Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Pharmacocinétique de population'
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Hirt, Déborah. "Pharmacocinétique de population du nelfinavir." Paris 5, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA05P636.
Full textNelfinavir is a protease inhibitor used for AIDS treatment. This drug is metabolized by CYP2C19 to an active metabolite, M8. There is a high interindividual variability in nelfinavir and M8 plasma concentrations, with consequences on therapeutic efficacy. In four different publications, we analyzed variability factors of these concentrations thanks to population pharmacokinetics method: in pregnant women and women at delivery, in children and fetus and in adults with genetic polymorphism for the CYP2C19. Then, from the estimated individual pharmacokinetic parameters, we calculated minimal dose necessary to reach an effective concentration. When data concerning efficacy and toxicity were available, pharmacokinetic – pharmacodynamic relationships were studied. The results obtained permitted to give adapted doses recommendations
Imbs, Diane-Charlotte. "Apport de la pharmacocinétique de population dans l'étude des interactions pharmacocinétiques impliquant le pazopanib." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30128/document.
Full textPazopanib is a multitarget tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) approved for the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma and metastatic soft tissue sarcoma. Like most TKI, pazopanib exhibits a large inter-individual pharmacokinetic (PK) variability, with a 1:8 plasmatic exposure variation factor between individuals. Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) relationships suggest that therapeutic drug monitoring would be useful for individualized dosing of this drug. In current clinical practice, TKI are often combined with other anticancer drugs in order to optimise anti-tumour activity. However, therapeutic combinations can potentially lead to drug interactions. Therefore, PK investigations are needed in order to evaluate any PK interaction between each compound. PK data from two different phase I studies evaluating pazopanib in combination either with a cytotoxic, cisplatin, or with another targeted therapy, bevacizumab, were analysed. PK analysis of both studies using a population PK approach, confirmed the high inter-individual PK variability of pazopanib and allowed us to quantify different sources of variability: inter-, intra- patient variability and variability due to drug-drug interactions. Pazopanib is very highly bound to plasma proteins (>99%). Unbound drug concentrations in plasma are thought to be a more reliable indicator of the therapeutic target. Therefore equilibrium dialysis method coupled with UPLC/MS-MS assay has been optimized for the determination of plasma unbound fraction of pazopanib in vitro and ex vivo. PK/PD relationships between unbound plasma concentrations and toxicity in comparison with total plasma concentrations were studied for pazopanib
Benaboud, Nedjma Sihem. "Pharmacocinétique de population des antirétroviraux chez la femme enceinte." Thesis, Paris 5, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA05P648.
Full textImportant physiological changes occur during pregnancy. These changes may affect the pharmacokinetics and/or pharmacodynamics of the administered medication. In HIV infected women, antiretroviral treatment adequacy and effectiveness is essential for the health of the mother and for the prevention of HIV transmission to the newborn. For optimal treatment interms of efficacy and tolerance, the effect of pregnancy on antiretroviral concentrations in themother and their transplacental passage have to be assessed.In this work we used the appropriate methodology in this population: non linear mixed effects modeling. Data from therapeutic drug monitoring, as well as data from a multicenter clinical trial (TEmAA) were analyzed using: NONMEM or Monolix. In the first study presented, we investigated the pharmacokinetics of tenofovir in pregnant women. We observed a relatively large effect of pregnancy, a 39% increase of the apparent clearance in pregnant and parturient woman. A dose increase should be therefore investigated in these women. In the second study, we demonstrated a slight increase in lamivudine exposure during pregnancy. This increase does not require dose adjustment. In the third study, the concentration of nevirapinein the mother and her newborn were analyzed and the administration scheme was evaluated.In the last study, based on concentrations of tenofovir and emtricitabine in breast milk that arereported here for the first time in humans, we simulated the concentration profiles obtained ininfants
Breilh, Dominique. "Pharmacocinétique de population de la Vancomycine chez le sujet neutropénique." Bordeaux 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995BOR2P054.
Full textBertrand, Julie. "Pharmacogénétique en Pharmacocinétique de population : tests et sélection de modèles." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00482994.
Full textHamitouche, Noureddine. "Modélisation pharmacocinétique - pharmacodynamique de la fludrocotisone par approche de population." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN1B026/document.
Full textIntroduction. Low doses of corticosteroids showed beneficial effects in septic shock patients. These favorable effects may be partly result from the stimulation of the mineralocorticoid receptors. This finding has led us to explore the pharmacokinetic and the effects on hemodynamic and biologic parameters of fludrocortisone which is a potent mineralocorticoid. Methods. In this work, a population approach modeling (nonlinear mixed effects modeling) was used to characterize the pharmacokinetic and the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationship of fludrocortisone in healthy volunteers and the pharmacokinetic in septic shock patients. Results. In healthy volunteers after single oral administration alone or in combination with hydrocortisone, fludrocortisone 50 µg showed a short and similar plasma elimination half-life that intravenous hydrocortisone. Fludrocortisone plasma concentrations and effect on urinary sodium/potassium ratio had a higher inter-individual variability as compared to hydrocortisone. Simulations suggested that the administration regimen of fludrocortisone should be reconsidered. In septic shock patient, a single oral dose of fludrocortisone at 50 µg yielded detectable plasma drug concentrations in two-thirds of adults with septic shock. Fludrocortisone pharmacokinetics showed a short plasma elimination half-life and a large inter-individual variability. These results suggested that an intravenous formulation of fludrocortisone would be useful to reduce its pharmacokinetic variability in septic patients. In healthy volunteers again, after 5 days of repeated oral administration, fludrocortisone improved pressor response to phenylephrine. This effect was observed only at the dose of 400 µg/day, suggesting that fludrocortisone at higher doses than previously administered (50 µg/day) may be useful to be effective. Furthermore, we showed that fludrocortisone had a short plasma half-live (1.94 h) which is consistent with our previously published study. After 5 day of repeated administration, fludrocortisone significantly increased blood pressure. This effect was more marked at the dose of 400 µg/day. Conclusion. Our results argue in favor of potential beneficial effects that fludrocortisone could have in septic shock patients. An evaluation of the effectiveness of fludrocortisone in these patients is now possible and necessary to confirm our results
Antic, Julie. "Méthodes non-paramétriques en pharmacocinétique et/ou pharmacodynamie de population." Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/935/.
Full textThis thesis studies non-parametric (NP) methods for the estimation of random-effects' distribution in non-linear mixed effect models. The objective is to evaluate the interest of these methods for population Pharmacokinetics (PK) and/or Pharmacodynamics (PD) analyses within Pharmaceutical industry. In a first step, the thesis reviews the statistical properties of four important NP methods. Besides, their practical performances are evaluated using some simulation studies, inspired from population PK analyses. The interest of NP methods is established in theory and in practice. NP methods are then for the population PK/PD analysis of an anti-diabetic drug. The aim is to evaluate the methods abilities to detect a sub-population of nonresponder patients. Some simulation studies show that two NP methods seem more capable of detecting this sub-population. The last part of the thesis is dedicated to the research of stochastic algorithms that improve the computation of NP methods. A perturbed stochastic gradient algorithm is proposed
Antignac, Marie. "Pharmacocinétique de population du tacrolimus en transplantations rénales et hépatiques." Paris 6, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA066555.
Full textWilliam, Faltaos Démiana. "Apport du suivi thérapeutique et de la pharmacocinétique / pharmacodynamique de population pour l'adaptation posologique des médicaments : application aux statines et au méthotrexate." Paris 5, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA05P605.
Full textWe have applied the PK/PD modelling to the dose adjustment of statins and methotrexate (MTX). In the first study the time course of the LDL lowering effect of statins (atorvastatin, fluvastatin or simvastatin) was described by an indirect response model with precursor and response compartments, where the LDL synthesis was inhibited in the precursor compartment and the LDL elimination was stimulated in a dose and molecule dependant manner in the response compartment. The final model was used to simulate the LDL time-course with each dose of the three statins. In the second study a population PK model was developed to describe the PK of MTX in adults with lymphoid malignancy. 51 patients receiving 136 courses of MTX were included. The final model was applied to the Bayesian estimation of MTX concentrations testing different limited sampling strategies. The two blood samples strategy [H24, H48] gave a satisfactory Bayesian prediction of MTX PK parameters and concentrations
Guilhaumou, Romain. "Pharmacocinétique, pharmacogénétique et neurotoxicité de la vincristine dans une population pédiatrique." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX22950.
Full textVincristine is a natural vinca-alkaloid widely used in many chemotherapy regimens for paediatric tumourdiseases. The most frequent and clinically relevant side-effect of vincristine is a dose-limitingneurotoxicity which is unpredictable and characterized by a great variability between patients. Thisvariability could have a pharmacokinetic and pharmacogenetic origin, partly due to the intense hepaticmetabolism of vincristine through both CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 and a transport by P-glycoprotein (encodedby the ABCB1 gene). Indeed, several genetic polymorphisms have been described for CYP3A4, CYP3A5and ABCB1 which could affect the expression and/or the functionality of the protein. We have firstdeveloped a sensitive and highly specific LC-MS/MS method for vincristine quantification, suitable for apharmacokinetics-pharmacogenetics study in paediatric patients treated for solid tumours diseases.Our results showed that demographic, therapeutic and genetic factors assessed (CYP3A5*3, CYP3A4*1Balleles and ABCB1 C1236T, G2677T (A) and C3435T mutations) are not predictive of vincristinepharmacokinetics variability observed in our paediatric population. These results are enhanced by theobservation of a wide inter-course variability which cannot be explained by genetic factors. In somepatients, we were able to evaluate the vincristine intracellular concentration and we observed similarly alarge inter-patient variability. Two populations emerge according with the intracellular vincristineaccumulation and this dichotomic distribution could have a genetic origin. Indeed, a tendency to a greateraccumulation of intracellular vincristine was observed in patients with ABCB1 CGC-TTT diplotype in theearly post-dose period.Nevertheless, the incidence of neurotoxicity in our population has not been associated to differences inplasma exposure and intracellular accumulation of vincristine and to the assessed genetic polymorphismsof CYP3A4, CYP3A5 and ABCB1. The clinical relevance of differences in the intracellular accumulation ofvincristine remains to be evaluated on a larger cohort of patients. The variability of vincristineneurotoxicity does not seem to be explained by genetic factors affecting its pharmacokinetics and thereforecould have a pharmacodynamic origin, probably linked to a modification of vincristine sensitivity inpatients
Léger, Frédéric. "Analyse pharmacocinétique – pharmacodynamique et optimisation des traitements par topotécan." Toulouse 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOU30252.
Full textTopotecan (Hycamtin®) is a topoisomerase I inhibitor cytotoxic agent. A rather large pharmacokinetic (PK) variability and demonstrated relationships between hematological toxicity and PK parameters are arguments for an optimisation of the treatment. In our work are reported the results of a phase I clinical study which allowed to demonstrate the potential interest of a more protracted administration schedule for topotecan and the feasibility of exploring an increasing number of administrations based on a daily fixed AUC rather than on a mg/m² dosing. A population analysis (NONMEM) allowed to obtain the PK parameters of I. V. And oral topotecan, as well as the associated variabilities, to explore the influence of covariates, and to propose a limited sampling strategy. A semi-physiological PK-PD model was used to modelise and describe the time course of topotecan-associated neutropenia, allowing to quantify the pharmacodynamic (toxicity) variability and to study the impact of covariates
Maire, Pascal. "Variabilité de la thérapeutique médicamenteuse : description, estimation et contrôle de quelques explorations, notamment en antibiothérapie gériatrique." Lyon 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998LYO1W002.
Full textBreilh, Dominique. "Modélisation pharmacocinétique de la diffusion pulmonaire de trois antibiotiques : céfépime, vancomycine, ciprofloxacine utlisant une méthode d'analyse populationnelle (nonmem)." Bordeaux 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998BOR2B006.
Full textSabot, Christophe. "Pharmacocinétique de population et estimation bayésienne : application au méthotrexate haute dose, à la vinorelbine et à l'isoniazide." Limoges, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995LIMO304C.
Full textRichier, Géraldine. "Construction d'une approche pharmacocinétique de population, application à un antidépresseur : le milnacipran." Paris 5, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA05P198.
Full textBouillon-Pichault, Marion. "Introduction des covariables dans les modèles pharmacocinétiques de population : exemples et optimisation chez l'enfant." Paris 5, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA05P644.
Full textPharmacokinetics (PK) is the study of the time course of a drug in the organism. The population approach allows to identify covariates (physio, bio, pharmaco characteristics… influencing the PK of drug). In children, bodyweight and age are two covariates essential to be taken into account. The first part of this work evaluated the influence of bodyweight and co-treatments on the clearance of lopinavir in adults and confirmed the risk of sub-optimal concentrations in pre-treated patients accentuated by bodyweight. The second part of this work demonstrated the influence of gestational age and delivery on lopinavir clearance in pregnant women and confirmed the risk of sub-optimal dosing with the currently recommended dosing regimens in pre-treated pregnant women. The third part of this work demonstrated the influence of enzymatic inducers on topiramate clearance in children, and the influence of age and bodyweight on topiramate distribution volume. A modification of the dosage regimen was proposed depending on these covariates. The last part of this work evaluated the capacity of a PK design, that has been established by optimization of age of patients and sampling time distribution, to accurately estimate the parameters on a whole population (adult and pediatric). A limited design in terms of number of age categories was demonstrated to allow an accurate estimation of PK parameters for the whole pediatric range. This work presented the difficulties and the fundamental clinical consequences of covariate integration in population models and proposed a methodology answering the difficulties of PK pediatric evaluation in agreement with the EMA guidelines
Djebli, Nassim. "Etude de l’influence des polymorphismes des enzymes du métabolisme sur la pharmacocinétique des immunosuppresseurs (sirolimus et mycophénolate mofétil) et pharmacocinétique de population du sirolimus." Limoges, 2006. https://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/fe0c652b-9159-405d-afed-52e32454a242/blobholder:0/2006LIMO100G.pdf.
Full textThe studies undertaken during this work aimed at identifying the principal sources of inter-individual pharmacokinetic variability of two immunosuppressive drugs, sirolimus and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF, pro-drug of MPA), and at analyzing the population pharmacokinetics of sirolimus in renal transplant patients. These studies led to (i) the identification of the CYP3A5*3 as being partly involved in the inter-individual pharmacokinetic variability of sirolimus, and to the quantitation of its contribution in this variability for an individualization of sirolimus dose in order to reach the steady-state for all patients as soon as possible; (ii) the investigation of the inhibition by cyclosporine of sirolimus metabolism via CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 and the impact of this inhibition on the appearance of a significant effect of CYP3A5*3 polymorphism on the hepatic metabolism of sirolimus; (iii) the development of a population pharmacokinetic model for sirolimus in renal transplant patients during the first 3 months post-transplantation and the development of a Bayesian estimator able to accurately estimate the pharmacokinetic parameters and exposure indices, whatever the post-transplant period, using 3 sampling times (0, 1h and 3h post-dose) and the CYP3A5 genotype of the patient; and finally (iv) the demonstration of a significant effect ofUGT2B7 genotype on the in vitro AcMPAG production and the in vivo exposure of renal transplant patients receiving sirolimus in association with MMF to this potentially toxic metabolite of MPA; and of an increased in vitro AcMPAG production following the pre-treatment by corticosteroids, probably by an increased induction of the UGT2B7 expression suggesting the implication of this induction in vivo in the decrease of MPA exposure and in the increase of exposure to its metabolites AcMPAG and MPAG with time post-transplant
Foissac, Frantz. "Pharmacocinétique de population du lopinavir, de l'atazanavir et de la névirapine chez l'enfant." Thesis, Paris 5, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA05P645.
Full textThe pharmacokinetics of two protease inhibitors, lopinavir and atazanavir and that of a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, nevirapine, has been studied in children by a population approach. This approach allowed us to study the factors affecting the pharmacokinetic variability of each antiretroviral drug. Based on adult concentration-effect relationships, we evaluated the recommended dosage of atazanavir and nevirapine in children in terms of efficacy and toxicity. The study of lopinavir led us to compare in terms of pharmacokinetics, efficacy and safety, a switch from the twice-daily to the once-daily lopinavir/ritonavir regimen. These three studies showed that the apparent clearance and the apparent volume of distribution increased allometrically with body weight. For atazanavir, it was shown that co-administration of ritonavir or tenofovir resulted respectively in a decrease or increase of its apparent clearance. For nevirapine, an effect of age on its bioavailability was pointed out, the relative bioavailability increased with age. In conclusion, the switch of lopinavir/ritonavir regimen was found to be to be equivalent in terms of pharmacokinetics, but resulted in a decrease in the proportion of patients with undetectable viral load. Current dosing recommendations for atazanavir/ritonavir may lead to over-dosage for the body weight range 32-50 kg. Doses of nevirapine recommended by the World Health Organization could lead to under-dosing for children weighing between 3 and 10 kg
Callies, Sophie. "Analyse pharmacocinétique de population d'une forme à libération prolongée d'un hypertenseur, la moxonidine." Paris 5, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA05P211.
Full textJullien, Vincent. "Pharmacocinétique de population de l'abacavir, de la stavudine et du lopinavir chez l'enfant." Paris 5, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA05P606.
Full textThe pharmacokinetics of three antiretroviral drugs in current use in children, abacavir, stavudine, and lopinavir, was investigated by the use of a population approach. Abacavir pharmacokinetics was studied on 105 children ranging in age from 1 month to 16 years. Apparent distribution volume (Vd/F) and clearance (CL/F) were proportional to bodyweight. The current recommended dosage regimen of 8 mg/kg allowed to achieve the target area under the curve (AUC) of 6 mg. H/L corresponding to abacavir maximal efficacy in adults. Stavudine pharmacokinetics was investigated on 272 children ranging in age from 3 days to 16 years. V/F and CL/F were both related to age and the AUC obtained in adults was achieved with the current recommended paediatric dosage regimen. Lopinavir pharmacokinetics was studied on 135 children ranging in age from 3 days to 18 years. V/F and CL/F were both related to bodyweight, and weight-related clearance was 3 to 4 times higher in infants youger than 6 months compared to older children. After the age of 12, CL/F was also 40 % higher in boys compared to girls. These studies supported the current recommended abacavir and Stavudine dosage regimen. But, infants younger than 6 months and boys older than 12 could be underexposed to lopinavir. The possible consequence of these pharmacokinetic discrepancies on lopinavir efficacy, and the possible need for an increase in lopinavir dosage regimen in these children should further investigated
Martinez, Jean-Marie. "Contribution de l'approche de pharmacocinétique de population au développement clinique des médicaments : application aux données de phase III." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON13511.
Full textUsing sophisticated statistical techniques, the population approach allows estimating the pharmacokinetic properties (study of the absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination phenomena of a drug into the body) in patients included in Phase III studies, despite a low number of blood samples collected. It also allows evaluating, from the patients' characteristics, the sources of interindividual variability (covariates) that may explain the potential differences observed in a given subpopulation.After a brief review of the technical aspects of the population approach, the results of the analyses performed on three drugs in the end of their clinical development will be presented. The first example details the process of a population analysis carried out in more than 3000 patients, together with the results of a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analysis. In a second part, we underline a validation technique (the bootstrap) and the simulation study performed to emphasize the conclusions of the study. The last example presents a population pharmacokinetic model applied to the simultaneous fit of data from a parent drug and its active metabolite, the other originality of the analysis being the use of the randomization test to verify the covariates inclusion in the model.The conclusions of these analyses allow a better understanding of the kinetics of the three drugs in their target population by emphasizing potential subpopulations at risk and, hence, participate to verify their efficacy and their absence of toxicity
Bouazza, Naïm. "Pharmacocinétique et pharmacodynamie des inhibiteurs de la transcriptase inverse chez l’enfant." Thesis, Paris 5, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA05P646.
Full textLarge physiological variations are observed throughout the development of children, these variations are involved in all steps of the fate of the drug. These physiological changes induce a high interindividual variability of pharmacokinetic parameters in children. Thus, it is important to study the pharmacokinetics of various compounds administered in children as well as the variation of associated parameters. For this purpose, population pharmacokinetics seems to be well adapted. The population approach unlike conventional pharmacokinetic studies can be performed with very few blood samples per patient obtained at different times, which presents a great interest in terms of ethics in children. The pharmacology of many antiretroviral drugs remains unknown in children and very few information is available on the effectiveness of currently recommended pediatric doses. A population pharmacokinetic model of lamivudine in children has been performed and we found that the youngest children were potentially underexposed with the recommended dose and an appropriate dosage has been proposed. For the first time, doses for newborns have been proposed as well; indeed the current lamivudine doses are based on physiological maturity assumptions derived from adults. Pediatric doses for tenofovir were proposed also for the first time thanks’ to population modeling. In the last part of this thesis we use the population approach to perform a pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic model linking the concentrations of lamivudine, didanosine and efavirenz to virologic efficacy in children. A composite score has been derived from the model and provided a high predictive performance to treatment failure. This score seems to be very useful in the therapeutic management of HIV-1 infected children
Catala, Isabelle. "Estimation des paramètres pharmacocinétiques de population de la carbamazépine en surveillance thérapeutique hospitalière." Montpellier 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON11103.
Full textLanoiselée, Julien. "Pharmacocinétique de population dans l'évaluation et l'optimisation des schémas posologiques en médecine péri-opératoire." Thesis, Lyon, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LYSES042.
Full textPopulation pharmacokinetics is a useful tool to evaluate drugs, and bring information about regimen optimization in special populations. It aims to identify and quantify the factors and covariates that may affect pharmacokinetic inter individual variability, in order to propose individualized drugs regimen adapted to patients’ characteristics. This work aims to evaluate the strengths and limitations of this approach to evaluate and optimize drugs regimen in the field of perioperative medicine. A first section displays the benefits of this approach to evaluate tranexamic acid pharmacokinetic variability in total hip arthroplasty surgery, in order to evaluate the relationship between drug exposure and postoperative bleeding. A second section displays the benefits to quantify cefuroxime pharmacokinetic variability in cardiac surgery under cardiopulmonary bypass, in order to propose an individualized drug regimen. A last section displays the benefits of this approach to evaluate cefazolin exposure in obese patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty surgery. To propose relevant pharmacokinetics models, statistic methods should be used with precision. The results of these studies aim to propose individualized drugs regimen, adapted to patients’ characteristics without pharmacokinetic variability. Anyway, the relevance of these results should be compared to the expected benefits in terms of drugs exposure and effect optimization in the studied populations
Zhao, Wei. "Etudes pharmacocinétiques en pédiatrie : pré-requis, modélisation et analyse de la variabilité génétique et non-génétique." Paris 5, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA05P613.
Full textThe organ maturation, changes in body composition and ontogeny of metabolising enzymes and transporters are responsible for the developmental changes of pharmacokinetics in children. The objective of this thesis is to analyse the different steps of the pharmacokinetic studies in children (requirements, conduction and data analysis). The results will optimise drug use including therapeutic drug monitoring. The thesis includes studies concerning these different steps illustrated by examples 1) analytical requirements were demonstrated by the development of a highly sensitive analytical method of ciprofloxacin with micro-HPLC-MS, 2) the conduct and data analysis of classical pharmacokinetic studies were demonstrated with the example of antiretroviral drugs in HIV infected children, 3) the conduct and data analysis of population pharmacokinetic studies were illustrated by the use of immunosuppressants in renal transplant children. In addition, integration of pharmacogenetic variability was included in these studies. 4) the importance of population pharmacokinetic modelling for therapeutic drug monitoring was also demonstrated with two drugs frequently used in nephrology which are mycophenolate mofetil in patients with nephrotic syndrome and valganciclovir in cytomegalovirus infected patients. The thesis illustrates the different aspects of pharmacokinetic studies and primarily, modelisation in order to describe and explain pharmacokinetic variability in children and then optimise monitoring
Marsot, Amélie. "Pharmacocinétique de population chez les nouveau-nés et jeunes enfants : vers un modèle optimal pour la vancomycine et le phénobarbital." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM5063.
Full textNeonates and young infants are a specific population in which clinical studies are rare and difficult. Pharmacokinetic modeling allows to realize non invasive studies and is therefore particularly well suited for this population.As well as for scientific experimentation which requires several studies to lead to a consensus, several pharmacokinetic databases are needed to achieve a generalizable optimal model.Nevertheless, many pharmacokinetic models are published for the same molecule, independently of each other, without knowing clearly which is the most suitable. Conversely many molecules are not or little studied and can not lead to reliable recommendations.The aim of this thesis was to find a strategy to prefer a model over another, and thus lead to an optimal model to make recommendations. We chose to focus our interest on population pharmacokinetic studies in neonatology and more specifically on two molecules: vancomycin and phenobarbital
Payen, Salomé. "Intérêt de la pharmacocinétique de population pour l'adaptation posologique et le suivi thérapeutique en pédiatrie." Montpellier 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MON13502.
Full textPadoin, Christophe. "Modifications pharmacocinétiques chez le sujet de réanimation : application à l'isépamicine." Paris 5, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA05P176.
Full textEdno, Leïla. "Pharmacocinétique de population et diffusion tissulaire du méthotrexate chez les patients atteints de polyarthrite rhumatoïde." Montpellier 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996MON13516.
Full textLaporte-Simitsidis, Silvy. "Regroupement de données issues de différentes études en pharmacocinétique et prise en compte de la variabilité inter-étude." Lyon 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000LYO1T029.
Full textSaint-Marcoux, Franck. "Pharmacocinétique et suivi thérapeutique pharmacologique de la ciclosporine en transplantation d'organes solides." Limoges, 2004. http://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/5c456b72-6d49-47eb-bb9d-71eb36e0563f/blobholder:0/2004LIMO310B.pdf.
Full textCyclosporine (CsA) is the keystone of immunosuppression in transplant recipients, and its Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) is consensually recommended. However, very few pharmacokinetic (PK) studies were published for CsA and the tools designed for the TDM of this drug are scarce. Even fewer population pharmacokinetic (PKpop) studies have been reported so far, which is mainly due to the lack of PK models that fit the particular absorption profiles of this drug. Our studies, based on a large database from different clinical pharmacokinetic trials, compared different PK models to deal with CsA absorption profiles obtained in renal, lung (with or without Cystic Fibrosis) and heart transplants, whether adults or pediatrics. Using NONMEM program, the pharmacokinetics of CsA were adequately described by models combining an Erlang distribution to describe the absorption phase and a two-compartment model with first-order elimination. These models were more accurate than models with zero-order or first-order absorption, even with a time-lag parameter. This is certainly due to a greater flexibility of the Erlang distribution in modeling flat or delayed PK profiles frequently observed in the populations studied herein. The PKpop studies identified several covariates as sources of variability on CsA PK parameters: type of graft, time elapsed post-transplantation, cystic fibrosis and body weight. Using the developed PKpop models as priors, different Bayesian estimators were set up and validated in independent groups of patients. On the basis of limited sampling strategies, these tools allowed accurate estimations of CsA PKs and exposure indices (AUC0-12h). Moreover, the selected LSS are clinically applicable as they only require a 3h-or 4h-stay in hospital. They could be helpful for conducting prospective studies, such as exposure-controlled studies, for optimizing TDM and individual CsA dosage regimens in transplant patients
Retout, Sylvie. "Optimisation de protocoles en régression non linéaire à effets mixtes : applications en pharmacocinétique de population." Paris 11, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA11TO16.
Full textMarouani, Hafedh. "Description de la variabilité en pharmacocinétique de population par l'approche nin paramétrique des noyaux : adaptation de posologie à l'aide des nomogrammes cinétiques." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM5502.
Full textPopulation pharmacokinetic approaches become nowadays systematic in both industry and clinical settings. The purpose of these studies is to describe and quantify statistically the interindividual variability.The reliability of the obtained information is fundamental because when used in a Bayesian criterion allows the estimation of individual pharmacokinetic parameters, which could lead to appropriate individual dosage regimens. The implementation of nonparametric kernel density estimators and the development of a new toolassisting individualization of dosage regimens are the main contributions in this thesis. A two-stage method was used in the multivariate context with normal heteroscedastic erors. To describe the variability of pharmacokinetic parameters, we implemented nonparmetric "naive" and deconvolution kernel density estimators. Least-squares cross valdation was used to calculate the optimal smoothing parameter for kernel estimators. Moreover, to assist individualization of drug regimens, we developed the kinetic nomograms. They involve collection of concentration-time following repeated administrations of a fixed "identification protocol" and targeting a given steady-state concentration. The profiles divide the concentration-time space into several areas, each of them corresponding to a given adjusted drug dose. All calculations were performed by use ofMatlab® software. The selector of least-squares cross validation provides good performances and implementation of the above kernel estimators was sucessful. Otherwise, performance evaluation in terms of dose adjustement of Sirolimus® by kinetic nomograms, in both simulation and clinical study, showed simplicity and reliability of the new procedure. It provides adequate dosage adjustement even for drugs that exhibit large intra-individual variability. Implemented nonparametric kernel estimators accurately described the interindividual pharmacokinetic variability, which is difficult to achieve when classical single-stage parametric approaches are used. In the clinical context, kinetic nomograms rendered the individual adjustement of dosage regimen a simplified bedside application. They are interesting alternatives to the cumbersome Bayesian procedure
Puisset, Florent. "Variabilité interindividuelle pharmacocinétique et pharmacodynamique en oncologie : application au Docetaxel et à la vinorelbine." Toulouse 3, 2007. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/79/.
Full textDoses of cytotoxics should be individualized based on individual clearance and on individual sensitivity. Aims of our study were 1) to predict the clearance of two CYP3A substrates (docetaxel and vinorelbine) based on a dexamethasone test, and 2) to identify pharmacodynamic factors in docetaxel sensitivity (hematotoxicity). By a population pharmacokinetic approach (NONMEM) we could show a correlation between dexamethasone clearance and docetaxel clearance and between dexamethasone clearance and vinorelbine clearance. By using a semi-mechanistic pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamic model describing well the docetaxel induced neutropeniae, we could assess the interindividual variability in sensitivity and study the pharmacodynamic factors that influence this variability
Thai, Hoai Thu. "Développement de modèles mécanistiques et évaluation de l'incertitude des paramètres par bootstrap : application aux médicaments anti-angiogéniques." Paris 7, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA077025.
Full textAngiogenesis, the development of new blood vessels from pre-existing vasculator, is particularly mediated by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a therapeutic target of new anti-angiogenic drugs such as aflibercept (Zaltrap®). Because of the binding to VEGF, the pharmacokinetic (PK)/pharmacodynamic (PD) properties of this new drug become more complex. In this thesis, we have studied the mechanism of action of aflibercept by building population PK/PD models. We firstly developed the joint PK model of free and bound aflibercept in healthy subjects. We then applied this model to data in cancer patients, assessed the influence of physiopathologie factors on their PK and evaluated the choice of therapeutic dose by simulation. A PD model characterizing the effect of aflibercept on tumor growth was then built for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. We also studied by simulation the contribution of bootstrap approach in nonlinear mixed-effects models (NLMEM) in estimating uncertainty of parameters. We have shown that the bootstraps only provide better estimates of uncertainty in NLMEM with high nonlinearity compared to the asymptotic method. The case bootstrap performs as well as the nonparametric bootstrap of both random effects and residuals. However, they may face practical problems, e. G skewed distributions in parameter estimates and unbalanced designs where stratification may be insufficient
Grégoire, Matthieu. "Optimisation de l'utilisation des céphalosporines en curatif et préventif d'infections bactériennes à partir de données PK/PD, de la pharmacocinétique de population, de simulations et d'une analyse du microbiote intestinal." Thesis, Nantes, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NANT4077/document.
Full textCephalosporins, discovered in the middle of the 20th century, belong to the beta-lactam class and act by inhibiting the synthesis of bacterial peptidoglycan. Many factors can affect their effectiveness but also their adverse effects. This thesis work articulated in 3 parts was interested in the pharmacokinetics of these molecules but also their pharmacodynamics targets within the digestive microbiota. The first part dealt with the antibiotic prophylaxis of bariatric surgery with cefazolin. This population study has demonstrated the superiority of the French recommendations on American recommendations and to propose an innovative administration plan in continuous infusion combining practicality of use and high level of efficiency. The second part dealt with the use of high dose ceftriaxone in the treatment of meningeal infections. This population study concluded that it is useful to adapt the administration plan to the patient's renal function with once daily administration in case of renal insufficiency compared with twice in case of normorenal function. The last part of these work demonstrated in a mouse model that ceftriaxone selected more extensivespectrum beta-lactamase-producing enterobacteriaceae than cefotaxime and that the metagenomics profile selected by the two antibiotics explained this difference. All of this work fits into the current dynamics of personalization of antibiotic therapies for each patient and optimizes the use of cephalosporins
Nguyen, Laurent. "La pharmacocinétique de population appliquée au développement des cytotoxiques la vinorelbine, la vinflunine et le busulfan." Toulouse 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOU30199.
Full textBardin, Christophe. "Evaluation de différents descripteurs de poids chez le sujet obèse à l’aide d’un modèle de pharmacocinétique de population - application à la metformine, la morphine et l’imatinib." Thesis, Paris 5, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA05P649/document.
Full textPharmacokinetic of drugs may be altered by pathophysiological changes associated with obesity: renal function, body compartments, expression of metabolism proteins. Real impact may be difficult to appreciate due to small number of specific studies. What is the best size-descriptor for optimal dosing in obesity remains a question of importance. Impact of different size descriptors was studied for three drugs currently used in diabetology, pain and oncology. Population pharmacokinetic modeling was done using Monolix® software to evaluate different covariates (LBW, TBW, BSA, …). CL/F and Vd/F of metformin, highly hydrophilic drug, increases positively with body weight (n=105). LBW was the best size-descriptor leading to substancial decrease in the between-subject variability BSV. No size-descriptors showed significant impact for morphine (n=31). Ideal body weight is the best size-descriptor for imatinib and its main metabolite (n=54), lipophilic drug. It explains only a small part of BSV and fixed dosing stays justified. Population PK analysis are the most formal assessment of morphological covariates and no single size descriptor can described all variabilities. Results must lead us to more systematic population PK analysis. Confirmation studies comparing different dosing regimens have to be done
Oualha, Mehdi. "Modélisation pharmacocinétique et pharmacodynamique de l'adrénaline et de la noradrénaline chez l'enfant." Phd thesis, Université René Descartes - Paris V, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00955862.
Full textTrout, Hervé. "Pharmacocinétique de population et absorption digestive de médicaments du SIDA : application aux antiviraux et médicaments associés." Paris 5, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA05P605.
Full textLe, Lamer-Deschamps Sophie. "Utilisation de la pharmacocinetique de population dans le développement préclinique d'un nouvel antidiabètique : le tungstate de sodium." Montpellier 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002MON13503.
Full textTessier, Adrien. "Prendre en compte le profil génétique des patients dans la pharmacocinétique : quelles méthodes en analyse de population ?" Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCC010.
Full textPharmacogenetics (PGt) studies the proportion of interindividual variability in drug response explained by genetic variations. Pharmacogenetics relates especially the genotypes of single nucleotide polymorphisms to pharmacokinetic (PK) variability of a drug. In the hopes to individualise treatments, genetic data is collected in many clinical trials. There is no consensus on methodology to study the effect of genetics on PK, especially during drug development. We investigate and compare methods for PGt analyses in PK early phase studies, to propose approaches enhancing the detection of genetic effects. In a first simulation based on a motivating example, we compare different methods used in PGt to detect the simulated effect of several genetic variants: methods to estimate the PK phenotype (noncompartmental analysis and nonlinear mixed effects models (NLMEM)); association methods (stepwise procedure and three penalised regressions: ridge regression, Lasso and HyperLasso). In a second simulation study we propose practical study designs to improve detection power of genetic variants during drug development. In a third study we assess through simulations an approach to correct the shrinkage in PK phenotype estimated through NLMEM which results in a reduced power to detect genetic variants. Through these different simulation studies, we propose recommendations for PGt analyses in PK studies during drug development
Georges, Bernard. "Etude pharmacocinétique/pharmacodynamique des béta-lactamines chez le patient de réanimation." Toulouse 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOU30190.
Full textRizzo-Padoin, Nathalie. "Modifications pharmacocinétiques des antibiotiques chez le patient neutropénique : application à la téicoplanine." Paris 5, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA05P175.
Full textGisbert, Sophie. "Modélisation des cinétiques du sumatriptan et de son métabolite principal (GR49336) par des techniques de pharmacocinétique de population." Paris 5, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA05P042.
Full textValade, Elodie. "Traitement et prévention de la transmission de l’infection à VIH : analyse pharmacocinétique de l’emtricitabine par approche de population." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCB150.
Full textEmtricitabine is a key antiretroviral drug in the strategy to fight against HIV infection. Indeed, emtricitabine is recommended in first-line treatment for HIV infection in adults, as well as for the prevention of HIV transmission. Although emtricitabine is a key molecule, it remains poorly studied until now. It is therefore essential to analyze and characterize the pharmacokinetics of emtricitabine in the different populations that may be exposed to this drug. A population approach was used to perform pharmacokinetic analyses, allowing us to describe the pharmacokinetics with few samples per individual (ethical constraints, difficulty of samples collection...) and allowing us to explain the observed variability. The study reporting emtricitabine pharmacokinetics in adults highlighted a change in emtricitabine kinetic profile depending on the state of renal function. The developed model allowed us to evaluate the current dosing recommendations. To optimize efficiency, simulations of alternative regimens in patients with moderate renal impairment were performed. As part of the prevention of mother to child transmission, the study describing emtricitabine pharmacokinetics in pregnant women showed a change in pharmacokinetics during the gestational period. However, it did not seem necessary to adjust the dosage during pregnancy. The latest work focused on emtricitabine pharmacokinetics in the male genital tract. Studying the penetration in the genital tract is of major interest for treatment but also for prevention of HIV transmission in the context of pre-exposure prophylaxis. Our study reported a significant distribution of emtricitabine in the genital compartment, with concentrations in seminal plasma higher than concentrations in blood plasma
Angerard, Anne-Valérie. "Analyse pharmacocinétique/pharmacodynamique par une approche de population en préclinique : application à une molécules anxiolytique, le S-15535." Paris 5, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA05P137.
Full textCosson, Valérie. "Etude pharmacocinétique de population de la péfloxacine utilisée en perfusion intraveineuse chez des patients en réanimation : approche bayesienne." Paris 5, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA05P183.
Full textChhun, Stéphanie. "Etude de la variabilité de la pharmacocinétique (PK) de 3 antiépileptiques chez l'enfant par une approche de population." Paris 5, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA05P624.
Full textThree observational pharmacokinetic studies in children with epilepsy (6 months-18 years) were performed for levetiracetam (KEPPRAPOP), stiripentol (STIPOP), and valproate sodium (microspheres) (VAPOP), by using a population approach. The levetiracetam study has highlighted the lack of significant drug-drug interactions. The body weight was found the sole covariate that may explain the interindividual variability of drug clearance and its volume of distribution (Vd). A dose of 10 mg per kg twice a day in children is equivalent to 500 mg twice a day in adults, in terms of AUC. The stiripentol study was carried out under clinical practice, i. E in combination with valproate and clobazam in Dravet children. The stiripentol clearance and Vd were related to bodyweight. In contrast, the covariates sex and CYP2C19 genotype had no influence on the stiripentol PK. The valproate study showed that clearance and Vd varied with bodyweight and clearance was also dependent on the daily dose. Dosage recommendations have been established to reach the same AUC obtained with the other valproate pharmaceutical forms. These population PK studies could minimize the number of samples and confirmed their interest in the evaluation of the drugs PK used in a pediatric population
Brendel, Karl. "Méthodes d'évaluation de modèles non linéaires à effets mixtes dans le cadre d'analyses de population en pharmacocinétique et pharmacodynamie." Paris 11, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA114823.
Full textThis thesis is about non-linear mixed effect models for population pharmacokinetic and/or pharmacodynamic analyses. We performed a survey of the literature on all the population analyses published between 2002 and 2004, in order to obtain an overview on the different evaluation methods. Secondly, we have developed and illustrated different metrics for external model evaluation. We illustared these different metrics by using two simulated datasets and one real dataset. These metrics are based on observations, hyperparameters and on the likelihood. We evaluated by simulation different tests under the null hypothesis, for one of the metric based on observations, called Normalized Prediction Distribution Error (NPDE). Finally, we illustrated the behaviour of the NPDE with covariate models, by simulating different validation datasets without covariate, with a categorical or a continuous covariate