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Journal articles on the topic 'Pharmacovigilance – Nigeria'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Olowofela, Abimbola, Annie Fourrier-Réglat, and Ambrose O. Isah. "Pharmacovigilance in Nigeria: An Overview." Pharmaceutical Medicine 30, no. 2 (January 19, 2016): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40290-015-0133-3.

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2

Patrick, Osemene Kanayo, and Afolabi Margaret Olubunmi. "Evaluation of the Knowledge and Perceptions about Pharmacovigilance Activities among Pharmacy Students in Nigeria: A Cross-Sectional Study." Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 20, no. 1 (April 5, 2017): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bpj.v20i1.32082.

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Studies on pharmacovigilance (PV) activities in Nigeria focused on perceptions of PV among professional healthcare workers are described here. There is paucity of information on pharmacy students knowledge about PV activities. Hence, this study, evaluated the knowledge and perceptions of final year pharmacy students about PV activities using descriptive and inferential statistics. A cross sectional study was undertaken in three Nigerian universities with a pretested questionnaire during the period of January and February, 2016. The questionnaire included closed-ended questions on demographic variables and questions designed to achieve the objectives of the study. Data was analyzed with IBM SPSS Statistics 20 and presented in percentages, means, standard deviations and median at 50% percentile. The mean knowledge score of pharmacovigilance and adverse drug reporting for the final year students was 4.25±0.18. There were significant differences in the mean scores of knowledge domain by age groups 21-24 years 4.8±0.70, 25-30 years 6.2 ± 0.84 and >30 years 4.6±0.72 at p=0.001; gender: male 4.1±1.20 and female 4.4±0.98 at (p=0.0001) as well as the current universities attended as follows University 1 with a scrore of 5.1±1.03, University 2 had a mean score of 6.3±0.99 at p=0.0120 and University 3 with a mean score of 4.3±1.01 at p=0.012. Furthermore, significant difference exist in the mean values of pharmacovigilance knowledge between those who had taking some courses in pharmacovigilance (7.3± 0.22) and those who did not (4.7 ± 0.13) at p=0.0001. Generally, the students had inadequate knowledge of PV activities. Therefore, emphasis on relevant PV courses in their curriculum is necessary.Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 20(1): 1-13, 2017

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3

A, Fourrier-Réglat, and Isah AO. "KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICE OF HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONALS REGARDING PHARMACOVIGILANCE IN SOUTH-SOUTH NIGERIA." Kanem Journal Medical Sciences 15, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.36020/kjms.2021.1507.

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Background: In Nigeria, reporting pharmacovigilance issues including adverse drug reactions (ADRs) from health facilities is encouraged especially by health care professionals (HCPs). Objectives: This study assessed the knowledge, attitude and practice of HCPs regarding pharmacovigilance in teaching hospitals in the South-South geo-political zone of Nigeria. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted in six selected teaching hospitals in the South-South zone of Nigeria. A semi-structured questionnaire was self-administered to 1200 HCPs (doctors, pharmacists and nurses). Information sought included demographics, knowledge, attitude and practice of pharmacovigilance especially ADRs reporting. The data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: The 796 adequately completed questionnaires were used for the analysis. The mean age (standard deviation, SD) of the participants was 39.0 (8.0) years and the mean duration of practice (SD) was 12.7 (8.2) years. Two hundred and forty-one (30.3 %) of HCPs had ever documented or reported ADRs, of which only 97 (40.2 %) had ever used the national ADRs reporting form. Most respondents 746 (93.7 %) knew they could submit ADRs reports relating to new medicines and submit reports of new and unexpected ADRs 683 (85.8 %). Fewer respondents 540 (67.3 %) would submit reports relating to herbal medicines, and 256 (32.2 %) mild ADRs. Four hundred and fifty-six (57.3 %) had no difficulty in determining whether to report ADRs. Overall, nurses appeared the least knowledgeable about reporting ADRs. On improving reports, 278 (34.9 %) respondents advocated increased awareness and education on ADRs reporting. Conclusion: The HCPs in tertiary hospitals in the South-South zone had a modest knowledge, positive attitude but poor reporting practices in pharmacovigilance which may be improved with education and easier reporting processes.

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4

AO, Opadeyi, Fourrier-Réglat A, and Isah AO. "7. KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICE OF HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONALS REGARDING PHARMACOVIGILANCE IN SOUTH-SOUTH NIGERIA." Kanem Journal Medical Sciences 15, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 54–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.36020/kjms.2021.1501.007.

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Background: In Nigeria, reporting pharmacovigilance issues including adverse drug reactions (ADRs) from health facilities is encouraged especially by health care professionals (HCPs). Objectives: This study assessed the knowledge, attitude and practice of HCPs regarding pharmacovigilance in teaching hospitals in the South-South geo-political zone of Nigeria. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted in six selected teaching hospitals in the South-South zone of Nigeria. A semi-structured questionnaire was self-administered to 1200 HCPs (doctors, pharmacists and nurses). Information sought included demographics, knowledge, attitude and practice of pharmacovigilance especially ADRs reporting. The data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: The 796 adequately completed questionnaires were used for the analysis. The mean age (standard deviation, SD) of the participants was 39.0 (8.0) years and the mean duration of practice (SD) was 12.7 (8.2) years. Two hundred and forty-one (30.3 %) of HCPs had ever documented or reported ADRs, of which only 97 (40.2 %) had ever used the national ADRs reporting form. Most respondents 746 (93.7 %) knew they could submit ADRs reports relating to new medicines and submit reports of new and unexpected ADRs 683 (85.8 %). Fewer respondents 540 (67.3 %) would submit reports relating to herbal medicines, and 256 (32.2 %) mild ADRs. Four hundred and fifty-six (57.3 %) had no difficulty in determining whether to report ADRs. Overall, nurses appeared the least knowledgeable about reporting ADRs. On improving reports, 278 (34.9 %) respondents advocated increased awareness and education on ADRs reporting. Conclusion: The HCPs in tertiary hospitals in the South-South zone had a modest knowledge, positive attitude but poor reporting practices in pharmacovigilance which may be improved with education and easier reporting processes.

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5

Balogun, Sulayman Tunde, Kenneth Okwong Okon, Ayodele Oluwasoji Akanmu, Leonard Mela Paul, and Olufunke Adebola Sodipo. "Safety monitoring of herbal medicines in Nigeria: worrying state of pharmacovigilance system based on WHO core pharmacovigilance indicators." Journal of Herbmed Pharmacology 10, no. 2 (January 7, 2021): 202–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/jhp.2021.22.

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Introduction: Herbal medicines (HMs) have shown therapeutic and toxicological potentials. Thus, the WHO expanded the pharmacovigilance (PVG) scope to include HMs. This study appraised the state of PVG system in Nigeria for the safety monitoring of HMs using WHO core PVG indicators. Methods: Between January and June 2019, 39 PVG experts were requested to independently appraise the PVG system in Nigeria for safety monitoring of HMs using WHO PVG core structural (CSIs), process (CPIs) and outcome (COIs) indicators. The 27 indicators (CSIs = 10, CPIs = 9 and COIs = 8) were scored 3, 2, 1 and 0 for adequate, fairly adequate, inadequate and uncertain states, respectively. CSIs index (CSII) was determined by dividing the summation of CSIs mean score by total obtainable score (30) and expressed in percentage. This was applied to CPIs and COIs to obtain CPIs index (CPII) and COIs index (COII), respectively. Results: The mean ± standard deviation (SD) of participants’ age was 43.6 ± 10.3 years with mean ± SD work experience of 15.3 ± 9.3 years. Majority had doctoral degree (35.9%; 14/39; P >0.05) and were medical doctors (28.2%; 11/39; P > 0.05). Twelve of the 27 indicators scored at least 2.0 and CSIs, CPIs, and COIs accounted for 75.0% (9/12), 0.0% (0/12) and 25.0% (3/12), respectively (P < 0.05). The total mean score was 27.3 ± 0.2 for CSIs as against 8.0 ± 0.3 for CPIs and 11.2 ± 0.4 for COIs (P < 0.05). The CSII, CPII and COII were 91.0%; 29.6% and 46.7%, respectively (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Most of the structural elements are in place for safety monitoring of HMs in Nigeria. However, the process and outcome of PVG indicate an inadequate state. Thus, deliberate efforts are required to ensure the realization of PVG objectives.

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6

Nwaiwu, Obiyo, Olayemi Oyelade, and Chinwe Eze. "Evaluation of Pharmacovigilance Practice in Pharmaceutical Companies in Nigeria." Pharmaceutical Medicine 30, no. 5 (July 27, 2016): 291–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40290-016-0155-5.

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7

Akarowhe, Kingsley. "A Case Study of Pharmacovigilance in Nigeria: Challenges and Solutions." American Journal of Biomedical Science & Research 9, no. 6 (August 24, 2020): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.34297/ajbsr.2020.10.001470.

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8

Awodele, Olufunsho, Adeyinka Adeniran, and Deborah F. Awodele. "Pharmacovigilance amongst Patent Medicine Vendors (PMVs) in Ekiti state, Nigeria." International Journal of Risk & Safety in Medicine 24, no. 2 (2012): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jrs-2012-0562.

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9

Awosan, KJ, A. Yunusa, I. Yakubu, KK Yunusa, and AM Auwal. "KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICE OF PHARMACOVIGILANCE AMONG OPERATORS OF PHARMACIES AND PATENT MEDICINE STORES IN SOKOTO METROPOLIS, NIGERIA." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 8, no. 5 (September 11, 2018): 358–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v8i5.1881.

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Background: The weak pharmacovigilance (PV) systems in many developing countries of the world have undoubtedly hampered the global quest for safe drug use. Operators of pharmacies and patent medicine stores have important roles to play in developing the PV systems in these countries being the main source of medicines for acute conditions. This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of pharmacovigilance among operators of pharmacies and patent medicine stores in Sokoto metropolis, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 249 operators of pharmacies and patent medicine stores selected by multistage sampling technique. Data were collected with a set of pretested self- administered, semi-structured questionnaire. Results: Although, the majority, 173 (69.5%) of the 249 respondents were aware of PV, less than a fifth (17.3%) had good knowledge of it. Despite positive attitude towards PV, only about half, 56 (52.3%) of the 107 respondents that had observed adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in clients reported; and of these, only about a tenth (12.8%) formally reported to the organization in charge of PV. The most commonly cited reasons for non-reporting were that they didn’t know where and how to report (51.0%), and unavailability of reporting forms (23.5%). Conclusion: This study showed poor knowledge of PV and sub-optimal ADRs reporting despite positive attitude towards it by operators of pharmacies and patent medicine stores in Sokoto metropolis, Nigeria. Sensitization of the populace and training of healthcare providers on PV and ADRs reporting are necessary for revitalizing the PV system in Sokoto State, Nigeria. Keywords: Pharmacovigilance, knowledge, attitude, practice

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10

Oluwafemi, D. Alo, O. Akinyemi Joshua, O. Akpa Matthew, B. Yusuf Oyindamola, F. Fagbamigbe Adeniyi, A. Bamgboye Elijah, B. Adebayo Samson, Kawu Issa, Agbi Perpetual, and Ezire Onoriode. "Level and determinants of pharmacovigilance programme awareness in Nigeria: A multilevel analysis." African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 11, no. 29 (August 8, 2017): 342–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajpp2017.4571.

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11

Awodele, Olufunsho, Akinwumi Akinyede, Oladunni Adejoke Adeyemi, and Deborah Funmilola Awodele. "Pharmacovigilance amongst doctors in private hospitals in Lagos West Senatorial District, Nigeria." International Journal of Risk & Safety in Medicine 23, no. 4 (2011): 217–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jrs-2011-0541.

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12

Awodele, O., A. Daniel, T. D. Popoola, and E. F. Salami. "A study on pharmacovigilance of herbal medicines in Lagos West Senatorial District, Nigeria." International Journal of Risk & Safety in Medicine 25, no. 4 (2013): 205–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jrs-130604.

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13

Ohaju-Obodo, J. O., and O. I. Iribhogbe. "Extent of pharmacovigilance among resident doctors in Edo and Lagos states of Nigeria." Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety 19, no. 2 (February 2010): 191–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pds.1724.

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14

Oreagba, I. A., O. J. Ogunleye, and S. O. Olayemi. "The knowledge, perceptions and practice of pharmacovigilance amongst community pharmacists in Lagos state, south west Nigeria." Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety 20, no. 1 (September 15, 2010): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pds.2021.

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15

Udoye, Jude A., Raymond I. Ozolua, Jude Nwokike, and Jude Nwokike. "Assessment of the knowledge, attitude and practice of pharmacovigilance by pharmacists in two states in southeastern Nigeria." Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 17, no. 5 (June 4, 2018): 937. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v17i5.25.

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16

Opadeyi, Abimbola O., Annie Fourrier-Réglat, and Ambrose O. Isah. "Educational intervention to improve the knowledge, attitude and practice of healthcare professionals regarding pharmacovigilance in South-South Nigeria." Therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety 10 (January 2019): 204209861881627. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2042098618816279.

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17

Oshikoya, K. A. "Extent of pharmacovigilance among resident doctors in Edo and Lagos states of Nigeria: important issues unaddressed by the authors." Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety 19, no. 8 (July 21, 2010): 878–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pds.1996.

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18

Adefurin, Abiodun. "The knowledge, perceptions and practice of pharmacovigilance amongst community pharmacists in Lagos state, south west Nigeria-flaws with the methodology." Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety 20, no. 6 (June 2011): 657–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pds.2147.

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19

Osahon, P. T., C. I. Chukwu, and C. C. Chukwu. "Prescription Pattern in the Eye Clinic of a Tertiary Health Facility in South-East Nigeria." Journal of Basic and Social Pharmacy Research 1, no. 5 (2020): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.52968/27459928.

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Introduction: Eye care is imperative and requires that ophthalmic prescriptions be generated properly. Evaluation of prescription pattern is an aspect of investigation of drug utilization which is an essential part of pharmacoepidemiology and pharmacovigilance. Objectives: To determine the prescription pattern in the eye clinic of a health facility using the WHO core prescribing indicators and document the disease pattern according to the prescriptions. Methods: The study was conducted at the Eye Clinic of the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital (UCTH), Nigeria. Data were collected retrospectively from prescriptions (from January to December 2018) in the Pharmacy using the WHO core indicator form. Microsoft Excel® was used to organize and analyse collected data using descriptive analysis. Ethical approval was obtained from the health research ethics committee of UCTH, Calabar. Result: A total of 1098 prescriptions were accessed over the 12-month study period, 48% (531) of which were for females and 83% (915) for adults. Average number of drugs per prescription was 1.8. The percentage of drugs by generic name was 38.8%, drugs prescribed from essential drug list was 28.7% and antibiotics prescribed was 31.3%. Glaucoma (23%), conjunctivitis (19%) and refractive error (17%) were the most prevalent eye diseases found. Conclusion: Prescription pattern in this study site conformed to only one of the five WHO drug use indicators. High antibiotics prescriptions were observed, and eye diseases associated with bacterial infections were most prevalent in this study. Drugs should be prescribed with generic names and the essential drugs lists should be expanded to accommodate more drugs for glaucoma.

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20

Uzochukwu, Benjamin, Miriam Ajuba, Chinyere Okeke, Edmund Ossai, Ancilla Umeobieri, and Anne Ndu. "Pharmacovigilance of Antimalaria Drug Treatment in Enugu State, Nigeria: Community and Health Workers’ Perceptions and Suggestions for Reporting Adverse Drug Events." Archives of Current Research International 5, no. 4 (January 10, 2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/acri/2016/28218.

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21

Awodele, Olufunsho, Rebecca Aliu, Ibrahim Ali, Yetunde Oni, and Christianah Mojisola Adeyeye. "Patterns of adverse drug reaction signals in NAFDAC pharmacovigilance activities from January to June 2015: safety of drug use in Nigeria." Pharmacology Research & Perspectives 6, no. 5 (October 2018): e00427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prp2.427.

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Oshikoya, Kazeem Adeola, Ibrahim Abayomi Ogunyinka, Comfort Kunak Ogar, Abiodun Abiola, Ali Ibrahim, and Ibrahim Adekunle Oreagba. "Severe cutaneous adverse drug reactions manifesting as Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis reported to the national pharmacovigilance center in Nigeria: a database review from 2004 to 2017." Therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety 11 (January 2020): 204209862090599. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2042098620905998.

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Background: Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) are severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCARs). There is scant literature on the characteristics and causes of these conditions among the Nigerian population. Here, we describe the epidemiology, associated morbidity and mortality, and culpable drugs in SJS and TEN cases using the National Pharmacovigilance (NPC) database in Nigeria. Methods: A retrospective review of the NPC database was done to analyze SJS and TEN cases reported over a period of 14 years. Annual reports, age and sex of patients, type of reporter, suspects and concomitant drugs, time to onset (TTO) of the reactions, and outcome of SJS and TEN were evaluated. Results: The NPC received a total of 24,015 adverse drug reaction (ADR) reports. SJS and TEN accounted for 284 (0.1%) of the total reports, of which 254 (89.4%) were SJS and the remainder were TEN. Females ( n = 184, 64.8%) and individuals aged 19–40 years ( n = 181, 63.7%) were the most affected by SJS and TEN. Antiretrovirals, followed by antibiotics, were the most common drug classes reported to cause SJS and TEN, with nevirapine ( n = 174, 40.7%) and co-trimoxazole ( n = 143, 33.5%) being the most widely implicated drugs. Among patients with reported outcomes, 73 (28.7%) SJS and 3 (10.0%) TEN cases recovered without sequelae, at the time of reporting. Severity of the SCAR was reported for only 171 (69.0%) cases, of which 12 (4.7%) and 8 (26.7%) resulted in death (Grade 5) among SJS and TEN cases, respectively. Conclusions: Antiretroviral and antibiotics were the commonly reported offending group of drugs for SJS and TEN cases. Nevirapine and co-trimoxazole were the commonly reported suspect drugs. SJS and TEN were reported most frequently in females and in patients aged 19–40 years, indicating that drug surveillance and counseling in these groups of patients may be beneficial.

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23

S.Singer, Brian, and Stefan K Blinov. "The epidemiological characteristics of Ebola virus disease." American Journal of BioMedicine 6, no. 1 (January 29, 2018): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.18081/2333-5106/018-1-18.

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Ebola was first reported in 1976 in Sudan and Congo and named after the river where it was identified. They cause fulminating disease characterized by acute fever followed by generalized hemorrhagic syndrome that is associated with 90% mortality in the most severe forms. It was later reported in Gabon, Central Africa and between 2 and 4 August 2014, a total of 108 new cases of Ebola virus disease (EVD) (laboratory-confirmed, probable, and suspect cases) as well as 45 deaths were reported from Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria, and Sierra Leone. Surveillance and response represent the final crucial steps in achieving effective control of Ebola virus disease, it should be followed by an effective public health response – delivered as integrated packages – with the purpose to interrupt transmission in well defined areas. In addition, intensive efficacy and pharmacovigilance assessment of these interventions including diagnostics, drugs and vaccines against Ebola and other emerging infectious diseases including NTDs must be carefully re-evaluated, and the cut-offs determined and monitored over time, in addition to enhance cross-border collaboration and strengthen effective coordination across African government and populations. Control interventions were very successful in containing the epidemic of EVD.

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Ogar, Comfort Kunak, Ali Ibrahim, Adeline Ijeoma Osakwe, Fatima Jajere, Ashega Ademulegun Kigbu-Adekunle, Kemi Alonge, and Yetunde Oni. "Pharmacovigilance Rapid Alert System for Consumer Reporting (PRASCOR): A Look at Its Quantitative Contribution to Spontaneous Reporting in Nigeria from August 2012 to February 2017." Pharmaceutical Medicine 32, no. 2 (March 6, 2018): 131–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40290-018-0228-8.

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25

Anyachebelu, Obinna, and Deborah Aluh. "PHARMACISTS COMPLIANCE TO PRACTICE REGULATIONS AND GOOD PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE: A CASE STUDY OF NIGERIAN COMMUNITY PHARMACISTS." International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 10, no. 7 (July 1, 2018): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2018v10i7.25858.

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Objective: This study was designed to assess community pharmacists’ compliance to rules and regulations guiding the practice of pharmacy in Anambra state, Nigeria.Methods: The study was carried out using a mixed method. In the first phase, adapted and validated questionnaire was used to obtain demographic data and information on some practice standards. While in the second phase, the researcher interviewed the practicing pharmacists on some of the key practice standards followed by observation of the items included in the interview. Statistical analysis was computed using SPSS and minitab versions 23.0 and 14.0 respectively. Descriptive analysis was carried out on the demographic items and other sections of the questionnaire. Quantitative data were analysed by computing frequency tables. Average percentage score for each section of the questionnaire was calculated. One-way ANOVA [with post hoc test—LSD] and Independent-Samples T Test were used to examine significance relationship between demographic variables and the different dimensions of the questionnaire.Results: The response rate to the study questionnaire was 82%. While the questionnaire study had a mean good compliance level to environmental and dispensing practice standards, the interview and observation phase observed poor compliance to some items in this section. The study further observed good implementation level for pharmaceutical care, except for proper documentation. Although the pharmacists’ knowledge of pharmacovigilance activities was observed to be fair, their involvement in the activity was poor.Conclusion: The Overall findings of the study did not record an excellent compliance level to good professional practice by community pharmacists in Anambra state, Nigeria.

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26

Okoh, Michael P., Lukman A. Alli, Martti E. E. Tolvanen, and Maxwell M. Nwegbu. "Herbal Drug use in Sickle Cell Disease Management; Trends and Perspectives in Sub-Saharan Africa - A Systematic Review." Current Drug Discovery Technologies 16, no. 4 (December 11, 2019): 372–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570163815666181002101611.

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Introduction: Nigeria has the largest burden of Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) with estimated 100,000 new born affected annually. SCD is a Hemoglobin (Hb) disorder with the major form resulting from the substitution of a polar glutamate (Glu) by non-polar Valine (Val) in an invariant region of Hbβ chain-subunit. Species of Hb found in the sickle cell trait are HbA and HbS in a 60:40 proportion, in SCD only HbS, in the HbC disease only HbC, and in the SC disease it's HbS and HbC in a 50:50 equal proportion. Objective: This paper reviews herbal medicines usage in sub-Saharan Africa (sSA) to ameliorate the crisis associated with SCD. The model Hb tetramer suggests a higher membrane affinity of HbS and HbC, promoting dehydration of RBCs, with concomitant in vivo crystallization. Some drawbacks using these herbal drugs include; poor bioavailability and the lack of proper pharmacovigilance monitoring procedures arising from weak governance structure combined with under reporting of herbal usage to physicians were discussed. Probable epigenetic loci that could be targeted using phytomedicines for effective SCD management were also discussed. Methods: Using search engines, several databases including Google scholar, PubMed, Academic Resource Index were utilized as a source for relevant publications/ literature. The protein coordinates for the Hb tetramer were obtained from the Protein Data Bank (PDB). Conclusion: Manipulation of epigenetics to achieve better SCD management involves careful thinking. Herein, we discuss some epigenetic interactions that could be putatively tweaked with a view of enhancing soluble bioactive small molecular components with the potential to reactivate γ -globin genes, thereby boosting immune response in patient with SCD.

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Osakwe, Adeline, Ibrahim Oreagba, Adebowale J. Adewunmi, Abisola Adekoya, and Iretiola Fajolu. "Impact of training on Nigerian healthcare professionals' knowledge and practice of pharmacovigilance." International Journal of Risk & Safety in Medicine 25, no. 4 (2013): 219–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jrs-130605.

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28

Obebi Cliff-Eribo, Kennedy, Helen Sammons, Kristina Star, I. Ralph Edwards, Adeline Osakwe, and Imti Choonara. "Adverse drug reactions in Nigerian children: a retrospective review of reports submitted to the Nigerian Pharmacovigilance Centre from 2005 to 2012." Paediatrics and International Child Health 36, no. 4 (October 2016): 300–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/2046905515y.0000000059.

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Oreagba, Ibrahim A., Kazeem A. Oshikoya, Comfort Ogar, Abiodun O. Adefurin, Ali Ibrahim, Olufunsho Awodele, and Yetunde Oni. "Adverse reactions to fluoroquinolones in the Nigerian population: an audit of reports submitted to the National Pharmacovigilance Centre from 2004 to 2016." Pharmacology Research & Perspectives 5, no. 2 (February 14, 2017): e00297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prp2.297.

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30

Adisa, Rasaq, and Tomilayo I. Omitogun. "Awareness, knowledge, attitude and practice of adverse drug reaction reporting among health workers and patients in selected primary healthcare centres in Ibadan, southwestern Nigeria." BMC Health Services Research 19, no. 1 (December 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12913-019-4775-9.

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Abstract Background Higher incidence of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) is a global health problem requiring attention of all stakeholders regardless of the practice settings. This study therefore aimed to evaluate awareness, knowledge, attitude and practice of ADR reporting among health workers and patients in 10 primary healthcare centres (PHCs) in Ibadan, southwestern Nigeria. Methods Questionnaire-guided cross-sectional survey among 80 health workers and 360 patients enrolled from the selected PHCs between October and December 2018. The semi-structured questionnaires generally comprised open-ended and closed-ended questions to explore general knowledge and awareness of ADRs and pharmacovigilance, while other question-items evaluated attitude towards ADR reporting and ADR reporting practice. Overall percent score in the knowledge and attitude domains for the health workers was developed into binary categories of > 80 versus ≤80% for “adequate” and “inadequate” knowledge, as well as “positive” and “negative” attitude, respectively. Data were summarised using descriptive statistics, while Chi-square test was used to evaluate categorical variables at p < 0.05. Results Overall, 58(72.5%) health workers had heard of pharmacovigilance, but only 3(5.2%) correctly understood the pharmacovigilance concept. Twelve (15.0%) showed adequate knowledge of ADRs, while 37(46.2%) demonstrated positive attitude towards ADR reporting. Thirty (37.5%) health workers had come across ADR reporting form, while 79(98.8%) expressed willingness to report all ADRs encountered. Of the patients, 31(8.6%) had heard of pharmacovigilance, 143(39.7%) correctly cited ADR definition, while 67(18.6%) reported the previously experienced ADRs. Informing healthcare professional (38; 38.8%) was the most common measure taken by patients when they experienced reaction(s). Nurses significantly had adequate knowledge of ADRs (p < 0.001) compared to other cadres. Conclusions Health workers in the selected PHCs were largely aware of pharmacovigilance but show low level of knowledge about ADRs and pharmacovigilance concept, with moderately positive attitude towards ADR reporting. Patients on the other hand demonstrate low level of awareness of pharmacovigilance and ADR reporting, with less than one-fifth who reported the previously experienced ADRs. This perhaps underscores a need for regular mandatory education and training on ADRs/pharmacovigilance concept among the PHC health workers, while continuous public enlightenment and awareness campaign on spontaneous reporting of ADRs is advocated in order to enhance reporting rate.

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Opadeyi, Abimbola O., Annie Fourrier-Réglat, and Ambrose O. Isah. "Assessment of the state of pharmacovigilance in the South-South zone of Nigeria using WHO pharmacovigilance indicators." BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 19, no. 1 (May 31, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40360-018-0217-2.

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Eniojukan Joshua, F. "Survey of Contextual Correlates of Pharmacovigilance Practices in Delta State, Nigeria." UK Journal of Pharmaceutical Biosciences 4, no. 1 (February 1, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.20510/ukjpb/4/i1/87839.

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Osemene, Kanayo P., and Margaret O. Afolabi. "An evaluation of the knowledge and perceptions of pharmacy students on pharmacovigilance activities in Nigeria." BMC Research Notes 10, no. 1 (July 12, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13104-017-2586-9.

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Udoh, Arit, Mary Akpan, Umar Idris Ibrahim, Basira Kankia Lawal, Kamilu Sarki Labaran, Ekpedeme Ndem, Kosisochi Amorha, et al. "Clinical pharmacy services provided in public sector hospitals in Nigeria: a national survey." International Journal of Pharmacy Practice, July 28, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijpp/riab046.

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Abstract Objectives Studies show that clinical pharmacy services are effective in optimizing medicines use and patients' outcomes. This study aimed to determine the clinical pharmacy services provided in public sector hospitals in Nigeria. Methods This was an online survey of 296 primary, secondary and tertiary care hospitals sampled purposively across the 36 States and Federal Capital Territory in Nigeria. Data analysis was conducted descriptively via χ 2 test and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). Key findings Responses were obtained from 272 hospitals in the country with a survey completion rate of 88%. This included 55 tertiary, 72 secondary and 145 primary healthcare centres (PHCs). Pharmacists provided pharmaceutical care services in all the tertiary care hospitals, 94% of the secondary and in only 6% of the PHCs surveyed. Most of the secondary and tertiary care hospitals provided medicines information, patient education and counselling, and in-patient dispensing services [n = 97 (79%), 116 (94%), 88 (72%)], respectively. However, fewer than a third reported involvement in multidisciplinary ward rounds, medication chart review and antibiotic stewardship programmes [n = 18 (15%), 33 (27%), 22 (18%), respectively]. Furthermore, medication error reporting and pharmacovigilance services were each routinely provided in only about half of the secondary and tertiary care hospitals [n = 62 (50%)], and this was not associated with the level of care (P > 0.05). Conclusions The findings of this study demonstrate disparity in clinical pharmacy service availability across the various levels of care in Nigeria and emphasize the need to prioritize their integration within the primary care sector.

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Adedeji, Ahmed A., Bilqees Sanusi, Azeez Tella, Motunrayo Akinsanya, Olubusola Ojo, Mufliat O. Akinwunmi, Olubukola A. Tikare, et al. "Exposure to anti-malarial drugs and monitoring of adverse drug reactions using toll-free mobile phone calls in private retail sector in Sagamu, Nigeria: implications for pharmacovigilance." Malaria Journal 10, no. 1 (August 9, 2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-10-230.

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Obebi Cliff-Eribo, Kennedy, Helen Sammons, Kristina Star, I. Ralph Edwards, Adeline Osakwe, and Imti Choonara. "Adverse drug reactions in Nigerian children: a retrospective review of reports submitted to the Nigerian Pharmacovigilance Centre from 2005 to 2012." Paediatrics and International Child Health, January 29, 2016, 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20469047.2015.1122384.

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