Relevant bibliographies by topics / Pharmacokinetic

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Pharmacokinetic'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 12 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Pharmacokinetic"

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Iorio, Alfonso. "Using pharmacokinetics to individualize hemophilia therapy." Hematology 2017, no. 1 (2017): 595–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/asheducation-2017.1.595.

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Abstract Prevention and treatment of bleeding in hemophilia requires that plasma clotting factor activity of the replaced factor exceeds a defined target level. Most clinical decisions in hemophilia are based on implicit or explicit application of pharmacokinetic measures. The large interindividual variability in pharmacokinetics of factor concentrates suggests that relying on the average pharmacokinetic characteristics of factor concentrates would not allow optimizing the treatment of individual patients; for example, adjusting the frequency of infusions and targeting a specific clotting factor activity level on a case-by-case basis. However, individual pharmacokinetic profiles are seldom assessed as part of routine clinical care. Population pharmacokinetics provide options for precise and convenient characterization of pharmacokinetics characteristics of factor concentrates, simplified individual pharmacokinetic profiling, and individualized dosing. Population pharmacokinetics allow for the incorporation of determinants of interpatient variability and reduces the need for extensive postinfusion plasma sampling. Barriers to the implementation of population pharmacokinetics are the need for concentrate-specific pharmacokinetic models, Bayesian calculation power, and specific expertise for production, validation, and appraisal of forecasted estimates. Population pharmacokinetics provide an important theoretical and practical contribution to tailoring the treatment of hemophilia. The need remains for prospective exploration of the clinical impact of tailoring hemophilia treatment based on individual pharmacokinetics, and for the systematic validation of existing software solutions and concentrate-specific models.
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Grzegorzewski, Jan, Janosch Brandhorst, Kathleen Green, et al. "PK-DB: pharmacokinetics database for individualized and stratified computational modeling." Nucleic Acids Research 49, no. D1 (2020): D1358—D1364. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkaa990.

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Abstract A multitude of pharmacokinetics studies have been published. However, due to the lack of an open database, pharmacokinetics data, as well as the corresponding meta-information, have been difficult to access. We present PK-DB (https://pk-db.com), an open database for pharmacokinetics information from clinical trials. PK-DB provides curated information on (i) characteristics of studied patient cohorts and subjects (e.g. age, bodyweight, smoking status, genetic variants); (ii) applied interventions (e.g. dosing, substance, route of application); (iii) pharmacokinetic parameters (e.g. clearance, half-life, area under the curve) and (iv) measured pharmacokinetic time-courses. Key features are the representation of experimental errors, the normalization of measurement units, annotation of information to biological ontologies, calculation of pharmacokinetic parameters from concentration-time profiles, a workflow for collaborative data curation, strong validation rules on the data, computational access via a REST API as well as human access via a web interface. PK-DB enables meta-analysis based on data from multiple studies and data integration with computational models. A special focus lies on meta-data relevant for individualized and stratified computational modeling with methods like physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK), pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD), or population pharmacokinetic (pop PK) modeling.
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Hao, Guo-Xiang, Sophie Teng, Evelyne Jacqz-Aigrain, and Wei Zhao. "DO WE HAVE A CONSENSUS TO APPLY MODEL-BASED AMINOGLYCOSIDE THERAPY: A REVIEW OF POPULATION PHARMACOKINETIC MODELS." Archives of Disease in Childhood 101, no. 1 (2015): e1.51-e1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2015-310148.55.

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Background and ObjectiveAminoglycosides remain the standard antibiotic therapy for Gram-negative infections in both adults and children. The pharmacokinetic modeling approach has been widely used to evaluate aminoglycosides therapy. The aim of the present study is to review the published population pharmacokinetic models of commonly used aminoglycosides (gentamycin, amikacin and tobramycin), in order to determine if there was a consensus to apply model-based personalized aminoglycoside therapy in routine clinical practice.MethodsThe bibliographic search was performed electronically using PubMed on 30th January 2015, following the search strategy: “((population Pharmacokinetics) OR (Pharmacokinetic modeling)) AND (gentamycin OR gentamicin OR amikacin OR tobramycin)”.ResultsA total of 49 articles were identified. Persistent variabilities exist in terms of structure model; typical pharmacokinetic parameters and identified covariates.ConclusionA pharmacokinetic meta-analysis is required to evaluate the study-related factors influencing the pharmacokinetics of aminoglycosides. A clinical evaluation of pharmacokinetic model of aminoglycosides is required to demonstrate its clinical utility.
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Jeong, Seung-Hyun, Ji-Hun Jang, and Yong-Bok Lee. "Pharmacokinetic Comparison between Methotrexate-Loaded Nanoparticles and Nanoemulsions as Hard- and Soft-Type Nanoformulations: A Population Pharmacokinetic Modeling Approach." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 7 (2021): 1050. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13071050.

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The purpose of this study was to identify and explore the differences in pharmacokinetics between different nanoformulations. This was done by comparing the pharmacokinetics of methotrexate-loaded nanoparticles [poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid); size of 163.70 ± 10.25 nm] and nanoemulsions (olive oil and Labrasol; size of 173.77 ± 5.76 nm), which represent hard- and soft-type nanoformulations, respectively. In addition, the population pharmacokinetic modeling approach as a useful tool for the comparison of pharmacokinetics between nanoformulations was newly proposed through this study. Significant pharmacokinetic differences were identified between nanoformulations through the new population pharmacokinetic modeling approach. As a result, the formulation type was explored as a significant covariate. The clearance and bioavailability of methotrexate-loaded nanoemulsions tended to decrease by 99% and increase by 19%, respectively, compared to those of the nanoparticles. The exploration of significant pharmacokinetic differences between drug formulations and their correlations presented in this study provide new perspectives on the development of nanoformulations.
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Wen, Yuan Hua, Jacob Kalff, and Robert Henry Peters. "Pharmacokinetic modeling in toxicology: a critical perspective." Environmental Reviews 7, no. 1 (1999): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/a99-003.

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Pharmacokinetic models provide novel approaches in the environmental arena for evaluating toxicological problems. For example, pharmacokinetic parameters play an important and even determinant role in risk assessment and policy making. The present contribution reviews the most basic pharmacokinetic models, their development, and their applications in toxicology. The theory, principles, and data requirements are critically discussed. The fundamental differences among various pharmacokinetic models are compared and contrasted. The techniques and philosophy for model validation are discussed and illustrated.Key words: Pharmacokinetics, toxicology, modeling, philosophy, statistics, validation.
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Setiawan, Eko, Menino Osbert Cotta, Jason A. Roberts, and Mohd Hafiz Abdul-Aziz. "A Systematic Review on Antimicrobial Pharmacokinetic Differences between Asian and Non-Asian Adult Populations." Antibiotics 12, no. 5 (2023): 803. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12050803.

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While the relevance of inter-ethnic differences to the pharmacokinetic variabilities of antimicrobials has been reported in studies recruiting healthy subjects, differences in antimicrobial pharmacokinetics between Asian and non-Asian patients with severe pathologic conditions require further investigation. For the purpose of describing the potential differences in antimicrobial pharmacokinetics between Asian and non-Asian populations, a systematic review was performed using six journal databases and six theses/dissertation databases (PROSPERO record CRD42018090054). The pharmacokinetic data of healthy volunteers and non-critically ill and critically ill patients were reviewed. Thirty studies on meropenem, imipenem, doripenem, linezolid, and vancomycin were included in the final descriptive summaries. In studies recruiting hospitalised patients, inconsistent differences in the volume of distribution (Vd) and drug clearance (CL) of the studied antimicrobials between Asian and non-Asian patients were observed. Additionally, factors other than ethnicity, such as demographic (e.g., age) or clinical (e.g., sepsis) factors, were suggested to better characterise these pharmacokinetic differences. Inconsistent differences in pharmacokinetic parameters between Asian and non-Asian subjects/patients may suggest that ethnicity is not an important predictor to characterise interindividual pharmacokinetic differences between meropenem, imipenem, doripenem, linezolid, and vancomycin. Therefore, the dosing regimens of these antimicrobials should be adjusted according to patients’ demographic or clinical characteristics that can better describe pharmacokinetic differences.
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Lonsdale, Dagan O., Karin Kipper, Emma H. Baker та ін. "β-Lactam antimicrobial pharmacokinetics and target attainment in critically ill patients aged 1 day to 90 years: the ABDose study". Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 75, № 12 (2020): 3625–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkaa363.

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Abstract Background The pharmacokinetics of β-lactam antibiotics in critical illness remain poorly characterized, particularly in neonates, children and the elderly. We undertook a pharmacokinetic study of commonly used β-lactam antibiotics in critically ill patients of all ages. The aims were to produce a whole-life β-lactam pharmacokinetic model and describe the extent to which standard doses achieve pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic targets associated with clinical cure. Patients and methods A total of 212 critically ill participants with an age range from 1 day (gestational age 24 weeks) to 90 years were recruited from a UK hospital, providing 1339 pharmacokinetic samples. Population pharmacokinetic analysis was undertaken using non-linear mixed-effects modelling (NONMEM) for each drug. Pooled data were used to estimate maturation and decline of β-lactam pharmacokinetics throughout life. Results Pharmacokinetic models for eight drugs were described, including what is thought to be the first benzylpenicillin model in critically ill adults. We estimate that 50% of adult β-lactam clearance is achieved by 43 weeks post-menstrual age (chronological plus gestational age). Fifty percent of decline from peak adult clearance occurs by 71 years. Paediatric participants were significantly less likely than adults to achieve pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic targets with standard antibiotic doses (P < 0.01). Conclusions We believe this to be the first prospective whole-life antibiotic pharmacokinetic study in the critically ill. The study provides further evidence that standard antibiotic doses fail to achieve pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic targets associated with clinical success in adults, children and neonates. Maturation and decline parameters estimated from this study could be adopted as a standard for future prospective studies.
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Kumta, Nilesh, Jason A. Roberts, Jeffrey Lipman, Wai Tat Wong, Gavin M. Joynt, and Menino Osbert Cotta. "A Systematic Review of Studies Reporting Antibiotic Pharmacokinetic Data in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Critically Ill Patients with Uninflamed Meninges." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 65, no. 1 (2020): e01998-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.01998-20.

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ABSTRACTVentriculostomy-associated infections in critically ill patients remain therapeutically challenging because of drug- and disease-related factors that contribute to suboptimal antibiotic concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid. Optimal antibiotic dosing for the treatment and prevention of such infections should be based on robust and contextually specific pharmacokinetic data. The objects of this study were to describe and critically appraise studies with reported antibiotic concentrations or pharmacokinetic data in cerebrospinal fluid of critically ill patients without meningeal inflammation. We systematically reviewed the literature to identify published reports and studies describing antibiotic concentrations, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics in cerebrospinal fluid of critically ill patients with uninflamed meninges. Fifty-eight articles met the inclusion criteria. There was significant heterogeneity in methodologies and results. When available, antibiotic pharmacokinetic parameters displayed large intersubject variability. Intraventricular dosing achieved substantially higher antibiotic concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid than did intravenous doses. Few studies conducted a robust pharmacokinetic analysis and described relevant clinical pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic indices and exposure targets in cerebrospinal fluid. Robust and clinically relevant antibiotic pharmacokinetic data describing antibiotic disposition in cerebrospinal fluid are necessary. Such studies should use a standardized approach to accurately describe pharmacokinetic variability. These data should ideally be tied to clinical outcomes whereby therapeutic targets in the cerebrospinal fluid can be better defined. Altered dosing strategies, in conjunction with exploring the utility of therapeutic drug monitoring, can then be developed to optimize antibiotic exposure with the goal of improving outcomes in this difficult-to-treat patient group.
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Ni, S., X.-B. Gao, Hu Y-E, et al. "P71 Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacogenetics of caffeine in Chinese premature infants with apnoea of prematurity." Archives of Disease in Childhood 104, no. 6 (2019): e46.2-e46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2019-esdppp.109.

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BackgroundCaffeine is commonly regarded as the treatment of choice for neonatal apnoea. However, limited data on the developmental pharmacokinetics and pharmacogenetics were available in Chinese premature infants. The objective of this study was to develop a population pharmacokinetic model of caffeine after intravenous administration to Chinese neonates with apnoea of prematurity (AOP) and evaluate the impact of developmental pharmacogenetics of CYP1A2.MethodsSparse pharmacokinetic samples were collected from AOP newborns receiving caffeine citrate at a loading dose of 20 mg/kg/d and maintenance dose of 5–10 mg/kg/d. Population pharmacokinetic-pharmacogenetic analysis of caffeine was performed using NONMEM. Eight CYP1A2 polymorphisms were genotyped.ResultsA total of 99 newborns with a mean (SD) postmenstrual age of 32.0 (2.16) (range 22.3 - 38.0) weeks were included in the present study. Pharmacokinetic data fitted an one-compartment model with first-order absorption and elimination. Current weight, postmenstrual age and serum creatinine concentration were significant covariates influencing caffeine clearance. None of tested CYP1A2 polymorphisms had significant impact on caffeine pharmacokinetics.ConclusionThe population pharmacokinetics-pharmacogenetics of caffeine was evaluated in Chinese AOP premature infants. This developmental pharmacokinetic model can be helpful to individualize caffeine therapy.Disclosure(s)Nothing to disclose
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Albitar, Orwa, Sabariah Noor Harun, Hadzliana Zainal, Baharudin Ibrahim, and Siti Maisharah Sheikh Ghadzi. "Population Pharmacokinetics of Clozapine: A Systematic Review." BioMed Research International 2020 (January 8, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/9872936.

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Background and Objective. Clozapine is a second-generation antipsychotic drug that is considered the most effective treatment for refractory schizophrenia. Several clozapine population pharmacokinetic models have been introduced in the last decades. Thus, a systematic review was performed (i) to compare published pharmacokinetics models and (ii) to summarize and explore identified covariates influencing the clozapine pharmacokinetics models. Methods. A search of publications for population pharmacokinetic analyses of clozapine either in healthy volunteers or patients from inception to April 2019 was conducted in PubMed and SCOPUS databases. Reviews, methodology articles, in vitro and animal studies, and noncompartmental analysis were excluded. Results. Twelve studies were included in this review. Clozapine pharmacokinetics was described as one-compartment with first-order absorption and elimination in most of the studies. Significant interindividual variations of clozapine pharmacokinetic parameters were found in most of the included studies. Age, sex, smoking status, and cytochrome P450 1A2 were found to be the most common identified covariates affecting these parameters. External validation was only performed in one study to determine the predictive performance of the models. Conclusions. Large pharmacokinetic variability remains despite the inclusion of several covariates. This can be improved by including other potential factors such as genetic polymorphisms, metabolic factors, and significant drug-drug interactions in a well-designed population pharmacokinetic model in the future, taking into account the incorporation of larger sample size and more stringent sampling strategy. External validation should also be performed to the previously published models to compare their predictive performances.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Pharmacokinetic"

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Chigutsa, Emmanuel. "Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacokinetic-pharmacodyamic modeling of antitubercular drugs." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/3275.

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The pharmacokinetics of rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide and ethambutol in 78 patients with tuberculosis were described using non-linear mixed effects modeling. Pharmacodynamic data was comprised of weekly sputum liquid culture (using mycobacterial growth indicator tubes) time to detection results from 144 patients during the first 2 months of treatment. The effect of drug exposure on patient outcomes was investigated. To determine the adequacy of ofloxacin drug exposure, the probability of attaining the required area-under-the-curve to minimum inhibitory concentration ratio (AUC/MIC) of ofloxacin was determined in 65 patients on treatment for multidrug resistant tuberculosis. To improve efficiency in the clinical development of new drug regimens, clinical trial simulation was used to determine the optimal study design for a study investigating the efficacy of a new antitubercular drug regimen. The SLCO1B1 rs4149032 polymorphism existed at a high frequency of 0.70 in South Africans and resulted in a 28% decrease in bioavailability of rifampicin. The rifampicin peak concentration was a significant predictor of the 2 month treatment outcomes. A semimechanistic time to event model was developed to analyze days to positivity (time to detection) data. The model was comprised of a biexponential decay model describing bacillary decline in sputum from patients, followed by a logistic model with a lag time for growth of the mycobacteria in liquid culture. For the current 800 mg daily dose of ofloxacin, the probability of attaining an AUC/MIC target ratio of at least 100 was only 0.45. Based on clinical trial simulation, the optimum parallel study design was comprised of 125 study participants in each of 2 arms to achieve a study power of at least 80%. Increasing the study length beyond 42 days reduced study power perhaps due to increased amounts of censored data. Higher doses of rifampicin are required in the majority of South African patients with tuberculosis. A novel pharmacodynamic model of tuberculosis treatment is presented, which can be used for investigation of covariates such as drug exposure. Ofloxacin should be replaced with a more potent fluoroquinolone for treatment of multidrug resistant tuberculosis. Clinical trials should not be unduly long otherwise this may compromise study power.
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Westwood, P. M. "Pharmacokinetic studies in Paediatric Populations and a comparison of Pharmacokinetic Software Packages." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.527901.

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Lindemalm, Synnöve. "Pharmacokinetic studies on cladribine /." Stockholm : [Karolinska institutets bibl.], 2001. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2001/91-7349-043-1/.

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Rosario, Maria C. P. "Applications of population and other analytical approaches to pharmacokinetic and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modelling." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.272881.

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Badri, Prajakta. "PREDICTION OF HUMAN SYSTEMIC, BIOLOGICALLY RELEVANT PHARMACOKINETIC (PK) PROPERTIES BASED ON QUANTITATIVE STRUCTURE PHARMACOKINETIC RELATIONSHIPS (QSPKR) AND INTERSPECIES PHARMACOKINETIC ALLOMETRIC SCALING (PK-AS)." VCU Scholars Compass, 2010. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/124.

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This research developed validated QSPKR and PK-AS models for predicting human systemic PK properties of three, preselected, pharmacological classes of drugs, namely opioids, β-adrenergic receptor ligands (β-ARL) and β-lactam antibiotics (β-LAs) using pertinent human and animal systemic PK properties (fu,, CLtot, Vdss, fe) and their biologically relevant unbound counterparts from the published literature, followed by an assessment of the effect of different molecular descriptors on these PK properties and on the PK-AS slopes for CLtot and Vdss from two species (rat and dog). Lipophilicity (log (D)7.4) and molecular weight (MW) were found to be the most statistically significant and biologically plausible, molecular properties affecting the biologically relevant, systemic PK properties: For compounds with log (D)7.4 > -2.0 and MW < 350 D (e.g., most opioids and β-ARL), increased log (D)7.4 resulted in decreased fu and increased Vdssu, CLtotu and CLnonrenu, indicating the prevalence of hydrophobic interactions with biological membrane/proteins. As result, the final QSPKR models using log (D)7.4 provided acceptable predictions for fu, Vdssu, CLtotu and CLnonrenu. CLnonrenu and CLtotu. For both the datasets, inclusion of drugs undergoing extrahepatic clearance worsened the QSPKR predictions. For compounds with log (D)7.4 < -2.0 and MW > 350 D (e.g., β-LA), increased MW (leading to more hydrogen bond donors/acceptors) resulted in a decrease in fu, likely indicating hydrogen bonding interactions with plasma proteins. In general, it was more difficult to predict PK parameters for β-LAs, as their Vdssu approached plasma volume and CLrenu and CLnonrenu were low - as a result of their high hydrophilicity and large MW, requiring specific drug transporters for distribution and excretion. The PK-AS analysis showed that animal body size accounted for most of the observed variability (r2> 0.80) in systemic PK variables, with single species methods, particularly those using dog, gave the best predictions. The fu correction of PK variables improved goodness of fit and predictability of human PK. There were no apparent effects of molecular properties on the predictions. CLren, CLrenu, CLnonren, and CLnonrenu were the most difficult variables to predict, possibly due to the associated interspecies differences in the metabolism, renal and hepatobiliary drug transporters.
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Tannenbaum, Stacey Jill. "Pharmacokinetic principles of allometry and allometric, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic analyses of cocaine and ethanol." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/280341.

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This dissertation deals with two major topics: allometric (or interspecies) scaling of pharmacokinetic parameters, and the interaction of cocaine and ethanol. These topics are tied together by the inclusion of allometric analyses of both cocaine and ethanol. Currently, to make initial predictions of human pharmacokinetic parameters using allometry, allometric slopes of 0.75, 1.0, or 0.25 (for clearance, volume, and half-life, respectively) are applied to the appropriate parameter value measured in a single species. Chapter 1 demonstrates the validity of this practice, and, using literature data on many diverse compounds, suggests that the monkey is the best species for predicting human data. Chapter 2 uses allometric principles to show that hepatic extraction ratio (ER) is independent of body weight, and thus constant across species. This is due to the fact that ER is the ratio of two parameters with identical allometric slopes, hepatic clearance and blood flow. Chapter 3 demonstrates that cocaine can be scaled using allometric relationships, leading to reasonably accurate predictions of the parameters in humans. Chapter 4 shows that the pharmacokinetic parameters of ethanol can be scaled allometrically. This was previously thought to be impossible, since ethanol undergoes saturable elimination, and as a result, the pharmacokinetic parameters (clearance and half-life) are dose-dependent. By scaling other parameters that are dose-independent, such as the Michaelis-Menten parameters, predictions of human concentration-time plots can be simulated. The co-administration of cocaine and ethanol is shown to cause a superadditive response. This is a result of two mechanisms: ethanol inhibits cocaine clearance, thus increasing cocaine concentrations, and, an active metabolite, cocaethylene, whose effects are similar to that of cocaine, is formed in vivo after co-administration of the two drugs. Because this drug combination is so common, and because of the resultant increased risk of toxicity and death, it is important to understand how much cocaethylene is formed after co-administration of cocaine and ethanol. Chapter 5 outlines a procedure used to calculate the fraction of cocaethylene formed after co-administration of the two drugs. Chapter 6 then summarizes the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic models of cocaine given alone, compared to the combination.
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Khan, A. Z. "Optimal design of pharmacokinetic experiments." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.377718.

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Dong, Jin. "First-principle based pharmacokinetic modeling." Scholarly Commons, 2016. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/128.

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Predicting drug concentrations in the blood and at the site of action is the hottest topic in pharmacokinetics (PK). In vitro-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) and physiological based pharmacokinetics (PBPK) models are two major PK prediction strategies. However, both IVIVE and PBPK models are considered as immature methodologies due to their poor predictability. The goal of the research is to investigate the discrepancies within IVIVE and PBPK predictions according to first-principles: convection, diffusion, metabolism, and carrier-mediated transport. In Chapter 2, non-permeability limited hepatic elimination under perfusion steady state is examined. The well-stirred model is re-derived from the convection-dispersion-elimination equation when both dispersion and concentration gradient are ignored and re-named as the zero-gradient model. Pang and Rowland’s lidocaine data are re-analyzed. Their data analysis was based on an unfair comparison of the zero-gradient and parallel- tube models at two different efficiency number ranges. The interference of sensitivity greatly biased the comparison. I also show that both theoretical discussions and experimental results indicate that apparent intrinsic clearance and intrinsic clearance could be affected by blood flow and protein binding. In Chapter 3, I discuss permeability limited hepatic elimination under perfusion steady state. Permeability limited elimination is classified to diffusion dominated, carrier-mediated transport mediated, and mixed effects based on drug passage mechanisms. Each of these three drug passage classes is sub-divided to sink condition and finite volume condition based on the boundary conditions of drug passage. In Chapter 4, the discrepancies within IVIVE for both non-permeability limited and permeability limited drugs are explored. The deficiencies in assay design and data analysis of common in vitro metabolism assays are investigated. The scaling/converting equations for both non-permeability limited and permeability limited drugs are derived. In Chapter 5, I focus on transient PK models. Numerical analysis using finite difference and finite volume methods are introduced into the derivation and discussion of transient PBPK models. In addition, the use of partition coefficient in the non-eliminating tissue/organ models is discussed.
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Barnett, Helen Yvette. "Optimizing pharmacokinetic studies utilizing microsampling." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2017. http://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/89163/.

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In Pharmacokinetic (PK) studies, inference is made on the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) of an externally administered compound within the body. This is done by measuring the concentration of the compound in some form of bodily tissue (such as whole blood or plasma) at a number of time points after administration. There are two approaches to PK analysis, modelling and non-compartmental (NCA). The modelling approach uses assumptions of the behaviour of the compound in the body to fit models to the data in order to approximate the concentration versus time curve. Whereas in NCA, no such assumptions are made, and numerical methods are used to approximate this curve. The PK behaviour is summarised by PK parameters that are derived from this approximation, such as the area under the curve (AUC), the maximum concentration (Cmax) and the time at which this maximum occurs (tmax). In this thesis, three separate topics in the area of PK studies are explored. The first two are motivated by the new blood sampling method of microsampling, which requires a smaller sample volume than traditionally used. Firstly, a methodology is introduced for comparing microsampling to traditional sampling using the derived PK parameters from PK modelling, to find evidence of equivalence of the two sampling methods. The next topic establishes an algorithm for choosing an optimal sparse sampling scheme for PK studies that use microsampling using NCA, developing a two-stage procedure that minimizes bias and variance of the PK parameter estimates. The final topic concerns how PK analysis can be conducted when some measurements are too low to be reliably detected, again using NCA. Seven methods are explored, with the introduced method of using kernel density estimation to impute values onto censored responses using an iterative procedure showing.
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Pasternyk, Marika. "Novel techniques for pharmacokinetic studies, the role of immobilized enzyme reactors and pharmacokinetic-metabolism models." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/NQ56484.pdf.

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Books on the topic "Pharmacokinetic"

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Reddy, Micaela B., Raymond S. H. Yang, Harvey J. Clewell, and Melvin E. Andersen, eds. Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/0471478768.

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L, Leenders K., and Paul Scherrer Institut, eds. PET pharmacokinetic course: Manual. Paul Scherrer Institut, 1997.

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Bonate, Peter L. Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Modeling and Simulation. Springer US, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9485-1.

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Jack, David B. Handbook of Clinical Pharmacokinetic Data. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22495-1.

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Testa, Bernard, Stefanie D. Krmer, Heidi Wunderli-Allenspach, and Gerd Folkers, eds. Pharmacokinetic Profiling in Drug Research. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783906390468.

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Pelkonen, O., A. Baumann, and A. Reichel, eds. Pharmacokinetic Challenges in Drug Discovery. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04383-7.

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Jack, David B. Handbook of clinical pharmacokinetic data. Macmillan, 1992.

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Hartmut, Derendorf, and Hochhaus Günther, eds. Handbook of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic correlation. CRC Press, 1995.

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service), SpringerLink (Online, ed. Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Modeling and Simulation. 2nd ed. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 2011.

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L, Amidon Gordon, ed. Pharmacokinetic analysis: A practical approach. Technomic Pub., 1996.

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Book chapters on the topic "Pharmacokinetic"

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Nahler, Gerhard. "pharmacokinetic." In Dictionary of Pharmaceutical Medicine. Springer Vienna, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-211-89836-9_1050.

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Mahmoud, Sherif Hanafy. "Pharmacokinetic Assessment." In Patient Assessment in Clinical Pharmacy. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11775-7_22.

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Brown, David, and Mark Tomlin. "Pharmacokinetic Principles." In Competency-Based Critical Care. Springer London, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-146-2_2.

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Baker, Sharyn D., and Michelle A. Rudek. "Pharmacokinetic Modeling." In Handbook of Anticancer Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics. Humana Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-734-5_9.

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Woerlee, G. M. "Pharmacokinetic Principles." In Common Perioperative Problems and the Anaesthetist. Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1323-3_87.

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Clairambault, Jean. "Pharmacokinetic Modeling." In Encyclopedia of Systems Biology. Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9863-7_297.

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Li, Jing, and Michelle A. Rudek. "Pharmacokinetic Modeling." In Cancer Drug Discovery and Development. Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-9135-4_10.

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Martínez, Matías F., Leslie C. Cerpa, Nelson M. Varela, and Luis A. Quiñones. "Pharmacokinetic Polymorphisms." In The ADME Encyclopedia. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84860-6_126.

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Martínez, Matías M., Leslie C. Cerpa, Nelson M. Varela, and Luis A. Quiñones. "Pharmacokinetic Polymorphisms." In The ADME Encyclopedia. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51519-5_126-1.

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Mukherjee, Biswajit. "Pharmacokinetic Applications." In Pharmacokinetics: Basics to Applications. Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-8950-5_8.

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Conference papers on the topic "Pharmacokinetic"

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Robinson, Philip E., Cheryl S. Scott, David W. Yesair, Paul I. Feder, and Steven J. Naber. "Pharmacokinetic modeling." In the 17th conference. ACM Press, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/21850.253875.

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Soliman, Alaa, Shane Pawluk, Kyle Wilby, and Ousama Rachid. "Strengthening the Quality of Clinical Pharmacokinetic studies: Development and Validation of a Critical Appraisal Tool for Clinical Pharmacokinetic Research." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2020.0177.

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Background: Robust critical appraisal tools for pharmacokinetic studies are lacking. The aim of this study is to develop a valid and reliable critical appraisal tool for clinical pharmacokinetic studies. Methodology: A systematic review was conducted through Embase and Pubmed to identify quality markers of clinical pharmacokinetic studies. Quality-related questions were formulated to help in appraising pharmacokinetic studies. Experts were approached to participate in a modified Delphi process to achieve their consensus regarding the formulated questions based on percentage of agreement between panelists, median and interquartile range. Content and face validity of the tool were assessed twice and by a psychometric expert. Four raters were selected to apply the tool on 30 clinical pharmacokinetic articles to calculate Kappa values to determine interrater and intra-rater reliability. Results: Quality markers of clinical pharmacokinetic studies were identified from fifteen articles. Sixty-four quality-related questions were formulated, but 42 were assessed by twenty-five panelists, who consented to participate in the modified Delphi process rounds. In round 1, 12 out of 42 items reached ≥80 % of agreement, median ≥ 4, and interquartile range ≤ 1. In round 2, 6 out of 28 items met ≥80% of agreement, a median ≥ 4, and interquartile range < 1. In round 3, 3 out of 3 items achieved ≥80% of agreement, a median ≥ 4, and interquartile range < 1. This tool proved to be valid and reliable in appraising retrospective and prospective clinical pharmacokinetic, bioequivalence, and population pharmacokinetic studies. Conclusion: A valid and reliable clinical pharmacokinetic critical appraisal tool containing twenty-one questions was developed
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Dol, F., G. Houin, D. Dupouy, et al. "THE PHARMACOKINETICS OF 125-I DERMATAN SULFATE IN THE RABBIT." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643243.

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We have determined the main pharmacokinetic parameters of dermatan sulfate (DS), a catalyst of IIa-heparin cofactor II (HC II) interaction which presents antithrombotic properties in the rabbit. DS (Pharmuka, France) was conjugated with SHPP and iodinated using the chloramine T method. The labelled derivative had the same MW distribution and biological activities than.the native one. Rabbits were injected by 5 ucies of 125I-DS (0.6 ug) and increasing doses of unlabelled DS. Serial blood samples were collected to measure cpm disappearance and, in some cases, residual biological activity was determined (ex vivo quantitation of IIa- 125I-HC II complexes). The cpm curves were broken into 3 exponentials : alpha, beta and gamma. The beta exponential was closely superimposable to the curves of biological activity disappearance. The main pharmacokinetic parameters are indicated in the Table (mean ± SD) : there was a slight (non-significant) tendency to the half life (Tl/2) prolongation and to the reduction of both the clearance (cl) and the volume of distribution (Vd). Thus after IV injection, the pharmacokinetics of DS mimics that of LMW-heparin in the rabbit : Tl/2 is in the same order of magnitude and independent of the dose delivered. These results are promising for the future development of this compound as an antithrombotic agent.
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Evans, Conor L. "Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic tomography." In Visualizing and Quantifying Drug Distribution in Tissue V, edited by Conor L. Evans and Kin Foong Chan. SPIE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2587224.

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Bueso-Bordils, Jose, Pedro Alemán-López, Sara Costa-Piles, Luis Lahuerta-Zamora, Rafael Martín-Algarra, and Gerardo Antón-Fos. "New Microbiological and Pharmacokinetic models." In MOL2NET 2017, International Conference on Multidisciplinary Sciences, 3rd edition. MDPI, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mol2net-03-05043.

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Gottam, Omprakash, Naren Naik, and Sanjay Gambhir. "Shape based pharmacokinetic fluorescence optical tomography." In Biomedical Imaging and Sensing Conference, edited by Osamu Matoba, Yasuhiro Awatsuji, Toyohiko Yatagai, and Yoshihisa Aizu. SPIE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2319358.

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Hashemi, Ray R., Charles Epperson, Alexander A. Tyler, and John F. Young. "Knowledge discovery from sparse pharmacokinetic data." In the 2000 ACM symposium. ACM Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/335603.335699.

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He, Wei, Shanshan Zhan, QinHong Yang, et al. "Pharmacokinetic Model of Sustained-Release Agents." In 2010 International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Computer Science (ICBECS). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icbecs.2010.5462309.

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Chabot, J. R., D. E. Dettling, P. J. Jasper, and B. C. Gomes. "Comprehensive mechanism-based antibody pharmacokinetic modeling." In 2011 33rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iembs.2011.6091072.

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Reddick, Wilburn E., Sihong Wang, and Sue C. Kaste. "Pharmacokinetic imaging of pediatric solid tumors." In Medical Imaging '98, edited by Eric A. Hoffman. SPIE, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.312557.

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Reports on the topic "Pharmacokinetic"

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Soliman, Tarik, Laura Hales, and Dan Hall. Enhancing the Pharmacokinetic Profile of Protein-Based Drugs. Defense Technical Information Center, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada607394.

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Noker, Patricia E. Preclinical Pharmacodynamic and Pharmacokinetic Studies of Investigational New Drugs. Defense Technical Information Center, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada307633.

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Noker, Patricia. Preclinical Pharmacodynamic and Pharmacokinetic Studies of Investigational New Drugs. Defense Technical Information Center, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada274309.

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Noker, Patricia E. Preclinical Pharmacodynamic and Pharmacokinetic Studies of Investigational New Drugs. Defense Technical Information Center, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada425594.

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Bois, F., T. Woodruff, and R. Spear. Comparison of three physiologically-based pharmacokinetic models of benzene disposition. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5961521.

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Hattis, D. Pharmacokinetic/mechanism-based analysis of the carcinogenic risk of ethylene oxide. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7067804.

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Caracci, Melanie C., R. S. Geary, C. M. Wall, and Gary W. Jepson. Development of Microdialysis Probe Method for Partition Coefficient Determination for Pharmacokinetic Modeling. Defense Technical Information Center, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada325791.

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Robinson, Peter J. Pharmacokinetic Modeling of JP-8 Jet Fuel Components: II. A Conceptual Framework. Defense Technical Information Center, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada459472.

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Buonocore, Michael H. Magnetic Resonance Arterial Spin Tagging for Noninvasive Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Breast Cancer. Defense Technical Information Center, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/adb248332.

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Buonocore, Michael H. Magnetic Resonance Arterial Spin Tagging for Non-Invasive Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Breast Cancer. Defense Technical Information Center, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada413282.

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