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Journal articles on the topic 'Pharmakos'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 11 February 2022

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1

Urbonienė, Aušra. "JACQUES’O DERRIDA PHARMAKON INTERPRETACIJA." Problemos 76 (January 1, 2009): 196–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/problemos.2009.0.1932.

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Straipsnyje analizuojama Platono dialoge „Faidras“ suformuluota rašto samprata, ir J. Derrida knygoje „Diseminacija“ pateikta šios sampratos dekonstrukcija. Šioje Platono rašto sampratos rekonstrukcijoje sąvoka „pharmakon“ atlieka esminį vaidmenį. Dėl šios sąvokos keblumo visa Vakarų logocentrinė tradicija, pradedant Platonu, kalbėjimą iškelia virš rašto. Raštas įvardijamas kaip „pharmakon“, paprastai nurodant į jo nuodingumą ir kenksmingumą gyvąją esatį kontempliuojančiai sielai. Derrida, nagrinėdamas šią sąvoką, atskleidžia, jog neegzistuoja gyvas, neįtarpintas ženklais žinojimas. Šia prasme kalbėjimas (logos) tėra raštas plačiąja prasme. Ši Derrida įžvalga išjudina klasikinę kalbėjimo/rašto opozicijos hierarchiją, grąžindama ją į „pharmakon“ neapibrėžtumo būseną. Kaip galimas pakaitalas klasikiniam logocentriniam žinojimo idealui straipsnyje aptariama diseminacija kaip reikšmių išsėjimo būdas, įtvirtinantis signifikantų žaismą. Šis žaismas Platono farmacijoje pasireiškia kaip „pharmakon“ išsisėjimas naujuose „pharmakeus“ ir „pharmakos“ reikšmių laukuose.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: logocentrizmas, pharmakon, raštas, pharmakeus, pharmakos.Jacques Derrida’s Interpretation of PharmakonAušra Urbonienė SummaryThe article deals with Derrida’s interpretation of Plato’s notion of pharmakon. Pharmakon is the Greek word which has two opposite meanings – “cure” and “poison”. The concept of pharmakon, according to Derrida, produces a play of binary oppositions crucial to Western logocentric tradition: remedy/poison, speech/writing, good/bad, interior/exterior, etc. In Plato’s Pharmacy Derrida questions the main distinction between speech and writing. He argues that speech was viewed as the “original” form of language by Plato and the Western tradition. Writing is a later development – essentially bad, external to memory, productive not of truth but of appearances. Derrida, in his theory of archi-writing, turns upside down the opposition by showing that speech is a form of writing. Also, when reading Plato, Derrida reveals an interconnection between the words pharmakon (remedy), pharmakeus (sorcerer, magician) and pharmakos (scapegoat) which was never used by Plato but, according to Derrida, plays an important role in the character of Socrates. Socrates as pharmakeus becomes the most famous pharmakos in Athens after he drinks the pharmakon.Keywords: logocentrism, pharmakon, writing, pharmakeus, pharmakos.
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2

Fellion, Matthew. "Pharmakos, Pharmakeus, and George Eliot's Narrative Rhetoric." Novel 50, no. 2 (2017): 217–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00295132-4150239.

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3

FRANK, ARTHUR W. "What Pharmakos? From Pseudotheology to Presence." Body & Society 5, no. 4 (1999): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1357034x99005004005.

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4

George, Larry N. "The Pharmacotic War on Terrorism." Theory, Culture & Society 19, no. 4 (2002): 161–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263276402019004012.

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The Greek words `pharmakon' and `pharmakos' allude to the complex relations between political violence and the health or disorder of the body politic. This article explores analogies of war as disease and contagion, and contrasts these with metaphors of war as politically healthy and medicinal - as in Randolph Bourne's notion of war as `the health of the state'. It then applies these to the unfolding US `War on Terrorism' through the concept of `pharmacotic war', by way of examining the disturbing political implications of both unfolding US military actions abroad and the scapegoating of internal `enemies' within the United States. The article then critiques various strategies for interrupting the momentum towards a catastrophic `clash of civilizations' between the US and the Islamic world, and proposes a strategy of broadly based, grassroots political mobilization for opposing this trend.
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5

Carbullanca Núñez, Cesar Octavio. "El tiempo de las víctimas. Un estudio literario-comparativo." Estudos de Religião 33, no. 3 (2019): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.15603/2176-1078/er.v33n3p131-153.

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El artículo hace una lectura literaria comparativa del tiempo de las víctimas y desafía la interpretación sobre la temporalidad de Lavoura Arcaica. Los textos bíblicos y literarios muestran, por un lado, que existen diferentes tipos de pharmakos en la antigüedad; del mismo modo, el incesto está vinculado a la temporalidad mítica de la tragedia, la leyenda y el romance. Creemos que estas isotopías y diferencias nos proporcionarán elementos para una comprensión diversa de la temporalidad de los pharmakos en Lavoura Arcaica. Esto nos llevó a hacer una comparación entre la temporalidad en el mito, la leyenda y la novela, introduciendo la categoría de fractura para hablar de una temporalidad y epistemología que se aprecia en varios momentos tanto en la tragedia como en la leyenda y el romance.
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6

Fiore, Robert L. "Alarcon's El dueno de las estrellas: Hero and Pharmakos." Hispanic Review 61, no. 2 (1993): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/473965.

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7

Griffith, R. Drew. "Oedipus Pharmakos? Alleged Scapegoating in Sophocles' "Oedipus the King"." Phoenix 47, no. 2 (1993): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1088579.

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8

Bredin, Mark R. "Hate Never Dispelled Hate: No Place for the Pharmakos (Revelation 22:15)." Biblical Theology Bulletin: Journal of Bible and Culture 34, no. 3 (2004): 105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01461079040340030301.

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9

Goranowski, Rickard. "Forensics of a Straw Man Pharmakos in Northrop Frye’s ‘Theory of Modes’." International Journal of Knowledge, Culture, and Change Management: Annual Review 10, no. 3 (2010): 133–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/1447-9524/cgp/v10i03/49947.

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10

Meyers, Todd. "Promise and Deceit: Pharmakos, Drug Replacement Therapy, and the Perils of Experience." Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry 38, no. 2 (2014): 182–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11013-014-9376-9.

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11

Sacco, Leonardo. "Il pharmakos nelle fonti antiche e nella Storia delle religioni. Alcune valutazioni critiche." Mythos, no. 12 (December 1, 2018): 103–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/mythos.325.

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12

James C. Cowan. "The Pharmakos Figure in Modern American Stories of Physicians and Patients." Literature and Medicine 6, no. 1 (1987): 94–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lm.2011.0004.

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13

Saurí, Jorge J. "Tenor de la terapêutica." Revista Latinoamericana de Psicopatologia Fundamental 1, no. 1 (1998): 9–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1415-47141998001002.

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Uno de los tópicos centrales de la práxis psiquiátrica es el relativo a la terapéutica, especialmente cuando esta palabra es objeto de usos y abusos, teniendo especial importancia intentar establecer, lo más precisamente posible, su tenor, o sea, su constituición firme y estable. Partiendo de su etimologia, terapéutica designa una actividad de preocupación y cuidados en el contexto del amor y de mantener un determinado órden. El malestar esperanzoso, la demanda y la aceptación la tornan una tarea compartida. Pueden distinguirse en ella dos momentos estructurales: uno constitutivo, con la búsqueda de significaciones compartidas entre terapeuta y paciente y, otro, operativo, con el salmo, el fármaco y el acompañamiento. El salmo evoca la protección amorosa que no actua en lo somático y, sí, al nivel interpersonal afectado por el daño. El pharmakon abarca por lo menos cuatro significaciones: droga, tintura, escritura y objeto numinoso. Como droga, podemos notar sus virtudes ambivalentes: si, por un lado, puede luchar contra el mal a favor de la vida, por otro, puede también provocar la muerte. Como tintura modifica la apariencia, haciendo que una cosa parezca otra. Como escritura favorece la recordación, pero incita al olvido. Como objeto numinoso, pharmakos desempeña un papel expiatório. Pero el salmo y la prescripción de un fármaco no son suficientes: para que la terapéutica sea eficaz es necesario que exista el acompañamiento. Son estos, pués, los ejes en torno de los cuales se estructura la terapéutica, transformándola más que en un servicio destinado a la cura, en un camino acompañado de aprofundamiento de la existencia.
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14

Rosenbloom, David. "From Ponêêros to Pharmakos: Theater, Social Drama, and Revolution in Athens, 428-404 BCE." Classical Antiquity 21, no. 2 (2002): 283–346. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ca.2002.21.2.283.

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15

Moscicke, Hans. "Jesus as Goat of the Day of Atonement in Recent Synoptic Gospels Research." Currents in Biblical Research 17, no. 1 (2018): 59–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1476993x17751295.

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Do the Synoptic passion narratives portray Jesus (and Barabbas) as one (or both) of the goats of the Day of Atonement? This question currently has no consensus in biblical scholarship but four contrasting positions: The evangelists portray (1) Jesus as the abused scapegoat in his maltreatment by the Roman soldiers (Mk 15.16-20 parr.); (2) Jesus as a pharmakos-like scapegoat patterned after Hellenistic motifs of redemptive suffering; (3) Barabbas as the scapegoat and Jesus as the immolated goat (Mt. 27.15-26 parr.); and (4) Jesus as neither goat, but the typological fulfillment of alternative (suffering) figures: Isaiah’s Servant, the Psalms’ Righteous Sufferer, the Son of Man, and the divine warrior. This article reviews and evaluates these four positions, suggesting avenues for future research.
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16

Gödde, Susanne. "Ein Opfer für Ares." Poetica 50, no. 1-2 (2020): 19–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/25890530-05001002.

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Abstract This paper analyses the human sacrifice of Menoeceus in Euripides’ Phoenissae. In the third epeisodion, Teiresias draws on the history of Thebes and its royal family to justify the sacrifice and the choice of Menoeceus as its victim. But what are the ritual or cultural models outside the dramatic fiction that inform this sacrifice and made it under­standable for the contemporary ancient Athenian audience? To answer this question, I discuss possible similarities to pre-battle sacrifice, the pharmakos-ritual, and the mythical pattern of a hero who sacrifices himself for the community. The relation of this sacrifice to the foundation of Thebes, which itself plays a prominent role in the play’s choral odes, is then examined in a concluding section. Here, the crucial question is whether the sacrifice restates the act of foundation and its violence or instead negates and invalidates it.
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17

Chukwumah, Ignatius, and Cassandra Ifeoma Nebeife. "Persecution in Igbo-Nigerian Civil-War Narratives." Matatu 49, no. 2 (2017): 241–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18757421-04902001.

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Abstract Sociopolitical phenomena such as corruption, political instability, (domestic) violence, cultural fragmentation, and the Nigerian Civil War (1967–1970) have been central themes of Nigerian narratives. Important as these are, they tend to touch on the periphery of the major issue at stake, which is the vector of persecution underlying the Nigerian tradition in general and in modern Igbo Nigerian narratives in particular, novels and short stories written in English which capture, wholly or in part, the Igbo cosmology and experience in their discursive formations. The present study of such modern Igbo Nigerian narratives as Okpewho’s The Last Duty (1976), Iyayi’s Heroes (1986), Adichie’s Half of a Yellow Sun (2007), and other novels and short stories applies René Girard’s theory of the pharmakos (Greek for scapegoat) to this background of persecution, particularly as it subtends the condition of the Igbo in postcolonial Nigeria in the early years of independence.
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18

Beiner, G. "The Libido as Pharmakos, or The Triumph of Love: The Merry Wives of Windsor in the Context of Comedy." Orbis Litterarum 43, no. 3 (1988): 195–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0730.1988.tb00872.x.

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19

Barker, Stephen. "Post-scriptum: Pharmacodemocracy." Derrida Today 5, no. 1 (2012): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/drt.2012.0025.

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The essay continues the discussion on democracy begun in Derrida Today 4:2, interrogating the associations between the nature of the pharmakon and democracy ‘itself’, seen as ‘the sovereignty of the people’. Starting with Derrida's notion of writing (and grammatology in general) as what he calls the ‘errant democrat’, shared by – and indeed defining – all, and at the same time prior to the demos, Bernard Stiegler makes the further claim that this foundation of democracy, the pharmakon, is not simply a dialectical site of poison and remedy, as it is often seen, but rather a neutral space or referent that simultaneously connects and disconnects through Stiegler's wider sense of grammatisation, which includes Derrida's sense but extends to all tertiary memory, those external mnemonic devices that not only articulate but guide and indeed anticipate culture and its evolution. The implications of a pharmako-democracy are enormous in a hypertechnological epoch in technics as a tool has emerged as a controlling cultural force. In this sense pharmacopolitics are the only politics. The essay considers how Derrida's exploration of this pharmako-neutrality is at work in Specters of Marx as well as ‘Plato's Pharmacy’, and how it provides a frame for and a bridge to Jean-François Lyotard's related sense of desire in Libidinal Economy, where pharmacological neutrality must also be seen as excess or, in Lyotard's word for it, ‘inascribable’.
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20

Prokopov, Kirill. "Plato’s words of magic: pharmakon and epode." ΣΧΟΛΗ. Ancient Philosophy and the Classical Tradition 13, no. 1 (2019): 294–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1995-4328-2019-13-1-294-306.

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Corpus Platonicum is one of our primary evidence on the history of Greek magic in the classical period and with other sources it gives the knowledge on those who practiced magic-working (magoi, goetes, pharmakeis and epodoi). Plato is well known for his critics of magicians in the Republic and the Laws yet picturing Socrates as a magician and enchanter in other dialogues. I will address this apparent inconsistency by examining pharmakon (drug) and epode (incantation) as two magical terms that we know already from pre-platonic texts, while in the dialogues Plato uses them for depicting a variety of Socratic philosophical practices: in the Charmides Socrates presented as a follower of Thracian medical-magical practitioner, in the Theaetetus he appears as a midwife of the souls, in the Phaedo as a prophet and a servant of Apollo and in the Republic as a lover of poetry who places his own incantation in opposition to poetry’s mimetic charm. As it follows, the magic of Socrates is a counter-magic to the bewitchment and jugglery of a sophistry and mimetic poetry. By enchanting pharmakon with epode Socrates neutralizes the risk of pharmakon being dangerous drug: a model for a method that Socrates is famed for yet expressed in the words of magic.
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21

Jackson, T. "Pharmakon." BMJ 327, no. 7422 (2003): 1055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.327.7422.1055.

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22

Rinella, Michael A. "Revisiting the Pharmacy: Plato, Derrida, and the Morality of Political Deceit." Polis: The Journal for Ancient Greek Political Thought 24, no. 1 (2007): 134–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/20512996-90000111.

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The first section of this article examines Jacques Derrida’s essay ‘Plato’s Pharmacy’, specifically his discussion of the ancient Greek word for drug, pharmakon. It is argued that the rhetorical force of Derrida’s essay has led to the mistaken impression that he and more importantly Plato understood pharmakon to have two possible meanings: remedy or poison. In the second section a number of Platonic and other ancient Greek texts are used to demonstrate that pharmakon signified several additional things, such as painters pigment, magical talisman, cosmetic, and mind-altering substance. The final section builds upon Carl Page’s observation that the Noble Lie of the Republic is itself a pharmakon, situating Plato’s Noble Lie in the context of his vision of the philosopher as a moral physician, and Plato’s on-going opposition to psychological conditions characterized by ecstatic displacement.
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23

Walter, Evelyn. "Editorial "Pharmako-Ökonomie"." Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift 156, no. 23-24 (2006): 605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10354-006-0355-9.

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24

Levivier, Marc. "Addiction, pharmakon et néoténie." Psychotropes 18, no. 1 (2012): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/psyt.181.0103.

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25

Giladi, Paul. "Hegel, Analytic Philosophy’s Pharmakon." European Legacy 22, no. 2 (2017): 185–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10848770.2016.1272768.

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26

Kivotidis, Dimitrios. "The Pharmakon of Democracy." Social & Legal Studies 27, no. 6 (2017): 755–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0964663917731615.

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This article examines the role of the Greek referendum of 2015 in the context of the Greek socio-economic and political crisis. The analysis of the mediating role of referendum in the process of class struggle leads to a more general argument relating to fundamental concepts of public law, namely, ‘general will’ and the ‘people’. Central to the analysis is the question of whether referendums are a remedy for the problems facing the institutions of representative democracy. By analysing the process of the Greek referendum, with a focus on the formulation of the question and the interpretation of the verdict of the Greek people by the executive power, a more general argument is constructed regarding the mediating role of the referendum in a crisis and the legitimating role of such concepts in a class-divided society. In a context of rising inequality and furthering distantiation of the popular strata from decision-making processes, the referendum is shown, on the one hand, as a remedy for the failings of representative institutions on behalf of capital and necessary for the reproduction of capitalist relations. On the other hand, on the background of a discussion of the relation between democracy and capitalism, it is argued that the referendum acts as a different kind of poison for the people themselves and the struggle of the popular classes.
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27

Konrat, A. N., T. S. Novik, O. I. Tichomirova та A. A. Shestеperov. "Pharmaiod efficacy in elimination of golden potato nematodes in soil". Russian Journal of Parasitology 14, № 4 (2020): 110–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/1998-8435-2020-14-4-110-116.

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The purpose of the research is to study the possibility of Pharmaiod application for golden potato nematode (GPN) decontamination in soil.Materials and methods. The object of research was GPN population recovered with soil from the APF "Russia", Vladimir Region. Tubers of susceptible potato cultivar Sineglazka (hybrid 15555) were used. Experiment to evaluate treatment effects and rates of experimental powder and liquid forms of Pharmaiod was carried out in pots by biotesting.Results and discussion. The obtained data showed that GPN larvae in soil samples died post application of powder form of Pharmaiod at dose level of 0.5% and 1%. Following application of 0.1% Pharmaiod alive GPN larvae were found in separate cysts. Pharmaiod liquid form significantly reduced the number of GPN females on roots (biological efficiency - 96%). Liquid form (at dose level of 0.5% and 0.1%) and powder form (0.1%; 0.5%; 1%) of Pharmaiod appeared to be phytotoxic: the tubers did not germinate and did not form a root system.
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28

Tomljenović, Ana. "Ibsenov pharmakon: Sokrat i Stockmann." Poznańskie Studia Slawistyczne, no. 17 (November 6, 2019): 269–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/pss.2019.17.18.

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Although An Enemy of the People has always been one of Ibsen’s most popular plays, ibsenology often dismisses it as a revolutionary pamphlet and the critique of the tyranny of the compact majority and the mediocrity of parliamentary democracy. Instead of focusing on the conflict that arises between the Conservatives and the Liberals, minority and majority, I want to draw attention to Ibsen’s poetic revolt. Building on Derrida’s study of the pharmakon in the Phaedrus, I argue that Ibsen continues to investigate the conflict between the speaker and the listener, between the actor and the audience, between speech and writing.
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29

Fédida, Pierre. "A fala e o pharmakon." Revista Latinoamericana de Psicopatologia Fundamental 1, no. 1 (1998): 29–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1415-47141998001003.

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A partir da generalização crescente do uso dos psicotrópicos, o autor se propõe a pensar o tratamento psíquico pelo químico. Supõe, então, a existência de um psicotropismo que eliminaria aquilo que do psíquico faz sintoma na tentativa de curar-se. Como conseqüência,não mais seria necessário, nestas condições, falar de sintoma, não apenas pela assintomatização da vida psíquica, mas por uma menor necessidade de conceber uma “demanda subjetiva” – transferencial – que leve ao trabalho necessário de rearranjo das representações e afetos. Enquanto a psicofarmacologia era bastante solidária com uma psicopatologia, a neurofarmacologia se tomaria por mais científica, a ponto de se emancipar de qualquer conhecimento dos disfuncionamentos psicopatológicos do indivíduo, já não lhe sendo mais necessário regular-se por uma clínica dos processos. Como ficariam, então, a semiologia psiquiátrica e o espírito nosográfico? Como ficaria a psicopatologia? E, em última análise, como ficaria a psicanálise até então protegida, de alguma forma, pela psiquiatria? O que se procura então, é, antes de tudo, esclarecer o enigmático “tratamento psíquico pelo psíquico” e determinar as condições segundo as quais a fala, como um pharmakon, propicia ou não para si os meios de interiorizar uma ação medicamentosa.
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Nolan, Ginger. "The Pharmakon and the Machine." Thresholds 42 (January 2014): 38–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/thld_a_00075.

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31

GÓNGORA, ANDRÉS. "FARMACOPEA POLáTICA: una etnografá­a del antiprohibicionismo y de la lucha por la liberación de la marihuana en Colombia." Outros Tempos: Pesquisa em Foco - História 14, no. 24 (2017): 228–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.18817/ot.v14i24.608.

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Resumen: El artá­culo sintetiza los resultados del trabajo etnográfico desarrollado con el movimiento cannabico de Colombia entre los años 2013 y 2017. En la primera parte, se muestra como la prohibición de las drogas en el paá­s surgió como un arreglo sanitario, moral y económico para monopolizar la producción de medicamentos y venenos. Se argumenta que el conocimiento sobre la relación entre las personas y el pharmakon, desarrollado principalmente por expertos en seguridad pública, economá­a polá­tica y saberes psi, desconoce sistemáticamente la agencia polá­tica de los consumidores y pequeños productores de drogas. En la segunda parte, siguiendo la historia de la marihuana y sus defensores, se describe la lucha para liberar a la planta y permitir que ingrese de nuevo a los terrenos de la embriaguez tolerada, los remedios y la industria.Palabras clave: Pharmakon. Marihuana. Prohibicionismo.FARMACOPEIA POLáTICA: uma etnografia do antiproibicionismo e da luta pela libertação da maconha na Colômbia Resumo: Neste artigo apresenta-se os resultados da pesquisa etnográfica desenvolvida com o movimento cannabico da Colômbia entre os anos 2013 e 2017. Na primeira parte, mostra-se como naquele paá­s a proibição das drogas surgiu como um arranjo sanitário, moral e econômico para monopolizar a produção de remédios e venenos. Argumenta-se que o conhecimento sobre a relação entre as pessoas e o pharmakon, desenvolvido principalmente por especialistas em segurança pública, economia polá­tica e saberes psi, desconhece sistematicamente a agência polá­tica dos usuários e pequenos produtores de drogas. Na segunda parte, indo atrás da história da maconha e seus defensores, descreve-se a luta para libertar a planta e fazer com que ingresse novamente aos terrenos da embriaguez tolerada, os remédios e a indústria.Palavras-chave: Pharmakon. Maconha. Proibicionismo.POLICY PHARMACOPEIA: an ethnography of anti-prohibitionism and the struggle for the liberation of marijuana in Colombia Abstract: This article presents the results of the ethnographic research developed with the cannabis movement of Colombia between the years 2013 and 2017. Firstly, it is shown how in that country, drug prohibition emerged as a sanitary, moral and economic arrangement to monopolize the production of medicines and poisons. It is argued that knowledge about the relationship between people and pharmakon, developed mainly by specialists in public security, political economy and psi knowledge, systematically ignores the political agency of users and small drug producers. Secondly, searching the history of marijuana and its advocates, it describes the struggle to free the plant and get it back into the grounds of tolerated drunkenness, the medicine and industry.Keywords: Pharmakon. Marijuana. Prohibitionism. PHARMACOPÉE POLITIQUE: une ethnographie de l”™antiprohibitionnisme et de la lutte pour la libération du cannabis en Colombie Résumé: Cet article mobilise les résultats d”™une recherche ethnographique réalisée avec le mouvement cannabique colombien entre 2013 et 2017. Dans la premiá¨re partie, on montre comment, dans ce pays la prohibition des drogues a émergé á partir d”™un arrangement sanitaire, moral et économique destiné á monopoliser la production des remá¨des et poisons. On affirme que la connaissance produite autour du rapport entre les personnes et le pharmakon, développée principalement par des spécialistes en sécurité publique, économie politique et savoirs psy, ignore systématiquement l”™expertise politique des usagers et des petits producteurs de drogues. Dans la deuxiá¨me partie, en suivant l”™histoire du cannabis et de ses défenseurs, on décrit la lutte pour libérer la plante et pour la réintégrer á nouveau dans les champs de l”™ivresse tolérée, des médicaments et de l”™industrie.Mots-clés: Pharmakon. Cannabis. Prohibitionnisme.
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32

Hohagen, Fritz, and Rolf-Dieter Stieglitz. "Kombinationsbehandlung von Pharmako- und Psychotherapie." Zeitschrift für Psychiatrie, Psychologie und Psychotherapie 54, no. 3 (2006): 153–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1661-4747.54.3.153.

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33

BAUM, RUDY M. "Pharma’s Evolution." Chemical & Engineering News 85, no. 48 (2007): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v085n048.p003.

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34

Welch, Thomas R. "“Pharmaco-epidemiology”." Journal of Pediatrics 162, no. 6 (2013): 1089. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.04.027.

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35

Swatzyna, Ronald J., Gerald P. Kozlowski, and Jay D. Tarnow. "Pharmaco-EEG." Clinical EEG and Neuroscience 46, no. 3 (2014): 192–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1550059414556120.

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36

Sung, Yoon-Kyoung, and Sang-Cheol Bae. "Pharmaco Economics." Journal of Korean Society for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 15, no. 2 (2007): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.12793/jkscpt.2007.15.2.81.

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37

Issleib, Kurt. "Phospha-Pharmaka." Nachrichten aus Chemie, Technik und Laboratorium 35, no. 10 (1987): 1037–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nadc.19870351005.

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38

Hekster, Y. A. "Pharmaco-epidemiology." Pharmaceutisch Weekblad Scientific Edition 9, no. 3 (1987): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01967535.

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39

Storr, M., and H. D. Allescher. "Motilitätsmodifizierende Pharmaka." Der Internist 41, no. 12 (2000): 1318–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001080050698.

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40

Milano, G., and J. Robert. "Pharmacog�n�tique?pharmacog�nomie, quelle est la diff�rence?" Oncologie 7, no. 1 (2005): 4–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10269-005-0143-y.

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41

Drut, Felipe Martin. "Pharmakon: soluciones, desarreglos y reelaboraciones subjetivas." Drugs and Addictive Behavior 3, no. 1 (2018): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.21501/24631779.2638.

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En nuestra experiencia clínica, hemos encontrado varios pacientes que han padecido problemáticas de dependencia a las drogas y/o al alcohol, y para quienes la relación con la sustancia ha comenzado a modificarse. Esto último, por ejemplo, lo escuchamos cuando el consumo no aporta los mismos efectos que antes, en algunos casos de abandono súbito del consumo, o en casos de sobredosis. Ahora bien, ¿bajo qué condiciones este momento podría representar una oportunidad propicia para comenzar un trabajo de elaboración por la vía de la palabra de quien nos consulta? Es decir, si el consumo de estupefacientes deviene un problema para el sujeto y no solo una solución práctica y eficaz: ¿ello lleva necesariamente una consulta psicoterapéutica? El presente artículo intentará analizar las condiciones de este pasaje mediante un desarrollo teórico y clínico basado en algunas contribuciones de la filosofía, la antropología y el psicoanálisis. Tomaremos también los aportes teóricos y clínicos de la psicoanalista Sylvie Le Poulichet a propósito del “pharmakon”, su función y sus fallas. Distinguiremos tres tipos de relación de los sujetos con las drogas: como solución eficaz e imprescindible, como una relación que en un momento dado se rompe y da lugar a otros fenómenos clínicos ligados a la angustia y la vergüenza, y como una relación en la que la droga se muestra como algo cuyo valor de solución ha devenido caduco y de lo cual el sujeto puede comenzar a prescindir. Intentaremos mostrar esto a partir de la presentación de dos viñetas clínicas.
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42

McCutcheon, Mark A. "Cynicism, the Heuristic Pharmakon." ESC: English Studies in Canada 38, no. 2 (2012): 4–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/esc.2012.0024.

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Abruzzese, Saverio. "Psiche, logos e pharmakon: interazioni possibili." MINORIGIUSTIZIA, no. 1 (March 2012): 181–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/mg2012-001016.

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Jobert, Marc, and Martijn Arns. "Pharmaco-EEG, Pharmaco-Sleep and EEG-Based Personalized Medicine." Neuropsychobiology 72, no. 3-4 (2015): 137–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000443192.

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JARVIS, LISA M. "PHARMA’S NEXT TRANSFORMATION." Chemical & Engineering News Archive 89, no. 9 (2011): 36–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v089n009.p036.

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Jagadeeshwaran, AR, Dhruv Arora, VR Arun Kumar, GRaj Kumar, T. Balamurugan, and PS Prabu. "Pharmaco-prosthodontics revisited." Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences 4, no. 6 (2012): 338. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0975-7406.100297.

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JARVIS, LISA M. "PHARMA'S MIXED BAG." Chemical & Engineering News 85, no. 34 (2007): 32–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v085n034.p032.

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Damase-Michel, C. "Aspect pharmaco-épidémiologique." Archives de Pédiatrie 20, no. 5 (2013): H136—H137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0929-693x(13)71359-9.

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Blaschke, D., S. Rolf, A. Parwani, et al. "Pharmaka-induzierte Herzklappenveränderungen." DMW - Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift 134, no. 08 (2009): 365–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0028-1124007.

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Fisher, Stephen A. "APA, Pharma's Relationship." Psychiatric News 43, no. 20 (2008): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/pn.43.20.0025.

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