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Journal articles on the topic 'Pharmacoeconomic evaluation'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Maguire, Orla, Laura McCullagh, Cara Usher, and Michael Barry. "OP65 Pharmacoeconomic Evaluation Of Orphan Drugs: Impact Of Extra Criteria?" International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 35, S1 (2019): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462319001260.

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IntroductionThere is ongoing debate as to whether conventional pharmacoeconomic evaluation (PE) methods are appropriate for orphan medicinal products (OMPs). The National Centre for Pharmacoeconomics (NCPE) in Ireland has a well-defined process for conducting pharmacoeconomic evaluations of pharmaceuticals, which is the same for OMPs and non-OMPs. The objective of this study was to identify whether supplementary criteria considered in the pharmacoeconomic evaluation of OMPs would affect final reimbursement recommendations.MethodsA literature search was conducted to identify criteria. Orphan drug pharmacoeconomic evaluations completed by the NCPE between January 2015 and December 2017 were identified and supplementary criteria, where feasible, were applied.ResultsFourteen pharmacoeconomic evaluations were included in the study. Three criteria that could feasibly be applied to the NCPE evaluation process were identified, all three of which essentially broadened the economic perspective of the pharmacoeconomic evaluation. Higher cost-effectiveness threshold: Despite being arbitrarily raised from EUR 45,000/QALY to EUR 100,000/QALY, only one orphan drug demonstrated cost-effectiveness at this higher threshold. Weighted QALY gain: here, a weighted gain of between one and three is applied to drugs demonstrating QALY gains between 10 and 30, respectively. No OMPs included in the study showed a QALY gain of more than 10. Thirteen demonstrated QALY gains less than 10 and one could not be evaluated. Societal perspective: six submissions incorporated societal perspective as a scenario analysis. Despite incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) being reduced between 4 percent and 58 percent, only two OMPs demonstrated cost-effectiveness at the higher threshold (EUR 100,000/QALY).ConclusionsApplication of supplementary criteria to the pharmacoeconomic evaluation of OMPs had a minor effect on three products assessed. However, for the majority, the final cost-effectiveness outcomes remained the same. The study highlights that other criteria are being considered in the decision to reimburse.

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Acevski, Stevche, and Zoran Nakov. "Need for implementation of pharmacoeconomics in healthcare system, case of analysis of antibiotic consumption in Republic of Macedonia for 2016." Macedonian Pharmaceutical Bulletin 63, no. 02 (2018): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.33320/maced.pharm.bull.2017.63.02.002.

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Pharmacoeconomics is new and modern health science, implemented in developed societies, to play core role in creating health policies. The main aim of pharmacoeconomic analysis is development of science methodology for evaluation of costs and outcomes of treatment, evaluation of economic parameters in the face of outcomes of clinical results, from different treatment options. Pharmaceutical companies implemented pharmacoeconomic principles for diversifying marketing approach and market access in pharmaceutical development. New healthcare systems demand increased costs for medical care, pharmaceutical products and medical devices. Process of medical costs for evaluation of costs evolved, indirect and hidden costs are part of sole process of evaluation. Health authorities from one side and pharmaceutical companies from other side developed unique methodologies for evaluation. With these implemented changes, traditional concept for evaluation of efficacy and safety of medical devices and pharmaceutical products was overbridged and pharmacoeconomics is base for research, development, registration, reimbursement, as well as dispensing and follow the life cycle of medicines. Results from antibiotic consumption analysis in Republic of Macedonia at 2016 showed that total antibiotic consumption and antibiotic consumption per DDD/1000 citizens is according to average EU trends, mostly similarly to the usage trends of low-income countries. But usage of new and innovative antibiotic is on very low level, which indicates the need of further implementing of pharmacoeconomic analysis and principles in decision making process, for improved health care for the patients. The ultimate goal of implementing the pharmacoeconomic system in each country is enhancing the benefit to the patient through improved resource allocation. Keywords: pharmacoeconomics, type of pharmacoeconomic analysis, antibiotic consumption, Republic of Macedonia

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Alomi, Yousef Ahmed, Saeed Jamaan Alghamdi, and Radi Abdullah Alattyh. "National Survey of Drug Information Centers practice: Pharmacoeconomic System at Ministry of Health Hospitals in Saudi Arabia." Research in Pharmacy and Health Sciences in Volume 4, Issue 3: July 2018- September 2018 4, no. 3 (September 30, 2018): 503–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.32463/rphs.2018.v04i03.18.

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Objective: To explore the National Survey of Drug Information Centers practice in Saudi Arabia: PharmacoEconomic System at Ministry of Health Hospitals. Methods: It is a cross-sectional four months national survey of Drug Information Services at MOH. It contained ten domains with 181 questions designed by the authors. It was derived from Internal Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP), American Society of Health-System Pharmacists best practice guidelines. This survey was distributed to forty hospital pharmacies that run drug information services. In this study, the domain of Pharmacoeconomics System was explored and analyzed. It consisted of eight questions about the written policy and procedure and application methods for the PharmacoEconomic system in the drug information centers. All analysis was done through survey monkey system. Results: The survey was distributed to forty-five of hospitals, the response rate, was 40 (88.88%) hospitals. Of those; The Written policy and procedure of PharmacoEconomic did not exist in 26 (65%) hospitals. The definition types of PharmacoEconomic do not exist in 23 (57.5%) hospitals. Evaluation Processes of PharmacoEconomic Studies did not exist in 22 (55%) hospitals. The intensive analysis performed for all significant potential cost of the medications did not exist in 22(55%) hospitals. The evidence for using reported PharmacoEconomic data to improve medication use process and reduce cost rate, not found in 22 (55%) hospitals. Moreover, the Evidence of involvement of Drug Evaluation Processes not existed in 20 (50%) hospitals. Conclusion: the pharmacoeconomics system was week implementations of drug information centers practice. Revision of pharmacy strategic plan with pharmacoeconomics applications is required to improve the system at MOH hospital in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

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Taylor, Andrea L., and Paul G. Pierpaoli. "Applications of Pharmacoeconomics in the Evaluation of Hospital Pharmacy Services." Journal of Pharmacy Practice 8, no. 4 (August 1995): 167–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089719009500800404.

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The evolution of the US health care system has driven institutions and professionals who practice in those institutions to deliver care in a more constrained and competitive environment. Quality care must be delivered with the least amount of resources possible. Because of the economic climate, institutions and professionals must now evaluate and develop their services. This article describes the application of pharmacoeconomics to hospital pharmacy services. Specific steps in conducting pharmacoeconomic analyses are discussed and illustrated by both hypothetical examples and recent examples in the literature. The marketing concepts of segmentation, targeting customers, and strategic planning will be discussed briefly to illustrate the application of pharmacoeconomics for streamlining services for maximum efficiency. Applying pharmacoeconomic principles to evaluate and develop services will provide information about the value and outcomes of those services. This information can be used to better target services to customers in need of those services, and to better use those services efficiently and effectively in an environment of scarce resources. Copyright © 1995 by W.B. Saunders Company

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Sacristán, José A., Javier Soto, and Ines Galende. "Evaluation of Pharmacoeconomic Studies: Utilization of a Checklist." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 27, no. 9 (September 1993): 1126–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106002809302700919.

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OBJECTIVE: To review the fundamental concepts used in clinical economic analysis and establish a simple model to systematically evaluate the quality of pharmacoeconomic studies. DATA SOURCES: A MEDLINE search was used to identify pertinent pharmacoeconomic literature, including reviews. STUDY SELECTION: Selected literature evaluating the methodology of health economics studies was used. CONCLUSIONS: The number of studies presenting a pharmacoeconomic evaluation has increased progressively; however, the quality of the studies has not improved in parallel. The existence of different types of pharmacoeconomic studies does not justify their arbitrary use and the achievement of valid conclusions must be based on sound knowledge of the concepts employed, as well as on use of the most adequate tool in each instance. By evaluating pharmacoeconomic studies systematically, the more common errors (i.e., in planning the study or interpreting the results) can be detected and thus prevented. The checklist we present has 12 sections, each of which includes several subsections. After evaluating the corresponding subsections, each section is labeled as “correct”, “acceptable”, “doubtful”, “incorrect”, or “not applicable.” From this qualitative evaluation, aspects that have been dealt with correctly and those needing improvement will become apparent. Also, the checklist permits the user to verify whether the results have been correctly obtained and, therefore, whether the conclusions are valid. The use of a checklist for evaluating pharmacoeconomic studies may be useful for researchers, journal editors, and the audience when performing, receiving, reading, or accepting a clinical economic study.

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Johnson, Jeffrey A., and Stephen Joel Coons. "Evaluation of Published Pharmacoeconomic Studies." Journal of Pharmacy Practice 8, no. 4 (August 1995): 156–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089719009500800403.

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Studies involving economic analyses are being published with increasing frequency in medical and pharmacy literature. As members of pharmacy and therapeutics committees, or as clinicians dealing directly with patient management, pharmacists will be expected to evaluate published economic studies and apply results of such publications to their respective practice settings. The purpose of this article is to provide insight for practitioners into the evaluation of published pharmacoeconomic studies. Although pharmacoeconomic analyses may take many forms, there are several methodological concerns that are common to all. In light of this, we first discuss the evaluation of economic studies in general terms. Following this, two recently published pharmacoeconomic analyses are reviewed as examples of what one might consider in the critical evaluation of published pharmacoeconomic studies. Copyright © 1995 by W.B. Saunders Company

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Tilson, Lesley, Aisling OʼLeary, Cara Usher, and Michael Barry. "Pharmacoeconomic Evaluation in Ireland." PharmacoEconomics 28, no. 4 (April 2010): 307–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/11318790-000000000-00000.

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Menzin, Joseph, Gerry Oster, Veronique Cour-Chabernaud, and Denise Richard. "Pharmacoeconomic Evaluation of Lenograstim." PharmacoEconomics 6, Supplement 2 (1994): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00019053-199400062-00009.

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Iqbal, Sheikh Usman, and Mark Prashker. "Pharmacoeconomic Evaluation of Antidepressants." PharmacoEconomics 23, no. 6 (2005): 595–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00019053-200523060-00006.

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Hilleman, Daniel E., Naresh Dewan, Mark Malesker, and Mitchell Friedman. "Pharmacoeconomic Evaluation of COPD." Chest 118, no. 5 (November 2000): 1278–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.118.5.1278.

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Sanchez, Lisa A. "Applied pharmacoeconomics: evaluation and use of pharmacoeconomic data from the literature." American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 56, no. 16 (August 1999): 1630–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajhp/56.16.1630.

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Xiaodong Kong, Sheldon, and JoAnn Stubbings. "Assessing the Economic Value of Pharmaceutical Products and Services." Journal of Pharmacy Practice 8, no. 4 (August 1995): 143–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089719009500800402.

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The evaluation of drug therapy in the US has undergone major transformations in the 20th century. Since 1962, the primary indicators for a drug to be approved by the Food and Drug Administration have been safety and efficacy. Due to increased public demand for value for money, the economic outcome (efficiency) has become the third objective (in addition to safety and efficacy) in the evaluation of pharmaceuticals. Pharmacoeconomic analyses identify, measure, and compare the costs and consequences of two or more programs from one or several perspectives, which provide explicit sets of criteria that may be useful in deciding among different uses for scarce resources. This article introduces the basic concepts and techniques in pharmacoeconomics including types of costs and benefits, perspective of analysis, discounting, efficacy and effectiveness, decision analysis, and sensitivity analysis. Four types of pharmacoeconomic analyses are discussed: cost-effectiveness analysis, cost-benefit analysis, cost-minimization analysis, and cost-utility analysis. Estimating costs is basically similar among the four types of analyses; the major difference is the outcome measure. In addition, cost-of-illness analysis is also discussed. Because cost-of-illness analysis examines the economic burden of an illness on society, it provides the baseline information for the other types of pharmacoeconomic analyses and marketing decision-making. Copyright © 1995 by W.B. Saunders Company

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You, Joyce HS. "Pharmacoeconomic evaluation of warfarin pharmacogenomics." Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 12, no. 3 (January 14, 2011): 435–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/14656566.2011.521153.

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Marsh, Sophia, and Ilse Truter. "VP33 Pharmacoeconomic Submission Requirements: Africa Compared With England." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 35, S1 (2019): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462319003076.

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IntroductionThe South African Pharmacoeconomic Submissions Guideline (SAPG) is currently voluntary for medicines in the private health sector but may become mandatory and more widely used under the proposed National Health Insurance system. To make recommendations on evidence generation and areas where the SAPG could be strengthened, the study compared the SAPG requirements with other African pharmacoeconomic guidelines and the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence Methods Guide (NICE MG).MethodsThe World Health Organisation, International Network of Agencies for Health Technology Assessment (INAHTA), HTA International, and the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research websites were consulted, and email requests sent to named individuals from retrieved source material. The European Network for HTA Core Model® (version 3.0) (the Model®) provided the evaluation and comparison framework, using three criteria: completely, partly or not completely requiring the same or similar information as the Model®.ResultsOf the forty-five countries identified, only Egypt had a publicly available pharmacoeconomic guideline (Egyptian Pharmacoeconomic Guideline (EPG)). The guidelines varied considerably in their intended audience, size and content. All three guidelines’ primary focus was the cost and economic evaluation, and health problem and current use domains. Safety, organisational, ethical and legal aspects were poorly covered by the SAPG and EPG guidelines (less than thirty percent of issues in each domain completely / partly covered). The SAPG completely or partly required the same or similar information in the Model® for thirty-nine percent of total issues, the EPG thirty-three percent and the NICE MG sixty-six percentConclusionsThe SAPG was not as comprehensive as the NICE MG and poorly covered some key aspects of HTAs, suggesting that the SAPG could be developed to be more informative for decision-makers. Evidence generation should focus on describing the health problem the technology is targeting and on evidence that can be synthesized into cost-effectiveness analyses.

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Solovieva, Anna Petrovna, Vladimir Vladimirovich Arkhipov, and Dmitry Vladimirovich Goryachev. "CONDUCTING COMPARATIVE CLINICAL-PHARMACOLOGICAL EVALUATION PHARMACOTHERAPY PREPARATIONS OF BOTULINUM TOXIN A IN CHILDREN WITH CEREBRAL PALSY SYNDROME WITH MARKED SPASTICITY." Medical Journal of the Russian Federation 25, no. 5-6 (December 15, 2019): 293–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0869-2106-2019-25-5-6-293-302.

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The original methodology for retrospective clinical studies on the criteria of “efficiency/safety” and pharmacoeconomics on the criteria of “cost/effectiveness”is proposed. The results of a retrospective study of medical records in 169 patients with cerebral palsy, which showed that the use of drugs botulinum toxin type A is an important integral component in the long-term treatment of children with spastic forms of cerebral palsy. Presents the results of pharmacoeconomic analysis of the treatment of the syndrome of spasticity in cerebral palsy when used in the complex treatment of Dysport, Botox and Xeomin.

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Koh, Hock Lye, Su Yean Teh, Noorliza M. Noordin, and Lokman H. Sulaiman. "PHARMACOECONOMIC EVALUATION FOR DENGUE VACCINE PRICING FOR MALAYSIA: TOWARDS AFFORDABILITY, COST EFFECTIVENESS AND SUSTAINABILITY." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 10, no. 14 (August 12, 2017): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017v10s3.21352.

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Objective: Malaysian health ministry is currently evaluating the licensing of dengue vaccine Dengvaxia using a set of criteria including safety, efficacy and cost-effectiveness. The purpose of this research is to formulate a model framework to assist transparent decision-making.Methods: To quantify the cost-effective price of vaccine, pharmacoeconomic evaluation models are commonly used. We review in this paper dengue economic burdens and pharmacoeconomic models, with particular reference to cost-effectiveness.Results: A major weakness in current pharmacoeconomic models is the omission of cost of vaccine production, which is two orders of magnitude lower than the market price. This paper proposes an inclusive model that yields a highly cost-effective threshold price of dengue vaccine at USD 5 per dose for Malaysia.Conclusion: At USD 5 per dose, Dengue vaccine will be fair, Affordable and sustainable.

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Revicki, Dennis A., and Lori Frank. "Pharmacoeconomic Evaluation in the Real World." PharmacoEconomics 15, no. 5 (1999): 423–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00019053-199915050-00001.

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Hay, Joel W. "Evaluation and review of pharmacoeconomic models." Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 5, no. 9 (September 2004): 1867–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/14656566.5.9.1867.

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Ikeda, Shunya, Adam James Oliver, and Naoki Ikegami. "Pharmacoeconomic Evaluation in Japanese Pharmaceutical Companies." Drug Information Journal 32, no. 1 (January 1998): 169–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009286159803200124.

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McCullagh, Laura, and Michael Barry. "The Pharmacoeconomic Evaluation Process in Ireland." PharmacoEconomics 34, no. 12 (July 29, 2016): 1267–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40273-016-0437-5.

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V.K., Smitha. "Pharmacoeconomic Evaluation of Anti-Hypertensive Therapy." Bioscience Biotechnology Research Communications 14, no. 2 (June 15, 2021): 489–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.21786/bbrc/14.2.6.

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Soloviov, S. O., I. V. Dziublyk, and V. V. Trokhymchuk. "Conceptual foundations of pharmacoeconomic analysis of prevention technologies of chronic viral infections." Farmatsevtychnyi zhurnal, no. 5 (October 29, 2019): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.32352/0367-3057.5.19.04.

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The introduction of various technologies for the prevention of chronic viral infections into practice requires well-founded evidence of their effectiveness, which can be obtained using pharmacoeconomic methods and models that determine not only the effectiveness and feasibility of introducing preventive technologies, but also the socio-economic associated consequences. In this context, the development of a unified model for the pharmacoeconomic evaluation of medical technologies at all stages of the prevention of chronic viral infections is key to implementing optimal strategies for combating them for both individual groups and the entire population, developing recommendations for the rational use of diagnostic tests and viral vaccines, and determining the optimal level of pharmaceutical care for patients. The aim of the work – development of a conceptual model of pharmacoeconomic analysis of technologies for the prevention of chronic viral infections. Pharmacoeconomic evaluation of technologies for the prevention of chronic viral infections is possible on the basis of an analytical platform that determines the relationship between the target population to be prevented, and the effectiveness of intermediate and final results. The pharmacoeconomic analysis of technologies for the prevention of socially significant chronic viral infections was proposed to be carried out according to the developed algorithm. Implementation of the proposed algorithm for pharmacoeconomic analysis of various technologies for the prevention of chronic viral infections was based on developed unified model of the spread of viral infection in the population, where individuals can be assigned to different clinical and epidemiological classes. This model was a combination of epidemiological and clinical prognostic approaches and can be used to predict and conduct pharmacoeconomic assessment of viral infection prevention technologies with a general decrease in the number of people in a particular epidemiological class when applying medical technology for a certain period of time. The presented concept allows to formulate the principles of pharmacoeconomic evaluation of technologies for the prevention of chronic viral infections. It was advisable to use the concept of quality of life in assessing the usefulness of the technologies under study, which allows to formalize the cost-utility coefficient, minimization of which determines pharmacoeconomic reasonable strategies for the prevention of chronic viral infections. The developed concept is promising, and information technologies based on it can become a reliable source of information to support decision-making by health experts in the pharmacoeconomic evaluation of technologies for the prevention of chronic viral infections.

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Lakić, Dragana, Ivana Stević, Marina Odalović, and Ivana Tadić. "Modelling in economic evaluations of medicines." Arhiv za farmaciju 71, no. 4 (2021): 354–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/arhfarm71-32404.

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Economic evaluation in health (also known as pharmacoeconomic in case of medicines) identifies, measures, and values costs and outcomes of alternative healthcare technologies, and can be performed alongside controlled clinical trials, but analytical modelling is usually used. Decision trees and Markov models are the two most common approaches used in economic evaluation. The biggest advantages of a decision tree are clarity, simplicity, and straightforwardness. On the other hand, the main advantage of the Markov model is its ability to incorporate complex events into the simulation, which is practically impossible to do with a decision tree. Reimbursement policy in Serbia mandatorily incorporates economic evaluations to promote availability and accessibility of the prescription medicines. To show current pharmacoeconomic value of a medicine, budget impact analysis and the cost-effectiveness analysis should be included. The latter should be conducted using appropriate modelling techniques. However, since no official methodological guidelines about the modelling and economic analysis exist, the submissions by marketing authorization holders vary greatly. The future of pharmacoeconomic modelling depends on the research area of interest, with new frameworks and approaches being developed.

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De Graeve, Diana, and Walter Nonneman. "Pharmacoeconomic Studies: Pitfalls and Problems." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 12, no. 1 (1996): 22–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462300009351.

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AbstractThe literature on economic evaluation of Pharmaceuticals is growing rapidly. Although there have been substantial methodologic advances, there remain serious problems and pitfalls. This presentation focuses on three aspects, i.e., use (and abuse) of evaluation studies, methodologic problems, and the quality of published studies.

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M, Vidyavathi, Koteswaramma L, Krishnaveni A, Madhuri T, and Sarada B. "PHARMACOECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF STATIN TABLETS - IN VITRO PERFORMANCE PERSPECTIVE." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 11, no. 7 (July 7, 2018): 210. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i7.23670.

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Objective: Pharmacoeconomics refers to the scientific discipline that compares the value of pharmaceutical drugs or drug therapies. The pharmacoeconomic analysis includes the research methods related to cost minimization, cost-effectiveness, and cost-benefit analysis. The present study concerned with the pharmacoeconomic analysis of statin tablets (simvastatin [S1-S5], atorvastatin [A1-A5], and rosuvastatin [R1-R5]) of different brands which are varying in their prices using in vitro evaluation methods of tablets.Methods: Weight variation, friability, hardness, disintegration, and dissolution tests of all selected statin tablets were performed as per official procedure for the pharmacoeconomic comparative analysis.Results: It was found the least T90% with S5 and high T90% with S1 tablets among simvastatin tablets, the least T90% was observed with A1 and A5 and high T90% with A2 tablets among atorvastatin tablets, and least T 90% was observed with R5 and high T90% with R2 was found among rosuvastatin tablets without any relation with their order of prices. Hence, the study concluded that there is no significant correlation between cost and in vitro performance as there is no excellent in vitro performance found from the costliest tablets and vice versa.Conclusion: The range of the cost of different marketed statin tablets is from Rs.17.5 to Rs.127.0 per a strip of 10 tablets. All brands of three drugs have equal strength which are assumed to produce the same outcomes. As there is no significant correlation between cost and results of some of in vitro parameters of the tablets, the cost minimization analysis can be ruled out for these brands of S1 to

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Gupta, Rohini, and Pavan Malhotra. "Evaluation of awareness about pharmacoeconomics in postgraduate students of a tertiary care teaching hospital: a questionnaire based observational study." International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology 6, no. 10 (September 23, 2017): 2459. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20174376.

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Background: Pharmacoeconomics identifies, measures and compares the costs and consequences of drug therapy to health care systems and society. The per capita income of all middle class people is limited and the drug prices are growing extensively. Therefore, it is the responsibility of the health-care professionals to balance both cost and quality of treatment. Hence, this study was planned among the postgraduate students who form the major part of health care delivery system to assess their awareness about pharmacoeconomis.Methods: This was a questionnaire based cross-sectional study. Self-administered questionnaire was distributed among 72 residents, out of which 61 completely filled questionnaires were finally used for statistical analysis. The questionnaire contained questions relating to awareness, knowledge, method of application and students’ attitude about pharmacoeconomics.Results: The willingness to participate in the study among postgraduates was extremely poor. Those who have participated, almost 39% of participants were having awareness about the topic. Nearly 31 % of the participants were having knowledge regarding pharmacoeconomics and around 21 % of participants have learnt the method of application in various aspects.Conclusions: Study has revealed that that the knowledge and perception level of postgraduates in day to day use of pharmacoeconomic concepts are poor and limited. Therefore, it is very necessary to make them aware about the concept of pharmacoeconomics by incorporationg it in their medical curriculum and by conducting CMEs and Workshops on pharmacoeconomics.

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Reinharz, Daniel, Victor Raúl Zurita Saldaña, Wilson Follador, and Carl Asche. "PHARMACOECONOMIC COMPONENT OF A CLINICAL TRIAL CONDUCTED IN LATIN AMERICA." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 17, no. 4 (October 2001): 571–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462301107117.

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Background: Although pharmacoeconomic studies constitute a valuable tool for better managing drug consumption, the conditions under which such studies would be performed in Latin American countries have not been explored.Objectives: The aim of this paper is to evaluate the potential advantages of and pitfalls in doing pharmacoeconomic research in Latin America and to propose avenues to facilitate the development of this field in the region.Methods: The Canadian guidelines for the economic evaluation of pharmaceuticals served as a structured framework to assess, both prospectively and retrospectively, the conditions under which the pharmacoeconomic component of a clinical trial held in Mexico and Brazil would be and actually was conducted.Results: The conditions under which pharmacoeconomic evaluations are conducted must be improved if studies are to contribute to the better management of scarce resources across the entire health care system.Conclusions: The creation of a public funding agency, the reappraisal of administrative data as a management tool in both the public and the private sectors, and the establishment of national guidelines should be considered within the framework of reforms aimed at allowing healthcare systems to meet their objectives of efficiency and equity.

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Bonk, Robert J., and William F. McGhan. "Pharmacoeconomic Evaluation to Assist Prescription Drug Pricing." PharmacoEconomics 4, no. 2 (August 1993): 73–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00019053-199304020-00001.

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Williamson, T., M. Bates, and P. Crisp. "C9. A canadian pharmacoeconomic evaluation of zinecard." Clinical Therapeutics 18 (January 1996): 24–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0149-2918(96)80119-6.

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Novakovic, T., D. Tesic, D. Stefanovic, G. Medic, and D. Sovtic. "PHP137 Guidelines for Pharmacoeconomic Evaluation for Serbia." Value in Health 14, no. 7 (November 2011): A358. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2011.08.688.

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Chuen LI, Shu. "An introduction to pharmacoeconomic evaluation in rheumatology." APLAR Journal of Rheumatology 6, no. 2 (September 17, 2003): 192–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.0219-0494.2003.00046.x.

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Sundar, S., S. Rajan, and A. Nagappa. "Pharmacoeconomic Evaluation of Cancer Treatments in India." Value in Health 19, no. 7 (November 2016): A887. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2016.08.265.

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Seitaliyeva, A., E. Satbayeva, B. Myrzabek, G. Pichkhadze, L. Ananyeva, and D. Serdalieva. "Treatment of Hypertension in Elderly - Pharmacoeconomic Evaluation." Value in Health 19, no. 7 (November 2016): A865. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2016.08.384.

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HAYAKAWA, Toru, Koichi SHIMOYAMA, Shigeru SEKIYA, Masatomo SEKIGUCHI, and Nobuo INOTSUME. "Pharmacoeconomic Evaluation of Anti-Hyperlipidemic Agent Fenofibrate." YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 122, no. 12 (December 1, 2002): 1145–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/yakushi.122.1145.

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Tilson, Lesley, and Michael Barry. "Recent developments in pharmacoeconomic evaluation in Ireland." Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research 10, no. 3 (June 2010): 221–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/erp.10.33.

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Czech, Marcin. "Pharmacoeconomic evaluation and healthcare management in Poland." Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing 15, no. 1 (2004): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hfm.20011.

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Periti, P. "Pharmacoeconomic Evaluation of Once-Daily Aminoglycoside Treatment." Journal of Chemotherapy 7, no. 4 (January 1995): 380–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/joc.1995.7.4.380.

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Wang, Xin, Zhi-fei Wang, Yan-ming Xie, Wen Zhang, Xing Liao, and Yan-peng Chang. "Guideline for postmarketing Chinese medicine pharmacoeconomic evaluation." Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine 21, no. 6 (March 27, 2014): 473–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11655-014-1749-y.

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Langsdale, Tracey. "Start pharmacoeconomic evaluation early in drug development." PharmacoResources 20, no. 1 (January 1995): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03293667.

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Milne, Richard J., and Tracey Langsdale. "Conflict between the players in pharmacoeconomic evaluation." PharmacoResources 9, no. 1 (July 1994): 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03289775.

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Wells, Nicholas. "Is there a need for pharmacoeconomic evaluation?" PharmacoResources 18, no. 1 (December 1994): 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03289951.

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Beltz, Susan E., and Gary C. Yee. "Pharmacoeconomics of Cancer Therapy." Cancer Control 5, no. 5 (September 1998): 415–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107327489800500504.

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Background In 1990, annual costs of the diagnosis and treatment of cancer reached nearly $100 billion and currently constitutes approximately 10% of health care expenditures in the United States. As new and often more expensive therapies for cancer treatment become available, the health care decision- maker must consider the cost effectiveness of the therapy. Methods Key principles of economic analyses and the inherent differences among these analyses are reviewed. Results While pharmacoeconomic analyses are increasingly being used in treatment decision-making, several issues relating to study design, data collection, and research methods are controversial. Conclusions Pharmacoeconomics analyses are necessary in the current health care environment, but the assumptions used within the analyses warrant careful evaluation.

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Strandberg-Larsen, Martin. "Methodological Issues In Modeling Hemophilia Treatment - What We Have Learnt In the Course of a Decade and What We Must Learn In the Decade to Come." Blood 116, no. 21 (November 19, 2010): 4762. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v116.21.4762.4762.

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Abstract Abstract 4762 Introduction: The challenges faced by the hemophilia community because of economic constraints will increase in the future. Without disease specific pharmacoeconomic models to inform the decision process important decisions may be taken without taking hemophilia specific issues into account. Objectives: To investigate recent advances and current state-of-the-art knowledge in pharmacoeconomic modeling of hemophilia care we conducted a targeted literature review. Methods: Searches were conducted in MEDLINE®, and NHS Economic Evaluation Database using combinations of disease, and economic-related key words, limited to articles published in English between January 1970 and June 2010 (inclusive). A total of 127 articles (from 284 abstracts retrieved) were selected for detailed consideration. Results: Prior to the year 2000 the focus of the cost side of hemophilia treatment was not given much attention in the scientific literature. However in the last decade pharmacoeconomics have grown in importance and an increasing number of publications specific for this aspect of hemophilia reflect this trend. Still there is limited data on probabilities, costs and outcomes and remarkably few studies comparing QALY estimates of factor VIII prophylaxis in hemophilia. More studies are available specific for the limited inhibitor segment. Recommendations for reporting economic evaluations of hemophilia prophylaxis has been proposed and important ground clearing work has been published on theoretical aspects of hemophilia modeling. Conclusion: Economic analyses in hemophilia care are limited, but are increasingly in demand to examine the costs and outcomes associated with various treatment regimens. Unresolved questions critical to hemophilia remains such as the appropriate weighting of short term vs. future benefits and equity considerations associated with hemophilia being a rare genetic disease affecting children. Trials designed with pharmacoeconomic objectives in mind will be imperative. Data on generic and disease specific quality of life and resource use/cost data will provide whole new insights to how hemophilia impacts the lives of people living with this rare disease and will provide the data needed to assess the total value of different treatment regimens relevant for hemophilia. Disclosures: Strandberg-Larsen: Novo Nordisk A/S: Employment.

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Omelyanovskiy, Vitaly, Maria Sura, Maria Avxentyeva, and Georgii Khachatryan. "The Rules for Creation of Federal Drug Lists: Current State and Development Prospects." Medical Technologies. Assessment and Choice (Медицинские технологии. Оценка и выбор), no. 3 (33) (October 1, 2018): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.31556/2219-0678.2018.33.3.009-017.

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The paper discusses the issues of normative and legal regulation for creation of drug lists (List of Vital and Essential Medicines, List of Medical Drugs for Certain Categories of Citizens, List of High-Cost Medical Drugs (Seven Nosologies list). It also considers historical aspects, current state and planned changes of these rules. The stages of expertise, evaluation criteria, and rules of decision making in the process of inclusion of medical drugs (MD) into the lists according to the RF Government Decree no. 871 on 28 August 2014 and the project on the amendment of this decree are thoroughly considered. The proposed changes address the terms of submission of proposals for the inclusion and exclusion of MDs into the lists, and the terms of expert procedures. Changes in expert procedures (complex evaluation) of MD are proposed; a new stage (analysis of methodological quality of pharmacoeconomic studies and budget impact analysis) is introduced. Integral scales of clinical and pharmacoeconomic evaluation of MD are substituted with complex evaluation scales. The requirements for ethodological quality of pharmacoeconomic studies and budget impact analysis are created. A further stage of the development of the rules for creating the lists can be the performance of complex evaluation within a single expert body with the participation of expert organizations and leading specialists.

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Fletcher, Astrid E., and Christopher J. Bulpitt. "Pharmacoeconomic Evaluation of Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease." PharmacoEconomics 1, no. 1 (January 1992): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00019053-199201010-00008.

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Konuru, Venkateswarlu, Kamala Sangam, Anifa Mohammed, and Swathi Kanneganti. "EVALUATION OF PHARMACOECONOMIC DIRECT COST IN DIABETES PATIENTS." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 10, no. 4 (April 1, 2017): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i4.8510.

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Objective: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a major cause of disability, morbidity and mortality Worldwide. The objective of this study is to evaluate the Pharmacoeconomic direct health care cost in type II Diabetes with complications and Diabetes alone: A cost of illness study. Methods: A Prospective observational study was conducted for one year at the Care diabetes Center; Warangal. The enrolled patients were followed and the information collected contains: total direct costs, which include direct medical costs and direct nonmedical cost. The data observed was analyzed for the average cost incurred in treating the diabetic patient. Results: The total average costs per diabetic patient without complications was Rs. 8695.7±1341, this includes the average direct medical cost Rs. 6366.50± 561.12, the average lab cost Rs. 1368.84±64.8, the average direct non Medical Cost was Rs. 960.36±14.04 compared to those with DM complications,the total average cost was Rs. 12960.73±549.96 for macro vascular complications, Rs. 11039.11±265.36 for micro vascular complications. To treat Diabetes with comorbidities which include both micro and macro complications the total average cost was Rs. 16658.13±1393.44, the average direct medical cost was Rs. 14071.77±2884.68, the average lab cost Rs. 1628.04±51, the average direct non Medical Cost was Rs.958.32±13.08. The costs were found to increase progressively with the increase in the number of complications. Costs also differed significantly across the types of complications. Conclusion: Our study concludes that the cost of Diabetes with complications resulted about 2 times higher than compared to Diabetes alone.Key words: Cost analysis; diabetes; economics; health care; direct medical cost; non medical cost

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Stasi F, Di, L. Scalone, and LG Mantovani. "PCV24 PHARMACOECONOMIC EVALUATION OF THE CIBIS-II TRIAL." Value in Health 7, no. 6 (November 2004): 692. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1098-3015(10)65806-8.

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Wille, Richard T., Bruce W. Chaffee, Virginia Walter, Grace H. Elta, and Jeffrey L. Barnett. "Pharmacoeconomic evaluation of flumazenil for routine outpatient esophagogastroduodenoscopy." Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 45, no. 4 (April 1997): AB58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-5107(97)80135-6.

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Wille, Richard T., Bruce W. Chaffee, Michael L. Ryan, Grace H. Elta, Virginia Walter, and Jeffrey L. Barnett. "Pharmacoeconomic evaluation of flumazenil for routine outpatient EGD." Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 51, no. 3 (March 2000): 282–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-5107(00)70356-7.

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Casciano, Julian, Steven Arikian, Jean-Eric Tarride, John J. Doyle, and Roman Casciano. "A pharmacoeconomic evaluation of major depressive disorder (Italy)." Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale 8, no. 3 (September 1999): 220–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1121189x00008095.

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RIASSUNTOScopo – Determinare la terapia orale più efficace in termini di costi per il trattamento della depressione maggiore in Italia. Metodo – Abbiamo condotto una valutazione farmacoeconomica basata su un modello analitico di decisione che esaminava il trattamento della depressione maggiore in Italia. L'analisi confrontava l'inibitore della ricaptazione della serotonina e della norepinefrina (SNRI), venlafaxina extended-release (venlafaxina XR), con gli inibitori selettivi della ricaptazione della serotonina (SSRI) e gli antidepressivi triciclici (TCA). È stata condotta una meta-analisi per determinare gli indici clinici di successo. Gli indici meta-analitici sono stati applicati al modello analitico decisionale per calcolare i costi ed i risultati previsti per ogni antidepressivo messo a confronto. L'efficacia dei costi à stata determinata usando i valori previsti sia per un risultato positivo che per una scala di misurazione di risultati composta defmita «giorni privi di sintomi». È stata condotta un'analisi della politica per valutare l'impatto economico sul Sistema Sanitario Nazionale (SSN). Risultati – Il trattamento della depressione maggiore con venlafaxina XR ha ottenuto il più alto l'indice di efficacia generale per i pazienti ambulatoriali (73.7%) contro SSRIs (61.4%) e TCAs (59.3%) e, per i pazienti ricoverati (62.3 %) contro SSRIs (58.6%) e TCAs (58.2%). Venlafaxina XR ha registrato il più basso indice di interruzione terapeutica dovuta ad inefficacia (4.8%) contro SSRIs (8.4%) e TCAs (6.8%), e di reazioni avverse al farmaco (10.9%) contro SSRIs (17.4%) e TCAs (23.1%). L'inizio del trattamento della depressione maggiore con venlafaxina XR ha fatto ottenere i costi previsti più bassi per i pazienti ambulatoriali è per quelli ricoverati. Il risparmio totale risultante per il SSN con un utilizzo di venlafaxina XR pari al 5% è stato stimato tra i 963 e i 3,210 milioni di lire. Conclusioni – Questo studio conferma che venlafaxina XR è generalmente un trattamento efficace in termini di costi della depressione in Italia. Inoltre, i risultati di questa ricerca suggeriscono che un maggiore impiego di venlafaxina XR avrà un impatto favorevole sul SSN.

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