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Journal articles on the topic 'Pharmacology of antidepressants'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 15 February 2022

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1

Dugan, Daniel J. "Antidepressants: Using Pharmacology to Individualize Therapy." Journal of Pharmacy Practice 14, no. 6 (2001): 458–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089719001129040955.

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The pharmacotherapy of depression has undergone significant change in the last two decades. A new generation of antidepressant agents has displaced older drugs as first-line therapies for depression. The clinician that seeks optimal outcomes for treatment of depression must be familiar with all of the available antidepressant agents. This article will discuss the pharmacologic profile of antidepressants currently marketed in the United States, identifying similarities and differences that have clinical relevance in the management of depression. Drug selection with an emphasis on antidepressant

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2

Jackson, Cherry W. "Antidepressants in the Treatment of Chronic Pain." Journal of Pharmacy Practice 11, no. 5 (1998): 388–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089719009801100509.

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Antidepressants have been successfully used for chronic pain syndromes for approximately 30 years. One theory is that analgesic action is secondary to the antidepressant effects of the medications. Placebo-controlled trials have documented that antidepressants treat neuropathic pain, musculoskeletal pain, chronic pain, and cancer pain. The most frequently studied antidepressant for pain is amitriptyline. Other antidepressants that have shown analgesic activity include imipramine, citalopram, paroxetine, nortriptyline, desipramine, and mianserin. Fluoxetine and trazodone have not been shown to

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3

Richelson, Elliott. "Pharmacology of antidepressants." Mayo Clinic Proceedings 76, no. 5 (2001): 511–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4065/76.5.511.

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4

Frazer, Alan. "Pharmacology of Antidepressants." Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 17 (April 1997): 2S—18S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004714-199704001-00002.

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5

Richelson, Elliott. "Pharmacology of Antidepressants." Psychopathology 20, no. 1 (1987): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000284517.

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6

Cohen, Lawrence J., and C. Lindsay DeVane. "Clinical Implications of Antidepressant Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacogenetics." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 30, no. 12 (1996): 1471–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106002809603001216.

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OBJECTIVE: To review available data on pharmacokinetic and pharmacogenetic influences on the response to antidepressant therapy, analyze the mechanisms for and clinical significance of pharmacokinetic and pharmacogenetic differences, and explain the implications of pharmacokinetics and pharmacogenetics for patient care. DATA SOURCES: A MEDLINE search of English-language clinical studies, abstracts, and review articles on antidepressant pharmacokinetics, pharmacogenetics, and drug interactions was used to identify pertinent literature. DATA SYNTHESIS: The pharmacokinetic profiles of selected an

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7

Saraghi, Mana, Leonard Golden, and Elliot V. Hersh. "Anesthetic Considerations for Patients on Antidepressant Therapy – Part II." Anesthesia Progress 65, no. 1 (2018): 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2344/anpr-65-01-10.

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Millions of patients take antidepressant medications in the United States for the treatment of depression or anxiety disorders. Some antidepressants are prescribed off-label to treat problems such as chronic pain, low energy, and menstrual symptoms. Antidepressants are a broad and expansive group of medications, but the more common drug classes include tricyclic antidepressants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, and monoamine oxidase inhibitors. A miscellaneous or “atypical” category covers other agents. Some herbal supplements that claim to

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Gers, Lynn, Mirko Petrovic, Stany Perkisas, and Maurits Vandewoude. "Antidepressant use in older inpatients: current situation and application of the revised STOPP criteria." Therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety 9, no. 8 (2018): 373–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2042098618778974.

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Objectives: Antidepressant use increases as age rises. Moreover, older patients are more sensitive to side effects and drug interactions. This descriptive study aims to map antidepressant use among patients at the geriatrics department of a university hospital and to evaluate whether prescribing happens in an evidence-based manner. Methods: Patients aged 75 years and over, admitted to the geriatrics department of the Middelheim Hospital in Antwerp between February and July 2017 were included. We checked whether they took antidepressants, which types and doses were prescribed, who prescribed th

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Saraghi, Mana, Leonard R. Golden, and Elliot V. Hersh. "Anesthetic Considerations for Patients on Antidepressant Therapy—Part I." Anesthesia Progress 64, no. 4 (2017): 253–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2344/anpr-64-04-14.

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Millions of patients take antidepressant medications in the United States for the treatment of depression or anxiety disorders. Some antidepressants are prescribed off-label to treat problems such as chronic pain, low energy, and menstrual symptoms. Antidepressants are a broad and expansive group of medications, but the more common drug classes include tricyclic antidepressants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, and monoamine oxidase inhibitors. A miscellaneous or “atypical” category covers other agents. Some herbal supplements that claim to

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10

Cyr, Monica, and Candace S. Brown. "Nefazodone: Its Place among Antidepressants." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 30, no. 9 (1996): 1006–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106002809603000916.

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OBJECTIVE: To review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, adverse effects, and drug interactions of nefazodone, as well as to determine its place among currently available antidepressants. DATA SOURCES: A search of European and American literature using EMBASE and MEDLINE was completed. Nefazodone was the search term. DATA SYNTHESIS: Nefazodone is an antidepressant that blocks serotonin type 2 (5-HT2) receptors in addition to inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine. In double-blind, placebo-controlled studies, nefazodone demonstrates antidepressant activity at dosages

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11

Pollock, Bruce G. "GERIATRIC PHARMACOLOGY OF ANTIDEPRESSANTS." American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 7 (September 1999): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00019442-199911001-00043.

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12

Van Hoey, Nicole M. "Effect of Cyclobenzaprine on Tricyclic Antidepressant Assays." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 39, no. 7-8 (2005): 1314–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1345/aph.1e632.

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OBJECTIVE To evaluate cyclobenzaprine interference on tricyclic antidepressant assays. DATA SOURCES Literature was identified through a MEDLINE search (1966–August 2004) using the search terms cyclobenzaprine, tricyclic antidepressant, toxicology, and assay. DATA SYNTHESIS Cyclobenzaprine is structurally similar to tricyclic antidepressants and is often identified as a tricyclic antidepressant on toxicology assays. Older chromatographic assays demonstrate retention time differences of only seconds and nearly identical color stains between cyclobenzaprine and individual tricyclic antidepressant

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13

Hemels, Michiel EH, Adrienne Einarson, Gideon Koren, Krista L. Lanctôt, and Thomas R. Einarson. "Antidepressant Use during Pregnancy and the Rates of Spontaneous Abortions: A Meta-Analysis." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 39, no. 5 (2005): 803–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1345/aph.1e547.

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BACKGROUND: Due to the high prevalence of depression in women of childbearing age and coupled with the fact that approximately 50% of the pregnancies are unplanned, there is a high chance that these women have been exposed to antidepressants in early pregnancy. OBJECTIVE: To determine baseline rates of spontaneous abortions (SAs) and whether antidepressants increase those rates. METHODS: Rates of SAs in women taking antidepressants compared with non-depressed women were combined into a relative risk using a random effects model. MEDLINE, EMBASE, Healthstar, Toxline, Psychlit, Cochrane database

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Park, Susie H., Robin C. Wackernah, and Glen L. Stimmel. "Serotonin Syndrome." Journal of Pharmacy Practice 27, no. 1 (2013): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0897190013504957.

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Background: There is a warning associated with all serotonergic antidepressants and its concomitant use with tramadol due to the concern for a drug–drug interaction resulting in serotonin syndrome (SS). The prescribing of antidepressants with tramadol may be unnecessarily restricted due to fear of causing this syndrome. Objectives: There are 3 objectives of this review. To (1) review case reports of SS associated with the combination of tramadol and antidepressant drugs in recommended doses, (2) describe the mechanisms of the drug interaction, and (3) identify the potential risk factors for SS

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15

Scott, Allan I. F. "New classes of antidepressant drugs." Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 5, no. 2 (1999): 104–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.5.2.104.

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The January 1997 issue of this journal contained four reviews that compared tricyclic antidepressants with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and other newer antidepressants in terms of their pharmacology (Palazidou, 1997), adverse effects, potential drug interactions and toxicity (Henry, 1997), efficacy in the prevention of relapse and recurrence (Edwards, 1997), and findings from meta-analyses (Anderson, 1997). In July 1997 reboxetine was promoted as the first selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor (NARI), and in October of the same year mirtazapine was promoted as the first

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Bingefors, Kerstin Al, Dag Gl Isacson, Lars Von Knorring, and Björn Smedby. "Prescription Drug and Healthcare Use Among Swedish Patients Treated with Antidepressants." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 29, no. 6 (1995): 566–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106002809502900602.

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Objective: To analyze healthcare and prescription drug use among patients taking and those not taking antidepressant drugs in a Swedish community. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: General population of the rural Swedish municipality Tierp of approximately 20 000 inhabitants. Participants: All residents of Tierp aged 25 years or older during 1988. Main Outcome Measures: Mean number of ambulatory care visits, hospital bed days, and prescriptions per person; proportion of those taking prescription drugs in different pharmacologic classes. Results: Patients treated with antidepressant drugs

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Obara, Keisuke, Mayumi Michino, Masataka Ito, et al. "Evaluation of Antidepressant Effects on Recovery of Electrical Field Stimulation-Induced Contractions that have been Suppressed by Clonidine in Isolated Rat Vas Deferens." Pharmacology 103, no. 3-4 (2019): 189–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000495616.

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Background: A report examining whether clinically available antidepressants increase urethral smooth muscle contraction via antagonistic effects on the α2-adrenoceptor (α2-AR) is lacking. Objectives: The present study was performed to evaluate the potential of clinically available antidepressants to reverse α2-AR-mediated contractile inhibition in rat vas deferens, in order to predict whether they can induce voiding impairment. Method: The effects of 18 antidepressants of different classes on electrical field stimulation (EFS)-induced contractions suppressed by 10–8 mol/L clonidine (a selectiv

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Taylor, Dale, Jason C. Walden, Ashley H. Robins, and Peter J. Smith. "Role of the Neurotransmitter Reuptake-Blocking Activity of Antidepressants in Reversing Chloroquine Resistance In Vitro in Plasmodium falciparum." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 44, no. 10 (2000): 2689–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.44.10.2689-2692.2000.

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ABSTRACT Since the discovery of the chloroquine (CQ) resistance reversal properties of several different, structurally unrelated classes of compounds, including antidepressants, the way is again open to employ the aminoquinoline drugs to combat malaria effectively. In this study, CQ sensitivity was restored to varying extents in vitro in the CQ-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strain RSA11 by using the antidepressants amitriptyline, citalopram, oxaprotiline, and nomifensine. The 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of CQ were reduced from 360 to as low as 11 nM when antidepressants were present

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Golan, Moran, Gabriel Schreiber та Sofia Avissar. "Antidepressant-induced differential ubiquitination of β-arrestins 1 and 2 in mononuclear leucocytes of patients with depression". International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 16, № 8 (2013): 1745–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1461145713000291.

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Abstract β-Arrestins 1 and 2, cytosolic proteins known to mediate receptor desensitization, endocytosis and G protein-independent signalling, are post-translationally modified by ubiquitination regulating their ability to serve as adaptors and scaffolds. β-Arrestins were suggested to play a role in the pathophysiology of depression and in antidepressant mechanism of action. To determine whether a depressive episode or antidepressant treatment induce significant selective differences in β-arrestin 1 and 2 levels or their ubiquitination patterns in leucocytes of patients with depression, 46 outp

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20

Amidfar, Meysam, and Yong-Ku Kim. "Recent Developments on Future Antidepressant-related Serotonin Receptors." Current Pharmaceutical Design 24, no. 22 (2018): 2541–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612824666180803111240.

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Conventional serotonin-enhancing antidepressants including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) have shown effectiveness in the treatment of major depression, but their significant limitations such as slowness of action have led to intensive research efforts to develop new antidepressants. Increased synaptic neurotransmission of serotonin (5-hdroxytryptamine; 5-HT) through orchestration of stimulation and blockade of various subtypes of 5-HT receptors is involved in the mechanisms of action of SSRIs. Agonists at the 5-HT1A

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Maric, Nadja, Dragan Stojiljkovic, Zorana Pavlovic, and Miroslava Jasovic-Gasic. "Factors influencing the choice of antidepressants: A study of antidepressant prescribing practice at University psychiatric clinic in Belgrade." Vojnosanitetski pregled 69, no. 4 (2012): 308–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vsp1204308m.

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Background/Aim. Antidepressants are a widely used class of drugs. The aim of this study was to investigate different aspects of antidepressant prescribing practice at University Psychiatric Clinic in Belgrade. Methods. This cross-sectional study was carried out by retrospective analysis of the patient's medical charts. The study included all patients with antidepressant prescribed at discharge during 2009 (n = 296). The evaluation was focused on patient- related factors (socio-demographic and illness related), psychiatrist-related factors (sex and duration of working experience) and drug relat

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Su, Jian-An, Chih-Cheng Chang, Yao-Hsu Yang, Ko-Jung Chen, Yueh-Ping Li, and Chung-Ying Lin. "Risk of incident dementia in late-life depression treated with antidepressants: A nationwide population cohort study." Journal of Psychopharmacology 34, no. 10 (2020): 1134–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881120944152.

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Background: Antidepressants are frequently used to treat depression in patients with dementia. In addition, late-life depression is associated with the incidence of subsequent cognitive impairment or dementia. However, the association between exposure to antidepressants in late-life depression and the development of incident dementia remains understudied. Methods: Through a population-based retrospective cohort design, data were extracted from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Dataset of medical claims registered from 1998–2013. We collected data of individuals who had received a n

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Barton, Amy E., and Gary M. Levin. "Evaluating the Incidence of Antidepressant-Induced Sexual Dysfunction." Hospital Pharmacy 35, no. 6 (2000): 609–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001857870003500613.

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The incidence of sexual dysfunction (SD) associated with antidepressants may be higher than the rate reported in the product information. We conducted a study using a survey that included the Arizona Sexual Experiences (ASEX) scale to assess the incidence of SD before and with current antidepressant use. We also set out to determine if differences exist between antidepressant classes. Forty-four patients (12 males and 32 females) responded to the survey. Data was stratified into 3 groups, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs; n = 36), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs; n = 7), and nove

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Fedgchin, Maggie, Madhukar Trivedi, Ella J. Daly, et al. "Efficacy and Safety of Fixed-Dose Esketamine Nasal Spray Combined With a New Oral Antidepressant in Treatment-Resistant Depression: Results of a Randomized, Double-Blind, Active-Controlled Study (TRANSFORM-1)." International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 22, no. 10 (2019): 616–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyz039.

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Abstract Background About one-third of patients with depression fail to achieve remission despite treatment with multiple antidepressants and are considered to have treatment-resistant depression. Methods This Phase 3, double-blind, multicenter study enrolled adults with moderate-to-severe depression and nonresponse to ≥2 antidepressants in the current depression episode. Eligible patients (N = 346) were randomized (1:1:1) to twice-weekly nasal spray treatment (esketamine [56 or 84 mg] or placebo) plus a newly initiated, open-label, oral antidepressant taken daily for 4 weeks. The primary effi

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Vázquez, Gustavo H., Leonardo Tondo, Juan Undurraga, and Ross J. Baldessarini. "Overview of antidepressant treatment of bipolar depression." International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 16, no. 7 (2013): 1673–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1461145713000023.

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Abstract Bipolar depression remains a major unresolved challenge for psychiatric therapeutics. It is associated with significant disability and mortality and represents the major proportion of the approximately half of follow-up time spent in morbid states despite use of available treatments. Evidence regarding effectiveness of standard treatments, particularly with antidepressants, remains limited and inconsistent. We reviewed available clinical and research literature concerning treatment with antidepressants in bipolar depression and its comparison with unipolar depression. Research evidenc

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Warren, Matthew B., Philip J. Cowen, and Catherine J. Harmer. "Subchronic treatment with St John’s wort produces a positive shift in emotional processing in healthy volunteers." Journal of Psychopharmacology 33, no. 2 (2018): 194–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881118812101.

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Background: The neurocognitive model of antidepressant treatment in depression states that antidepressants work by producing relatively immediate positive shifts in emotional processing, which translate into clinical improvement with time. St John’s Wort has shown antidepressant potential in randomised controlled trials; however, its pharmacological actions are broad and it is unknown whether treatment also produces changes in emotional processing. Aims: We investigated whether short-term treatment with St John’s wort has similar effects on emotional processing to those reported with other ant

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Sindrup, S. H., K. Brøsen, and L. F. Gram. "ANTIDEPRESSANTS IN PAIN TREATMENT: ANTIDEPRESSANT OR ANALGESIC EFFECT?" Clinical Neuropharmacology 15 (1992): 636A—637A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002826-199201001-00329.

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Hsu, Chih-Wei, Sheng-Yu Lee, Yao-Hsu Yang, and Liang-Jen Wang. "Brand-Name Antidepressants Outperform Their Generic Counterparts in Preventing Hospitalization for Depression: The Real-World Evidence from Taiwan." International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 23, no. 10 (2020): 653–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyaa041.

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Abstract Background Generic antidepressants are approved on the market based on evidence of bioequivalence to their brand-name versions. We aimed to assess whether generic antidepressants exert equal effectiveness as their brand-name counterparts for treating patients with depressive disorders. Methods In a nationwide, population-based cohort in Taiwan from 1997 through 2013, patients with a diagnosis of a depressive disorder aged between 18 and 65 years who were new users of antidepressant drugs were classified into either the brand-name group or the generic group. All patients were followed

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Mathys, Monica, and Brian G. Mitchell. "Targeting Treatment-Resistant Depression." Journal of Pharmacy Practice 24, no. 6 (2011): 520–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0897190011426972.

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Only 50% of depressed patients achieve remission of symptoms after 2 trials of antidepressants. Therefore one half of patients are considered treatment resistant. Studies have shown that with each failed antidepressant, chances of remission continue to decline. Untreated depressive symptoms lead to impaired social and occupational function, decline of physical health, suicidal thoughts, and increased health care utilization. Clinicians recognize there is an urgent need to find an efficacious treatment, but it becomes more difficult to decide on an appropriate therapy once a patient has failed

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Witkin, Jeffrey M., Daniel E. Knutson, Gabriel J. Rodriguez, and Samuel Shi. "Rapid-Acting Antidepressants." Current Pharmaceutical Design 24, no. 22 (2018): 2556–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612824666180730104707.

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Background: Conventional antidepressants are thought to produce their impact on clinical symptoms by increasing the central availability of biogenic amine neurotransmitters (the monoamine hypothesis of depression). These drugs continue to be the primary medicines used in major depressive disorder. Although they have biological effects after acute dosing, full antidepressant response generally takes weeks of daily administration. Lack of rapid onset is a large limitation in antidepressant therapy (e.g., suicide, lack of medication compliance, difficulty switching medications). Methods: The pres

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Gregorian, Razmic S., Katharine A. Golden, Asena Bahce, Clifford Goodman, W. Jacqueline Kwong, and Zeba M. Khan. "Antidepressant-Induced Sexual Dysfunction." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 36, no. 10 (2002): 1577–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1345/aph.1a195.

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OBJECTIVE: To review the evidence regarding antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction and address implications for treatment strategy and health plan coverage policies for antidepressant medications. DATA SOURCES: Primary articles were identified by a MEDLINE and HealthSTAR search to identify English-language studies published between January 1986 and July 2000. Search terms included sexual dysfunction or sexual function and antidepressants, fluoxetine, sertraline, paroxetine, fluvoxamine, citalopram, venlafaxine, nefazodone, bupropion, and mirtazapine. A cross-check of references cited in 10

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Marcy, Todd R., and Mark L. Britton. "Antidepressant-Induced Sweating." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 39, no. 4 (2005): 748–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1345/aph.1e564.

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OBJECTIVE: To report a case of excessive sweating probably caused by paroxetine, review the literature on antidepressant-induced sweating, and provide recommendations for the management of antidepressant-induced sweating. CASE SUMMARY: A 59-year-old white female presented to a pharmacist-staffed pharmacotherapy clinic with episodes of excessive sweating. The episodes occurred primarily on her head and back of the neck. Other etiologies were ruled out and paroxetine was discontinued. Paroxetine had been initiated at least 7 months prior to the reporting of symptoms. Sweating symptoms gradually

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Mars, Becky, Jon Heron, David Gunnell, Richard M. Martin, Kyla H. Thomas, and David Kessler. "Prevalence and patterns of antidepressant switching amongst primary care patients in the UK." Journal of Psychopharmacology 31, no. 5 (2017): 553–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881117693748.

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Objective: Non-response to antidepressant treatment is a substantial problem in primary care, and many patients with depression require additional second-line treatments. This study aimed to examine the prevalence and patterns of antidepressant switching in the UK, and identify associated demographic and clinical factors. Method: Cohort analysis of antidepressant prescribing data from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink, a large, anonymised UK primary care database. The sample included 262,844 patients who initiated antidepressant therapy between 1 January 2005 and 31 June 2011. Results: 9

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Markovic, Marija, Alyssa Gallipani, Krina H. Patel, and Megan Maroney. "Brexpiprazole." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 51, no. 4 (2016): 315–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1060028016678262.

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Objective: To review the pharmacology and clinical data for brexpiprazole in schizophrenia and major depressive disorder (MDD). Data Sources: An English-language literature search using PubMed and MEDLINE was performed using the term brexpiprazole. All articles containing human clinical trial data published up to September 2016 were evaluated for inclusion as well as information from the manufacturer’s product labeling. Study Selection/Data Extraction: Phase 3 trials for brexpiprazole were evaluated. Key in vitro and animal data were incorporated into the pharmacology and pharmacokinetic secti

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&NA;. "Antidepressants." Drugs & Therapy Perspectives 10, no. 7 (1997): 14–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00042310-199710070-00005.

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Rudorfer, Matthew V., and William Z. Potter. "Antidepressants." Drugs 37, no. 5 (1989): 713–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00003495-198937050-00006.

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Snead, Tarolyn J., and Cherry W. Jackson. "St. John's Wort: A Review of an Herbal Antidepressant." Journal of Pharmacy Practice 12, no. 3 (1999): 210–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089719009901200308.

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Hypericum perforatum, more commonly known as St. John's wort, is an herbal product that has been utilized as an antidepressant in Europe for many years. This product has become popular in the United States as an alternative to traditional antidepressants. Due to the fact that St. John's wort is not regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), many questions exist about the safety and efficacy of this product. This article will provide a review of the history, pharmacology, and safety profile of St. John' wort, as well as its efficacy in the treatment of major depressive disorder.

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Yan, Kuo, Yi-Bing Chen, Jia-Rong Wu, Kuang-Dai Li, and Yuan-Lu Cui. "Current Rapid-Onset Antidepressants and Related Animal Models." Current Pharmaceutical Design 24, no. 22 (2018): 2564–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612824666180727115222.

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Depression is a common mental disease, and it is one of the most crippling diseases in the world. Although current pharmacotherapies contribute to the treatment of depression, the high incidence of a partial responses or no responses, and delayed onset of the antidepressants, make many patients to experience unsatisfactory results from treatment. In view of the high suicide rate during the period of drug onset, it is critical to find antidepressant drugs with rapid onset for the treatment of depression. This paper mainly reviews some drugs that have rapid antidepressant effect and their mechan

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Alén, Francisco, Laura Orio, Miguel Á. Gorriti, et al. "Increased alcohol consumption in rats after subchronic antidepressant treatment." International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 16, no. 8 (2013): 1809–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1461145713000217.

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AbstractThe use of antidepressants for alcoholism in humans has been a matter of controversy in recent years. Despite the existence of an important co-morbidity for depression and alcoholism, some studies suggest that the use of antidepressants could worsen the prognosis of alcoholism. However, there is a lack of studies in animal models exploring this phenomenon. In the present study, we show how the 15-d treatment with fluoxetine (10 mg/kg) or venlafaxine (50 mg/kg) affected alcohol deprivation effect (ADE) and subsequent alcohol consumption. Initially, fluoxetine reduced ADE and venlafaxine

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Undurraga, Juan, Kang Sim, Leonardo Tondo, et al. "Lithium treatment for unipolar major depressive disorder: Systematic review." Journal of Psychopharmacology 33, no. 2 (2019): 167–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881118822161.

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Background: The potential value of lithium treatment in particular aspects of unipolar major depressive disorder remains uncertain. Methods: With reports of controlled trials identified by systematic searching of Medline, Cochrane Library, and PsycINFO literature databases, we summarized responses with lithium and controls followed by selective random-effects meta-analyses. Results: We identified 36 reports with 39 randomized controlled trials: six for monotherapy and 12 for adding lithium to antidepressants for acute major depression, and 21 for long-term treatment. Data for monotherapy of ac

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Lotrich, Francis E., and Bruce G. Pollock. "Aging and Clinical Pharmacology: Implications for Antidepressants." Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 45, no. 10 (2005): 1106–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0091270005280297.

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Vázquez, Gustavo H., Anees Bahji, Juan Undurraga, Leonardo Tondo, and Ross J. Baldessarini. "Efficacy and Tolerability of Combination Treatments for Major Depression: Antidepressants plus Second-Generation Antipsychotics vs. Esketamine vs. Lithium." Journal of Psychopharmacology 35, no. 8 (2021): 890–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02698811211013579.

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Background: Successful treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD) can be challenging, and failures ("treatment-resistant depression" [TRD]) are frequent. Steps to address TRD include increasing antidepressant dose, combining antidepressants, adding adjunctive agents, or using nonpharmacological treatments. Their relative efficacy and tolerability remain inadequately tested. In particular, the value and safety of increasingly employed second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) and new esketamine, compared to lithium as antidepressant adjuncts remain unclear. Methods: We reviewed randomized, plac

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Hafferty, Jonathan D., Eleanor M. Wigmore, David M. Howard, et al. "Pharmaco-epidemiology of antidepressant exposure in a UK cohort record-linkage study." Journal of Psychopharmacology 33, no. 4 (2019): 482–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881119827888.

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Objectives: Antidepressants are the most commonly prescribed psychiatric medication but concern has been raised about significant increases in their usage in high income countries. We aimed to quantify antidepressant prevalence, incidence, adherence and predictors of use in the adult population. Methods: The study record-linked administrative prescribing and morbidity data to the Generation Scotland cohort ( N = 11,052), between 2009 and 2016. Prevalence and incidence of any antidepressant use was determined. Antidepressant adherence was measured using Proportion of Days Covered and Medication

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Hunter, Tracy S. "L-methylfolate in the Therapeutic Management of Major Depressive Disorder." Journal of Pharmacy Practice 21, no. 4 (2008): 278–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0897190008318132.

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Optimal levels of the bioactive folate are necessary for maintaining proper brain and body functioning. Folate deprivation and impaired folate metabolism are clinically associated with defects in the developing nervous system. Numerous studies implicate a deficiency of bioactive folate with an increased risk of major depressive disorder and other neuropsychiatric disorders. Bioactive forms of folate, particularly L-methylfolate, have been found to augment the therapeutic efficacy of antidepressants in patients with major depressive disorder, who fail to adequately respond to standard therapies

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Du, Dan, Qiong Tang, Qiong Han, et al. "Association between genetic polymorphism and antidepressants in major depression: a network meta-analysis." Pharmacogenomics 21, no. 13 (2020): 963–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/pgs-2020-0037.

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This network meta-analysis was conducted to compare the predictive value of eight SNPs on the efficacy of antidepressants in major depressive disorder (MDD), including 5-HTTLPR, 5HTR2A (rs6311, rs6314, rs7997012 and rs6313), 5HTR2A (rs6295), BDNF (rs6265) and 5HTTSTin2. Databases were searched for related studies published up to December 2019. A total of 16 studies were included in this study. The predictive value were evaluated by the use of the odd ratios (OR) and drawing surface under the cumulative ranking curves (SUCRA). The pairwise meta-analysis indicated that in terms of overall respon

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Cohen, Henry, Robert S. Hoffman, and Mary Ann Howland. "Cyclic Antidepressant Poisoning: A Review and Case Report." Journal of Pharmacy Practice 6, no. 2 (1993): 89–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089719009300600208.

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Although newer cyclic antidepressants have been introduced over the past several years, the tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) continue to be the leading cause of morbidity from drug overdose in the United States. Overdose features depend on the particular cyclic antidepressant ingested and its pharmacological properties, and can include CNS depression, cardiac arrhythmias, hypotension, seizures, and anticholinergic symptomatology. Life-threatening symptomatology almost always begins within 2 hours, and certainly within 6 hours, after arrival to the emergency department. Plasma TCA levels are un

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Maneeton, Benchalak, Narong Maneeton, Pakapan Woottiluk, and Surinporn Likhitsathian. "Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Combined with Antidepressants for the First Episode of Major Depressive Disorder." Current Neuropharmacology 18, no. 9 (2020): 852–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570159x18666200221113134.

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Objectives: The aims of this study were to systematically review the efficacy, acceptability, and tolerability of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) combined with antidepressants in the treatment of the first major depressive disorder (MDD) episode. Materials and Methods: The primary efficacious outcome was the pooled mean-endpoint scores of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD). Rates of response, remission rate, overall discontinuation and discontinuation due to adverse events were also evaluated. Search in the Scopus, PubMed, CINAHL, and Cochrane Controlled Trials Reg

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Schweitzer, Isaac, and Kay Maguire. "Stopping antidepressants." Australian Prescriber 24, no. 1 (2001): 13–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.18773/austprescr.2001.008.

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Hollister, L. E., and J. L. Claghorn. "New Antidepressants." Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology 33, no. 1 (1993): 165–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pa.33.040193.001121.

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Hollister, L. E. "Current Antidepressants." Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology 26, no. 1 (1986): 23–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pa.26.040186.000323.

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