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Books on the topic 'Pharmacological benefits'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 2 June 2025
Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Radhakrishnan, Narayanaswamy, and Srinivasan Vasantha. Pharmacological Benefits of Natural Agents. IGI Global, 2023.

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Radhakrishnan, Narayanaswamy, and Srinivasan Vasantha. Pharmacological Benefits of Natural Agents. IGI Global, 2023.

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Radhakrishnan, Narayanaswamy, and Srinivasan Vasantha. Pharmacological Benefits of Natural Agents. IGI Global, 2023.

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Radhakrishnan, Narayanaswamy, and Srinivasan Vasantha. Pharmacological Benefits of Natural Agents. IGI Global, 2023.

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5

Wilkinson, David. Pharmacological treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199569854.003.0007.

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• Pharmacotherapy of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has progressed in the last 10 years with the emergence of rational treatments aimed at neuro-transmitter replacement• All the compounds improve attention and alertness and have global benefits for patient and carer not always reflected in improvements in cognitive scores...
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Dougherty, Darin D., Scott L. Rauch, and Michael A. Jenike. Pharmacological Treatments for Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. Edited by Gail Steketee. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376210.013.0061.

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Progress in treating OCD has accelerated in recent years. Effective first-line treatments include behavior therapy and medications, with overwhelming evidence supporting the efficacy of serotonergic reuptake inhibitors (SRIs). Second-line medication treatments for OCD include augmentation of SRIs with neuroleptics, clonazepam, or buspirone, with limited support for other strategies at present. Alternative monotherapies (e.g., buspirone, clonazepam, phenelzine) have more limited supporting data and require further study. Behavior therapy, and perhaps cognitive therapy, is as effective as medica
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Siebert, Stefan, Sengupta Raj, and Alexander Tsoukas. Non-pharmacological treatment of axial spondyloarthritis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198755296.003.0014.

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While drugs play a key role in reducing disease activity, non-pharmacological therapies are crucial in maintaining function, flexibility, and quality of life. Therefore, non-pharmacological therapy remains a key component in the optimal management of axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA), even in the era of biologics. Regular physical therapy allows patients to capitalize on the benefits of drug therapy and maintain optimal functional ability. Self-management and education strategies, supported by patient-support groups, facilitate independence and quality of life in chronic diseases. A proportion o
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Gad, Heba, Daniel Bateman, and Paul E. Holtzheimer. Neurostimulation Therapies, Side Effects, Risks, and Benefits. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199374656.003.0016.

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Neurostimulation therapies are an alternative for non-responders to pharmacological or psychotherapy management, as well as when first-line treatments are contraindicated for treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders in the elderly. Brain stimulation treatments for neuropsychiatric disorders include the following FDA approved treatments for major depressive disorder: electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), which remains one of the most effective therapies for several neuropsychiatric disorders; repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS); and vagus nerve stimulation (VNS). Deep brain stimulatio
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Grant, Jon E., Brian L. Odlaug, and Marc N. Potenza. Treatments for Gambling Disorder and Impulse Control Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780199342211.003.0025.

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Specific behavioral (e.g., cognitive-behavioral therapy [CBT]) and pharmacological (e.g., naltrexone, nalmefene, lithium) treatments significantly reduce the symptoms of pathological gambling (now termed gambling disorder in DSM-5) in the short term compared with waitlist or placebo. The long-term benefits of pharmacological treatment for gambling disorder have not been adequately tested. Although several studies suggest that CBT is effective for trichotillomania, only two pharmacological treatment studies in adults (N-acetylcysteine, olanzapine) for this disorder have shown promise. Studies o
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Kass, Erica, Jonathan E. Posner, and Laurence L. Greenhill. Pharmacological Treatments for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Disruptive Behavior Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780199342211.003.0004.

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More than 225 placebo-controlled type 1 investigations demonstrate that psychostimulants are highly effective in reducing core symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adults. In contrast, there are limited type I studies demonstrating that psychopharmacological management with U.S. Food & Drug Administration-approved agents for ADHD (stimulants and nonstimulants), atypical antipsychotics, and mood stabilizers decrease the defiant and aggressive behavior characteristic of disruptive behavior disorders. Stimulant treatment evidence has been supplemented by
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Wagg, Adrian. Incontinence, the sleeping geriatric giant: challenges and solutions. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199689644.003.0008.

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Key points• The prevalence of urinary incontinence increases in association with increasing age.• Behavioural and lifestyle interventions, including exercise, are effective in older people.• There is an increasing evidence base for pharmacological therapy of urgency incontinence in the elderly and frail elderly.• Surgical management for older men and women is associated with benefit but should be performed with due regard to potential benefits and harms, remaining life expectancy, and the expectations of both patient and, where relevant, caregiver.• Continence care should be based around provi
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Agar, Meera, Yesne Alici, and William S. Breitbart. Delirium. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656097.003.0175.

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Delirium is the most common and serious neuropsychiatric complication in palliative care settings. It is a source of significant morbidity in patients, and often distresses family members and staff. Delirium is often a harbinger of impending death and can significantly interfere with pain and symptom control. Unfortunately delirium is often under-recognized or misdiagnosed in the terminally ill, and even when recognized, it frequently goes untreated or is inappropriately treated. Clinicians who care for patients with advanced illness must be able to diagnose delirium accurately, undertake appr
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Stocchetti, Nino, and Marco Carbonara. Pharmacologic Neuroprotection. Edited by David L. Reich, Stephan Mayer, and Suzan Uysal. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190280253.003.0002.

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Acute cerebral injury sets into motion a cascade of deleterious biochemical events that cause further neuronal damage and amplify deleterious effects. This cascade develops over time and potentially may be attenuated or limited by pharmacologic manipulation. The neuroprotective properties of several molecules have been clearly demonstrated in experimental models of various pathologies. Based on these findings, many promising compounds have been tested in clinical trials. Large randomized controlled trials, however, have repeatedly failed to provide evidence of clinical efficacy. The authors pr
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Chinthapalli, Krishna. Pharmacological treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198779803.003.0008.

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Pharmacological treatment of Alzheimer’s disease is an important part of management of the condition. There are only four drugs available for treatment of the disease and none halt the disease process, however they have a benefit on cognition, behaviour, activities of daily living, and global function. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are thought to work by enhancing cholinergic transmission in the brain and are particularly effective in mild and moderate AD, with recent evidence suggesting donepezil is also effective in severe AD. Memantine is the only glutamate antagonist that is available fo
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Veatch, Robert M., Amy Haddad, and E. J. Last. Mental Health and Behavior Control. Edited by Robert M. Veatch, Amy Haddad, and E. J. Last. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190277000.003.0013.

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This chapter focuses on the special challenges of ethical problems in mental health and behavioral health settings. The basic elements of informed consent, the special problems with decisional capacity, and the right to refuse treatment are examined in the light of mental health practice. The controversy that results from various understandings and meanings of the cause and treatment of mental illness are explored. Pharmacological and medical therapies such as electroconvulsive therapy and aversive therapy are discussed, with a focus on the parties who are in a position to judge the risks and
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Pittenger, Christopher. The Pharmacological Treatment of Refractory OCD. Edited by Christopher Pittenger. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228163.003.0041.

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Evidence-based interventions for OCD, both psychotherapeutic and pharmacological, are of benefit to many. However, even when optimally deployed, first- and second-line treatments leave a substantial fraction of patients—perhaps as many as 20% to 25%—without meaningful improvement. Furthermore, many who are classified as “responders” to first- and second-line treatments continue to have substantial residual symptoms and attendant morbidity. This chapter reviews various pharmacological strategies that have been used for the treatment of refractory OCD, including agents targeting serotonin, dopam
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Golier, Julia A., Andreas C. Michaelides, Maya Genovesi, Emily Chapman, and Rachel Yehuda. Pharmacological Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780199342211.003.0019.

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Although psychotherapy is considered first-line treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), advances have been made in pharmacological treatment. Based on controlled clinical trials, antidepressants remain the first-line pharmacological treatment. Studies suggest that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors reduce PTSD-specific symptoms and improve global outcome. Emerging evidence suggests efficacy for venlafaxine. Other individual agents found to be efficacious include imipramine and phenelzine. Prazosin is emerging as a beneficial adjunct for PTSD-related sleep disturbances and nigh
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Reid, Jemma E., Samar Reghunandanan, Ann Roberts, and Naomi A. Fineberg. Standard Evidence-Based Pharmacological Treatment for OCD. Edited by Christopher Pittenger. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228163.003.0040.

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This chapter reviews standard pharmacological treatments for OCD and the evidence supporting them. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) remain the pharmacological treatment of choice and are associated with improved health-related quality of life. Improvements are usually sustained over time as long as treatment is continued. Discontinuation is associated with relapse and loss of quality of life, implying that treatment should continue long-term. A substantial minority of patients who fail to respond to SSRIs may benefit from dose elevation, switch to clomipramine, or adjunctive ant
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Cassidy, Jim, Donald Bissett, Roy A. J. Spence OBE, Miranda Payne, and Gareth Morris-Stiff. Targeted and biological therapies. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199689842.003.0009.

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Hormone therapy describes the role of hormones in the growth of a variety of cancers, and the therapeutic effects of manipulation of hormone levels in these diseases. Sex hormones stimulate the growth of breast and prostate cancers, many of which respond to surgical removal of the hormone-secreting gonad. Pharmacological measures to deliver hormone therapy in these diseases include luteinising hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) agonists and antagonists, inhibitors of sex hormone synthesis, and inhibitors of hormone-receptor binding. These treatments have established benefits in both in the contr
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Masino, PHD, Susan A., ed. Ketogenic Diet and Metabolic Therapies. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190497996.001.0001.

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Ketogenic diets have been used to treat epilepsy for nearly a century. Alongside enduring clinical success with a ketogenic diet, metabolism’s critical role in health and in diseases in the central nervous system and throughout the body is increasingly appreciated. Furthermore, metabolism-based strategies have been proven equal or even superior to pharmacological treatments in specific cases and for specific diseases. Rather than causing unwanted off-target pharmacological side effects, addressing metabolic dysfunction can improve overall health simultaneously. Enduring interest in the ketogen
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Barnes, Thomas R. E. Pharmacological management of treatment-resistant schizophrenia: alternatives to clozapine. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198828761.003.0009.

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Other than for clozapine, there are no pharmacological interventions with robust evidence of a positive benefit–risk balance for the treatment-resistant schizophrenia. For patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia, there is usually little to be gained, in comparison to switching the antipsychotic to clozapine, from alternatives such as a further switch to a non-clozapine antipsychotic medication, the prescription of high-dose or combined antipsychotic medications, or the augmentation of continuing antipsychotic medication with other medications, such as antidepressants, mood stabilizers,
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22

Fozdar, Manish A., and Jacob C. Holzer. Psychopharmacological Agents, Side Effects, and Black Box Warnings. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199374656.003.0015.

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From a medical-legal viewpoint, psychopharmacological management in the elderly population requires a multifaceted, comprehensive approach, involving a detailed clinical diagnostic assessment, an awareness of a patient’s current medical status, risk factors, and an understanding of the risks and benefits of various treatment options. Several risk management strategies can be employed as part of the treatment process, which are reviewed in this chapter. Special attention is needed in the pharmacological management of the elderly population with respect to efficacy and risk as well as polypharma
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Parker, Linda A., Erin M. Rock, and Raphael Mechoulam. CBD. The MIT Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/13686.001.0001.

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A comprehensive review of the scientific literature on the possible benefits of CBD, describing findings from both preclinical and human clinical studies. CBD (cannabidiol), a nonintoxicating compound derived from the cannabis plant, can be found in products ranging from lotion and smoothies to chewable gummies and pet treats. It's been promoted—but not always scientifically validated—as a treatment for medical conditions including psychosis, anxiety, pain, and even cancer. In this book, three leading cannabis researchers look at the science of CBD, offering a comprehensive review of the scien
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Gross, Michael L. The Deaths of Combatants. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796176.003.0005.

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Although there are few restrictions on killing combatants, the contemporary law of war bans weapons that cause superfluous injury and unnecessary suffering. Because military necessity and humanitarian norms often conflict, no clear regulations have emerged. Instead, states sometimes ban weapons because they cause horrific wounds. But this determination is subjective and has led the Red Cross to seek objective medical guidelines on unnecessary suffering. A close look shows how it is often difficult to apply these guidelines to new non-lethal technologies, which include electromagnetic, pharmaco
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Ghaemi, Nassir. Clinical Psychopharmacology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199995486.001.0001.

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Clinical Psychopharmacology offers a comprehensive guide to clinical practice that explores the science and art of clinical research and its individualized application. Content is primarily based on clinical research and pharmacological studies, unlike most texts that rely on inferences from biological mechanisms. The text consists of 49 chapters, organized into 6 sections, focusing on disease-modifying versus symptomatic effects of available treatments, careful differential diagnosis including non-DSM diagnostic concepts, key clinical research studies, essential facts about the most common dr
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Tiezzi, Antonio, Elisa Ovidi, and Tomasz M. Karpiński, eds. New Findings from Natural Substances. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/97898150514211220101.

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New Findings from Natural Substances present the state-of-the-art and future prospects for the application of biomolecules in the pharmaceutical, agricultural, food and industrial sectors. The book presents eight reviews contributed by more than twenty experts on interesting natural substances, and plant sources, that serve as sources of natural remedies for a variety of ailments. The reviews in the book cover the use of herbs like Heliotropium and Astragalus. Additional health benefits of extracts from essential oils, Caenorhabditis elegans, and olive oil, as well as the medicinal use of rosm
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Garratt, Peter. Victorian Literary Aesthetics and Mental Pathology. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474400046.003.0024.

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In WHAT GOOD ARE THE ARTS? (2005), a polemic aimed at shredding many longstanding conceptions of art and aesthetic judgement, the literary critic John Carey briefly discusses a bibliotherapy project established over a decade earlier in West Yorkshire by John Duffy. This was a project in which patients with depression, stress and anxiety disorders were given the opportunity to participate in reading groups, book advice surgeries and other literacy activities, having been referred to the service by mental health practitioners – an alternative to the anti-depressant medication commonly prescribed
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LeMaitre, John, and Jan Kornder. Anti-arrhythmics in critical illness. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0038.

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Anti-arrhythmic drugs (AADs) are an important component of the pharmacological arsenal used in the management of the critically-ill patient. The benefits of AADs, as well as their potential disadvantageous side effects, largely depend on their effects upon the cardiac action potential. AADs can be broadly grouped according to their cellular actions, upon which their clinical effects depend. However, there is substantial cross-over amongst the groups in terms of these actions and efficacy for particular arrhythmias, and also for side effects. Amiodarone exhibits a broad spectrum of antiarrhythm
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Kumar Sharma, Mukesh, and Pallavi Kaushik, eds. Therapeutic Implications of Natural Bioactive Compounds. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/97898150800251220301.

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This volume is a comprehensive compilation of contributions on the state of art knowledge about bioactive compounds including their sources, isolation methods, biological effects, health benefits and potential applications. These bioactive compounds could serve as alternatives in the prevention or treatment of multifactorial diseases for vulnerable population groups. Chapters in the book incorporate the knowledge based on traditional medicine with recent findings on bioactive molecules and their pharmaceutical implications in neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, COVID 19, diabetes, immunomodula
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Perrott, Jerrold L., and Steven C. Reynolds. Neuroprotective agents in critical illness. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0048.

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The prevention and reduction of secondary injury following primary CNS insult is an important goal in critically-ill patients. Numerous pharmacological therapies have been studied as potential neuroprotective agents with few translating from research to clinical benefit. These are nimodipine and statins in aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage and phenytoin in traumatic brain injury. Additionally, in traumatic brain injury, clinical studies have identified that corticosteroids and albumin colloid resuscitation are associated with increased risk of mortality, and as such should be avoided. Future
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31

Stegenga, Jacob. Medical Nihilism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198747048.001.0001.

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This book defends medical nihilism, which is the view that we should have little confidence in the effectiveness of medical interventions. If we consider the frequency of failed medical interventions, the extent of misleading evidence in medical research, the thin theoretical basis of many interventions, and the malleability of empirical methods in medicine, and if we employ our best inductive framework, then our confidence in the effectiveness of medical interventions ought to be low. Part I articulates theoretical and conceptual groundwork, which offers a defense of a hybrid theory of diseas
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Robert, Philippe, Elsa Leone, and Hélène Amieva. Managing behavioural and psychological symptoms in Alzheimer’s disease. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199569854.003.0008.

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• The behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) form an important part of the clinical picture of Alzheimer’s disease (AD)• Anti-dementia agents may facilitate behavioural management of AD and may decrease the use of psychotropic agents• Management should preferentially be non-pharmacological Medication is to be prescribed only after assessment of the individual risk/benefit ratio. The prescription should be for a limited period and frequently re-assessed...
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Mosimann, Urs Peter, and Bradley F. Boeve. Sleep disorders. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199644957.003.0051.

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This book chapter reviews the most common sleep disorders in older adults and their treatment. It begins with a brief review of sleep physiology and then gives an outline on how to take a comprehensive sleep history. Sleep is commonly defined as a periodic temporary loss of consciousness with restorative effects. There are physiological sleep changes related to ageing, but sleep disorders are not part of normal ageing and are often associated with mental or physical disorders, pain and neurodegenerative disease. The most common sleep disorders include insomnia, obstructive sleep apnoea, restle
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Lynch, Tara A., and J. Christopher Glantz. Seizure Medications Effects on Fetus, Neonate, and Lactation. Edited by Emma Ciafaloni, Cheryl Bushnell, and Loralei L. Thornburg. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190667351.003.0021.

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Medication use in pregnancy requires a careful balance between the risks of fetal teratogenicity and the maternal benefits of disease treatment. For women with epilepsy, there are many antiepileptic medications available for use in pregnancy. Each varies in their safety profile, risk for fetal anomalies, and effectiveness of seizure control. In most scenarios, the benefits of maternal treatment outweigh the risk of fetal effects, especially in cases of refractory epilepsy or severe disease. Many of the newer anti-epileptic drugs appear to have less teratogenic risk than the older medications.
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Dalvi, Arif, Kelly E. Lyons, and Rajesh Pahwa. Essential Tremor. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0009.

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Essential tremor (ET) is the most common cause of tremor. Most studies suggest that the cerebellum is involved in the pathophysiology of ET and that it is an autosomal dominant disorder; however, the actual cause and a gene responsible for the majority of cases have not been identified. The diagnosis of ET is based on evaluation of clinical signs and symptoms. Pharmacological treatment is effective in 30% to 50% of casesm, with primidone and propranolol being first line therapies. Some benefit has also been reported with gabapentin, topiramate, and benzodiazepines. Deep brain stimulation effec
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Cuzick, Jack. Preventive Therapy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190238667.003.0068.

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Compared to cardiovascular medicine, where preventive treatments have long been firmly established, the development of therapies to prevent cancer is still in its infancy. Cancers are more heterogeneous and biologically complex than cardiovascular diseases, and it is challenging to identify agents that selectively block neoplastic progression in one organ without producing countervailing toxicity elsewhere. Causal pathways are less well understood for cancer than for heart disease; thus it is not surprising that the incomplete mechanistic understanding of carcinogenic pathways has yielded cand
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Gill, Steven J., and Michael H. Nathanson. Central nervous system pathologies and anaesthesia. Edited by Philip M. Hopkins. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0081.

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Anaesthesia induces changes in many organ systems within the body, though clearly none more so than the central nervous system. The physiology of the normal central nervous system is complex and the addition of chronic pathology and polypharmacy creates a significant challenge for the anaesthetist. This chapter demonstrates a common approach for the anaesthetist and specific considerations for a wide range of neurological conditions. Detailed preoperative assessment is essential to gain understanding of the current symptomatology and neurological deficit, including at times restrictions on mov
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Tolin, David F., and Blaise L. Worden. Combining Pharmacotherapy and Psychological Treatments for OCD. Edited by Gail Steketee. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376210.013.0081.

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This chapter reviews the outcome literature on the efficacy of combined pharmacotherapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). By far, most research on combinations of CBT and pharmacotherapy for OCD has examined antidepressant medications, particularly those in the serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SRI) class. Quantitative review of randomized studies in which treatments were combined simultaneously indicated that combined therapy shows a small but significant advantage over exposure and response prevention (ERP) monotherapy, and a moderate advantage over
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Tolin, David F., and Blaise L. Worden. Combining Pharmacotherapy and Psychological Treatments for OCD. Edited by Gail Steketee. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376210.013.019_update_001.

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This chapter reviews the outcome literature on the efficacy of combined pharmacotherapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). By far, most research on combinations of CBT and pharmacotherapy for OCD has examined antidepressant medications, particularly those in the serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SRI) class. Quantitative review of randomized studies in which treatments were combined simultaneously indicated that combined therapy shows a small but significant advantage over exposure and response prevention (ERP) monotherapy, and a moderate advantage over
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Combes, Alain. Ventricular assist devices in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0154.

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Despite major advances in pharmacological therapies for heart failure with left ventricular pump dysfunction, the number of hospitalizations for decompensated heart failure is increasing, with most patients ultimately dying of disease complications. Heart transplantation remains the only treatment providing substantial individual benefit for patients with advanced disease. However, fewer than 3000 organ donors are available worldwide per year, limiting its overall impact. Therefore, alternative approaches, such as mechanical circulatory support have been the subject of intense research over re
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Jicha, Gregory A., and Frederick A. Schmitt. Alzheimer’s Disease. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0017.

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Advances in the current management and treatment of Alzheimer’s disease have grown directly from our increased understanding of the neurobiology underlying this disease. Currently available pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatment strategies remain focused on symptomatic management of disease rather than disease modification. Despite a wealth of evidence supporting the clinical benefits of existing therapies in the management of symptomatic progression, there is limited evidence that these available therapies modify disease progression over the course of dementia progression. More recent r
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Giannitsis, Evangelos, and Hugo A. Katus. Biomarkers in acute coronary syndromes. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0036.

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Biomarker testing in the evaluation of a patient with acute chest pain is best established for cardiac troponins that allow the diagnosis of myocardial infarction, risk estimation of short- and long-term risk of death and myocardial infarction, and guidance of pharmacological therapy, as well as the need and timing of invasive strategy. Newer, more sensitive troponin assays have become commercially available and have the capability to detect myocardial infarction earlier and more sensitively than standard assays, but they are hampered by a lack of clinical specificity, i.e. the ability to disc
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Giannitsis, Evangelos, and Hugo A. Katus. Biomarkers in acute coronary syndromes. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0036_update_001.

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Biomarker testing in the evaluation of a patient with acute chest pain is best established for cardiac troponins that allow the diagnosis of myocardial infarction, risk estimation of short- and long-term risk of death and myocardial infarction, and guidance of pharmacological therapy, as well as the need and timing of invasive strategy. Newer, more sensitive troponin assays have become commercially available and have the capability to detect myocardial infarction earlier and more sensitively than standard assays, but they are hampered by a lack of clinical specificity, i.e. the ability to disc
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Giannitsis, Evangelos, and Hugo A. Katus. Biomarkers in acute coronary syndromes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0036_update_002.

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Biomarker testing in the evaluation of a patient with acute chest pain is best established for cardiac troponins that allow the diagnosis of myocardial infarction, risk estimation of short- and long-term risk of death and myocardial infarction, and guidance of pharmacological therapy, as well as the need and timing of invasive strategy. Newer, more sensitive troponin assays have become commercially available and have the capability to detect myocardial infarction earlier and more sensitively than standard assays, but they are hampered by a lack of clinical specificity, i.e. the ability to disc
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Pittenger, Christopher, ed. Obsessive-compulsive Disorder. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228163.001.0001.

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Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) affects approximately 1 person in 40 and causes great morbidity and suffering worldwide. While much about this protean disorder remains unclear, our understanding has advanced along many fronts in recent decades, and evidence-based treatments can produce benefit in a majority of sufferers. This text brings together experts in all aspects of OCD, including clinical presentation, current psychological, genetic, and neurobiological understanding of its etiology and pathophysiology, and psychotherapeutic, pharmacological, and anatomically targeted treatments. OC
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Summers, Charlotte, and Geoffrey Bellingan. Therapeutic strategy in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0109.

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Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a pathological syndrome characterized by arterial hypoxaemia and bilateral pulmonary infiltrates. Until recently, the diagnosis of ARDS was made in accordance with the American–European Consensus Conference criteria established in 1994, although an updated ‘Berlin’ definition was produced in 2012. It is important to remember that ARDS is not a single disease, but rather a constellation of conditions with similar pathophysiology, and thus there may not be one unifying clinical treatment. The mainstay of ARDS management is the identification and trea
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Waldmann, Carl, Neil Soni, and Andrew Rhodes. Renal disorders. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199229581.003.0019.

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Prevention of acute renal failure 312Diagnosis of acute renal failure 314Acute kidney injury (AKI) often complicates the course of critical illness and was previously considered as a marker rather than a cause of adverse outcomes, it is independently associated with an increase in both morbidity and mortality. The major causes of AKI in the ICU include hypoperfusion, sepsis and direct nephrotoxicity, with the common aetiology believed to be a change in intrarenal haemodynamics with resultant acute tubular dysfunction and oxidant stress. Treatment of established acute renal failure in the ICU e
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Raymer, Anastasia M., and Leslie J. Gonzalez Rothi. Principles of Aphasia Rehabilitation. Edited by Anastasia M. Raymer and Leslie J. Gonzalez Rothi. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199772391.013.18.

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This chapter reviews the broad literature on approaches to treatment of aphasia. Behavioral interventions for aphasia are influenced by perspectives from neuroscience that emphasize that neuroplasticity in rehabilitation is experience-dependent and potent. Several principles of neuroplasticity are reviewed, and examples are described from the aphasia treatment literature. Additional principles are considered regarding influences of error production and feedback in aphasia rehabilitation outcomes. Adjuvant treatments then are described that are meant to enhance behavioral treatment outcomes thr
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Pickering, Gisèle. Pain in later life. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198785750.003.0040.

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The population of Europe is ageing, caused by fewer births and increased longevity. Increasingly the demand for pain assessment and treatment will change and the patients requesting help will present with more complex demands. In this chapter of European Pain Management we focus on the need for translational research, evidence-based randomized clinical trials, and non-pharmacological approaches in older persons, to assess the real-life risk/benefit ratio of recommendations in a context of multiple medication, co-morbidity, cognitive impairment, and frailty. It is essential to study the cogniti
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Casey, Patricia. Treatment of adjustment disorders (DRAFT). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198786214.003.0007.

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There are few randomized controlled studies of the treatment of AD. This is due to the transience of the symptoms, the difficulty obtaining a homogeneous population owing to the absence of diagnostic criteria, and the variable nature of the stressor, among others. Clinical guidelines specify that brief psychological interventions are preferred, and these incorporate elements from the many approaches now available on the assumption that their mechanism of action will also be effective in AD. Few have been tested specifically in AD. Low-intensity therapies specific to AD are being developed, suc
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