Lopa Basu, and Asaf Bitton. "Prevalence and factors associated with burnout among frontline primary health care providers in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review." Gates Open Research 2 (January 18, 2018): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/gatesopenres.12779.1.

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Background: Primary health care (PHC) systems require motivated and well-trained frontline providers, but are increasingly challenged by the growing global shortage of health care workers. Burnout, defined as emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and low personal achievement, negatively impacts motivation and may further decrease productivity of already limited workforces. The objective of this review was to analyze the prevalence of and factors associated with provider burnout in low and middle-income countries (LMICs). Methods: We performed a systematic review of articles on outpatient provider burnout in LMICs published up to 2016 in three electronic databases (EMBASE, MEDLINE, and CAB). Articles were reviewed to identify prevalence of and risk factors associated with provider burnout. Results: A total of 6,182 articles were identified, with 20 meeting eligibility criteria. We found heterogeneity in definition and prevalence of burnout. Most studies assessed burnout using the Maslach Burnout Inventory. All three dimensions of burnout were seen across multiple cadres (physicians, nurses, community health workers, and pharmacists). Frontline nurses in South Africa had the highest prevalence of high emotional exhaustion and depersonalization, while PHC providers in Lebanon had the highest reported prevalence of low personal achievement. Higher provider burnout was associated with high job stress, high time pressure and workload, and lack of organizational support. Conclusions: Our comprehensive review of published literature showed that provider burnout is an important problem across various health care providers in LMICs. Further studies are required to better measure the prevalence, causes and consequences of burnout, and guide the development of effective interventions to reduce or prevent burnout.
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Istúriz, Raúl E., and Claude Carbon. "Antibiotic Use in Developing Countries." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 21, no. 6 (June 2000): 394–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/501780.

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Antimicrobials have been used successfully for over 6 decades, but genes expressing resistance to them have emerged in strains of bacteria and have disseminated through the global ecosystem to reach infecting microorganisms, produce disease, and seriously interfere with therapy, allowing infections to progress and kill despite antibiotic administration. The upsurge in prevalence of such resistance genes in the bacterial population that colonize and infect humans involves two processes, emergence and dissemination, in both of which there have been contributions from the developing world, where resistance is common and increasing. The emergence of pneumococcal isolates noted in Papua New Guinea and later in South Africa that 1 decade later spread to most of the world and the intercontinental spread between the United States and Venezuela of a new gentamicin resistance gene carried on an epidemic plasmid are examples of the ability of bacteria to travel freely, without regard to borders. Complex societal issues such as the misuse of antibiotics by physicians, pharmacists, and the public; the suboptimal quality of the drugs (emergence); and conditions such as crowding, lack of hygiene, poor or nonexistent hospital infection control practices, or insufficient surveillance (dissemination) play a largely unmeasured role that requires study and solutions. In the meantime, we may intervene to delay the emergence of resistance and to limit its spread by promoting the judicious use of antibiotics both at the local level as well as from multinational organized cooperative efforts. Education and improvement of surveillance and socioeconomic conditions are integral parts of any solution strategy.
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Carney, Tara, John Wells, Michael Bergin, Siphokazi Dada, Michelle Foley, Padraig McGuiness, Anna Rapca, Eileen Rich, and Marie Claire Van Hout. "A Comparative Exploration of Community Pharmacists’ Views on the Nature and Management of Over-the-Counter (OTC) and Prescription Codeine Misuse in Three Regulatory Regimes: Ireland, South Africa and the United Kingdom." International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction 14, no. 4 (February 10, 2016): 351–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11469-016-9640-z.

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Papastergiou, John, Michelle Donnelly, Wilson Li, Robert D. Sindelar, and Bart van den Bemt. "Community Pharmacy-Based eGFR Screening for Early Detection of CKD in High Risk Patients." Canadian Journal of Kidney Health and Disease 7 (January 2020): 205435812092261. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2054358120922617.

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Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a condition presenting with long-term slow progression of structural and/or functional damage to the kidneys. Early detection is key to preventing complications and improving outcomes. Point-of-care estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) screening technology allows for detection of abnormal kidney function in the community pharmacy setting. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of a community pharmacist-directed point-of-care screening program and to identify the prevalence of CKD in high-risk patients. Design: Quantitative observational. Setting: Four community pharmacies in British Columbia over a 6-month period. Patients: In all, 642 participants with at least one CKD risk factor were identified and screened. Mean age was 60 years and females accounted for 55% of the study population. Measurements: Serum creatinine was measured from peripheral blood using the HeathTab® screening system (Piccolo® Renal Function Panel with the Piccolo® blood chemistry analyzer). eGFR was calculated according to the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) formula. Methods: Patients provided a sample of peripheral blood via a self-administered finger-prick and analytical data to assess kidney function was reported including blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine, and electrolytes by the HealthTab® screening system. Once results were available, the pharmacist conducted a comprehensive medication review with the patient and recommended certain follow-up actions if appropriate. Results: CKD risk factor included diabetes (30%), hypertension (45%), cardiovascular disease (12%), family history of kidney disease (13%), age over 55 years (68%), and an Aboriginal, Asian, South Asian, or African ethnic background (82%). A total of 11.5% of patients had eGFR values lower than 60 mL/min (abnormal renal function) and 34% had an eGFR between 60 and 89 mL/min (minimally reduced renal function). Overall pharmacists’ actions included blood pressure check (98%), education on CKD and risk factors (89%), medication review (72%), and physician follow-up (38%). Limitations included lack of follow-up beyond the 3-month study period prevented medical confirmation of CKD and limited the ability to quantify the impact of pharmacist interventions on the clinical outcomes of patients with low eGFR. Conclusion: These results illustrate the prevalence of abnormal renal function among undiagnosed, high-risk patients in the community. Pharmacists, as the most accessible healthcare practitioners, are ideally positioned to utilize novel point-of care technologies to improve access to CKD screening, facilitate follow-up, and increase awareness around the importance of early detection.
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Baleta, Adele. "South African pharmacists to fight drug laws in court." Lancet 363, no. 9424 (June 2004): 1878. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(04)16399-x.

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Gilbert, Leah. "Dispensing doctors and prescribing pharmacists: A South African perspective." Social Science & Medicine 46, no. 1 (January 1998): 83–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0277-9536(97)00147-0.

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Richter, M. L., W. D. F. Venter, and A. Gray. "Enabling HIV self-testing in South Africa." Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine 13, no. 4 (October 4, 2012): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajhivmed.v13i4.114.

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In a South African context, we consider the implications of the United States Food and Drug Administration’s recent approval of the OraQuick HIV self-testing kit. We argue that current law and policy inhibit the roll-out of accurate and well-regulated self-testing kits, and create a loophole for sale in supermarkets, but not pharmacies.
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Langford, Bradley, and Timothy Gauthier. "ASPChat: Participation and Reach of a Real-Time Twitter Chat on Antimicrobial Stewardship." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 41, S1 (October 2020): s89—s90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2020.585.

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Background: Healthcare professionals with roles in infectious disease and antimicrobial stewardship have a growing presence on social media. Twitter has evolved to become a popular venue for healthcare professional communication, with the potential to support improved quality of patient care. To harness this growth and provide an opportunity for learning and networking, we developed a monthly Twitter chat on a variety of antimicrobial stewardship topics. Our objective was to evaluate the reach of this online initiative. Methods: In November 2016, to coincide with World Antibiotic Awareness Week, we held the first ASP chat (#ASPChat). Twitter chats continue monthly for 1 hour each month. Topics range from rapid diagnostic testing to duration of antibiotic therapy, and 6 questions are posed for each event. Questions about common strategies, clinical pearls, helpful resources, and literature are commonly integrated into the discussion. The event is open to all Twitter users regardless of discipline or location of practice. Participants use the ASPChat hash tag to follow along with the conversation. To evaluate the monthly Twitter chats, analytics were obtained from Symplur Healthcare Hashtags including impressions, the number of potential views for each Tweet, number of Tweets, and number of participants. Results: To date, 33 ASPChat events have been held, with a total of 20,478,000 impressions. The average number of Tweets per month was 346 and the average number of participants was 86 (Fig. 1). Participants have included pharmacists, physicians, infection control practitioners, and nonclinicians. Countries represented have included the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. The average monthly impressions stands at 620,559 and has increased each year from between 23% and 86%. Conclusions: A monthly Twitter Chat is a feasible and sustainable approach to connecting antimicrobial stewards across a wide geographical range. The broad reach of the ASPChat events presents an opportunity to influence and unite a diverse group of professionals aiming to improve antibiotic use. Further evaluation is recommended to understand the professional and clinical impact of this important communication tool.Funding: NoneDisclosures: None
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Truter, I., and JC Lamprecht. "Dispensing Patterns of Vaccines by Pharmacies in South Africa." Value in Health 19, no. 7 (November 2016): A421—A422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2016.09.434.

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Truter, I. "Dispensing of Vitamin Products by Retail Pharmacies in South Africa." Value in Health 18, no. 7 (November 2015): A525. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2015.09.1615.

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Truter, I. "Prescribing Patterns of Opioids Dispensed by Pharmacies in South Africa." Value in Health 19, no. 7 (November 2016): A598. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2016.09.1448.

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Swart, Annoesjka Maria, Briony Sue Chisholm, Karen Cohen, Lesley Jean Workman, David Cameron, and Marc Blockman. "Analysis of queries from nurses to the South African National HIV & TB Health Care Worker Hotline." Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine 14, no. 4 (November 22, 2013): 179–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajhivmed.v14i4.54.

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Background. Since 2008, the Medicines Information Centre (MIC) has run the South African National HIV & TB Health Care Worker Hotline which provides free information on patient treatment to all healthcare workers in South Africa. With the introduction of nurse-initiated management of antiretroviral therapy (NIMART) in the public sector, the need for easy access to HIV and tuberculosis (TB) information has increased, especially among nurses. The hotline aims to provide this, most importantly to nurses in rural areas, where clinical staff often have little access to peer review.Objective. To describe the queries received from nurses by the hotline between 1 March and 31 May 2012 and identify problem areas and knowledge gaps where nurses may require further training.Methods. All queries received from nurses during the study period were analysed. An experienced information pharmacist reviewed all queries to identify knowledge gaps.Results. During the study period, the hotline received a total of 1 479 HIV- and TB-related queries from healthcare workers. Of these, 386 were received from nurses, of which 254 (66%) were NIMART-trained. The most common query subtopic was initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART) (20%), followed by adverse drug reactions (18%). The most common knowledge gap identified was the ability to interpret laboratory results before initiating ART (10%).Discussion. We conclude that the hotline is providing clinical help to an increasing number of nurses on the topic of treating HIV and TB throughout South Africa. In addition, queries directed to the hotline may assist in identifying knowledge gaps for the further training of nurses.
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Thandar, Yasmeen, Julia Botha, Benn Sartorius, and Anisa Mosam. "Knowledge, attitude and practices of South African healthcare professionals towards complementary and alternative medicine use for atopic eczema – a descriptive survey." South African Family Practice 59, no. 2 (May 11, 2017): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/safp.v59i1.4656.

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Background: Complementary and alternative medicines (CAM) are used widely for treating atopic eczema (AE), commonly in conjunction with conventional medicines prescribed by mainstream healthcare professionals (HCPs). This cross-sectional survey evaluated the knowledge, general attitudes and practices regarding CAM among dermatologists, paediatricians, general practitioners (GPs) and pharmacists treating patients with AE in Durban, KwaZulu-Natal. Methods: Questionnaires were sent via email or hand-delivered to HCPs nearby. Results: Of the 330 respondents, 220 (67%) were males and 110 (33%) females. Most (40%) were > 50 years. GPs and pharmacists were significantly more embracing of CAM compared with dermatologists and paediatricians. The majority were not familiar with most CAMs for AE. More GPs (29%) and pharmacists (43%) recommend CAM compared with dermatologists (8%) and paediatricians (5%). GPs and pharmacists were also amenable to referring patients to CAM practitioners. The majority do not initiate discussions with their patients regarding CAM use nor enquire when taking a history. Many dermatologists (65%) and pharmacists (51%) reported that their patients ask about CAM. All dermatologists, 95% of paediatricians, 87% of GPs and 55% of pharmacists reported having no training in CAM but believed it should be included in their curriculum. Most are interested in learning about CAM and agreed that it would better prepare them in managing patients. Conclusion: This study demonstrated poor CAM knowledge and communication between HCPs and patients but a strong interest amongst HCPs to learn more. There is an urgent need for continuing education programmes and inclusion in undergraduate curriculums, which will assist HCPs in influencing better patient outcomes. (Full text of the research articles are available online at www.medpharm.tandfonline.com/ojfp) S Afr Fam Pract 2017; DOI: 10.1080/20786190.2016.1248146
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