Log in

Relevant bibliographies by topics / Pharsalia (Lucanus) / Journal articles

To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Pharsalia (Lucanus).

Journal articles on the topic 'Pharsalia (Lucanus)'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 5 February 2022

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles

Select a source type:

Consult the top 29 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Pharsalia (Lucanus).'

Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.

You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.

Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.

1

Alston, Richard. "The fiction of History: recalling the past and imagining the future with Caesar at Troy." Classica - Revista Brasileira de Estudos Clássicos 23, no. 1/2 (September 2, 2010): 143–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.24277/classica.v23i1/2.164.

Full text

Abstract:

This essay considers the nature of historical discourse through a consideration of the historical narrative of Lucan’s Pharsalia. The focus is on the manner in which Lucan depicts history as capable of being fictionalised, especially through the operation of political power. The discourses of history make a historical account, but those discourses are not, in Lucan's view, true, but are fictionalised. The key study comes from Caesar at Troy, when Lucan explores the idea of a site (and history) which cannot be understood, but which nevertheless can be employed in a representation of the past. yet, Lucan also alludes to a ‘true history’, which is unrepresentable in his account of Pharsalus, and beyond the scope of the human mind. Lucan’s true history can be read against Benjamin and Tacitus. Lucan offers a framework of history that has the potential to be post-Roman (in that it envisages a world in which there is no Rome), and one in which escapes the frames of cultural memory, both in its fictionalisation and in the dependence of Roman imperial memory on cultural trauma.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Vieira, Brunno. "Em que diferem os versos de Virgílio e Lucano." Aletria: Revista de Estudos de Literatura 19, no. 3 (December 31, 2009): 29–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.17851/2317-2096.19.3.29-45.

Full text

Abstract:

Resumo: Perscrutar o ritmo de um poeta pode fornecer uma visão das engrenagens poéticas geralmente encobertas pelo conteúdo sobre o qual os poemas ganham corpo. Com o intuito de estudar as particularidades da poesia do épico latino Lucano (séc. I d. C.), o artigo apresenta uma comparação entre presságios da Farsália (VII 151-67) e das Geórgicas, (I, 474-88) de Virgílio, procurando descrever as diferentes modulações e formalizações de seus conjuntos sintático-prosódicos.Palavras-chave: Lucano, Virgílio, estilo.Abstract: The rhythmical analysis of a poet may provide a powerful view of his poetic gears often hidden by the content on which poems take shape. With the purpose of studying Lucan’s poetic features, this article presents a comparison between both Lucanean and Virgilian omens, trying to describe the different modulations and shaping of their syntactic-prosodic patterns. The excerpts under analysis are Pharsalia (VII, 151-67) and Virgil’s Georgica (I, 474-88).Keywords: Lucan, Virgil, Poetic Style.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

de Armas, Frederick. "Un autor fuera de lugar." Revue Romane / Langue et littérature. International Journal of Romance Languages and Literatures 45, no. 2 (October 28, 2010): 191–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rro.45.2.02arm.

Full text

Abstract:

This essay deals with the imitation and mutations of the epic genre in Don Quijote. After discussing Cervantes’ literary career as an imitation of Virgil’s cursus, many of the Virgilian elements in the novel are foregrounded. These, however are transformed as they are come in contact with forms and notions derived from Lucan’s Pharsalia. While the knight believes in the ideals of the Virgilian epic, the narrators betray him, presenting a fragmented narrative, mutilated bodies, a de-centered world, a labyrinthine topography and the failures of the protagonist, thus creating a narrative of the defeated. The clash between the unitary, authoritative, and imperial Virgil with the fragmented and republican Lucan serves to create something novel in Cervantes, a new genre that will eventually be called the novel.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Jessica Seidman. "A Poetic Caesar in Lucan's Pharsalia." Classical Journal 113, no. 1 (2017): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5184/classicalj.113.1.0072.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Śnieżewski, Stanisław. "Consonant Alliteration in Lucan's "Pharsalia", Books I–V." Classica Cracoviensia 20 (March 30, 2018): 191–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/cc.20.2017.20.10.

Full text

Abstract:

In book I M, N alliteration amounts to 24,8%; T, D – 16,5%; S – 10,5%, R – 6,7%. In book II the first place belongs to M, N alliteration – 22,8%; then: T, D – 16,1%; S – 11,8%; M, N, T, D – 5,9%. In book III the predominant alliteration is M, N – 19,8%; then: T, D – 15,09%; S – 12,5%; M, N, T, D (TH) – 5,6%. Book IV is atypical, as the number of M, N and T, D alliterations is identical, i. e. 19,1%. S constitutes 11,7%, while M, N, T, D – 6,9%. In Book V the most frequent alliteration is M, N – 20,0%, next we have T, D – 19,3%; S – 9,2%; M, N, T, D – 8,2%. Alliteration in books I–V of Lucan`s Pharsalia is mainly used to describe the character and actions of Julius Caesar. The narrator insists on his great energy, his ability to cope with critical situations, his extreme luck and Fortune’s favour during the struggle with the elements. Civil war brings about enormous chaos in the universe. The personified Roma is responsible herself for all the calamities that befall her. Yet alliteration is also used to describe more placid scenes, for example the scenery, such as cities (Iolcos, Brundisium) and rivers (Euphrates, Tigris). Sometimes alliteration emphasises certain religious elements, e.g. the sacred grove near Massilia. Alliteration is sporadically used in the account of the exploits of Pompey, Cato and Crassus. It plays an important role in the frequent descriptions of the elements that bring disaster on the army, in particular floods and droughts.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Vieira, Brunno Vinicius Gonçalves. "Filinto Elísio, tradutor de Lucano: estudo introdutório, edição crítica e notas de uma versão da Farsália (I 1-227)." Nuntius Antiquus 1 (June 30, 2008): 76–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.17851/1983-3636.1..76-95.

Full text

Abstract:

The article presents a critical edition of the first 227 verses of Lucan’s Pharsalia, translated into Portuguese by Filinto Elísio, pseudonym of Francisco Manuel do Nascimento (1734-1819), andshows the translation conceptions underlying the work of this influential poet and translator; it is meant to be a contribution to discussions on the literary translation of classical texts.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Saylor, Charles. "Lux Extrema: Lucan, Pharsalia 4.402-581." Transactions of the American Philological Association (1974-) 120 (1990): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/283992.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Bexley. "Replacing Rome: Geographic and Political Centrality in Lucan's "Pharsalia"." Classical Philology 104, no. 4 (2009): 459. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20616388.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Rossi, Andreola. "The Aeneid Revisited: The Journey of Pompey in Lucan's Pharsalia." American Journal of Philology 121, no. 4 (2000): 571–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ajp.2000.0057.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Barrière, Florian. "NOTE TO LUCAN, BELLVM CIVILE 1.599–604." Classical Quarterly 70, no. 2 (December 2020): 774–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000983882100001x.

Full text

Abstract:

The Bellum ciuile has been the subject of three major editions in the past thirty years, attributable to D.R. Shackleton Bailey, R. Badalì and G. Luck. The existence of these three works highlights the resurgence of sustained interest surrounding Lucan as of the 1970s, with the publication of two significant works, Lucan: An Introduction by F. Ahl and the collective volume of Entretiens à la fondation Hardt, yet it also demonstrates the difficulty in establishing the text of the Pharsalia.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

11

Joseph, Timothy A. "Pharsalia as Rome's "Day of Doom" in Lucan." American Journal of Philology 138, no. 1 (2017): 107–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ajp.2017.0003.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

12

Ormand, Kirk. "Lucan's "Auctor Vix Fidelis"." Classical Antiquity 13, no. 1 (April 1, 1994): 38–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25011004.

Full text

Abstract:

This paper provides a narratological analysis of Lucan's Bellum Civile, focusing on the role of internal and external narratees (receivers of a text). In particular it treats Pompey and Caesar in the roles of narrator and reader, respectively. An important passage (7.207-13) characterizes the external narratees of the Bellum Civile as astonished by the events of the epic, and indeed unwilling to believe the historical fact of Pompey's defeat as Pharsalia. Similarly, characters within the epic (named and unnamed) repeatedly refuse to believe Pompey's narrations. Pompey's failure as a general is, therefore, underscored by his failure as a narrator. Even in his death, Pompey becomes a text that, when read by passersby, will not gain credence. Caesar, by contrast, is a reader. By reading texts selectively (especially the "text" of the ruined Troy) he constructs for himself a noble past, a sure future, and epic fame. When he is called upon to create a narrative himself (after the death of Pompey), his narrative, too, is disbelieved. But Caesar, unlike Pompey, anticipates and reacts positively to the failure of his narrative to convince. The story that Lucan presents is constructed as unbelievable. It is a text of ruin, of that which specifically cannot be narrated. For epic narration has at its core the rescue of events, people, and places from oblivion. An epic of ruin (of that which has resulted in oblivion) is, therefore, a contradiction in terms. Thus, the Bellum Civile succeeds by its very failure to convince, recreating in its unbelievable narrative the failure of events themselves.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

13

Davis, P. J. "Remembering Ovid: The Io Episode in Valerius Flaccus' Argonautica." Antichthon 43 (2009): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s006647740000191x.

Full text

Abstract:

The insertion of the story of Io into Book 4 of Valerius' narrative of the Argonauts' voyage to Colchis follows a familiar pattern, for here we have an apparently irrelevant digression, delivered by a figure of authority, which experienced readers of Roman epic will expect to encapsulate some of the poem's key issues. Some will think of Evander's tale of Hercules and Cacus in Aeneid 8 or of Adrastus' account of Apollo and Coroebus in Thebaid 1. And then there is Lucan's version of the struggle between Hercules and Antaeus in Pharsalia 4. Theoreticians will invoke the concept of ‘mise-en-abîme’, because Valerius' inclusion of this standard epic device creates semiotic expectations.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

14

McCutcheon, Jessica. "LUCAN, PHARSALIA - (L.) Fratantuono Madness Triumphant. A Reading of Lucan's Pharsalia. Pp. xxviii + 465. Lanham, MD and Plymouth: Lexington Books, 2012. Cased, £57.95, US$90. ISBN: 978-0-7391-7314-5." Classical Review 64, no. 1 (March 20, 2014): 137–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009840x13002692.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

15

Roller, Matthew B. "Ethical Contradiction and the Fractured Community in Lucan's "Bellum Civile"." Classical Antiquity 15, no. 2 (October 1, 1996): 319–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25011044.

Full text

Abstract:

Lucan's "Bellum Civile" is a poem filled with ethical contradictions. This paper contends that at least some of these contradictions can be traced to competing views regarding the composition of the community in civil war: the view that one's opponent is a civis (fellow-citizen, hence member of one's own community) and the view that he is a hostis (a foreign enemy) are available simultaneously. Therefore the position that it is morally wrong to attack a member of one's own community competes with the position that it is morally right to use violence against an enemy. The Pompeians tentatively and rather sporadically embrace the former view, while the latter view is more strongly characteristic of the Caesarians; the outcome of the battle of Pharsalus accords with this distribution of ethical stances. Yet these conflicting discourses and opposing views of the community are present not only in the voices of the various characters, but also in the narrative voice itself; such contradictions even within a single voice are inevitable artifacts of civil war as Lucan represents it. By portraying this competition in ethical discourses as he does, Lucan makes his civil war a context in which he can recreate and participate in the ideological struggles of Neronian Rome.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

16

Tracy, Jonathan. "THE SIGNIFICANCE OF LUCAN'S DEIOTARUS EPISODE." Classical Quarterly 66, no. 2 (July 29, 2016): 605–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009838816000574.

Full text

Abstract:

Book 8 of Lucan's Bellum Civile opens with Pompey in desperate flight from Caesar after the disaster of Pharsalus, and in equally desperate search for a reliable ally. Before the fateful decision is taken that Pompey should make for Egypt, where he will be murdered upon arrival by minions of the treacherous Ptolemy XIII, Pompey dispatches his Galatian client-tetrarch Deiotarus to sound out the distant Parthians and summon their armed hordes to wage war on his behalf (8.209-38); the king promptly embarks on his arduous errand (8.238-43), never to reappear in Lucan's text. Although Pompey is said by several historical sources to have expressed an interest in exploring the prospect of an alliance with Parthia, the mission of Deiotarus is almost certainly a complete fiction, as Duff has convincingly demonstrated. What could Lucan's motive have been for inventing this episode out of whole cloth?

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

17

Sansom, Stephen A. "POMPEY, VENUS AND THE POLITICS OF HESIOD IN LUCAN'S BELLVM CIVILE 8.456–9." Classical Quarterly 70, no. 2 (December 2020): 784–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009838821000033.

Full text

Abstract:

Pompey does not accept defeat at Pharsalus. Rather, in an effort to gain support from powers beyond Rome, he makes for Egypt and, unbeknownst to him, his decapitation. As narrated in Lucan's Bellum ciuile, after deliberating in Cilicia with his senatorial advisers (8.259–455), Pompey stops at the island of Cyprus (8.456–9):tum Cilicum liquere solum Cyproque citatasimmisere rates, nullas cui praetulit arasundae diua memor Paphiae, si numina nascicredimus aut quemquam fas est coepisse deorum.Then they left the Cilician soil and steered their vessels in haste for Cyprus—Cyprus which the goddess, mindful of Paphian waves, prefers to any of her shrines (if we believe that deities have birth, or if it is lawful to hold that any of the gods had a beginning).In Lucan, Pompey's trip to Cyprus is brief and includes a somewhat curious reference to Venus (diua), her origins (undae … Paphiae) and the birth of the gods. Other authors also record Pompey's visit to Cyprus, although the details vary. Some, including Julius Caesar, set his deliberations not in Cilicia but on Cyprus itself (Caes. BCiu. 3.102.3.1–8.1; cf. Plut. Vit. Pomp. 77.1.1–2.1). Others, it seems, provide few if any details of Pompey at the island, for example the scanty evidence from Livy, Per. 112.1–10.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

18

Wright, G. "What Daniel Really Did with the Pharsalia: The Civil Wars, Lucan, and King James." Review of English Studies 55, no. 219 (April 1, 2004): 210–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/res/55.219.210.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

19

Angeline Chiu. "The Importance of Being Julia: Civil War, Historical Revision and the Mutable Past in Lucan's Pharsalia." Classical Journal 105, no. 4 (2010): 343. http://dx.doi.org/10.5184/classicalj.105.4.343.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

20

Armisen-Marchetti, Mireille. "Claudia Wiener: Stoische Doktrin in römischer Belletristik. Das Problem von Entscheidungsfreiheit und Determinismus in Senecas Tragödien und Lucans Pharsalia." Gnomon 80, no. 6 (2008): 505–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.17104/0017-1417_2008_6_505.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

21

Sowerby, Robin. "C. A. Brown, C. Martindale (edd.): Lucan: The Civil War. Translated as Lucan’s Pharsalia by Nicholas Rowe. Pp. lxxix + 444. London: Everyman, 1998. Paper, £6.99. ISBN: 0-460-87571-X." Classical Review 50, no. 2 (October 2000): 603–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009840x00610053.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

22

Vieira, Brunno Vinicius Gonçalves. "Filinto Elísio, tradutor de Lucano: estudo introdutório, edição crítica e notas de uma versão da Farsália (I 1-227)." Nuntius Antiquus 1 (June 30, 2008): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17851/1983-3636.1.0.76-95.

Full text

Abstract:

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT','serif'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;" lang="EN-US">The article presents a critical edition of the first 227 verses of Lucan’s </span><em><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT','serif'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT;" lang="EN-US">Pharsalia</span></em><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT','serif'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;" lang="EN-US">, translated into </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT','serif'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Portuguese by Filinto Elísio, pseudonym of Francisco Manuel do Nascimento (1734-1819), and</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT','serif'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;" lang="EN-US">shows the translation conceptions underlying the work of this influential poet and translator; it is </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT','serif'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;" lang="EN-US">meant to be a contribution to discussions on the literary translation of classical texts.</span></p>

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

23

Dinter, Martin T. "P. ESPOSITO (ED.), MARCO ANNEO LUCANO, BELLUM CIVILE (PHARSALIA), LIBRO IV (Studi Latini 70). Naples: Loffredo Editore, 2009. Pp. 412. isbn9788875643331. €24.00." Journal of Roman Studies 104 (October 13, 2014): 334–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0075435814000859.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

24

Dominik, William J. "J. W. Joyce (tr.): Lucan: Pharsalia. Translated and with an Introduction. (Masters of Latin Literature.) Pp. xxix+332. Ithaca, London: Cornell University Press, 1994. Paper, $17.95." Classical Review 45, no. 2 (October 1995): 447–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009840x0029481x.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

25

Leith, John H. "Herrschaft Tugend-Vorsehung: Hermeneutische Deutung und veröffentlichung handschriftlicher Annotationen Calvins zu sieben Senecatragödien und der Pharsalia Lucans. By Alexandre Ganoczy and Stefan Scheld. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1982. 151 pp. DM 45." Church History 57, no. 3 (September 1988): 417–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3166635.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

26

Dominik, William J. "F. Schlonski, Studien zum Erzählerstandort bei Lucan (Bochumer Altertumwissen-schaftliches Colloquium 22). Trier: Wissenschaftlicher Verlag, 1995. Pp. 181. ISBN 3-88476-158-7. DM 35. - A. W. Schmitt, Die direkten Reden der Massen in Lucans Pharsalia (Studien zur klassischen Philologie 95). Frankfurt am Main: Lang, 1995. Pp. 209. ISBN 3-631-48697-9. DM 65." Journal of Roman Studies 88 (November 1998): 196–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/300834.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

27

Dominik, William J. "F. Schlonski, Studien zum Erzählerstandort bei Lucan (Bochumer Altertumwissen-schaftliches Colloquium 22). Trier: Wissenschaftlicher Verlag, 1995. Pp. 181. ISBN 3-88476-158-7. DM 35.A. W. Schmitt, Die direkten Reden der Massen in Lucans Pharsalia (Studien zur klassischen Philologie 95). Frankfurt am Main: Lang, 1995. Pp. 209. ISBN 3-631-48697-9. DM 65." Journal of Roman Studies 88 (November 1998): 196–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0075435800044403.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

28

Burns, Patrick J. "Measuring and Mapping Intergeneric Allusion in Latin Poetry using Tesserae." Journal of Data Mining & Digital Humanities Special Issue on..., Towards a Digital Ecosystem:... (August 2, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.46298/jdmdh.3821.

Full text

Abstract:

Most intertextuality in classical poetry is unmarked, that is, it lacks objective signposts to make readers aware of the presence of references to existing texts. Intergeneric relationships can pose a particular problem as scholarship has long privileged intertextual relationships between works of the same genre. This paper treats the influence of Latin love elegy on Lucan’s epic poem, Bellum Civile, by looking at two features of unmarked intertextuality: frequency and distribution. I use the Tesserae project to generate a dataset of potential intertexts between Lucan’s epic and the elegies of Tibullus, Propertius, and Ovid, which are then aggregrated and mapped in Lucan’s text. This study draws two conclusions: 1. measurement of intertextual frequency shows that the elegists contribute fewer intertexts than, for example, another epic poem (Virgil’s Aeneid), though far more than the scholarly record on elegiac influence in Lucan would suggest; and 2. mapping the distribution of intertexts confirms previous scholarship on the influence of elegy on the Bellum Civile by showing concentrations of matches, for example, in Pompey and Cornelia’s meeting before Pharsalus (5.722-815) or during the affair between Caesar and Cleopatra (10.53-106). By looking at both frequency and proportion, we can demonstrate systematically the generic enrichment of Lucan’s Bellum Civile with respect to Latin love elegy.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

29

Willis, Ika. "Lucan, Reception, Counter-history." Foucault Studies, January 6, 2017, 31–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.22439/fs.v0i0.5242.

Full text

Abstract:

This paper reads Foucault’s 1975-6 lecture series Society Must Be Defended. It argues that the notion of counter-history developed in these lectures depends on a particular construction of Rome, as that which counter-history counters. Foucault’s version of Rome in turn depends on a surprisingly conventional reading of two monumental histories (Livy’s Ab Urbe Condita and Virgil’s Aeneid) as ‘the praise of Rome’. Reading Foucault’s work instead with Lucan’s Pharsalia renders visible a counter-history within Rome itself. This reading demonstrates the ways in which reception theory can usefully illuminate and supplement Foucauldian genealogy as a critical-historical method.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

We offer discounts on all premium plans for authors whose works are included in thematic literature selections. Contact us to get a unique promo code!