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1
Allan, Lucie. "Competing interests and change within the pharmacy education system in South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003219.
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This thesis provides a historical account of the emergence of the pharmacy education system in South Africa, and an analysis of the influence of competing interest groups over the pharmacy education curriculum. It provides a critical evaluation of structural-consensus and micro-interpretive approaches to medical and pharmacy education, and sets out a macrointerpretive account of pharmacy education in South Africa. Following Margaret Archer (1979) it analyzes three forms of negotiation between competing interest groups in their efforts to change the pharmacy curriculum; these are political manipulation, external transaction and internal initiation. The thesis argues that whilst the private sector interest group (comprising of retail, wholesale and manufacturing pharmacy) dominated the pharmacy education system until 1994, since then a newly emerged government interest group has begun to compete for educational control. The priorities pursued by this interest group have consistently reflected the objectives set out in the ANC National Health Plan of 1994. The thesis maintains that given its frustration over the non-implementation of the ANC’s health policy objectives, the government interest group is likely to resort to direct political manipulation by passing legislation to alter the content of the current pharmacy curriculum. Such changes would seek to ensure that the syllabus more accurately reflects the ANC Plan’s community health and primary health care objectives. The thesis asserts that such an outcome (of direct political manipulation of the curriculum) is not inevitable, and can be avoided through a process of internally initiated change. It presents the findings of an interpretive case study into how the Rhodes University Community Experience Programme (CEP) influenced final year pharmacy students’ perceptions of the role of the pharmacist. The students’ comments were collected by means of focus group interviews, participant observation and documentary analysis. Whilst the CEP did not successfully transform their concept of the pharmacist’s role, it did succeed in influencing students’ understanding of the notions of community pharmacy and primary health care in line with the government interest group’s health objectives. This thesis concludes that internally initiated change within the pharmacy education system, would be preferable to that imposed through external political manipulation, as such change would be more likely to preserve the independent professional interests of pharmacy academics.
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Mapi, Thandeka Priscilla. "Incorporating indigenous knowledge in the teaching of isiXhosa to pharmacy students at Rhodes University." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007469.
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Traditional healing is one of the most trusted methods of healing in South Africa, especially in rural areas, where health-care infrastructure is inadequate. People have depended on this method of healing since time immemorial. That belief has been strengthened by the fact that this method keeps people in touch with their ancestors. Traditional healers are trusted and believed to be the link between people and their ancestors. The Dwesa community is amongst the areas that still have strong belief in traditional healing. Traditional healers have a variety of methods of healing that they use, these methods have been trusted for people of all age groups. These methods are ukugabha, ukufutha and ukucima. Traditional healers prescribe them for both major and minor illnesses. They are believed to play a role in cleansing people from inside and outside. These methods together with other methods that are used in traditional healing are being explored in this study. This exploration is based on the fact that this information will be integrated into the teaching of isiXhosa to Pharmacy students at Rhodes University. This is an initiative to create awareness amongst health-care practitioners about traditional healing methods, so that they can caution and advise their patients about medicine taking behaviours, also to make them approach the subject in a sensitive manner. An isiXhosa course has been taught to Pharmacy students, as a pilot in 2007 and as an elective in 2008 onwards. This course deals with cultural issues in a broad manner, the issue of traditional healing specifically, and these methods of healing are outlined in the course, such that students have an understanding first of what a traditional healer is and their role in providing health-care services.
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Smith, Robert Mark Houston. "South African community pharmacists’ self-perception of their professional identity and job satisfaction." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/20637.
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The role of the community pharmacist has changed over the past two decades. The traditional specialist roles of pharmacists, such as compounding and preparation of medications, are now infrequent activities and the profession has moved to a more patient-centred focus. Furthermore, pharmaceutical care has been developed and adopted as a practice philosophy to add value and bring care for patients back into the profession. However, there is still much debate in academic and policy literature concerning the reluctance of community pharmacists to adopt and implement pharmaceutical care in practice environments. Empirical evidence has suggested that the professional identity of pharmacists is both ambiguous and multifaceted. However, the practice of pharmaceutical care has been demonstrated to increase organisational identity of pharmacists, as well as their job satisfaction. In addition, pharmacists in a clinical role have been shown to have higher levels of job satisfaction than their counterparts in nonclinical roles. This study has identified, described and analysed the self-perceived professional identities of community pharmacists within a South African context. Furthermore, it sought to determine their current levels of job satisfaction. The relationships between professional identity, job satisfaction and role were analysed in an attempt to understand the influence of professional identity on job satisfaction and behaviour of pharmacists. This study made use of a mixed method of inquiry, online questionnaire, administered to a large sample, which allowed the researcher to take a broad view of the research foci at a specific moment in time. This study found the existence of six professional identities amongst South African Community Pharmacists; namely the practitioner, the jaded pharmacist, the social carer, the professional, the medicine supplier and the entrepreneur. South African community pharmacists were, generally, satisfied with their jobs, professed to practice pharmaceutical care and adopted it as a practice philosophy. South African Community pharmacists were, in general, committed to their profession. Correlation between a pharmacist’s professional identity and their job title, job satisfaction and their commitment were found to be statistically significant. A pharmacist’s level of job satisfaction was statistically correlated to their practice of pharmaceutical care. No statistically significant relationship was found to exist between a pharmacist’s identity and their work load or tasks performed. Characterising South African community pharmacists’ identities is of great significance in an effort to better understand the forces that drive our profession of pharmacy. In doing so, have found that identity affects many elements of work life such as job satisfaction, professional commitment and the practice of patient care.
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McCartney, Jane Alison. "Experiential learning in an undergraduate BPHARM programme: impact of an intervention on academic achievement." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/19037.
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The extended role of today’s pharmacist with the emphasis on patient-focused care has highlighted the need for increased exposure of undergraduate pharmacy students to experiential learning in patient-centred environments, and additional skills development in therapeutics, problem solving and clinical decision making. At the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University (NMMU), final year pharmacy students complete a university-coordinated, hospital-based, structured experiential learning programme (ELP) for the exit-level module, Pharmacology4. However, the students consistently experience difficulties in the application of pharmacological knowledge during the transition from lecture-based learning to the patient-focused clinical setting. The student population at the NMMU is diverse, with varied cultural, ethnic, language and secondary level education backgrounds, as well as different learning preferences and approaches. The extent to which these factors affect academic achievement in the experiential learning environment is unknown. Central research question The central research question for this study was therefore, “What would be the effect of an intervention aimed at supporting undergraduate pharmacy students during clinical placements, on academic achievement in, and student attitudes towards, experiential learning programmes (ELP)?” In order to explore the research question, several factors which may influence academic achievement in ELPs were investigated, namely: academic achievement (pre-university, in the BPharm programme and, in pharmacology); the admission route into the BPharm programme and the subsequent rate of academic progression; English reading comprehension ability; learning styles; problem solving ability; the extent to which students are prepared for application of knowledge in the ELP, in terms of assessment methods used prior to the final year and previous pharmacy work-based experience. In addition, the students’ lived experience of the ELP was explored, and the need for, and nature of, an intervention was determined. The research was based in a pragmatic paradigm, using an advanced mixed methods approach. An intervention-based, two-phase, quasi-experimental design was employed with an initial exploratory Preliminary Phase (in 2013) preceding the larger experimental framework (Phases One and Two, in 2014 and 2015 respectively). The research design was primarily quantitative, with pre- and post- testing conducted before and after the ELP. The ELP was completed by the comparator cohort in Phase One and the experimental cohort in Phase Two. Supplementary qualitative data was collected before, during and after the ELP. The intervention, in the form of supplementary academic support sessions, was developed from the qualitative data using an iterative approach, and implemented during the ELP in Phase Two. Attitudes and expectations of the students towards the hospital-based ELP were generally positive and realistic. Areas of concern included the difficulties experienced in the application and integration of pharmacological knowledge, both in the clinical setting and the clinical case study-based assessments; students feeling overwhelmed, inadequate and inferior in the clinical environment, compounded by an absence of clinical pharmacists as role models; and feeling unprepared for patient-focused care. The qualitative data strongly supported the need for supplementary academic support sessions. The intervention was developed and implemented in Phase Two, using patient case-based, active learning strategies. The majority of students (91.0%; n = 104) reported improved case analysis skills. A statistically significant (p = .030, Cohen’s d = 0.34) improvement was noted in the summative Pharmacology4 assessment marks obtained by the experimental cohort post-intervention, although of small practical significance. Predictors of academic achievement in the ELP were found to be language, specifically English reading comprehension skills, academic achievement in the BPharm programme and pharmacology, the university admission score, the rate of academic progression, and problem solving ability. Previous pharmacy-based work experience and assessment questions requiring application of knowledge were also found to influence achievement in the ELP. The need for an intervention in the form of supplementary academic support sessions was confirmed. The intervention was subsequently developed and successfully implemented, with student-reported self-perceived improvements in patient case analysis skills. These positive findings were supported by quantitative data which showed a statistically significant improvement in academic achievement in the ELP. Several predictors of academic achievement in the ELP were identified, and invaluable insight was gained into the nature of the difficulties experienced by pharmacy students in the transition from lecture-based learning to experiential learning in patient-focused environments.
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Keele, Mothobi Godfrey. "Availability of pharmacoeconomic data and its use in the development of drug formularies in South Africa." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/685.
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In an attempt to manage scarce health care resources and keep drug expenditure low, health care administrators worldwide have to make careful considerations regarding the choice of drugs to be provided to patients within their systems. One of the key strategies that is being employed to achieve this goal is the use of formularies. A major challenge in the formulary development process is to use pharmacoeconomics and outcomes research effectively to arrive at formularies that simultaneously provide patients with effective pharmacotherapy whilst maintaining financial stability. The extent to which this can be successfully achieved depends to a large extent on the availability of appropriate pharmacoeconomic data. The primary objectives of this study were to describe the availability and quality of literature pertaining to South African based pharmacoeconomic research, and to establish the manner in and extent to which pharmacoeconomic data is used in drug formulary decision-making processes, in both the private and public health care sectors in South Africa. A structured bibliographic search for South African pharmacoeconomic studies was conducted and a qualitative assessment of the identified studies which met the predetermined inclusion criteria was completed, using a pre-validated quality evaluation tool. In order to determine the use of pharmacoeconomic data in the formulary decisionmaking processes, by various stake holders in both the public and private of health care sectors in South Africa, a cross-sectional, descriptive study using a self-administered questionnaire was conducted. The results suggest that there is a limited availability of pharmacoeconomic research data in South Africa. Only 16 full pharmacoeconomic studies could be identified as having been published between 01 January 1995 and 30 June 2007. The quality of 3 of these studies was considered to be ‘dubious’, one study was found to be of high standard whilst the other 12 (74.95%) were of acceptable quality and thus could be considered as suitable to be used in formulary decision-making. The results of the national survey indicated that pharmacoeconomics is considered to be of importance and is used in formulary decision-making processes in both the public and private sectors. The primary source of pharmacoeconomic data used in formulary decisions appears to be international peer-reviewed publications. Of concern however, is the finding that this data, mostly from studies conducted outside of South Africa, is applied directly without sensitivity analysis or modelling. The results of the literature search and the subsequent quality appraisal suggest that pharmacoeconomic research and the use of pharmacoeconomic data in formulary decisions is at its infancy in South Africa. Thus efforts are needed to develop and grow the discipline of pharmacoeconomics in South Africa.
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Melamed, Graham Morrison. "Determining the essential traits for successful retail pharmacists in the Port Elizabeth-Uitenhage metropole." Thesis, Port Elizabeth Technikon, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/22.
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The research problem addressed in this study was to determine whether successful retail pharmacists exhibited specific traits. To achieve this objective a theoretical schedule of traits was developed, using relevant literature in which traits of entrepreneurs are described. The theoretical list consisted of the possession of the following traits: The need to achieve; Confidence in their abilities; The successful management of risk; Creativity and the possession of vision; The tendency/ability to view changes as opportunities; Internal locus of control; Leadership; High level of motivation; Tenacity; Communication skills. Each trait of the schedule was analysed using the literature identified during the literature study. The theoretical list was then used to develop a questionnaire to test the degree to which retail pharmacists in the Greater Port Elizabeth/Uitenhage Metropole concur. The empirical results obtained indicate a strong concurrence with the theoretical list of traits of successful retail pharmacists that was developed in the study. This resulted in the theoretical schedule being confirmed and accepted as a list of traits possessed by successful retail pharmacists.
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Boca, Madalina Brindusa. "Research into process validation in pharmaceutical companies, with specific reference to Roche, South Africa." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2009. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-10132009-181630/.
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Rabali, Ridovhusanae. "Availability of registered pharmaceutical structures in South Africa : 2003 until 2008 / Ridovhusanae Rabali." Thesis, North-West University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/4271.
Full textAbstract:
Despite the deteriorated state of health care in South Africa, the government remains
committed to realising the right of every citizen to access health care, including good, quality
and essential drugs. In recognising the availability of pharmaceutical facilities as a major
component of access to health care, and the previous imbalances in the distribution of
pharmaceutical structures and services, laws pertaining to the licensing and ownership of
pharmacies were amended and promulgated in 2003 to address the distribution problem. In
addition, regulations relating to a transparent priCing system on medicines and related
sUbstances were introduced in 2004. These, coupled with factors influencing the choice of a
pharmacy location, and the deficiencies in human resourges exercising an impact on both
pharmacy and other health care personnel, have influenced the distribution and availability
of pharmaceutical structures in South Africa from the year 2003 to 2008.
OBJECTIVE:
The main objective of this study was to investigate the availability and distribution of
pharmaceutical structures registered with the South African Pharmacy Council, in South
Africa, as of 2003 until 2008.
METHOD:
Data on the total number and geographical distribution of registered pharmaceutical
structures in South Africa were obtained from the South African Pharmacy Council's register
of pharmacies of August 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2008. The registered
pharmaceutical structures were categorised according to their nature of services to the
patient into "direct service" and "indirect service" (support) pharmacies. Availability was
taken to refer to the actual presence of the pharmaceutical structures in relation to the
demand for the services and measured quantitatively using population: provider ratios. The
'population' for indirect service pharmacies was taken as the direct service pharmacies and,
the 'population' for direct seNice pharmacies was taken as the estimated population of the
different geographical regions.
RESULTS:
The results revealed a 12% increase in the total number of registered pharmaceutical
structures between the study years, to a total of 4227 pharmaceu'tical structures in 2008.
Gauteng was identified as the province with the highest number of registered pharmaceutical
structures, while the Northern Cape province contained the lowest number of registered
pharmaceutical structures throughout the entire study period. The percentage of
municipalities without any registered pharmaceutical structures decreased from 23% in 2003
to 19% in 2008.
The indirect seNice pharmacies constituted 14% of the total number of registered
pharmaceutical structures in South Africa. Most of these structures were situated in the
province of Gauteng throughout the study period. National availability of these structures
only improved for the manufacturing pharmacies.
The registered direct seNice pharmacies increased by 13.2% to total 3642 pharmacies in
2008. Approximately 20% of the municipalities in the country (respectively 5.5% of the
population) did not contain any registered direct seNice pharmacy in 2008. Most of these
municipalities were situated in the KwaZulu-Natal province. The province of Gauteng
contained the highest proportion (32%) of the direct seNice pharmaceutical structures. The
decrease in the pharmacy per population ratio of the structures from 1: 14 547 people in
2003 to 1: 13 615 people in 2008 indicated an improvement in the availability of the
structures. However, the improved availability did not take effect within each province as the
Northern Cape, Mpumalanga and Gauteng provinces experienced an increase in the
pharmacy per population ratio.
CONCLUSION:
The availability of registered pharmaceutical structures in South Africa improved between
2003 and 2008. However, the distribution of these structures remains geographically uneven
and inequitable to the population of the country.Thesis (M.Pharm. (Pharmacy Practice))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.
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Kubashe, Nomachina Theopatra. "The influence of corporatization on the professional identity of community pharmacists." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/18189.
Full textAbstract:
As a potential main player in the primary health care sector and the impending National Health Insurance (NHI), community pharmacists could make a significant contribution to easing the health care burden in South Africa. Recent legislative and organizational changes related to the corporatization of pharmacy in South Africa have impacted significantly on the profession and stand to weaken the already ‘tenuous’ professional identity of pharmacists in the country. Since community pharmacists are viewed as potential main players in the primary health care sector, the influence of corporatization on pharmacists’ identities and their concomitant ability to contribute to easing the health care burden in South Africa need to be considered. In this regard, this study examined the influence that corporatization has had on the professional identity of community pharmacists practicing in the Nelson Mandela Bay area of South Africa. That is, in an effort to understand the influence that corporatization has had on changing professional identities and practices the attitudes, beliefs, and behaviours of community pharmacists regarding the philosophy and practice of pharmacy were explored. This included ascertaining community pharmacists’ self-perception of their professional identity and the perception of users of these community pharmacies. The study was conducted from an interpretative epistemological paradigm, based on a philosophy of pragmatism. Data collection was conducted in two phases and a qualitative approach, which included in-depth and semi-structured interviews, was adopted as a design. Phase one investigated the self-perceptions of sixteen community pharmacists, equally distributed between independent and corporate pharmacies in the Nelson Mandela Bay (NMB). Phase two examined the perceptions of thirty-two end-users of the pharmacies included in the study. Data from both phases were then analysed and interpreted. Following the identification of seven core professional identities, namely pharmacists as custodian or keeper of medicines; primary health care givers; confidante and carer; jaded; astute and credible; corporate; and independent, it was determined that corporatization has, to various degrees, had an effect on the undermining of Nelson Mandela Bay community pharmacists’ view of themselves as skilled professionals in the health care sector. In short, it was found that corporatization is believed to have blurred the boundaries related to what it means to be a pharmacist and what role pharmacists should play in the provision of public health care. Corporatization does not appear to have influenced the patients’ or pharmacy end-users’ perceptions of the pharmacist, and furthermore does not play a major role in their choice of pharmacy. It is the perception of pharmacists in this study that with the introduction of legislative changes, more so corporatization, they experienced an undermining of their professional skill and disregard for costs involved in becoming a pharmacist. The perceived undermining of the professional skill of pharmacists threatens the valuable contribution that community pharmacists can make to balancing the country’s socio-economic status by appropriately and efficiently assisting in preventing, managing and/or reducing the disease burden in South Africa. Corporatization of the community pharmacy sector seems to have realized the government’s intention of making medication affordable to its citizens, however, the certainty of whether corporatization benefits patients that are in need of access remains to be seen. Community pharmacists could in fact, capitalize on the identification and enactment of their clinical skill (pharmaceutical and social caregiving) as this skill appears to be a tool that will allow pharmacists meaningful transition to being real contributors of primary health care in the imminent introduction of the NHI. At the same time, recognition of the role a pharmacist plays in primary health care will be supporting the government in its endeavours to making medicine accessible and affordable to all South African citizens without compromising their health needs. Ultimately, pharmacists can assist in the balancing and/or improvement of the socio-economic status of our society and the country.
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Oltmann, Carmen. "A critical realist account of a mentoring programme in the Faculty of Pharmacy at Rhodes University." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2009. http://eprints.ru.ac.za/1718/.
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Heunis, C. "A comparative study of the pharmacy business models with specific reference to Nuclicks and Pick 'n Pay." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53233.
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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2003.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The purpose of this report is to create a better understanding of the new pharmacy initiatives in the South African market, with specific reference to the Nuclicks and Pick 'n Pay groups. In order to understand the respective business concepts better the following abstracts from each chapter of the study is given. Chapter one is basically the introduction to the study and describes the events that lead to the above mentioned corporate retailers to enter the pharmacy market place. An introduction to Hamel's business model theory is also discussed and identified as a possible means of evaluating the corporate retailers' business concepts. In Chapter two the strategic analysis of the South African retail pharmacy industry is performed. This analysis is performed to create an understanding of the different forces at work in the industry. Some of the key findings in this chapter are that changes to the pharmacy act and the way dispensing licences are going to be awarded creates uncertainty. The profit outlook of retail pharmacy, though on the decline, still compares favourably to other retailers. In chapter three the core concepts of Hamel's business model are presented in more detail and applied to the retail pharmacy environment. In his view, a strategy needs to change the industry rules. This chapter ends with the concept of wealth potential based on Hamel's teachings. The wealth potential concept is about creating cash flow and profits. A business model that is able to create customer benefits well below the cost of the competitors is regarded as efficient. By utilising the Hamel way the Nuclicks (chapter four) and Pick 'n Pay (chapter five) business concepts is unpacked. Both Nuclicks and Pick 'n Pay pharmacy business models are presented within the corporate framework of the groups. Nuclicks bought an established pharmacy franchise while Pick 'n Pay launched Healthpharm. Nuclicks creates a possible choke point by buying UPD. The Nuclicks pharmacy strategy is a more comprehensive health strategy, while Pick 'n Pay follows a more cautious approach. As franchising will playa major role in both pharmacy concepts, the theory of franchising is presented in chapter six. Telephonic interviews with Link franchisees are conducted and the possible reasons for the ambiguity that crept into the Link business model are discussed. As the Healthpharm franchise is a new concept, it is evaluated based on information gathered from press releases and the Healthpharm web-site. In chapter seven universal conclusions and recommendations, based upon the literature study and this investigation, are presented. One of the key findings are, success in the face of changes requires more than the current way of doing business. It requires an innovative thinking process. New business models have to be formulated that allows retail pharmacists to establish a focused and well-differentiated value proposition. This value proposition needs to be meaningful for consumers and must strengthen a pharmacy outlet's competitive position.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie verslag is om 'n beter begrip vir die nuwe apteek inisiatiewe in die Suid-Afrikaanse mark te ontwikkel, met spesifieke verwysing na die Nuclicks en Pick 'n Pay groepe. Om die onderskeie besiqheidskonsepte beter te verstaan, word die volgende opsomming van elke hoofstuk van die studie uiteengesit. Hoofstuk een is 'n inleiding tot die studie en beskryf die gebeure wat aanleiding gegee het tot die bogenoemde korporatiewe kleinhandelaars se toetrede tot die apteek mark. 'n Inleiding van Hamel se besigheidsmodel teorie is ook bespreek en is geïdentifiseer as evaluering van die korporatiewe kleinhandelaars se besigheidskonsepte. Hoofstuk twee bied 'n strategiese analise van die Suid-Afrikaanse kleinhandelaars apteek industrie. Hierdie analise is geskep om beter begrip te ontwikkel vir die verskillende kragte wat inwerk in die industrie. Van die bevindinge in die hoofstuk is die veranderinge in die apteek wetgewing en die wyse waarop resepteer lisensies toegeken gaan word, en hoeveel onsekerhede dit tot gevolg het. Die wins vooruitsigte van kleinhandelaars apteke, alhoewel aan die afneem, vergelyk steeds gunstig met ander kleinhandelaars. In Hoofstuk drie is die kern konsepte van Hamel se besigheidsmodel in meer detail uiteengesit en toegepas op die kleinhandelaar apteek omgewing. Uit sy oogpunt, is 'n strategie nodig om veranderinge te weeg te bring in die industrie reëls. Hierdie hoofstuk eindig met die konsep van waarde potensiaal wat gebaseer is op Hamel se teorie. Hierdie waarde potensiaal konsep is gebaseer op die skep van kontantvloei en 'n Besigheidsmodel wat in staat is om die kliënt te begunstig heelwat laer as die koste van die teenstander, word beskou as effektief. Hamel se teorie is gebruik om Nuclicks (hoofstuk vier) en Pick 'n Pay (hoofstuk vyf) se besigheidskonsepte te analiseer. Beide Nuclicks en Pick 'n Pay se besigheidsmodelle word aangebied binne die korporatiewe raakwerke van die groepe. Nuclicks het 'n gevestigde apteek konsessie gekoop terwyl Pick 'n Pay vir Healthpharm begin het. Nuclicks het 'n moontlike 'wurgpunt" geskep deur die aankoop van UPD. Die Nuclicks apteek strategie is 'n meer omvattende gesondheidstrategie, terwyl Pick 'n Pay 'n meer versigtige benadering volg. Aangesien besigheid konsessie 'n belangrike rol speel in beide apteek konsepte, word die teorie van konsessie in hoofstuk ses behandel. Telefoniese onderhoude is gevoer met Link konsessiehouers en die moontlike redes vir die twyfelagtigheid van die Link besigheidsmodel word bespreek. Aangesien die Healthpharm konsessie 'n nuwe konsep is, word dit geëvalueer op grond van inligting wat versamel is uit die media en die Healthpharm webtuiste. In Hoofstuk sewe word universele afleidings en aanbevelings, gebaseer op die literatuurstudie en die ondersoek, uiteengesit. Een van die hoof bevindings was dat sukses benodig meer as die huidige manier van besigheid doen. Nuwe besigheidsmodelle moet geformuleer word, wat dit vir kleinhandelaar apteke moontlik sal maak om 'n gefokusde en goed gedifferensieerde waarde voorstel tot stand te bring. Hierdie voorstel moet betekenisvol wees vir die verbruiker en moet die apteek kompeterende posisie versterk.
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Nagel, Timothy Shaun. "Factors relating to academic success in the first semester of the bachelor of pharmacy degree at NMMU." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/14201.
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Student throughput rates and academic achievement at universities are a concern at a national level in South Africa. Statistics have shown that on average, only ±17% of students who enrolled at a university, managed to graduate. The aim of the study was to determine the factors pertaining to student achievement and success in the first semester of the first year Bachelor of Pharmacy degree at the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University. This study was a longitudinal, observational study which incorporated only quantitative aspects. Factors included in the investigation were: student motivation; learning styles; prior academic achievement; language use and sources of financial support. In order to determine student motivation, an Academic Motivation Scale (AMS) was used. Learning styles were assessed using a Kolb Learning Style Inventory (LSI) tool. The student’s National Senior Certificate (NSC) results were compared to the students 2016 semester one final marks, to correlate student readiness and prior academic achievement with current academic achievement. Home language and sources of financial support were also evaluated using a purpose-designed questionnaire. Results showed that only the Life Sciences module was practically and statistically significant as a predictor of academic success, with a p-value of .001 and a correlation coefficient |r| value of .369. The minimum entry requirements for the BPharm Degree do not include Life Science, however, based on this study, inclusion of Life Sciences at a specific achievement level should be considered.
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Dodd, Stanley Anthony. "The effect of the drug price intervention on retail pharmacies in South Africa / S.A. Dodd." Thesis, North-West University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/4297.
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In May 2004 there was a shake-up in the private pharmaceutical industry in South Africa. The National Department of Health (DOH) introduced a form of price control which for the first time attempted to regulate prices at every level of the pharmaceutical distribution chain. The price controls was immediately challenged and was not properly implemented until partially upheld by the Constitutional Court at the end of 2005. Throughout 2006 the DOH (through the Pricing Committee) reconsidered parts of the price controls, dealing with an appropriate dispensing fee for retailers, which were struck down by the Constitutional Court. In late 2006, a new dispensing fee was published and then immediately challenged. The DOH claims they had to do this to make sure that medicines remain affordable, and pharmacists at the end of the day get a reasonable income from each price band. The United South African Pharmacies (USAP) and the Pharmacy Stakeholders1 Forum (PSF) claim that implementation of the price controls would have pharmacies not being able to cover their expenses. The objectives of the study are to ascertain whether the price controls forced upon the healthcare industry by the DOH of South Africa is viable in small retail pharmacies and what the impact will be on small retail pharmacies and their communities. The actual annual income statements for 2006 of three typical pharmacies were obtained. The next step was to determine the effect that the price controls would have had on the total sales and key financial factors in the income statement if the price controls was already in force in 2006. A revised experimental income statement was then created for the pharmacies. The experimental statements were then compared to the actual statements to determine the effects of the price controls. The comparison showed that all the pharmacies were following the same trend and had a decrease in net profit. Two of the pharmacies would have had a net loss for the year while the third will continue to show a net profit although much lower. This net profit decreased from 7% to 3% following a decrease in gross profit (GP) from 33% to 30%. The GP of the front sales shop remained unchanged, while the GP percentage for the dispensary decreased by 5% from 30% to 25%. The DuPont model showed that the Return on Equity (ROE) decreased from 83% to 33%. Drug price regulations could force many pharmacies into bankruptcy and ensure that the distribution of drugs to rural and remote areas will be financially impracticable. Once in place, the drug price regulations are likely to become ever more complex and onerous to comply with. The price regulations may end up reducing price competition among manufacturers, and in the long run, will harm the consumer by fixing prices above what would otherwise have been achieved in an open competitive market. The drug price regulations distort the normal market clearing process and effectively increase demand for medicine without providing the economic incentives that serve to match demand with supply.Thesis (M.B.A.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.
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Ward, Kim Lana. "Expanding presumptive male partner management of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) to Western Cape, South African community retail pharmacies." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2007. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_2411_1257329598.
Full textAbstract:
The effect of industrialisation has thrust the pharmaceutical profession into a clinical paradigm where the approcah to pharmaceutical decisions is more disease and patient orientated. Consequently, South African community pharmacies are inundated with requests from the public for advice and treatment on a wide range of medical conditions, including sexually transmitted infections (STI's). Although community pharmacies are often the first port of call for undiagnosed STI, limited diagnostic skills and legally-imposed prescribing restrictions preclude pharmacists from providing the necessary clinical management. The overarching goal of this dissertation was to present objective arguments and evidences (new and existing) around an expanded role for pharmacists in STI partner management.
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Cwati, Vuyo Buhle Zamathole. "Moving towards social accountability in pharmacy education: Exploring service-learning outcomes and opportunities with Cape Town community health forum representatives." University of the Western Cape, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7271.
Full textAbstract:
Magister Pharmaceuticae - MPharmThe University of the Western Cape (UWC), School of Pharmacy has embedded service-learning in the undergraduate curriculum in an attempt to align activities with the social accountability values. Third-year pharmacy students are expected to provide pharmaceutical services for a week per semester at local community healthcare centres located across the Cape Town Metropole region. This study explored the experiences, opinions, input, and challenges of the service-learning in Pharmacy (SLiP) program from local communities’ perspective. An objective of the study was to also elicit the community representatives’ recommendations for pharmacy curriculum re-design where student activities are directed towards addressing health concerns of the local communities.
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Hwengwere, Eldinah. "Foreign reference products in the registration of generic medicines in South Africa a case study." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003240.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction: Due to the increase in healthcare costs, generic medicines have been adopted for used in both developed and developing countries. When a generic or ‘multisource interchangeable medicine’ is to be registered, studies that prove that the generic is equivalent to the Innovator Product (IP) are used. The generic medicine is required to prove that it will mirror the IP in terms of safety, quality and efficacy and, in South Africa, the Medicines Control Council (MCC) ensures that generic medicines meet these requirements. Generic medicines may be registered using bioequivalence data obtained from comparison with a domestic reference product (usually the local innovator product) or in certain cases, a foreign reference product (FRP). The bioequivalence data can either be from in vivo or in vitro studies. The MCC guidelines require that for modified release preparations, in vivo bioequivalence studies are done for approval of registration; the exception being if a proportionally higher dose has already been registered. No information is currently given to prescribers and dispensers or to the public about whether a generic product was registered against a foreign or domestic reference product. Aims and Objectives: 1.) To determine the number of generic medicines in a predetermined sample registered using a FRP as comparator and to document the transparency of pharmaceutical companies when approached to disclose information regarding the registration of these products. 2.) To describe and document the use of the Promotion of Access to Information Act (Act 2 of 2000) [PAIA] from the perspective of a ‘layperson’ in the context of medicines’ regulation, in both private and public bodies. Methods: 20 modified release and Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) class IV products were selected from the ‘generics dictionary’ – a commercial publication – and letters were sent to the manufacturers of the products requesting information about the tests done to prove equivalence and whether they were performed against a domestic or foreign reference product. The same information was also requested from the MCC. The requests were all made using the Promotion of Access to Information Act (PAIA). Results: Nine companies were represented by the 20 products chosen. Information was obtained about thirteen products. Ten of these products were registered using FRPs. Four products were registered based only on comparative dissolution studies. Four companies provided the requested information, two companies responded by refusing the requests and three did not respond at all. The MCC refused the request for information even after an internal appeal was lodged. Conclusions: The Promotion of Access to information Act was unsuccessful in obtaining information from the public body, and partly successful in obtaining it from the private bodies. While the title of the Act seems to indicate that the Act can be used to obtain information as such, it only provides for access to specified records. The MCC and the pharmaceutical companies involved in the study were under no obligation to provide the information as the request had not complied with PAIA requirements. The use of FRPs for registration is a reality in the pharmaceutical industry in South Africa. Neither the public nor healthcare professionals who prescribe medicines or who are involved in dispensing generic medicines as substitutes are aware of whether or not a FRP has been used to register a generic. Interchangeability cannot necessarily be guaranteed if the reference product was not proven equivalent to the local innovator product. It is debatable as to whether or not this information would be of any particular benefit to members of the public. Prescribers may choose to write ‘no substitution’ on their prescriptions if they were unconvinced that an FRP is acceptable. This could have consequences for healthcare costs. Dispensers are the most vulnerable in South Africa as they are obliged by law to substitute generic medicines when innovator medicines have been prescribed. Dispensers’ views on the acceptability of the use of FRPs can be seen as irrelevant. In the end, as this study demonstrates, the only option in the present situation is to rely entirely on the MCC’s rigour in assessing applications for registration of generic medicines.
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Adsetts, Jacqueline. "Aspects of the demographic profile and standard of pharmaceutical services in South Africa / J. Adsetts." Thesis, North-West University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/82.
Full textAbstract:
The objects of the South African Pharmacy Council in terms of the Pharmacy Act, 1974
(5311974) as amended are, inter alia, "to uphold and safeguard the rights of the general public
to universally acceptable standards of pharmacy practice in both the private and the public
sector" as well as "to establish, develop, maintain and control universally acceptable standards
of practice of the various categories of persons required to be registered.. ." One of the major
difficulties health care providers worldwide are faced with is how to maintain a proper balance
between the trio goals of health care, namely adequate access, high quality and acceptable
costs (Li, 2003:192-193). Relatively little is known about such problems as do exist for patients
regarding access to pharmaceutical services (Doucette et al., 1999:1268).
Two main objectives were identified for this study, namely to investigate the demographic profile
of community and institutional pharmacies registered with the South African Pharmacy Council;
and to determine the standard of pharmaceutical services provided by these pharmacies.
Inspection results of community and institutional pharmacies were obtained from the South
African Pharmacy Council and extracted for the time period 1 January 2004 to 31 May 2005.
To determine the demographic and geographic profile of these pharmacies, data of the Register
of Pharmacies of the South African Pharmacy Council for August 2003, 2004 and 2005 were
merged with the Census data of South Africa of 2001.
It was found that the total number of pharmacies in both the public and private sectors
increased with 2.1% (n=68) from August 2003 to August 2005. Public and private pharmacies that provided services directly to patients increased with 6.3% (n=33) and 1.3% (n=35) from
August 2003 to 2005. It was found that the Gauteng province was the best provided with
registered pharmacies in South Africa, as only 0.06% (n=5 783) of the population did not have
any registered pharmacy available on municipality level. It was also revealed that the majority
of inspections were carried out in Gauteng, whilst this province accounts for only 19.7% of the
total population of South Africa.
During the study period a total of 1178 community pharmacy inspections were carried out in
1103 community pharmacies (one or more inspections per pharmacy) representing 43% (n=2
550) of the total number of community pharmacies registered with the South African Pharmacy
Council during May 2005. Nationally community pharmacies achieved a score of 92.27 (+ 6.65
per cent) for compliance with Good Pharmacy Practice guidelines. The lowest compliance
score (73.34 + 27.49 per cent) was obtained for the availability of written standard operating
procedures and the highest was for the promotion of public health (99.02 + 6.30 per cent). No
practical significant differences (dc0.8) were found between the overall compliance scores
obtained by community pharmacies of the different provinces. The highest compliance score
was obtained by community pharmacies in the Free State (93.09 + 4.90 per cent), followed by
Western Cape, Eastern Cape, Kwazulu Natal, Limpopo, Northern Cape, Gauteng, Mpumalanga
and the North West.
A total of 343 institutional pharmacy inspections (one or more inspections per pharmacy) were
carried out in public and state subsidised institutions (n=245), private institutions (n=90) and
mine hospitals (n=5). These pharmacies represented 46% of the total number of institutional
pharmacies registered with the South African Pharmacy Council during May 2005. Nationally all
institutional pharmacies (both private and public) achieved a score of 92.49 + 8.33 per cent for
compliance with Good Pharmacy Practice guidelines for all above-mentioned aspects.
Nationally public and state subsidised institutional pharmacies obtained a lower compliance
score (91.02 + 9.08 per cent) than private institutional pharmacies (96.39 + 3.91 per cent).
Lastly, a grading system was developed that was based on the results obtained through this
study, in order to quantify the standard of pharmaceutical services provided by pharmacies in
South Africa.Thesis (M.Pharm. (Pharmacy Practice))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.
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Essack, Azeezah. "Moving towards social accountability in pharmacy education: what is the role of the practising pharmacist?" University of the Western Cape, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7268.
Full textAbstract:
Magister Pharmaceuticae - MPharmThe World Health Organisation (WHO) has stated that “there is no health without a workforce” (Campbell et al., 2013). The health workforce is essential for every health care system. The availability, accessibility and quality of health care workers play an important role in improving and overcoming health system challenges, in particular the call to universal health coverage (UHC) as stipulated in sustainable development goal 3. It has been observed that there is limited collaboration between healthcare systems and academic institutions. According to an article by Frenk et al., 2010, this limited collaboration has resulted in a mismatch between health care graduates’ competencies (such as inter-professional collaboration) and the needs of the population that they serve. One of the problems of health education institutions is the emphasis on curriculum content and learning methods as opposed to social purpose and moral obligations.
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Matema, Shingirai Trymore. "Assessment of medicine supply management at primary health care facilities in a rural district of Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa." University of Western Cape, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7333.
Full textAbstract:
Magister Public Health - MPHThe introduction of National Health Insurance (NHI) and the Ideal Clinic Monitoring System have highlighted gaps and challenges with regard to medicine supply management (MSM) at primary health care (PHC) facilities. PHC facilities are the first point of contact communities have for their health needs, however, frequent stock-outs of medicines at PHC facilities in uMkhanyakude district, a rural district in KwaZulu-Natal, and have raised questions as to how medicine stock is managed at these facilities.
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Wisch, Michael Henry. "Microemulsions : a new perspective in the treatment of paediatric and geriatric tuberculosis patients." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003283.
Full textAbstract:
Tuberculosis(TB) was declared to be a global emergency in 1993, with South Africa declaring it to be the country’s top health priority in 1996, but ineffective treatment strategies have led to fewer than half of all treated patients in South Africa being cured. At present,paediatric treatment remains a problem, as the antitubercular preparations of rifampicin, isoniazid and pyrazinamide, that are currently available, were not initially designed for the treatment of paediatric TB patients, providing a motivation for this project. The aim of this project is thus the development of a microemulsion dosage form for the oral delivery of RIF(Rifampicin), INH(Isoniazid) and PZA(Pyrazinamide) in combination. RIF, INH and PZA were adequately characterised with reference to the monograph standards referenced and were found to be sufficiently pure to be used in subsequent work. A chromatographic system and conditions were selected and validated as being optimal for HPLC analysis of RIF, INH and PZA in combination, with a drug partitioning method for miglyol 812 developed and validated. Ternary and pseudo-ternary phase diagrams were constructed and reported, all employing miglyol 812 as the lipid. It was undoubtedly the imwitor 308 and crillet 3 combination o/w microemulsion system that proved most successful, maintaining homogeneity on dilution. The microemulsion used in formulation comprised imwitor 308 (27.63%), crillet 3 (27.63%), miglyol 812 23.68%) and water (21.06%). The stability of RIF, INH and PZA was investigated in aqueous solution, miglyol 812, corn oil, 10%m/v cremophor RH, 5%m/v imwitor 308, 10%m/v crillet 3 and 70%m/v sorbitol solution. Trends in the stability assessments conducted on RIF, INH and PZA were noted, with slight variation depending on the formulation component being evaluated. RIF invariably demonstrated temperature and oxidation dependent degradation in all vehicles, with a definite distinction possible between samples stored at 25, 40 and 600C over a 7 day trial period. A definite advantage of storing RIF solutions under nitrogen was observed, with these solutions showing less degradation over the course of the trial, than those stored under air. INH produced a pronounced increase in the degree of degradation of RIF, whereas PZA had a negligible effect on it’s stability. INH proved to be most stable in the 70%m/v sorbitol solution with no significant oxidation or temperature dependent degradation indicated. Temperature dependent degradation was only noticable when INH was in combination with RIF, most significant in crillet 3 solution. PZA was the most stable of the three drugs, remaining relatively unaffected by temperature and the presence of air, independent of the vehicle employed, although the drug remaining did decrease slightly in the presence of RIF.Due to drug dose specifications and solubility limitations, the final formulation assessed, only contained RIF and INH, despite INH and PZA having no significant effect on the stability of each other. The solubility of PZA in the lipid and aqueous components of the microemulsion was not great enough to achieve the required 500 mg/10ml dose, while RIF and INH could achieve the respective 150mg/10ml and 100mg/10ml dose. RIF stability was improved, as anticipated, with the incorporation of RIF into the internal phase decreasing contact with INH which has been shown to affect it’s stability. RIF behaved as predicted, possessing greater stability than shown in the individual formulation components, however, INH did not, being less stable in formulation in the absence of antioxidant, than in it’s presence. A novel microemulsion formulation capable of delivering the incompatible RIF and INH in combination, with numerous microemulsion systems mapped,with the ability of being used for the delivery of other lipophilic drugs and drug combinations, was produced.The final formulation provided valuable information into possible future improvements of the microemulsion to improve drug stability.
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Mocke, Martlie. "Medicine prescribing patterns in HIV/AIDS and non HIV/AIDS children : a comparative study in the private health care sector of South Africa / Mocke, M." Thesis, North-West University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/7033.
Full textAbstract:
Background: According to the United Nations AIDS Reference Group (2010) and World Health Organization (2010:2), approximately 33 million people in the world had HIV/AIDS in 2009 of which 2.6 million were children. More than 30 million of these individuals resided in low– and middle–income countries. South–Africa had the highest prevalence of HIV/AIDS in the world with an estimated 5.2 million patients in 2009 (Statistics South Africa, 2010:2). Although the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection among children is reported to be high, little is known about other medication administrated concomitantly with their antiretroviral drugs.
Objective: The general objective of this study was to investigate possible changes in the medicine prescribing patterns of HIV/AIDS and non–HIV/AIDS children.
Methods: A quantitative, retrospective drug utilisation review was performed utilising medicine claims data of a South African pharmacy benefit management company. Data for a four–year period (Jan 1, 2005 to Dec 31, 2008) were analysed. The study population consisted of all children <=12 years divided into those receiving ARVs (designated HIV positive) and those without (designated HIV negative).
Descriptive statistics such as average mean, standard deviation, t–test, d–values, and two way frequency tables were used to describe the results. Data were analysed using the Statistical Analysis System ® SAS 9.1 ® programme.
Results: The study population (children <= 12 years) represented 16.2% (n = 197 323) of the total population in 2005, 15.4% (n = 193 346) in 2006, 15.6% (n = 142 049) in 2007 and 13.3% (n = 98 939) in 2008. Children with HIV/AIDS represented 0.2% (n = 197 323) of the study population in 2005 and increased to 0.4% (n = 98 939) in 2008, whereas the percentage of children without HIV/AIDS decreased from 99.8% (n = 197 323) in 2005 to 99.6% (n = 98 939) in 2008. The total number of HIV/AIDS children that also received other medication concomitantly with their ARVs increased from 96.5% (n = 402) in 2005 to 97.2% (n = 427) in 2008. Males with HIV/AIDS who used other medication represented 52.6% (n = 388) in 2005 and increased to 53.3% in 2008 while female HIV/AIDS patients represented 47.4% in 2005 and decreased to 46.7% in 2008.
Prescriptions containing three ARV items represented 69.5% (n = 2 969) of the total number of prescriptions received by HIV/AIDS patients in 2005 and decreased to 67.7% in 2008. The combination of lamivudine, nevirapine and stavudine were the three products that appeared most frequently on prescriptions for HIV/AIDS children in the age group 0 <= 1 years and 1 <= 5 years from 2005 to 2008. In the age group 5 <= 12 years the combination most frequently prescribed was lamivudine, nevirapine and zidovudine.
HIV positive children received 6.2 ± 4.62 prescriptions for other medication (non–ARVs) per year during 2005 compared to HIV negative children with 3.9 ± 3.71 (p < 0.0001, d = 0.5). In 2008 HIV positive children received 6.4 ± 5.02 prescriptions per year compared to HIV negative patients who received 4.36 ± 4.05 prescriptions (p < 0.0001, d = 0.5) in 2008.
HIV negative children received more central nervous system items, endocrine items and autacoids than HIV positive children, whereas HIV positive children received more respiratory system agents, dermatological, ear, nose throat and antimicrobials items.
Conclusion: The study showed that HIV positive children received significantly more prescriptions for other medication per year compared to their HIV negative counterparts. The top pharmacological groups mostly prescribed to both groups were respiratory agents, antimicrobials, analgesics, dermatological and ear, nose and throat items.Thesis (M.Pharm. (Pharmacy Practice))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.
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Lamprecht, Johan Christiaan. "Public-private partnerships : a qualitative approach to prospects for pharmacy in the South African health care environment / Johan Christiaan Lamprecht." Thesis, North-West University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/1133.
Full textAbstract:
BACKGROUND:
Powerful public-private partnerships (PPPs) can only be established if the partners are
able to deal with complexity. Such partnerships may serve to stimulate local community
and economic development. Thus, it may maximise the effectiveness of local groups
and resources in meeting the needs for rebuilding a community through a partnership
representative of the public and private sectors. A problem that exists in South Africa, is
the uneven distribution of population ratios dependent on public and private sector
health care service delivery, in relation to the proportion of pharmaceutical service
providers in the different sectors.
OBJECTIVE:
The main objectives of this qualitative research investigation were to examine the
prospects for PPP development in the pharmaceutical sector of South Africa as well as
to explore the possibilities of a proposition for a proposed generic public-private
partnership model to be managed and used in the pharmaceutical sector of South
Africa.
METHOD:
The study comprises of the exploration of the research questions by means of a
qualitative research design. The study design implicated a balance between the in-depth
literature study and a qualitative research process. The researcher employed a
grounded theory approach to collect and analyse the data. Data collection represented
the identifiable role players and opinion formulators in the South African health care
sector. By following a combination of the various qualitative sampling methods and
techniques, a total of 38 (n=38) interviews were conducted. The data collected from the
interviewees and from the literature study were integrated and analysed by making use
of computer assisted data analysis.
SETTING:
The researcher selected interviewees from the South African health care sector. The
interviews included role players in the pharmaceutical sector in both the public and
private sectors. The interviewees further represented eight different spheres of the
pharmaceutical setting in South Africa.
KEY FINDINGS:
The investigation identified a range of prospects for PPP development in South Africa
and these were reported in terms of views, expectations and scope for success. The
management elements for developing and sustaining joint ventures between the public
and private sectors were identified and a proposition was formulated in theory to serve
as a proposed generic PPP model (PGM) in the pharmaceutical sector for the South
African health care milieu.
CONCLUSION
The exploratory qualitative investigation surfaced the various facets of the complexity of
PPPs. The investigation concluded that several barriers, such as competition and
market entry disparities between the macro and micro level pharmaceutical entities,
which impede PPP development, affected the prospects for PPP development in South
Africa. The South African legislation, South African Treasury guidelines, regulations and
the views of the SA Competition Commission need transformation to accommodate
both the micro and macro level pharmaceutical service providers in the formation of
PPPs. Capacity building within the sphere of pharmaceutical service delivery to the
bigger population of South Africa may become sustainable on removal of these barriers.
A series of recommendations were presented and several critical issues in need of
supplementary research, have been identified.Thesis (Ph.D. (Pharmacy Practice))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.
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Parker, Miriam Bibi. "Design, implementation and evaluation of a model for Service-learning in Pharmacy (SLIP) at a tertiary hospital." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4603.
Full textAbstract:
Magister Pharmaceuticae - MPharmIn recent years the focus of pharmacy practice has changed from being primarily 'drug-centred to' one which is 'patient-centred' (El-Awady et al., 2006, p. l ). Developments in pharmacy curricula worldwide are reflecting this change. Pharmacy courses no longer concentrate primarily on theoretical content, but increasingly on the ability of students to apply their theoretical knowledge in practice. The South African Pharmacy Council (SAPC) requires that pharmacy education and training in South Africa equips pharmacists for the roles they will take on in practice. In order to accomplish this, the SAPC has prescribed competency unit standards for entry level pharmacists which may serve as a guide for pharmacy educators. A significant challenge in pharmacy education is the application of theory in practice settings (Bucciarelli et al., 2007), which possibly affects the ability of entry-level pharmacists to meet the SAPC unit standard competencies. The dire shortage of pharmacists in public sector health settings further emphasizes the need for a level of competency of entry level pharmacists so that they may enter the workplace ready to serve the medicine related needs of society. Service-learning is defined as experiential learning in which students engage in structured activities that address community needs and promote learning. The purpose of this study was to design, implement and evaluate a Service-learning in Pharmacy (SLIP) intervention which is intended to serve as a generic model which can be used in tertiary hospital pharmacies. The SLIP intervention aimed to promote student learning by providing opportunities for students to engage in structured activities, while simultaneously alleviating pharmacy workload.
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Parker, Mariam B. "Pharmacy perspectives in the design and implementation of a mobile cellular phone application as a communication aid for dispensing medicines to deaf people in the South African context." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5188.
Full textAbstract:
Doctor Pharmaceuticae - DPharmSouth Africa's White Paper for the transformation of the health care system in South Africa (DOH, 2007) acknowledges major disparities and inequalities as a result of an imprint by apartheid policies. In its transition to democracy, health promotion strategies have been initiated to address these disparities. However, such strategies have been narrowed and "favoured target audiences that are literate, urban-based and who have easy access to print and audio-visual media" (DOH, 1997). This implies that many vulnerable and marginalised groupings in South Africa, including the Deaf community are excluded from health promotion endeavours. Deaf people in South Africa communicate using South African Sign Language (SASL) and majority of the Deaf community exhibit poor literacy levels. Deafness is a significant communication barrier which limits a Deaf person's prospect to attain the best possible health care (Barnett, et al 2011). Various means of communication including spoken language, written instructions and the use of pictograms are used by healthcare workers to communicate health-related information. For many members of the Deaf community who communicate primarily in sign language, these methods are a sub-standard and prevent the attainment of optimum therapeutic outcomes. With regard to pharmaco-therapeutic services, Deaf people cannot hear the spoken language used by pharmacists during patient counselling, and their compromised functional literacy hinders the ability to read instructions on medicine labels. With both the spoken and written means of communication compromised, the Deaf patient's ability to comprehend instruction by pharmacists on how to use their medicines is inadequate and as a result, a Deaf patient may leave the pharmacy with medicine, but a poor understanding of how to use the medicine safely and effectively. Previous researchers have worked on building a technology base, including industrial design and computer science expertise to conceptualize the groundwork of a mobile phone application called SignSupport to facilitate communication between medical doctors and Deaf individuals. The particulars of the pharmacy scenario however, require a pharmacy-specific device to be of use in the dispensing of medicines to a Deaf patient in a pharmacy. The over-arching goal of this thesis is to design and evaluate a mobile phone application to facilitate the communication of medicine instructions between a Deaf patient and a pharmacist. Qualitative, participatory action research and community-based co-design strategies were directed toward Deaf participants, senior pharmacy students and pharmacists to create a prototype of the afore-mentioned mobile phone application. Preliminary results indicated that the application was suitable to pharmacists and Deaf community. Furthermore, both sets of users approved the overall design and were receptive to and keen on the practical uses of the application. Inadequacies pointed out by the Deaf community and pharmacists were addressed as an iterative modification to the prototype and culminated in version 2 which was deployed in an actual hospital pharmacy in 2015. Hospital usability studies generated largely positive results from both Deaf users and pharmacists, indicating that SignSupport is able to facilitate communication between pharmacists and Deaf patients. Next steps include advancing the application to a market–ready version that is downloadable and available as an application on the play stores of commercially available smart phones.
National Research Foundation
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Smit, Ruan. "Retrospective analysis of the prescribing patterns of calcium channel blockers in a section of the private health care sector of South Africa / Ruan Smit." Thesis, North-West University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/4934.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Calcium channel blockers are mainly divided into antihypertensive and antianginal
treatment agents. In 2000 it was estimated that 972 million adults worldwide were
living with hypertension and it is expected to affect 1.56 billion patients by 2025. The
incremental expenditure for the antihypertensive therapeutic group in the United States of
America was estimated at $US 55 billion per annum in 2006.
It was stated that around seven million people in the United States of America suffered from
angina, with around 400 000 new reports every year.
Objective: To determine the prescribing patterns of calcium channel blocker medicine items
during 2005 to 2008 in a section of the private health care sector of South Africa.
Methods: A retrospective quantitative drug utilisation review was done using a medicine
claims database ranging over four years from 1 January 2005 to 31 December 2008. The
total medicine claims database was divided into cardiovascular medicine items and then into
calcium channel blockers. These were analysed according to age as well as gender. Further
analysis included adherence of calcium channel blockers as well as an analysis of
prescribers of these items during the study period.
Results: The total number of patients on the medicine claims database consisted of
1 509 621 patients in 2005. This number decreased to 974 497 patients in 2008. The most
medicine items were dispensed in 2006 (n = 21 113 422) with an average cost of
R 92.82 (SD = 196.42) per medicine item.
It was noted that 16.05% (n = 242 264) of patients used at least one cardiovascular item in
2005. The percentage of cardiovascular medicine item users increased by 4.36% during the
study period to 20.41% (n = 198 847) in 2008. In 2008 the cardiovascular medicine items
dispensed were responsible for 19.18% (R 342 565 308.41) of the total cost of all medicine
items claimed.
In 2005 the results revealed that 1.63% (n = 318 258) of all medicine items dispensed were
calcium channel blocker medicine items. The percentage of calcium channel blockers
increased to 2.24% (n = 367 437) of the total number of medicine items in 2008. The cost
prevalence index was calculated for the calcium channel blockers and the value declined
from 1.5 in 2005 to 1.22 in 2008, which indicated that the items dispensed were relatively
expensive, but less than in 2005. An increase of 16.17% in the usage of generic medicine
items were noted from 2005 to 2008.
More female patients than male patients claimed medicine items during the study period. A
higher percentage of male patients used a cardiovascular medicine item as well as calcium
channel blockers during the study period compared to females and a larger percentage of
their medicine expenditure was used on cardiovascular medicine items as well as calcium
channel blockers compared to females.
The usage of cardiovascular medicine items as well as calcium channel blocker medicine
items increased with patient age. In 2008, 17.98% of patients older than 65 years of age
used a calcium channel blocker compared to 0.97% of patients aged > 25 <= 35 years. Only
60.34% of calcium channel blockers items were used with acceptable refill adherence rates
during the study. More than a third of the calcium channel blockers medicine items used had
unacceptable low adherence rates from 2005 to 2008.
In each of the study years the highest potential saving with generic substitution was seen
with amlodipine containing items. It was also observed that some generic substitutions could
be relatively more expensive than the innovator products and an increased cost instead of a
saving through generic substitution may have occurred.
Conclusion: This study highlighted the prescribing patterns and cost implications of calcium
channel blockers in the private health care sector of South Africa.
It is recommended that a more in–depth study of the adherence of calcium channel blockers
be done. This study should also include the cost strategies of generic substitution of calcium
channel blockers in South Africa.Thesis (M.Pharm (Pharmacy Practice))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.
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Gilbert, (Steinberg) Leah. "The present and future role of community pharmacy in South Africa." Thesis, 1997. https://hdl.handle.net/10539/26042.
Full textAbstract:
A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. This thesis is presented as a series of
manuscripts.
1997The recent political transformation which has taken place in South Africa has set the scene for a metamorphosis of thinking paradigms and structures, in society in general, and in the health arena in particular One of the main shifts has been the growing emphasis on Primary Health Care and its implementation, a move which has necessitated a reevaluation of the roles which the various health professions fulfil within this framework. The need for new types of solutions to respond to peoples’ health needs, along with the poor fit between research and the knowledge required to improve the situation, has contributed to the movement now referred to widely as the “New Public Health”.
IT2018
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Adat, Nafisa. "Customer satisfaction at a selected retail pharmacy chain in the greater Durban area." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10321/994.
Full textAbstract:
Submitted in fulfillment of the requirement for the Masters Degree in Technology: Marketing,
Durban University of Technology, 2013.South Africa is experiencing an expansion of pharmacy chains. Globalization and deregulations have increased competition within the retail pharmacy sector. In this highly competitive sector, the most important strategy for a pharmacy chain to obtain customer satisfaction and maintain market profitability is attributed to customer-focus. The pharmacy chain needs to ensure that the customer remains the cornerstone of their business strategy and that they are able to “delight†the customer. Customer satisfaction has many benefits for the pharmacy chain, such as higher revenues, higher customer retention and increased market shares. Superior service quality and customer satisfaction must be promoted and maintained in order for the pharmacy chain to be the pharmacy of choice. The aim of this study is to measure levels of customer satisfaction at a selected pharmacy chain within the greater Durban area. The instrument to assess the customer’s expectations and perceptions of customer satisfaction is the SERVQUAL questionnaire, measuring expectations and perceptions according to five quality dimensions. These quality dimensions include tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, assurance and empathy. Four hundred customers were surveyed using the SERVQUAL questionnaire. The respondents were selected using non-probability sampling within which convenience sampling was applied. Data is analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical techniques. Conclusions and recommendations are drawn from the literature and the findings of the study. The study shows that customers’ expectations exceeded their perceptions on the five service quality dimensions used in the SERVQUAL questionnaire. Improvements are necessary in certain customer satisfaction dimensions. Therefore, it is recommended that the selected retail pharmacy chain attend to these gaps and ensure that necessary strategies are implemented in order to offer superior customer service in the face of growing competition.
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Ramith, Shivani. "A partial servqual model analysis of a retail pharmacy." Thesis, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/3542.
Full textAbstract:
With the several changes taking place in the retail, wholesale, manufacturing and academic sectors of pharmacy, the practice of pharmacy is becoming a challenging one in South Africa. As a result of this, it is important to prove to the government as well as to other health care professionals that pharmacy can do more than deliver a supply function. This would involve the pharmacist becoming more committed to the quality of service and value (irrespective of the sector), and in so doing raise the overall standard of the profession. This research involves a survey amongst 100 customers who live in the Pinetown area. It investigates service quality in a retail pharmacy by using the SERVQUAL instrument as a measuring tool. It involved assessing respondents expectations and perceptions of service quality in retail pharmacy. The respondents indicated that understanding patient needs, assurance, reliability, efficiency, tangibles, attention and staff presentation were important factors that they expected from service of any retail pharmacy. With respect to the service provided by Pinelands pharmacy, respondent perceptions of service quality included patient individualisation, pharmacy staff competence, efficiency, staff presentation and convenient operating hours, aesthetic appeal and a modern pharmacy.Thesis (MBA)-University of Natal, Durban, 2003.
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"The management of issues in community pharmacies." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/13481.
Full text
30
Naidoo, Kamsaladevi Kumudini. "The strategic processes of small businesses operating in a turbulent environment: a retail community pharmacy perspective." Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/2379.
Full textAbstract:
In South Africa, the small business sector has been identified as a sector that is not performing optimally. In a turbulent environment, this type of small business profile is magnified. Therefore, it is important to examine mechanisms through which the performance of this sector can be enhanced. Dynamic capabilities have emerged as a strategic tool of the highest order in terms of firm management and strengthening these capabilities is a key concern for firms that operate in a turbulent environment. Dynamic capabilities are described as the processes required to reconfigure existing resources into new functional competencies. Therefore, this study investigated the strategic processes of small businesses and developed a new strategic model and theory to illustrate and elucidate intervention mechanisms and strategies to strengthen the dynamic capabilities of these small businesses.
Methodology:
The retail community pharmacy sector was chosen as a model sector for this study since it is a sector that comprises mainly of small businesses and it is currently experiencing environmental turbulence. The methodology followed an initial exploratory, qualitative approach followed by a formal, empirical, quantitative approach. The research questionnaire was derived after ensuring that content validity, criterion related validity, construct validity and reliability criteria were met. This questionnaire was administered to a sample of 477 out of a population of 2549 small businesses in the retail community pharmacy sector, using an unrestricted, simple, random, probability sampling approach. As a consequence of having received 130 completed questionnaires, the results obtained in this study were expressed at the 95% confidence level with a confidence interval of 0.08.
Results and Discussion:
From a gap analysis of the level of importance of dynamic capabilities and their extent of implementation, seven dynamic capabilities whose implementation can be enhanced by an alteration of the management importance perception of them, were extracted. These capabilities revolve around staff reward, well-being, empowerment and education and training, as well as the abilities of the small business leadership to sense the environment and opportunities while being sensitive to stakeholder needs. Through a consolidation of the results of the gap analysis, a model for the initiation and the sustaining of innovative resource reconfigurations was developed.
Conclusion:
For the management practice setting, this study�s findings suggest that the dynamic capabilities of small firms operating in a turbulent environment can be enhanced and strengthened by the employment of the model developed by this study. From a management education perspective, this study�s findings also suggest that the employment of specific and focussed management education that revolves around the seven identified processes will enable not only the initiating phase of the proposed model but will also provide a multiplier effect in the model since management capability is also part of the general resource base of the firm. This study thus proposes the use of these management practice and educational approaches to strengthen and enhance the dynamic capabilities of small businesses operating in a turbulent environment.Graduate School of Business Leadership
D. BL.
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Cassimjee, Mohammed Hoosen. "A review of dispensing in South Africa." Thesis, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/2042.
Full textAbstract:
The dispensing Medical Practitioner has become topical since 13B4 . Dn this issue, much confusion and ignorance prevails, both amongst members of the medical and allied professions and in the public mind. This study was undertaken to demonstrate some aspects of dispensing of medicines in South Africa and to cansider the implications arising out of the application of legislation governing such dispensing of medicines by family practi tioners. The main objectives of this study were: CaD To identify and ascertain the opinions and policies of all those who are involved and concerned with the dispensing of medicines. Cb) To determine the implications of all the legislation governing the dispensing of medicines on: 1. patient care 2. the dispensing of medicines by doctors Cto their patients}. Information was gathered from a questionnaire sent to service/ consumer groups; from literature review of journals; publications and gazettes; and from legal consultations. The results of the study indicated that: C13 Professional Associations such as, Medical Association of South Africa, the Pharmaceutical Society as well as statutory bodies such as the South African Medical and Dental Council and the Pharmacy Council are concerned with issues such as 'trading in medicine ' and 'profiteering '. Inadequate patient care resulting from the physical, financial and economic hardships suffered by a majority of patients are issues which appear not to have been addressed by these bodies. CE) The fundamental issues of "what is in the best interest of the patient " appears to be ignored in legislation pertaining to dispensing. C33 Dispensing to patients became difficult due to the impractical stringent restrictions imposed by the legislation governing dispensing of medicines. C4D The dispensing of medicines by a doctor is less timB consuming, more convenient and cheaper for the patient as well as for the Sick Benefit Funds. The results were discussed with respect to their theoretical and practical implications and the conclusion reached was that the dispensing legislation presently designed for first world communities, became totally impractical when applied to third world communities, and that most doctors dispense medicines in response to the needs of the individual communities they service. Further research possibilities and recommendations were suggested in order to gain a greater understanding of the dispensing issue, which hopefully will assist to improve the quality of health care and also ensure the best possible advantage for the patient.Thesis (MMed.)-University of Natal, Durban, 1986.
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Buldeo, Priya. "A psychosocial study of cardiovascular diseases, health behaviours and risk perception among retail pharmacy workers in Johannesburg, South Africa." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/22247.
Full textAbstract:
A Doctoral dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Humanities and the School of Social Sciences in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in Health Sociology
2016This thesis is based on a descriptive and exploratory psychosocial study which investigates the underlying factors that shape cardiovascular diseases, health behaviours and risk perception among retail pharmacy workers in Johannesburg, South Africa. It further examines help-seeking behaviours and the meanings attached to ‘The Body’, self and identity as related to symbolic interactionism. A review of literature presents a background to the local and global context and engages classic and contemporary discourses and debates on health, illness and chronic diseases. The unique context of non-communicable diseases in South Africa is interrogated by utilising the Integrative Model of Behavioural Prediction as a guiding theoretical framework. A mixed methods research design incorporated (i) a survey (N=400) and (ii) in-depth follow-up interviews (N=60). Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and thematic content analyses for deeper reflections on the topic. The findings revealed that cardiovascular disease knowledge and risk perception is shaped by one’s family, community, workplace, colleagues and the media. It found that workers have an understanding of cardiovascular diseases, the problem, however, is that individual risk perception is overlooked. Social networks, cultural norms and gender contributed to the public framings of bodies and the sociocultural anxieties surrounding juxtapositions – thin/fat, healthy/unhealthy, acceptable/unacceptable, good/bad – prominent in ‘Othering’ deliberations. These illuminated the symbolic and material dimensions of how workers conceptualise their bodies. ‘Good’ health behaviours were associated with physical attractiveness, social acceptance and health improvement and maintenance. ‘Bad’ health behaviours were linked to time constraints, long working hours, financial stress and family responsibilities. The discussion and conclusion consolidate the study’s sociological significance and the multi-layered aspects of health, illness and chronic diseases. This thesis challenges sociocultural expectations of ‘The Body’ in ways which contrast some of the available literature in Africa. It further contributes to the existing knowledge on non-communicable diseases while introducing innovative ways of (re)thinking about chronic conditions and the practical implications as related to the study. The pertinent issues raised regarding non-communicable disease diagnosis, management and treatment, as well as food consumption and body weight perceptions complicate an ever-changing South African risk society. This thesis, therefore, paves the way for further research on the perceived and actual cardiovascular disease risks in the South African context.
MT2017
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Coetsee, Janine Mari. "A comparison of chronic medicine prescribing patterns between mail order and community pharmacies in South Africa / Janine Mari Coetsee." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/10710.
Full textAbstract:
Pharmaceutical care can be defined as “the care that a given patient requires and receives
which assures safe and rational drug usage” (Mikael et al., 1975:567). The supply of medication
is an important link in the health care chain, and the supply of chronic medication specifically
was reviewed in this study. The World Health Organization (WHO, 2008d) states that chronic
disease and related deaths are increasing in low- and middle-income countries, causing 39%
and 72% of all deaths in low- and middle-income countries respectively.
The main objective of this study was to investigate the difference between chronic medication
prescribing patterns and subsequent claiming patterns for community (retail) and mail order
(courier) pharmacies in the South African private health care sector.
Computerized claims data for the period 1 January 2009 to 31 December 2010 were extracted
from the database of a South African pharmaceutical benefit management company. The
chronic database consisted of 6 191 147 prescriptions (N = 17 706 524), 14 045 546 items (N =
42 176 768) at a total cost of R2 126 516 154.00 (N = R4 969 436 580.88). A quantitative,
retrospective, cross-sectional drug utilisation review was conducted, and data were analysed
using the Statistical Analysis System® programme.
Various providers of chronic medication were analysed, namely dispensing doctors, dispensing
specialists, courier pharmacies and retail pharmacies. Chronic medication represented 34.97%
of all medication prescribed. Retail pharmacies dispensed 79% of this chronic medication (n =
2 441 613 items) and courier pharmacies 19% (n = 610 964 items). Courier pharmacies
dispensed 1 147 687 prescriptions containing chronic medication and retail pharmacies
dispensed 4 900 282. The average cost per prescription for chronic medication at retail
pharmacies was R325.43 ± R425.74 (2009) and R335.10 ± R449.84 (2010), and that of courier
pharmacies was R398.56 ± R937.61 in 2009 and R436.57 ± R1199.46 in 2010. The top-five chronic medication groups dispensed by both these pharmacy types were selected
according to the number of unique patients utilising these medications for at least four
consecutive months. The most utilised chronic medication groups were ACE inhibitors (n =
1 611 432), statins (n = 1 449 732), diuretics (n = 962 670), thyroid medication (n = 885 891)
and oral antidiabetics (n = 696 631).
The average medication possession ratio for retail pharmacies indicated that, on average,
statins, diuretics, thyroid medication and oral antidiabetics were undersupplied by retail
pharmacies. Courier pharmacies tended to oversupply more often than retail pharmacies, with
the cost of oversupplied medication ranging from 9% to 11% of total courier pharmacy
medication costs.
The average chronic prescription, item and levy cost did not vary significantly between courier
and retail pharmacies. This indicates that the relative cost of acquiring chronic medication is
similar at retail and courier pharmacy. The medication possession ratios of the top-five chronic
medication groups, however, did differ significantly. In order to choose the most appropriate
provider, the medical scheme provider needs to consider the over- and undersupply of
medication. Oversupply may lead to unnecessary costs whilst undersupply may lead to future
noncompliance and associated health problems. The costs associated with undersupply of
medication in the South African health care sector need further investigation.PhD (Pharmacy Practice), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014
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Broughton, Tymara Catheryn. "A survey to determine the perception of registered homoeopaths in South Africa toward the availability of over the counter (OTC) homoeopathic medicines." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10321/372.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.Tech.: Homoeopathy)--Durban University of Technology, 2008. xix, 122 leavesDiscussion among homoeopaths in South Africa provides the impression that there is a degree of misunderstanding and ignorance about homoeopathy, and opinions are varied on its application and efficacy amongst the South African public. An over the counter (OTC) medicine, is a medicine which is sold without a prescription directly to the public, which includes homoeopathic medicines. OTC medicines may be sold at any retail outlet, i.e. a pharmacy or general store. There is much evidence pointed towards the growth and rise in over the counter sales in complementary and alternative medicine, a growth of more than 17% in total, homoeopathy is a major part of the complementary and alternative medicine group, having its own growth of more than 16% over a four year period. Self-medication in the form of over the counter medicines forms the main part of this industry (Caldis, 2000). The market was previously examined by the Mintel Group for complementary medicines and its growth in sales, in April 2003. Since then, the market has continued to expand, growing by 45% in real terms from 1999 to 2004. Greater consumer awareness of alternative medicines, an interest in healthy lifestyles, and the willingness to self-medicate certain conditions have all contributed to the increased value of sales (Mintel, 2005). Whenever the economic and public health benefits of self-medication are discussed, it is important to address inequalities in health. This means that not every citizen may feel sufficiently confident to practice responsible self-medication. It is also evident that not everybody has the financial means to do iii so. The whole notion of responsible self-medication both in a traditional sense and in the future is based on the concept of choice. Allowing individuals certain options when they suffer minor, self-limiting or chronic diseases is the fundamental consideration behind responsible self-medication (AESGP, 2004). Methodology A non-experimental descriptive survey was conducted to determine the perceptions of registered South African Homoeopaths regarding the availability of over the counter homoeopathic remedies. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed and 68 anonymous responses were obtained. Raw data was analysed using descriptive statistics and the relationships between variables tested for correlations. Results Respondents perceived homoeopathic OTC medicine sales and their availability in health shops and pharmacies, as contributing to the promotion of the profession as well as increasing its accessibility to the public. Other benefits perceived were the cost effectiveness of homoeopathic OTC medicines and convenience for home usage. The majority of respondents felt that there should be certain restrictions regarding the availability of OTC homoeopathic medicines, such as, the limitations regarding the availability of certain potencies. Participants also expressed concern over the degree of training held by retail outlet staff. Certain respondents felt that homoeopathic medicines should only be iv available with a prescription or used under the guidance of their practitioner. Other negative aspects of over the counter homoeopathic medicines were: incorrect use of medication, overdosing, and potential negative effects the patient may experience if the OTC medicine interacts with other medication, as well as the concern over the risks of self-medicating without the advice from a practitioner. Conclusions and recommendations The majority of respondents were in favour of the availability of homoeopathic OTC medicines to the public, provided that they are suitably regulated to ensure patient safety and quality control. Furthermore the regulation of the relevant retail outlets including education of staff in this regard was recommended. Respondents also were in favour of the awareness of the profession that homoeopathic OTC medicines created.
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Laban, Premakanthie Rosemary. "An evaluation of the impact of legislative changes on stakeholders in the South African pharmaceutical industry." Thesis, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/2418.
Full textAbstract:
Changes in the health sector in South Africa have been widespread since 1994 with restructuring ofthe public sector being the focal point of legislation. The limelight has recently shifted focus to the health sector with the Medicine and Related Substances (MRSCA) Amendment Act, 59 of 2002 in which generic substitution was finally promulgated, after disputes in the international arena about patent rights, due to the government's policy on parallel imports. Section12 ofPharmacy Act 90, which forms part of the Act is an attempt to further regulate the industry, that eventually became effective this year. This legislation addresses issues of sampling and perverse incentives and calls for the establishment of a Marketing Code for the pharmaceutical industry. The South African government has, as part of the amendment, called for input from all stakeholders including: trade associations, the pharmaceutical industry and the medical profession. All role players were invited to be part of the decisionmaking process as to what should constitute the Marketing Code and its' regulatory body. The Society of Psychiatrists (SASOP), an affiliate of the South African Medical Association (SAMA), has not yet prepared a response to SAMA for submission to government with regard to the Marketing Code, in the field of central nervous system (CNS) products. The impact of the banning of samples on psychiatric private practice is not known and there is insufficient data available about the marketing activities of drug companies and the link to the prescription habits of medical professionals. Further, to date, there has been no canvassing of opinions with regard to the impact of the legislation on the consumer. In this case study analysis, an evaluation of the impact of legislative changes in the South African pharmaceutical industry is made. Recommendations as to what should constitute a Marketing Code for the pharmaceutical industry are highlighted. restructuring ofthe public sector being the focal point of legislation. The limelight has recently shifted focus to the health sector with the Medicine and Related Substances (MRSCA) Amendment Act, 59 of 2002 in which generic substitution was finally promulgated, after disputes in the international arena about patent rights, due to the government's policy on parallel imports. Section12 ofPharmacy Act 90, which forms part of the Act is an attempt to further regulate the industry, that eventually became effective this year. This legislation addresses issues of sampling and perverse incentives and calls for the establishment of a Marketing Code for the pharmaceutical industry. The South African government has, as part of the amendment, called for input from all stakeholders including: trade associations, the pharmaceutical industry and the medical profession. All role players were invited to be part of the decisionmaking process as to what should constitute the Marketing Code and its' regulatory body. The Society of Psychiatrists (SASOP), an affiliate of the South African Medical Association (SAMA), has not yet prepared a response to SAMA for submission to government with regard to the Marketing Code, in the field of central nervous system (CNS) products. The impact of the banning of samples on psychiatric private practice is not known and there is insufficient data available about the marketing activities of drug companies and the link to the prescription habits of medical professionals. Further, to date, there has been no canvassing of opinions with regard to the impact of the legislation on the consumer. In this case study analysis, an evaluation of the impact of legislative changes in the South African pharmaceutical industry is made. Recommendations as to what should constitute a Marketing Code for the pharmaceutical industry are highlighted.Thesis (MBA)- University of Natal, 2003.
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Zuma, Sibusiso Memory. "Framework for provision of essential medicines for the district health services." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/22792.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this study was to develop a framework for provision of essential medicines for the district health services. A qualitative descriptive, exploratory and contextual action research design was followed. The data collection was conducted through site visits and semi structured interviews targeting the responsible pharmacists who were purposively selected on the basis of their expert knowledge and experiences from the eight of the nine provinces of the Republic of South Africa which is a developing country with limited resources for provision of healthcare services.
The study found that there was no standardised framework for provision of essential medicines for the District Health Services. Based on the site visits and action research findings a proposed framework covering the selection, procurement, warehousing, distribution and management support components for provision of essential medicines for district health services was developed and subjected to national pharmaceutical experts and district health services managers review and critique which is finally presented, after taking into consideration the experts inputs as a proposed framework emanating from the study. The proposed framework will contribute towards improving the provisioning and availability of essential medicines within the district health services.Health Studies
D.Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)
37
Mavela, Nokhuthula Hloniphani. "A needs analysis of relevant stakeholders on a short course in homoeopathy for pharmacy front shop assistants in the greater Durban area." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10321/1767.
Full textAbstract:
Submitted in partial compliance with the requirements of the degree of Master of Technology: Homoeopathy, Durban University of Technology, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, 2016.INTRODUCTION: Homoeopathy is a medical system that offers a gentle approach to healing. In the Republic of South Africa, homoeopathic medicines are readily available in most retail pharmacies, hyper-stores, supermarkets and health shops. It is common and expected that in a pharmacy setting, one will find a qualified pharmacist dispensing medicines he/she is highly knowledgeable about, as well as advising customers/patients on the indication, administration and contraindications of these medicines. With this premise in mind, where complementary and alternative medicines are sold, we ideally expect qualified personnel dispensing and advising customers on the use of complementary and alternative medicines also not only conventional medicines. At the time of conducting this study, the knowledge of pharmacy staff was questionable pertaining to the depth of homoeopathic knowledge they possess, as there is limited formal training available on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in their curriculum in South Africa. It has been noted that, prior to the development of short courses, a needs analysis should be conducted. AIM OF THE STUDY: To investigate the needs of pharmacy front shop assistants when dealing with homoeopathic medicines with the prospect of developing a short course. METHODOLOGY: The research was a qualitative, descriptive, exploratory study. A measurement of views on what homoeopathy is, where pharmacy staff currently attain training on homoeopathy, and perceptions on the need for further training were conducted by means of a semi structured interview guide. Tesch’s Eight Step method was utilised for data analysis. CONCLUSION: The study clearly highlighted that there exists a poor level of knowledge of homoeopathy amongst pharmacy staff in the greater Durban area of KwaZulu-Natal South Africa, at the time of conducting the study. Despite low knowledge levels, the study was able to establish a keen interest amongst pharmacy staff on furthering and advancing their knowledge of homoeopathy to better serve the public and improve the quality of health care offered by pharmacy staff.
M
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Kapiamba, Muteba Germain. "Antiretroviral adherence and HIV virological outcomes in HIV-positive patients in Ugu District, KwaZulu-Natal Province." Diss., 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/18852.
Full textAbstract:
Adherence to antiretroviral therapy is crucial to ensure viral suppression. In the scientific community it is widely accepted that an adherence level of at least 90% is necessary to achieve viral suppression. This study uses pharmacy refill records to describe antiretroviral adherence in HIV-positive patients in Ugu District and to describe pharmacy refill records as reliable monitoring method of antiretroviral therapy. In total, 61 patients’ records were reviewed. Overall, 82% of participants (n=50) achieved an optimum adherence level of at least 90%. Although 38% (n=19) of these participants did not show any related viral suppression. A statistically significant relationship between adherence and viral suppression was not demonstrated. Therefore, pharmacy refill records cannot be recommended as an alternative method of monitoring response to antiretroviral therapy, but laboratory tests including CD4 cell count and or viral load must be combined to pharmacy refill method for monitoring of antiretroviral therapy in HIV-positive patientsHealth Studies
M.A. (Public Health)
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Mahoro, Alice. "Examining the inventory management of antiretroviral drugs at community health centres in the cape metropole, Western Cape." 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/3615.
Full textAbstract:
Magister Pharmaceuticae - MPharmSouth Africa is faced with a high number of people living with HIV/AIDS, and subsequently a great need to access quality medicines for improving patient therapeutic outcomes. Antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) require rigid, efficient and effective management, due to their valuable efficacy in prolonging the survival of HIV/AIDS patients, and the limited possibility of substitution. Managing their flow is vital to ensure an uninterrupted supply. Problematic inventory management was experienced by some healthcare facilities in South Africa where in recent years it resulted in stock outs and stock losses through thefts. These factors present obstacles to the availability of quality medicines, which ultimately leads to treatment failure and deterioration of the health status of patients. The aim of this study was to characterise the inventory management practices and medicine store maintenance of ARVs in community health centres (CHCs) in the Cape Metropole, Western Cape, in order to identify specific problems associated with ARV stock management. The study used a descriptive, cross-sectional study design to examine ARV records and to highlight associated discrepancies between recorded iii quantities on logistics tools used and physical counts, to assess the store maintenance, to measure the supply rate and identify factors contributing to poor stock management. The sample comprised 15 CHCs under the Western Cape Provincial Government (WCPG) accredited to provide ARV treatment. A checklist developed by Management Sciences for Health was adapted and was used to gather quantitative information (e.g. physical stock count). Some qualitative data was collected from responsible personnel for ARV drug management at each site. 86.7% of CHCs utilised a logistics tool (either manual or electronic) to manage ARVs. The average number of adult ARV drugs with a logistics tool available in all CHCs was 82.7% of which 21.9% met the criteria for accuracy. Only 32.9% of all logistics tools had records that were up to date. The average percentage of total variation between stock records and physical counts for the ARV drugs assessed was 51.6%. No historical data on stock outs and monthly usage (monthly consumption) could be retrieved in any of the CHCs, although there were no actual stock outs on the day of the fieldwork. The order fill rate was 91.9%. Since ordering is done more often that it should, stock availability did not appear to be problematic. Standard appropriate physical dimensions were not met by 20% of the CHCs and only 66.7% of the CHCs had appropriate labeling of the shelves in the dispensary and in the storeroom. This study demonstrated poor inventory management with respect to the general quality of record keeping, space allocation and general organisation of the medicine storeroom. Making timely entries and recording issues on logistics tools are recommended to keep up to date inventory records and management information system. Frequent monitoring of stock status is suggested, to avoid discrepancies and to keep it to adequate levels iv which will minimise multiple ordering. Regular supervision by the district pharmacist is needed to identify training and other needs. A study on general cost and delivery costs associated with poor record keeping should be carried out.
40
Cassim, Layla. "The impact of the current performance management system in a South African retail pharmacy on the provision of pharmaceutical care to patients." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/4441.
Full textAbstract:
XXX Pharmacy is an independently-owned retail pharmacy in Johannesburg. Good Pharmacy Practice standards make it mandatory for pharmacists to provide “pharmaceutical care”, a highly patient-centred approach to providing pharmaceutical services. Since XXX Pharmacy has a high patient load, a shortage of dispensary staff and a strategic focus on operational efficiency, the question arose whether pharmacists comply fully with Good Pharmacy Practice standards for the provision of pharmaceutical care. Non-compliance poses operational risks that could undermine the business’s financial performance. The research statement was thus that the current performance management system undermines compliance with Good Pharmacy Practice standards for the provision of pharmaceutical care to patients.
A triangulation approach was used. The quantitative research method, in which 200 patients completed a questionnaire, investigated two research objectives: (i) whether the pharmacy complies with Good Pharmacy Practice standards for pharmaceutical care; and (ii) whether there is a relationship between patients’ race or gender and their responses. The qualitative research method involved conducting individual semi-structured interviews with all four dispensary employees to achieve another two research objectives: (i) to determine whether the provision of pharmaceutical care is viewed as a key performance area by pharmacists; and (ii) to investigate what aspects of the implementation of the performance management system are viewed as enabling or undermining the provision of pharmaceutical care.
41
Tsepe, Wendy C. "Studies on molluscicidal properties of some South African medicinal plants used in the control of schistosomiasis in KwaZulu-Natal." Thesis, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/8605.
Full textAbstract:
Schistosomiasis is an important public health issue for rural communities located near,or
around slow moving water bodies in the tropical and subtropical areas. Successful control
of the disease involves multifaceted approaches, which include snail control,
environmental sanitation, health education and chemotherapy. Although snail control
might be an effective method of controlling schistosomiasis, there has been a general lack
of control initiatives, largely due to the cost of available molluscicides. Plants offer a
wide array of compounds which, on extraction, may show molluscicidal activity. If
molluscicidal compounds that occur in indigenous plants can be extracted using local
labour and simple technology, then there should be culturally acceptable and inexpensive
molluscicides. The aim of this study was, therefore, to screen some Zulu medicinal plants
for molluscicidal activity. We have also attempted to isolate the active chemical
compounds from such plants.
Aqueous and methanolic crude extracts of ten (10) Zulu medicinal plants, used for
different medicinal and domestic purposes, were screened for molluscicidal activity on
Biomphalaria pfeifferi and Bulinus africanas snails reared in the laboratory during the
time of bioassay. Bayluscide® (niclosamide) was used as a positive control for
comparison, while de-chlorinated tap water was used as the negative control. Six of the
plants were not active against the snails. Extracts from four of the plants demonstrated
weak to moderate molluscicidal activities. These plants are: (i) Sclerocarya birrea stembark,
(ii) Psidium guajava (hybrid) leaves, (iii) Leonotis leonurus aerial parts and (iv)
Ekerbegia capensis stem-bark. The LC50 values of the plant extracts were 78 ppm, 100
ppm, 398 ppm and 600 ppm respectively. Of the 4 plants that showed molluscicidal
activity, S. birrea aqueous and methanol extracts were the most active against the snails,
with LC50 values of 82 ppm and 78 ppm respectively. For the other plant extracts, only
the methanolic extracts showed activity. Brine shrimp toxicity assay was performed with
all the active extracts. Psidium guajava showed 10% survival of the shrimps at 1000
ppm, whereas no survival was observed for the other plant extracts at this concentration
(1000 ppm). The results obtained in this study indicate that further studies have to be
conducted, especially with S. birrea extracts, whose both aqueous and methanolic
extracts showed significant activity against the snails.Thesis (M.Med.Sc.)-University of Durban-Westville, 2002.