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Journal articles on the topic 'Pharmacokinetics Drugs Drugs'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 4 February 2022

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1

Shikov, Alexander N., Elena V. Flisyuk, Ekaterina D. Obluchinskaya, and Olga N. Pozharitskaya. "Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs." Marine Drugs 18, no. 11 (2020): 557. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md18110557.

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Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.

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2

Stepensky, David. "Pharmacokinetics of Toxin-Derived Peptide Drugs." Toxins 10, no. 11 (2018): 483. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins10110483.

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Toxins and venoms produced by different organisms contain peptides that have evolved to have highly selective and potent pharmacological effects on specific targets for protection and predation. Several toxin-derived peptides have become drugs and are used for the management of diabetes, hypertension, chronic pain, and other medical conditions. Despite the similarity in their composition (amino acids as the building blocks), toxin-derived peptide drugs have very profound differences in their structure and conformation, in their physicochemical properties (that affect solubility, stability, etc.), and subsequently in their pharmacokinetics (the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination following their administration to patients). This review summarizes and critically analyzes the pharmacokinetic properties of toxin-derived peptide drugs: (1) the relationship between the chemical structure, physicochemical properties, and the pharmacokinetics of the specific drugs, (2) the major pharmacokinetic properties and parameters of these drugs, and (3) the major pharmacokinetic variability factors of the individual drugs. The structural properties of toxin-derived peptides affect their pharmacokinetics and pose some limitations on their clinical use. These properties should be taken into account during the development of new toxin-derived peptide drugs, and for the efficient and safe use of the clinically approved drugs from this group in the individual patients.

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3

Scheyer, Richard, and Joyce Cramer. "Pharmacokinetics of Antiepileptic Drugs." Seminars in Neurology 10, no. 04 (1990): 414–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1063986.

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4

LIPWORTH, BRIAN J. "Pharmacokinetics of inhaled drugs." British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 42, no. 6 (1996): 697–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2125.1996.00493.x.

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5

Browne, T. R. "Pharmacokinetics of antiepileptic drugs." Neurology 51, Issue 5, Supplement 4 (1998): S2—S7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.51.5_suppl_4.s2.

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6

McIlleron, Helen, and Hermien Gous. "Pharmacokinetics of antiretroviral drugs in infancy." Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine 10, no. 4 (2009): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajhivmed.v10i4.260.

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Infancy (from birth until 1 year of age) is a time of rapid changes within the body of a child. These changes affect pharmacokinetics in many ways. The CHER study1 showed that early antiretroviral treatment reduces mortality and disease progression amongst infants acquiring HIV infection before 12 weeks of age. As a result the World Health Organization has recently revised treatment initiation recommendations in children less than one year of age: all infants under 12 months of age with confirmed HIV infection should be started on antiretroviral therapy, irrespective of clinical or immunological stage2. Dosing in infants is challenging because drug concentrations are highly variable, there is frequently scant pharmacokinetic information in young children, and few suitable drug formulations are available. Furthermore, adherence to treatment is reliant on the caregiver, rather than the patient. Peri- and postnatal HIV transmission are reduced by maternal highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART). However, the benefits and risks to breast fed infants of exposure to maternal antiretroviral drugs during lactation are poorly understood.   In this article we review the pharmacokinetics of antiretroviral drugs relevant to South African infants, and highlight some of the challenges to delivering antiretroviral treatment in safe and effective doses.

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7

Ziółkowski, H., J. J. Jaroszewski, N. Ziółkowska, and A. Jasiecka. "Characteristics of selected second-generation antiepileptic drugs used in dogs." Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences 15, no. 3 (2012): 571–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10181-012-0088-1.

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Abstract A significant number of cases of clinical canine epilepsy remain difficult to control in spite of the applied treatment. At the same time, the range of antiepileptic drugs is increasingly wide, which allows efficient treatment. In the present paper we describe the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of the newer antiepileptic drugs which were licensed after 1990 but are still not widely used in veterinary medicine. The pharmacokinetic profiles of six of these drugs were tested on dogs. The results of experimental studies suggest that second generation antiepileptic drugs may be applied in mono- as well as in poli- treatment of canine epilepsy because of the larger safety margin and more advantageous pharmacokinetic parameters. Knowledge of the drugs’ pharmacokinetics allows its proper clinical appliance, which, in turn, gives the chance to improve the efficiency of pharmacotherapy of canine epilepsy.

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8

White, Nicholas J. "Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Antimalarial Drugs." Clinical Pharmacokinetics 10, no. 3 (1985): 187–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00003088-198510030-00001.

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9

Edwards, Geoffrey, and Alasdair M. Breckenridge. "Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Anthelmintic Drugs." Clinical Pharmacokinetics 15, no. 2 (1988): 64–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00003088-198815020-00001.

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10

Evans, William E., and Mary V. Relling. "Clinical Pharmacokinetics-Pharmacodynamicsof Anticancer Drugs." Clinical Pharmacokinetics 16, no. 6 (1989): 327–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00003088-198916060-00001.

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11

Sue, Young-Jin, and Michael Shannon. "Pharmacokinetics of Drugs in Overdose." Clinical Pharmacokinetics 23, no. 2 (1992): 93–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00003088-199223020-00003.

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12

Feghali, Maisa, Raman Venkataramanan, and Steve Caritis. "Pharmacokinetics of drugs in pregnancy." Seminars in Perinatology 39, no. 7 (2015): 512–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.semperi.2015.08.003.

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13

Richens, Alan. "Pharmacokinetics of anticonvul sant drugs." Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 62, S80 (2009): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0404.1980.tb02348.x.

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14

Gram, Lennart. "Pharmacokinetics of New Antiepileptic Drugs." Epilepsia 37, s6 (1996): S12—S16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1157.1996.tb06034.x.

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15

Indik, Julia H., and Raymond L. Woosley. "Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics of Antiarrhythmic Drugs." Cardiac Electrophysiology Clinics 2, no. 3 (2010): 341–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ccep.2010.06.001.

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16

Padrini, Roberto. "Clinical pharmacokinetics of antiarrhythmic drugs." Pharmacological Research 26 (September 1992): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1043-6618(92)90733-r.

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17

Marvanova, Marketa. "Pharmacokinetic characteristics of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs)." Mental Health Clinician 6, no. 1 (2016): 8–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.9740/mhc.2015.01.008.

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Abstract Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are routinely prescribed for the management of a variety of neurologic and psychiatric conditions, including epilepsy and epilepsy syndromes. Physiologic changes due to aging, pregnancy, nutritional status, drug interactions, and diseases (ie, those involving liver and kidney function) can affect pharmacokinetics of AEDs. This review discusses foundational pharmacokinetic characteristics of AEDs currently available in the United States, including clobazam but excluding the other benzodiazepines. Commonalities of pharmacokinetic properties of AEDs are discussed in detail. Important differences among AEDs and clinically relevant pharmacokinetic interactions in absorption, distribution, metabolism, and/or elimination associated with AEDs are highlighted. In general, newer AEDs have more predictable kinetics and lower risks for drug interactions. This is because many are minimally or not bound to serum proteins, are primarily renally cleared or metabolized by non–cytochrome P450 isoenzymes, and/or have lower potential to induce/inhibit various hepatic enzyme systems. A clear understanding of the pharmacokinetic properties of individual AEDs is essential in creating a safe and effective treatment plan for a patient.

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18

García-Quintanilla, Laura, Andrea Luaces-Rodríguez, María Gil-Martínez, et al. "Pharmacokinetics of Intravitreal Anti-VEGF Drugs in Age-Related Macular Degeneration." Pharmaceutics 11, no. 8 (2019): 365. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics11080365.

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Intravitreal administration of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) antibodies has become the standard treatment for Age-Related Macular Degeneration; however, the knowledge of their pharmacokinetics is limited. A comprehensive review of the preclinical and clinical pharmacokinetic data that were obtained in different studies with intravitreal bevacizumab, ranibizumab, and aflibercept has been conducted. Moreover, the factors that can influence the vitreous pharmacokinetics of these drugs, as well as the methods that were used in the studies for analytical determination, have been exposed. These anti-VEGF drugs present different charge and molecular weights, which play an important role in vitreous distribution and elimination. The pharmacokinetic parameters that were collected differ depending on the species that were involved in the studies and on physiological and pathological conditions, such as vitrectomy and lensectomy. Knowledge of the intravitreal pharmacokinetics of the anti-VEGF drugs that were used in clinical practice is of vital importance.

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19

Shepherd, Michele F., Kathleen D. Lake, and Melissa A. Kamps. "Postmortem Changes and Pharmacokinetics: Review of the Literature and Case Report." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 26, no. 4 (1992): 510–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106002809202600412.

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OBJECTIVE: To review the mechanisms and sequence of events that occur during ischemia and cell death and following death of the human body. The impact of these postmortem events on the distribution and pharmacokinetic behavior of drugs is described. The case study presented illustrates a possible situation where such postmortem changes could have affected the pharmacokinetics of procainamide. DATA SOURCES: English-language journal articles and reference texts identified from pertinent data sources. DATA SYNTHESIS: Postmortem changes in the human body begin at the cellular level with the onset of ischemia. As the length of time of ischemia increases and death ensues, more changes occur and lead to deterioration in tissue and organ function. These changes may affect the pharmacokinetic and distribution behavior of certain drugs. Drugs particularly affected are those whose distribution is dependent on molecular size, lipophilicity, pH, energy-dependent transport, and tissue binding. Such drugs include the tricyclic antidepressants, digoxin, and cimetidine. Other drugs with similar characteristics, such as procainamide, may also demonstrate like changes in distribution and pharmacokinetics. CONCLUSIONS: When measuring drug concentrations after death, it is important to consider the phenomenon of postmortem redistribution. Postmortem drug concentrations may not be a true reflection of antemortem concentrations and as a result, wrong conclusions could be made about the cause of death. More studies characterizing the postmortem distribution and pharmacokinetic characteristics of specific drugs are necessary.

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20

Holt, D. W., and A. Johnston. "The relevance of pharmacokinetics to monitoring new antiarrhythmics." Clinical Chemistry 35, no. 7 (1989): 1332–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/35.7.1332.

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Abstract The application of selective and sensitive methodology to the investigation of the pharmacokinetics of new antiarrthythmic drugs is described. The value of these data in the context of routine measurements as a guide to therapy is discussed. In particular, specific case histories that demonstrate the considerable within- and between-subject variation in pharmacokinetic parameters are cited and used to illustrate the potential benefits of drug monitoring. We conclude that studies designed to elucidate the pharmacokinetics of these drugs in a variety of clinical settings can be a valuable guide to assessing the patient groups for whom routine monitoring would be of particular benefit when the drugs are in general clinical use.

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21

Toja-Camba, Francisco José, Nerea Gesto-Antelo, Olalla Maroñas, et al. "Review of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacogenetics in Atypical Long-Acting Injectable Antipsychotics." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 7 (2021): 935. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13070935.

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Over the last two decades, pharmacogenetics and pharmacokinetics have been increasingly used in clinical practice in Psychiatry due to the high variability regarding response and side effects of antipsychotic drugs. Specifically, long-acting injectable (LAI) antipsychotics have different pharmacokinetic profile than oral formulations due to their sustained release characteristics. In addition, most of these drugs are metabolized by CYP2D6, whose interindividual genetic variability results in different metabolizer status and, consequently, into different plasma concentrations of the drugs. In this context, there is consistent evidence which supports the use of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) along with pharmacogenetic tests to improve safety and efficacy of antipsychotic pharmacotherapy. This comprehensive review aims to compile all the available pharmacokinetic and pharmacogenetic data regarding the three major LAI atypical antipsychotics: risperidone, paliperidone and aripiprazole. On the one hand, CYP2D6 metabolizer status influences the pharmacokinetics of LAI aripiprazole, but this relation remains a matter of debate for LAI risperidone and LAI paliperidone. On the other hand, developed population pharmacokinetic (popPK) models showed the influence of body weight or administration site on the pharmacokinetics of these LAI antipsychotics. The combination of pharmacogenetics and pharmacokinetics (including popPK models) leads to a personalized antipsychotic therapy. In this sense, the optimization of these treatments improves the benefit–risk balance and, consequently, patients’ quality of life.

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22

Ruslami, Rovina, Hanneke M. J. Nijland, I. Gusti N. Adhiarta, et al. "Pharmacokinetics of Antituberculosis Drugs in Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients with Type 2 Diabetes." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 54, no. 3 (2009): 1068–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00447-09.

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ABSTRACT Altered pharmacokinetics of antituberculosis drugs may contribute to an increased risk of tuberculosis treatment failure for diabetic patients. We previously found that rifampin exposure was 2-fold lower in diabetic than in nondiabetic tuberculosis patients during the continuation phase of treatment. We now examined the influence of diabetes on the pharmacokinetics of antituberculosis drugs in the intensive phase of tuberculosis treatment, and we evaluated the effect of glycemic control. For this purpose, 18 diabetic and 18 gender- and body weight-matched nondiabetic tuberculosis patients were included in an Indonesian setting. Intensive pharmacokinetic sampling was performed for rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol at steady state. The bioavailability of rifampin was determined by comparing rifampin exposure after oral versus intravenous administration. Pharmacokinetic assessments were repeated for 10 diabetic tuberculosis patients after glycemic control. No differences in the areas under the concentration-time curves of the drugs in plasma from 0 to 24 h postdose (AUC0-24), the maximum concentrations of the drugs in plasma (C max), the times to C max (T max), and the half-lives of rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol were found between diabetic and nondiabetic tuberculosis patients in the intensive phase of tuberculosis treatment. For rifampin, oral bioavailability and metabolism were similar in diabetic and nondiabetic patients. The pharmacokinetic parameters of antituberculosis drugs were not correlated with blood glucose levels or glucose control. We conclude that diabetes does not alter the pharmacokinetics of antituberculosis drugs during the intensive phase of tuberculosis treatment. The reduced exposure to rifampin of diabetic patients in the continuation phase may be due to increased body weight and possible differences in hepatic induction. Further research is needed to determine the cause of increased tuberculosis treatment failure among diabetic patients.

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23

Goldman, Jennifer, and Susan Abdel-Rahman. "Pharmacology of Mycobacterial Drugs in Children." Journal of Pediatric Infectious Diseases 13, no. 02 (2017): 101–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1606602.

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AbstractTo effectively treat tuberculosis (TB), optimization of therapy guided by an understanding of pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic principles represents the strategy most likely to influence favorable patient outcomes. However, challenges are often encountered during TB treatment given the concomitant administration of multiple drugs, some with poorly defined therapeutic targets, for prolonged durations. Treatment is further complicated in children as many antitubercular drugs have not been extensively studied in the pediatric population where the impact of human development on drug disposition is relevant, but poorly understood. In this review, the pharmacokinetics (PK) of antitubercular drugs will be reviewed in the context of the pediatric population. Observed differences between adults and children with respect to TB therapy will be highlighted, and future considerations to enhance our understanding of TB drugs used in children will be explored.

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24

Crom, William R., Anne M. Glynn-Barnhart, John H. Rodman, et al. "Pharmacokinetics of Anticancer Drugs in Children." Clinical Pharmacokinetics 12, no. 3 (1987): 168–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00003088-198712030-00002.

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25

Holdiness, Mack R. "Transplacental Pharmacokinetics of the Antituberculosis Drugs." Clinical Pharmacokinetics 13, no. 2 (1987): 125–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00003088-198713020-00005.

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26

Cedarbaum, Jesse M. "Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Anti-Parkinsonian Drugs." Clinical Pharmacokinetics 13, no. 3 (1987): 141–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00003088-198713030-00002.

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27

Sabers, Anne, and Vaiva Petrenaite. "Pharmacokinetics of antiepileptic drugs in pregnancy." Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology 1, no. 1 (2008): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/17512433.1.1.129.

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28

Agoston, Sandor, Ron H. G. Vandenbrom, and J. Mark K. H. Wierda. "Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs." Clinical Pharmacokinetics 22, no. 2 (1992): 94–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00003088-199222020-00002.

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29

Cheymol, Georges. "Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Drugs in Obesity." Clinical Pharmacokinetics 25, no. 2 (1993): 103–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00003088-199325020-00003.

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30

Steinberg, Charlotte, and Daniel A. Notterman. "Pharmacokinetics of Cardiovascular Drugs in Children." Clinical Pharmacokinetics 27, no. 5 (1994): 345–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00003088-199427050-00003.

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31

Elwes, Robert D. Cary, and Colin D. Binnie. "Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Newer Antiepileptic Drugs." Clinical Pharmacokinetics 30, no. 6 (1996): 403–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00003088-199630060-00001.

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32

Sit, D. K., J. M. Perel, J. Helsel, and K. L. Wisner. "Pharmacokinetics of psychotropic drugs in pregnancy." Neurotoxicology and Teratology 29, no. 3 (2007): 411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ntt.2007.03.051.

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33

BOURIN, M., and A. COUETOUX DU TERTRE. "PHARMACOKINETICS OF PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS IN CHILDREN." Clinical Neuropharmacology 15 (1992): 224A—225A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002826-199201001-00117.

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34

Leppik, Ilo, and Cynthia Rask. "Pharmacokinetics of Antiepileptic Drugs During Pregnancy." Seminars in Neurology 8, no. 03 (1988): 240–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1041385.

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35

Graves, Nina M. "Pharmacokinetics and Interactions of Antiepileptic Drugs." American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 50, no. 12_Suppl (1993): S23—S29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajhp/50.12_suppl_5.s23.

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36

Wall, Monroe E. "Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Psychoactive drugs." Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 75, no. 8 (1986): 825. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600750832.

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37

Czock, David, Christoph Markert, Bertram Hartman, and Frieder Keller. "Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antimicrobial drugs." Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology 5, no. 5 (2009): 475–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/17425250902913808.

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38

Altamura, Alfredo Carlo, Donatella Moliterno, Silvia Paletta, Michele Maffini, Massimo Carlo Mauri, and Silvio Bareggi. "Understanding the pharmacokinetics of anxiolytic drugs." Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology 9, no. 4 (2013): 423–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/17425255.2013.759209.

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39

Israili, Zafar H., C. Milford Rogers, and Hanan El-Attar. "Pharmacokinetics of Antituberculosis Drugs in Patients." Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 27, no. 1 (1987): 78–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009127008702700113.

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40

Dahl, S. G. "Pharmacokinetics of antipsychotic drugs in man." Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 82, S358 (1990): 37–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1990.tb05283.x.

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41

Walker, M. C., and P. N. Patsalos. "Clinical pharmacokinetics of new antiepileptic drugs." Pharmacology & Therapeutics 67, no. 3 (1995): 351–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0163-7258(95)00021-6.

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42

De Zeeuw, RokusA. "Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of psychoactive drugs." TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry 5, no. 6 (1986): XXIII—XXIV. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-9936(86)87015-7.

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43

Li, Xiangyang, Jianxin Yang, Yijie Qiao, et al. "Effects of Radiation on Drug Metabolism: A Review." Current Drug Metabolism 20, no. 5 (2019): 350–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389200220666190405171303.

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Background: Radiation is the fourth most prevalent type of pollution following the water, air and noise pollution. It can adversely affect normal bodily functions. Radiation alters the protein and mRNA expression of drugmetabolizing enzymes and drug transporters and the pharmacokinetic characteristics of drugs, thereby affecting drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Therefore, it is important to study the pharmacokinetic changes in drugs under radiation. Methods: To update data on the effects of ionizing radiation and non-ionizing radiation caused by environmental pollution or clinical treatments on the protein and mRNA expression of drug-metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters. Data and information on pharmacokinetic changes in drugs under radiation were analyzed and summarized. Results: The effect of radiation on cytochrome P450 is still a subject of debate. The widespread belief is that higherdose radiation increased the expression of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 of rat, zebrafish or human, CYP1A2, CYP2B1, and CYP3A1 of rat, and CYP2E1 of mouse or rat, and decreased that of rat’s CYP2C11 and CYP2D1. Radiation increased the expression of multidrug resistance protein, multidrug resistance-associated protein, and breast cancer resistance protein. The metabolism of some drugs, as well as the clearance, increased during concurrent chemoradiation therapy, whereas the half-life, mean residence time, and area under the curve decreased. Changes in the expression of cytochrome P450 and drug transporters were consistent with the changes in the pharmacokinetics of some drugs under radiation. Conclusion: The findings of this review indicated that radiation caused by environmental pollution or clinical treatments can alter the pharmacokinetic characteristics of drugs. Thus, the pharmacokinetics of drugs should be rechecked and the optimal dose should be re-evaluated after radiation.

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44

Milovanovic, Jasmina, and Slobodan Jankovic. "Population pharmacokinetic of antiepileptic drugs in different populations." Open Medicine 8, no. 4 (2013): 383–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11536-013-0158-5.

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AbstractThis article reviews a population pharmacokinetics studies conducted during the past few years in Serbia. Studies have included three the most frequently used antiepileptic drugs (valproate, carbamazepine and lamotrigine) and different populations of epileptic patients: children, adults and heterogeneous population composed of both children and adults. The review compares obtained values of population pharmacokinetic models of clearance of these drugs, and factors that are significantly determined, making brief comments on the results of other authors on the same topic. Individualization of drug dosage is the basis of rational therapy, and factors of variability will always be subject of scientific research.

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45

Fatima, Syeda Komal, Ayesha Sabir, and Fahad Pervai. "A Deeper Insight into Pharmacokinetics of Drugs Following one Compartment Model." Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review II, no. I (2017): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2017(ii-i).03.

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This article discusses the mathematical pharmacokinetic models with reference to one open compartment model in detail. Four types of models, IV, bolus, extravascular 1st and 0 order, have been studied. Mathematical approaches to predict the pharmacokinetic parameters, including elimination half-life, rate constant and drug clearance, have been included. This article focuses on the significance of one open compartment model to study the distribution and elimination of drugs in the body beforehand, to determine whether the drugs under study should proceed to clinical trials or not. Thus, the prediction of the pharmacokinetics of the drug at an earlier stage with the help of this mathematical model saves time and cost during drug and discovery and drug development.

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46

Boyko, S. S., V. P. Zherdev, and R. V. Shevchenko. "Pharmacokinetics of noopept and its active metabolite cycloprolyl glycine in rats." Biomeditsinskaya Khimiya 64, no. 5 (2018): 455–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.18097/pbmc20186405455.

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The study of the pharmacokinetics of new drugs and the identification of active metabolites is a necessary step for effective and safe use in the clinical practice. It is especially important for peptide drugs due to their enzymatic instability, low bioavailability and poor permeability through the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The role of endogenous neuropeptides containing cyclic amino acids, proline, pyroglutamic acid, and glycine, in the regulation of memory processes is known as terminal peptide fragments. The development of nootropic drugs based on natural neuropeptides with high pharmacological activity and improved pharmacokinetic properties (enzymatic stability, high bioavailability, and good permeability through the BBB) is an important problem of modern neuropsychopharmacology. Developed drugs – representing short (di- and tri-) peptides appear to meet these requirements. In the Zakusov Research Institute of Pharmacology a nootropic agent noopept (N-phenylacetyl-prolyl-L-glycine ethyl ester), was developed and introduced into medical practice, studies of its pharmacokinetics in ratsrevealed that the noopept metabolite found in the rat plasma and brain, cyclo-prolyl-L-glycine (CPG), differed significantly in its pharmacokinetic parameters from noopept, but at the same time it had similar noopept multi-component spectrum of pharmacological action, namely the influence on higher integrative functions of memory.

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47

Proskurina, Irina A., Alexander Y. Mayorov, Dmitriy V. Gorachev, and Natalya D. Bunyatyan. "Modern approach to the evaluation of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of biosimilar recombinant human insulin and insulin analogues in I phase clinical study." Diabetes mellitus 19, no. 3 (2016): 251–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/dm2003446-49.

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The quality, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles, safety and immunogenicity must be compared to demonstrate the bio-similarities of recombinant human insulin and insulin analogues. To confirm these bio-similarities in clinical studies, it is necessary to adhere to a multi-phased approach, starting with the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the study drugs. In this article, in accordance with modern approaches to drug research, evaluation of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of recombinant human insulin and analogues of human insulin (biosimilar drugs) is performed in a double-blind, randomised crossover euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemic clamp study.This article describes the main approaches to the evaluation of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters of recombinant human insulin preparations and insulin analogues during a euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemic clamp study. The inclusion criteria for the sample selection, design and conditions of the study, methods for the suppression of endogenous insulin, recommendations for doses of drugs, duration of the study and choice of primary and secondary pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters for bio-similar insulin products (which depend on the duration of their effects) are described.

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Karaźniewicz-Łada, Marta, Anna K. Główka, Aniceta A. Mikulska, and Franciszek K. Główka. "Pharmacokinetic Drug–Drug Interactions among Antiepileptic Drugs, Including CBD, Drugs Used to Treat COVID-19 and Nutrients." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 17 (2021): 9582. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22179582.

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Anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) are an important group of drugs of several generations, ranging from the oldest phenobarbital (1912) to the most recent cenobamate (2019). Cannabidiol (CBD) is increasingly used to treat epilepsy. The outbreak of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in 2019 created new challenges in the effective treatment of epilepsy in COVID-19 patients. The purpose of this review is to present data from the last few years on drug–drug interactions among of AEDs, as well as AEDs with other drugs, nutrients and food. Literature data was collected mainly in PubMed, as well as google base. The most important pharmacokinetic parameters of the chosen 29 AEDs, mechanism of action and clinical application, as well as their biotransformation, are presented. We pay a special attention to the new potential interactions of the applied first-generation AEDs (carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital and primidone), on decreased concentration of some medications (atazanavir and remdesivir), or their compositions (darunavir/cobicistat and lopinavir/ritonavir) used in the treatment of COVID-19 patients. CBD interactions with AEDs are clearly defined. In addition, nutrients, as well as diet, cause changes in pharmacokinetics of some AEDs. The understanding of the pharmacokinetic interactions of the AEDs seems to be important in effective management of epilepsy.

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Ridhuwan, Al Ma Ariz. "Pharmacogenetic in Anesthesia Drugs." Open Access Indonesian Journal of Medical Reviews 1, no. 6 (2021): 116–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.37275/oaijmr.v1i6.572.

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Pharmacogenetics seeks to elucidate the variations in individual's genetic sequences in order to better understand the differences seen in pharmacokinetics, drug metabolism, and efficacy between patients. This area of research is rapidly accelerating, aided by the use of novel and more economical molecular technologies. A substantial evidence base is being generated with the hopes that in the future it may be used to generate personalised treatment regimens in order to improve patient comfort and safety and reduce incidences of morbidity and mortality.

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Campesi, Ilaria, Giorgio Racagni, and Flavia Franconi. "Just a Reflection: Does Drug Repurposing Perpetuate Sex-Gender Bias in the Safety Profile?" Pharmaceuticals 14, no. 8 (2021): 730. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph14080730.

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Vaccines constitute a strategy to reduce the burden of COVID-19, but the treatment of COVID-19 is still a challenge. The lack of approved drugs for severe COVID-19 makes repurposing or repositioning of approved drugs a relevant approach because it occurs at lower costs and in a shorter time. Most preclinical and clinical tests, including safety and pharmacokinetic profiles, were already performed. However, infective and inflammatory diseases such as COVID-19 are linked with hypoalbuminemia and downregulation of both phase I and phase II drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters, which can occur in modifications of pharmacokinetics and consequentially of safety profiles. This appears to occur in a sex- and gender-specific way because of the sex and gender differences present in the immune system and inflammation, which, in turn, reflect on pharmacokinetic parameters. Therefore, to make better decisions about drug dosage regimens and to increases the safety profile in patients suffering from infective and inflammatory diseases such as COVID-19, it is urgently needed to study repurposing or repositioning drugs in men and in women paying attention to pharmacokinetics, especially for those drugs that are previously scarcely evaluated in women.

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