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1
Wang, Guangyao. "An Investigation of Phase Change Material (PCM)-Based Ocean Thermal Energy Harvesting." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/100989.
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Phase change material (PCM)-based ocean thermal energy harvesting is a relatively new method, which extracts the thermal energy from the temperature gradient in the ocean thermocline. Its basic idea is to utilize the temperature variation along the ocean water depth to cyclically freeze and melt a specific kind of PCM. The volume expansion, which happens in the melting process, is used to do useful work (e.g., drive a turbine generator), thereby converting a fraction of the absorbed thermal energy into mechanical energy or electrical energy. Compared to other ocean energy technologies (e.g., wave energy converters, tidal current turbines, and ocean thermal energy conversion), the proposed PCM-based approach can be easily implemented at a small scale with a relatively simple structural system, which makes it a promising method to extend the range and service life of battery-powered devices, e.g, autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs). This dissertation presents a combined theoretical and experimental study of the PCM-based ocean thermal energy harvesting approach, which aims at demonstrating the feasibility of the proposed approach and investigating possible methods to improve the overall performance of prototypical systems. First, a solid/liquid phase change thermodynamic model is developed, based on which a specific upperbound of the thermal efficiency is derived for the PCM-based approach. Next, a prototypical PCM-based ocean thermal energy harvesting system is designed, fabricated, and tested. To predict the performance of specific systems, a thermo-mechanical model, which couples the thermodynamic behaviors of the fluid materials and the elastic behavior of the structural system, is developed and validated based on the comparison with the experimental measurement. For the purpose of design optimization, the validated thermo-mechanical model is employed to conduct a parametric study. Based on the results of the parametric study, a new scalable and portable PCM-based ocean thermal energy harvesting system is developed and tested. In addition, the thermo-mechanical model is modified to account for the design changes. However, a combined analysis of the results from both the prototypical system and the model reveals that achieving a good performance requires maintaining a high internal pressure, which will complicate the structural design. To mitigate this issue, the idea of using a hydraulic accumulator to regulate the internal pressure is proposed, and experimentally and theoretically examined. Finally, a spatial-varying Robin transmission condition for fluid-structure coupled problems with strong added-mass effect is proposed and investigated using fluid structure interaction (FSI) model problems. This can be a potential method for the future research on the fluid-structure coupled numerical analysis of AUVs, which are integrated with and powered by the PCM-based thermal energy harvesting devices.<br>Doctor of Philosophy
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Mahdi, Jasim M. "ENHANCEMENT OF PHASE CHANGE MATERIAL (PCM) THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE IN TRIPLEX-TUBE SYSTEMS." OpenSIUC, 2018. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/1533.
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The major challenge associated with renewable-energy systems especially solar, is the supply intermittency. One effective solution is to incorporate thermal energy storage components utilizing phase change materials (PCMs). These materials have the potential to store large amounts of energy in relatively small volumes and within nearly an isothermal storage process. The primary drawback of today’s PCMs is that their low thermal conductivity values critically limit their energy storage applications. Also, this grossly reduces the melting/ solidification rates, thus making the system response time to be too long. So, the application of heat transfer enhancement is very important. To improve the PCM storage performance, an efficient performing containment vessel (triplex-tube) along with applications of various heat transfer enhancement techniques was investigated. The techniques were; (i) dispersion of solid nanoparticles, (ii) incorporation of metal foam with nanoparticle dispersion, and (iii) insertion of longitudinal fins with nanoparticle dispersion. Validated simulation models were developed to examine the effects of implementing these techniques on the PCM phase-change rate during the energy storage and recovery modes. The results are presented with detailed model description, analysis, and conclusions. Results show that the use of nanoparticles with metal foam or fins is more efficient than using nanoparticles alone within the same volume usage. Also, employing metal foam or fins alone results in much better improvement for the same system volume.
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Milisic, Edina. "Modelling of energy storage using phase-change materials (PCM materials)." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for energi- og prosessteknikk, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-23506.
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Unfortunately the global conventional fuels in reserves are running out while the world energy consumption is increasing very fast. All scientists agreed that Renewable energies is one of the best solutions for energy supply in many parts of the world. Renewable energies are solar energy, wind energy, bio energy, geothermal energy, tidal energy, and hydropower. Approximately all these forms of energy are hampered by their high costs. Moreover, solar energy, wind energy and tidal energy are characterized by their intermittent nature, as they are not available all the time. This intermittent problem can be solved by energy storage.Energy storage components improve the energy efficiency of systems by reducing the mismatch between supply and demand. For this purpose, phase-change materials are particularly attractive since they provide a high-energy storage density at a constant temperature which corresponds to the phase transition temperature of the material. The aim of this thesis is to Is to describe the state of the art progress in applying PCM materials for energy storage (essentially in tanks), and opportunities of their future applications, describe physical properties of typically used PCM materials, present a mathematical model of the energy balance during the energy storage (charge) and energy discharge from the PCM material. Mathematical model is based on one-dimensional (1D) analysis. The mathematical model consist of charging process and discharging process. During charging process the heat transfer fluid passes through the storage tank in order to transfer its thermal energy to the phase change material tube. During the discharging process, the cold water passes through the storage tank to acquire the thermal energy stored by the phase change material tube. Different solutions utilizing PCM was assessed. It was presented different Phase Change Materials for energy storage. This assessment indicated that salt hydrates are the most energy intensive of the PCM possibilities. When we use the Paraffin for energy storage we had less energy stored then with salt hydrates used like medium for energy storage. This assessment indicated that when we use PCM as a medium for energy storage we accumulate significantly more energy than in the case when we use water as a medium for energy storage.There are some weaknesses in the PCM model. It was assumed that the temperature in the tank was uniform. This will not apply for the real case where the heat transfer fluid temperature will increase while transferring through the tank. For a realistic case, the temperature of the first elements will decrease rapidly because of large temperature difference between the heat transfer fluid and the PCMs in the tank.
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Boampong, James Kwadwo. "Solar thermal heating of a glasshouse using phase change material (PCM) thermal storage techniques." Thesis, Brunel University, 2015. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/12863.
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The Royal Botanic Gardens (RGB) is used as an umbrella name for the institution that runs Kew and Wakehurst Place gardens in Sussex The RBG has a large number of glasshouses at Kew and Wakehurst sites that consume lots of heating energy which is a major concern and the group is looking for an alternative heating system that will be more efficient and sustainable to save energy, cost and reduce CO2 emissions. Glasshouse due to greenhouse effect trap solar energy in the space with the slightest solar gains but the energy trapped in the space most often is vented through the roof wasted to keep the space temperature to the required level. An environmental measurement was carried out in twenty one zones of the glasshouse to establish the temperature and humidity profiles in the zones for at least three weeks. The investigation established that large amount of heat energy is vented to the atmosphere wasted and therefore need a heating system that could absorb and store the waste thermal energy. Phase change material (PCM) thermal energy storage technique was selected to be the best options compared to the others. It has been established that active and passive solar systems could provide enough thermal energy to meet the glasshouse heating requirements. PCM filled heating pipes will be installed to absorb the heat energy trapped in the glasshouse and use it when needed. The research analysis established that 204 MWh of the trapped energy wasted could be saved. The space temperature of the glasshouse could be maintained through melting and freezing of the PCM filled in the heating pipes. The site CHP waste heat could be useful. The research results have shown that nearly zero CO2 emission heating system could be achieved and the project is technically, economically and environmentally viable.
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Hagman, Susanna. "The Application of Microencapsulated Biobased Phase Change Material on Textile." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-10266.
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The increasing demand for energy in combination with a greater awareness for our environmental impact have encouraged the development of sustainable energy sources, including materials for energy storage. Latent heat thermal energy storage by the use of phase change material (PCM) have become an area of great interest. It is a reliable and efficient way to reduce energy consumption. PCMs store and release latent heat, which means that the material can absorb the excess of heat energy, save it and release it when needed. By introducing soy wax as a biobased PCM and apply it on textile, one can achieve a thermoregulation material to be used in buildings and smart textiles. By replacing the present most used PCM, paraffin, with soy wax one cannot only decrease the use of fossil fuel, but also achieve a less flammable material. The performance of soy wax PCM applied on a textile fabric have not yet been investigated but can be a step towards a more sustainable energy consumption. The soy wax may also broaden the application for PCM due to its low flammability. The aim is to develop an environmental friendly latent heat thermal energy storage material to be used within numerous application fields.
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Oró, Prim Eduard. "Thermal energy storage (TES) using phase change materials (PCM) for cold applications." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/110542.
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L’objectiu d’aquesta tesis doctoral és el desenvolupament d’un sistema d’emmagatzematge
d’energia tèrmica (TES) mitjançant la utilització de materials de canvi de fase (PCM) per
aplicacions a baixa temperatura, en particular, per a congeladors comercials. Es provarà tant
experimental com numèricament la millora de les condicions de l’emmagatzematge i també la
millora de la qualitat dels aliments emmagatzemats/transportats. També inclou la investigació de
nous PCMs, estudiant la modificació de la temperatura de canvi de fase i analitzant velocitats de
degradació i corrosió amb els materials recipients. Els resultats obtinguts a les diferents
aplicacions estudiades demostren el clarament el benefici de la utilització de PCM, reduint les
fluctuacions i les caigudes de temperatura tant al interior dels sistemes com del producte, i per
tant millorant la qualitat d’aquests.<br>El objetivo de esta tesis doctoral es el desarrollo de un sistema de almacenamiento de energía
térmica (TES) mediante la utilización de materiales de cambio de fase (PCM) para aplicaciones a
baja temperatura, en particular, para los congeladores comerciales. Se probará experimental y
numéricamente la mejora de las condiciones de almacenamiento, y también la mejora de la
calidad de los alimentos almacenados/transportados. También incluye la investigación de nuevos
PCM, estudiando la modificación de la temperatura de cambio de fase y analizando velocidades
de degradación y corrosión con los materiales contenedores. Los resultados obtenidos en las
diferentes aplicaciones demuestran el beneficio de usar PCM, reduciendo las fluctuaciones y las
caídas de temperatura tanto del interior de los sistemas como del producto almacenado y por
tanto la mejoría de la calidad de éstos.<br>The aim of this PhD thesis is to develop a thermal energy storage (TES) system using phase
change materials (PCM) for cold temperature applications in particular for commercial freezers
testing experimentally and numerically the improvement of its thermal performance and the food
quality stored. This thesis also includes the research on PCM with attractive properties for low
temperature applications such as controllable phase change temperature and low corrosion and
degradation rate. The results obtained in the proposed applications have proved the benefit of
using PCM in the proposed cold applications based on reduction of the interior/product
temperature fluctuations and
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Kuravi, Sarada. "Numerical Study of Encapsulated Phase Change Material (EPCM) Slurry Flow in Microchannels." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2009. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/4093.
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Heat transfer and flow characteristics of phase change material slurry flow in microchannels with constant heat flux at the base were investigated. The phase change process was included in the energy equation using the effective specific heat method. A parametric study was conducted numerically by varying the base fluid type, particle concentration, particle size, channel dimensions, inlet temperature, base heat flux and melting range of PCM. The particle distribution inside the microchannels was simulated using the diffusive flux model and its effect on the overall thermal performance of microchannels was investigated. Experimental investigation was conducted in microchannels of 101 [micro]m width and 533 [micro]m height with water as base fluid and n-Octadecane as PCM to validate the key conclusions of the numerical model. Since the flow is not fully developed in case of microchannels (specifically manifold microchannels, which are the key focus of the present study), thermal performance is not as obtained in conventional channels where the length of the channel is large (compared to length of microchannels). It was found that the thermal conductivity of the base fluid plays an important role in determining the thermal performance of slurry. The effect of particle distribution can be neglected in the numerical model under some cases. The performance of slurry depends on the heat flux, purity of PCM, inlet temperature of the fluid, and base fluid thermal conductivity. Hence, there is an application dependent optimum condition of these parameters that is required to obtain the maximum thermal performance of PCM slurry flows in microchannels.<br>Ph.D.<br>Department of Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering;<br>Engineering and Computer Science<br>Mechanical Engineering PhD
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Gracia, Álvaro de. "Thermal analysis of a ventilated facade with phase change materials (PCM)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/117144.
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L’objectiu d’aquesta tesis és el de analitzar el comportament tèrmic d’una façana ventilada amb material de canvi de fase macro encapsulat en el seu canal d’aire. L’ús de materials de canvi de fase incrementa la capacitat d’emmagatzematge d’energia tèrmica en la solució constructiva proposada, i intensifica l’emmagatzematge i l’operació de la façana ventilada a un rang de temperatures desitjat.
El rendiment energètic d’aquest nou tipus de façana ventilada s’estudia de forma experimental per veure el seu potencial en reduir els consums energètics tant de calefacció com de refrigeració. Posteriorment, s’estudia mitjançant l’anàlisi de cicle de vida, quin és l’impacte mediambiental que suposa la manufactura i operació d’aquest sistema. Finalment, es desenvolupa un model numèric per optimitzar el funcionament i disseny d’aquesta façana. Aquest model numèric utilitza una nova correlació empírica de nombre de Nusselt, per al càlcul dels coeficients de transferència de calor entre el material de canvi de fase i el flux d’aire circulant per la cambra.<br>El objetivo de esta tesis es el de analizar el comportamiento térmico de una fachada ventilada con material de cambio de fase macro encapsulado en su canal de aire. El uso de materiales de cambio de fase aumenta la capacidad de almacenamiento de energía térmica en la solución constructiva propuesta, e intensifica el almacenamiento y la operación de la fachada ventilada a un rango de temperaturas deseado. El rendimiento energético de este nuevo tipo de fachada ventilada se estudia experimentalmente para ver su potencial en reducir los consumos energéticos tanto de calefacción como de refrigeración. Posteriormente, se estudia mediante el análisis de ciclo de vida, el impacto medioambiental que supone la manufactura y operación de este sistema. Finalmente, se desarrolla un modelo numérico que optimiza el funcionamiento y diseño de esta fachada. Este modelo numérico utiliza una nueva correlación empírica de número de Nusselt, para el cálculo de los coeficientes de transferencia de calor entre el material de cambio de fase y el flujo de aire circulando por la cámara.<br>The objective of this thesis is to analyse the thermal behaviour of a ventilated façade with macro-encapsulated phase change material in its air channel. The use of phase change materials increases the ability of thermal energy storage in the proposed constructive system, and enhances the storage and operation of the ventilated facade to a desired temperature range.
The energy efficiency of this new type of ventilated facade is experimentally studied to determine its potential in reducing the energy consumption both for heating and cooling. Hereafter, the environmental impact of the manufacture and operation of this system is studied by a life cycle analysis. Finally, a numerical model is developed to optimize the operation and design of this facade. This numerical model uses a new empirical correlation for the Nusselt number to calculate the convective heat transfer coefficients between the phase change material and the air flow circulating in the chamber.
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Elsanusi, Omer. "THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE WITH MULTIPLE FAMILIES OF PHASE CHANGE MATERIALS (PCM)." OpenSIUC, 2020. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/1852.
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The world is facing a major challenge when it comes to proper energy utilization. The increasing energy demand, the depleting fossil fuel resources and the growing environmental and ecological concerns are factors that drive the need for creative solutions. Renewable energy resources such as solar sit in the center of these solutions. Due to their intermittent nature, development of energy storage systems is crucial. This dissertation focused on the latent thermal energy storage systems that incorporate phase change materials (PCM). The main goal was to enhance the heat transfer rates in these systems to address the low melting (energy storage stage) and solidification (recovery stage) rates that are caused by the PCMs’ low thermal conductivity values. The application of multiple PCMs (m-PCMs) with varying melting temperatures in several arrangements was investigated. The effects of applying m-PCMs on the conduction heat transfer and on the natural convection heat transfer in both horizontally and vertically oriented heat exchangers were studied. This was followed by an optimization study of the PCMs’ melting temperatures and the working fluid flow rate. Further heat transfer enhancement using metal fins was also investigated. Numerical models were developed and validated. Results are reported and discussed. Significant enhancement in both complete melting time and energy storage capacity was obtained by the m-PCMs in series arrangement. This enhancement is more pronounced in the vertically oriented system. The working fluid flow rate was found to have a limited effect during the melting stage. However, it seems to be crucial in the solidification stage.
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Schafer, KelseyLee H. "Stratified Laboratory Thermal Energy Storage (LabTES) Tank Experiments: Sensible Only and Sensible Augmented with PCM-Filled Tubes." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1485188766373872.
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Quant, Colón Laura Marcela. "Study of a urea-based phase change material for thermal energy storage." Thesis, Pau, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PAUU3010.
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La technologie de stockage de l'énergie thermique par chaleur latente (LHTES) est abordée en travaillant à la fois sur les matériaux à changement de phase MCP utilisés et sur les systèmes de stockage techniquement et économiquement viables pour leur intégration dans les bâtiments. En ce qui concerne le matériau MCP, un mélange eutectique d'urée et de nitrate de sodium a été précédemment identifié comme un bon candidat pour les applications eau chaude sanitaire et chauffage. L'un des principaux objectifs de la thèse de doctorat était la caractérisation de ces aspects pour évaluer l’utilisation à long terme du mélange eutectique d'urée et de nitrate de sodium comme MCP. L'étude du matériau comprend le développement de méthodologies qui sont plus représentatives de son utilisation dans l'application finale que celles traditionnellement rencontrées pour la caractérisation des MCP. La caractérisation de l'hygroscopicité ou de l'absorption d'eau du mélange eutectique d'urée et de nitrate de sodium a été réalisée dans différentes conditions. Une méthode de préparation des échantillons et des conditions de manipulation sont proposées pour éviter l'absorption d'eau du mélange.La dégradation thermique du mélange eutectique d'urée et de nitrate de sodium a été évaluée en étudiant le comportement thermo-physique après un temps d'exposition à températures élevées. Des mesures DSC ont été effectuées pour déterminer la variation des propriétés directement liées au stockage de l'énergie thermique du MCP et à sa stabilité à long terme. En outre, les produits obtenus lors de la dégradation et leur influence sur la variation des propriétés du MCP ont été étudiés.Le mélange eutectique a montré une ségrégation imprévue à des températures supérieures au point de fusion lors des cycles de fusion et de solidification. Plusieurs tests ont été effectués, notamment le cyclage thermique, la diffraction par rayons X des phases due à la ségrégation, DSC après la redissolution de ces phases dans le matériau liquide et la microscopie (PLM et MEB) d'échantillons refroidis dans différentes conditions. Les expériences ont permis d'établir une relation entre les conditions de fonctionnement, et les structures cristallines résultantes qui expliquent la ségrégation de phase dans le mélange eutectique, et la manière de la réduire et d'inverser le processus.L'étude de la surfusion comprenait l'utilisation de deux MCPs : l’eutectique urée - nitrate de sodium et le PEG 10000. Les expériences ont été réalisées dans différentes conditions: des récipients de géométrie et de volume différents, diverses vitesses de refroidissement et divers fluides de transfert thermique. Les résultats ont servi à évaluer la relation entre le degré de surfusion et les paramètres associés. Après, des modèles de régression linéaire ont été définis pour chaque matériau puis pour les deux matériaux. L'objectif spécifique de ce chapitre est de faire un pas de plus dans la compréhension et la prédiction de la surfusion, afin de concevoir efficacement des systèmes LHTES utilisant des matériaux qui peuvent présenter une surfusion.Enfin, en ce qui concerne le système de stockage, un échangeur de chaleur à tubes-calandre est étudié afin d'évaluer l'utilisation de ce type de dispositifs déjà commercialisés comme dispositifs de stockage de l'énergie thermique latente (LHTES). Le premier objectif était de mieux comprendre le comportement thermique de l’échangeur. L’étude a été réalisée en utilisant, dans la calandre, de la paraffine RT60 comme MCP, un matériau commercial bien connu assurant ainsi la reproductibilité des résultats, et de l'eau comme fluide de transfert de chaleur dans les tubes. Plusieurs débits et plages de température ont été envisagés pour réaliser l’étude complète du fonctionnement de l’échangeur. Le travail a inclus la détermination des pertes thermiques et l'étude des cycles de charge et de décharge avec différentes températures initiales et finales et différents débits<br>This work presents a contribution to the latent heat thermal energy storage LHTES technology by working on both phase change materials PCMs and storage systems that are technically and economically viable for their integration in buildings. Regarding the PCM material, the urea and sodium nitrate eutectic mixture has been previously identified as a good candidate for the Domestic Heating Water (DHW) and heating applications. One of the main objectives of the PhD thesis was the characterization of these aspects to evaluate the urea and sodium nitrate eutectic mixture long term feasibility to be used as a PCM in application. The study of the material includes the development of methodologies that are more practical and representative of the operation in the final application than the traditionally used in PCM characterization. The characterization of the hygroscopicity or water uptake of the urea and sodium nitrate eutectic mixture under different conditions was performed. A sample preparation method and handling conditions are proposed for avoiding the mixture water uptake.The thermal degradation of the urea and sodium nitrate eutectic mixture was evaluated by measuring the thermo-physical behavior after exposure time at different defined temperatures. DSC measurements were carried out to determine the variation of parameters that are directly related to the thermal energy storage of the PCM and its long-term stability. In addition, the degradation products and their influence on the variation of the system properties were assessed.The eutectic mixture showed unforeseen segregation at temperatures above the melting point upon melting and solidification cycles. Several tests were done including thermal cycling, XRD of the segregates, DSC after the redissolution of the segregates in the liquid material, and microscopy (PLM and SEM) of samples cooled down under different conditions. The experiments permitted to stablish a relationship between the operation conditions, more specifically the cooling rates, with the resulting crystal structures which explains the phase segregation in the eutectic mixture, and how to reduce it and how to reverse the process.The study of the supercooling comprised the use of the urea and sodium nitrate eutectic mixture and PEG10000. The experiments were performed in different conditions: sample containers (with different geometries and volumes), cooling rates and heat transfer fluids (HTF) were implemented. Finally, the results served to evaluate the relationship of the supercooling degree with parameters associated with the sample volume, cooling media and PCM parameters. Afterwards, linear regression models were gathered for each material and one for both materials. The specific aim of the chapter is to get a step further into the supercooling understanding and prediction, in order to efficiently design LHTES systems to be used with materials that show supercooling.Finally, regarding the storage system a shell and tubes heat exchanger is studied in order to evaluate the use of devices already commercially available the use as latent heat energy storage LHTES devices. The first objective was to get a deeper understanding of the thermal behavior of the device. The characterization was performed using RT60 paraffin as PCM inside the shell, a well known commercial material, to assure the reproducibility of the results, and water as heat transfer fluid in the tubes. Several flow rates and temperature ranges were used to obtain a greater scope of the operation of the device as LHTES. The work included the determination of the thermal losses, and the study of charging and discharging cycles, initial and final temperatures and flow rates
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Hassan, Hafiz Muhammad Adeel. "Development and Evaluation of a CFD Model to Simulate Thermal Performance of Phase Change Material (PCM) Based Energy Storage Systems." Thesis, KTH, Kraft- och värmeteknologi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-150715.
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Waste heat can be recovered and used in different processes to increase energy efficiency and reduce CO2 emissions. It has become an attractive area of research for scientists and several techniques are being investigated and practiced to recover, store and use waste heat. Thermal Energy Storage is one of the modern techniques that is used to store and use waste heat. Energy can be stored in both sensible and latent forms of heat. Latent heat storage is the most efficient way of storing thermal energy as it provides higher storage density and lower temperature differential between storing and releasing heat. The materials that are used for latent energy storage are termed as Phase Change Materials (PCMs). This thesis work investigates the feasibility of a latent heat storage and heat exchanger performance based on phase change material to recover heat at elevated temperatures. The heat transfer study is done by using state of the art commercial CFD tool. Different model geometries of the Thermal Storage equipped with Shell and tube heat exchanger were built with different pipe configurations. The 1st type of model is a set of three 2D models built in COMSOL Multiphysics. These models constitute a cross section of a small portion of heat exchanger having four 10 mm outer diameter pipes immersed in PCM. Fins were mounted on the pipes to enhance the area for heat transfer and hence the heat transfer rate in modified models. Simulations were carried out for melting and solidification of PCM with these 2D models. After analyzing the results, a 3D model of the small block was created to get more realistic results and analyze the effect of pipe diameter on melting and solidification of PCM. The results of 2D models show the effect of fins on heat transfer rates. The model with eight fins on each pipe shows the best results as compared to other two models. The melting and solidification rates are nearly half for eight fin model as compared to the model without fins. The four fin model shows moderate results but better than the model without fins. The comparison of the results for different diameter pipes in 3D model shows that heat transfer rate increases for increasing diameters of the pipe with same flow rate in the case of melting.
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Sharma, Shivangi. "Performance enhancement of building-integrated concentrator photovoltaic system using phase change materials." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/33859.
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Building-integrated Concentrator Photovoltaic (BICPV) technology produces noiseless and pollution free electricity at the point of use. With a potential to contribute immensely to the increasing global need for a sustainable and low carbon energy, the primary challenges such as thermal management of the panels are overwhelming. Although significant progress has been made in the solar cell efficiency increase, the concentrator photovoltaic industry has still to go a long way before it becomes competitive and economically viable. Experiencing great losses in their electrical efficiencies at high temperatures that may eventually lead to permanent degradation over time, affects the market potential severely. With a global PV installed capacity of 303 GW, a nominal 10 °C decrease in their average temperatures could theoretically lead to a 5 % electricity efficiency improvement resulting in 15 GW increase in electricity production worldwide. However, due to a gap in the research knowledge concerning the effectiveness of the available passive thermal regulation techniques both individually and working in tandem, this lucrative potential is yet to be realised. The work presented in this thesis has been focussed on incremental performance improvement of BICPV by developing innovative solutions for passive cooling of the low concentrator based BICPV. Passive cooling approaches are selected as they are generally simpler, more cost-effective and considered more reliable than active cooling. Phase Change Materials (PCM) have been considered as the primary means to achieve this. The design, fabrication and the characterisation of four different types of BIPCV-PCM assemblies are described. The experimental investigations were conducted indoors under the standard test conditions. In general, for all the fabricated and assembled BICPV-PCM systems, the electrical power output showed an increase of 2 %-17 % with the use of PCM depending on the PCM type and irradiance. The occurrence of hot spots due to thermal disequilibrium in the PV has been a cause of high degradation rates for the modules. With the use of PCM, a more uniform temperature within the module could be realised, which has the potential to extend the lifetime of the BICPV in the long-term. Consequentially, this may minimise the intensive energy required for the production of the PV cells and mitigate the associated environmental impacts. Following a parallel secondary approach to the challenge, the design of a micro-finned back plate integrated with a PCM containment has been proposed. This containment was 3D printed to save manufacturing costs and time and for reducing the PCM leakage. An organic PCM dispersed with high thermal conductivity nanomaterial was successfully tested. The cost-benefit analysis indicated that the cost per degree temperature reduction (£/°C) with the sole use of micro-fins was the highest at 1.54, followed by micro-fins + PCM at 0.23 and micro-fins + n-PCM at 0.19. The proposed use of PCM and application of micro-finned surfaces for BICPV heat dissipation in combination with PCM and n-PCM is one the novelties reported in this thesis. In addition, an analytical model for the design of BICPV-PCM system has been presented which is the only existing model to date. The results from the assessment of thermal regulation benefits achieved by introducing micro-finning, PCM and n-PCM into BICPV will provide vital information about their applicability in the future. It may also influence the prospects for how low concentration BICPV systems will be manufactured in the future.
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SELMO, SIMONE. "Functional analysis of In-based nanowires for low power phase change memory applications." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/153247.
Full textAbstract:
Phase change memories (PCMs), based on chalcogenide alloys (mainly Ge2Sb2Te5), are the most promising candidate for the realization of “Storage Class Memories”, which would fill the gap between ‘‘operation’’ and ‘‘storage’’ memories. PCMs are also one of the few currently available technologies for the implementation of nanoeletronic synapses in high density neuromorphic systems. The main improvements needed in order to exploit the full potential of PCMs in these innovative applications are the reduction of the programming currents and power consumption, and further cell downscaling. Thanks to their nano-sized active volume to be programmed and self-heating behavior, phase change nanowires (NWs) are expected to exhibit improved memory performances with respected to commonly used thin-film/heater-based structures.
The Ph. D. Thesis of the candidate reports the study of the phase change properties of ultra-thin In-based NWs for low power consuming PCMs, exploring the more promising features of this class of materials with respect to the commonly considered Ge-Sb-Te alloys.
In particular, the self-assembly of In-Sb-Te, In-doped Sb and In-Ge-Te NWs was successfully achieved by Metal Organic Chemical Vapour Deposition (MOCVD), coupled to vapour-liquid-solid mechanism, catalysed by catalyst nanoparticles. The parameters influencing the NW self-assembly were studied and the compositional, morphological and structural analysis of the grown structures was performed. In all cases, NWs of several μm in length and with diameters as small as 15 nm were obtained. The experimental contribution of the Ph. D. candidate to the NWs growth study was mainly related to the substrates preparation, catalyst deposition and, morphological and elemental analysis of the grown samples. Moreover, the Ph. D. candidate has performed the functional analysis of In3Sb1Te2 and In-doped Sb NW-based PCM devices. To conduct that analysis, a suitable fabrication procedure of the devices and an appropriate electrical measuring set-up have been identified. Reversible and well reproducible phase change memory switching was demonstrated for In3Sb1Te2 and In-doped Sb NW devices, showing low working parameters, such as “RESET” voltage, current and power.
The obtained results support the conclusion that In-based ultra-thin NWs are potential building blocks for the realization of ultra-scaled, high performance PCM devices.<br>Phase change memories (PCMs), based on chalcogenide alloys (mainly Ge2Sb2Te5), are the most promising candidate for the realization of “Storage Class Memories”, which would fill the gap between ‘‘operation’’ and ‘‘storage’’ memories. PCMs are also one of the few currently available technologies for the implementation of nanoeletronic synapses in high density neuromorphic systems. The main improvements needed in order to exploit the full potential of PCMs in these innovative applications are the reduction of the programming currents and power consumption, and further cell downscaling. Thanks to their nano-sized active volume to be programmed and self-heating behavior, phase change nanowires (NWs) are expected to exhibit improved memory performances with respected to commonly used thin-film/heater-based structures.
The Ph. D. Thesis of the candidate reports the study of the phase change properties of ultra-thin In-based NWs for low power consuming PCMs, exploring the more promising features of this class of materials with respect to the commonly considered Ge-Sb-Te alloys.
In particular, the self-assembly of In-Sb-Te, In-doped Sb and In-Ge-Te NWs was successfully achieved by Metal Organic Chemical Vapour Deposition (MOCVD), coupled to vapour-liquid-solid mechanism, catalysed by catalyst nanoparticles. The parameters influencing the NW self-assembly were studied and the compositional, morphological and structural analysis of the grown structures was performed. In all cases, NWs of several μm in length and with diameters as small as 15 nm were obtained. The experimental contribution of the Ph. D. candidate to the NWs growth study was mainly related to the substrates preparation, catalyst deposition and, morphological and elemental analysis of the grown samples. Moreover, the Ph. D. candidate has performed the functional analysis of In3Sb1Te2 and In-doped Sb NW-based PCM devices. To conduct that analysis, a suitable fabrication procedure of the devices and an appropriate electrical measuring set-up have been identified. Reversible and well reproducible phase change memory switching was demonstrated for In3Sb1Te2 and In-doped Sb NW devices, showing low working parameters, such as “RESET” voltage, current and power.
The obtained results support the conclusion that In-based ultra-thin NWs are potential building blocks for the realization of ultra-scaled, high performance PCM devices.
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Gunasekara, Saman Nimali. "Phase Equilibrium-aided Design of Phase Change Materials from Blends : For Thermal Energy Storage." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Kraft- och värmeteknologi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-212440.
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Climate change is no longer imminent but eminent. To combat climate change, effective, efficient and smart energy use is imperative. Thermal energy storage (TES) with phase change materials (PCMs) is one attractive choice to realize this. Besides suitable phase change temperatures and enthalpies, the PCMs should also be robust, non-toxic, environmental-friendly and cost-effective. Cost-effective PCMs can be realized in bulk blends. Blends however do not have robust phase change unless chosen articulately. This thesis links bulk blends and robust, cost-effective PCMs via the systematic design of blends as PCMs involving phase equilibrium evaluations. The key fundamental phase equilibrium knowledge vital to accurately select robust PCMs within blends is established here. A congruent melting composition is the most PCM-ideal among blends. Eutectics are nearly ideal if supercooling is absent. Any incongruent melting composition, including peritectics, are unsuitable as PCMs. A comprehensive state-of-the-art evaluation of the phase equilibrium-based PCM design exposed the underinvestigated categories: congruent melting compositions, metal alloys, polyols and fats. Here the methods and conditions essential for a comprehensive and transparent phase equilibrium assessment for designing PCMs in blends are specified. The phase diagrams of the systems erythritol-xylitol and dodecane-tridecane with PCM potential are comprehensively evaluated. The erythritol-xylitol system contains a eutectic in a partially isomorphous system unlike in a non-isomorphous system as previous literature proposed. The dodecane-tridecane system forms a probable congruent minimum-melting solid solution, but not a maximum-melting liquidus or a eutectic as was previously proposed. The sustainability aspects of a PCM-based TES system are also investigated. Erythritol becomes cost-effective if produced using glycerol from bio-diesel production. Olive oil is cost-effective and has potential PCM compositions for cold storage. A critical need exists in the standardization of methods and transparent results reporting of the phase equilibrium investigations in the PCM-context. This can be achieved e.g. through international TES collaboration platforms.<br>Energi är en integrerad del av samhället men energiprocesser leder till miljöbelastning, och klimatförändringar. Därför är effektiv energianvändning, ökad energieffektivitet och smart energihantering nödvändigt. Värmeenergilagring (TES) är ett attraktivt val för att bemöta detta behov, där ett lagringsalternativ med hög densitet är s.k. fasomvandlingsmaterial (PCM). Ett exempel på ett billigt, vanligt förekommande PCM är systemet vatten-is, vilket har använts av människor i tusentals år. För att tillgodose de många värme- och kylbehov som idag uppstår inom ett brett temperaturintervall, är det viktigt med innovativ design av PCM. Förutom lämplig fasförändringstemperaturer, entalpi och andra termofysikaliska egenskaper, bör PCM också ha robust fasändring, vara miljövänlig och kostnadseffektiv. För att förverkliga storskaliga TES system med PCM, är måste kostnadseffektivitet och robust funktion under många cykler bland de viktigaste utmaningarna. Kostnadseffektiva PCM kan bäst erhållas från naturliga eller industriella material i bulkskala, vilket i huvudsak leder till materialblandningar, snarare än rena ämnen. Blandningar uppvisar dock komplexa fasförändringsförlopp, underkylning och/eller inkongruent smältprocess som leder till fasseparation. Denna doktorsavhandling ger ny kunskap som möjliggör att bulkblandningar kan bli kostnadseffektiva och robusta PCM-material, med hjälp av den systematiskutvärdering av fasjämvikt och fasdiagram. Arbetet visar att detta kräver förståelse av relevanta grundläggande fasjämviktsteorier, omfattande termiska och fysikalisk-kemiska karakteriseringar, och allmänt tillämpliga teoretiska utvärderingar. Denna avhandling specificerar befintlig fasjämviktsteori för PCM-sammanhang, men sikte på att kunna välja robusta PCM blandningar med specifika egenskaper, beroende på tillämpning. Analysen visar att blandningar med en sammansättning som leder till kongruent smältande, där faser i jämvikt har samma sammansättning, är ideala bland PCM-blandningar. Kongruent smältande fasta faser som utgör föreningar eller fasta lösningar av ingående komponenter är därför ideala. Eutektiska blandningar är nästan lika bra som PCM, så länge underkylning inte förekommer. Därmed finns en stor potential för att finna och karakterisera PCM-ideala blandningar som bildar kongruent smältande föreningar eller fasta lösningar. Därigenom kan blandningar med en skarp, reversibel fasändring och utan fasseparation erhållas – egenskaper som liknar rena materialens fasändringsprocess. Vidare kan man, via fasdiagram, påvisa de blandningar som är inkongruent smältande, inklusive peritektiska blandningar, som är direkt olämpliga som PCM. Denna avhandling ger grundläggande kunskap som är en förutsättning för att designa PCM i blandningar. Genom en omfattande state-of-the-art utvärdering av fas-jämviktsbaserad PCM-design lyfter arbetet de PCM-idealiska blandningarna som hittills inte fått någon uppmärksamhet, såsom kongruenta smältande blandningar, och materialkategorierna metallegeringar, polyoler och fetter. Resultatet av arbetet visar dessutom att vissa PCM-material som ibland föreslås är direkt olämpliga då fasdiagram undersöks, bl a pga underkylning och även peritektiska system med fasseparation och degradering av kapaciteten (t ex Glauber-salt och natriumacetat-trihydrat). Denna avhandling specificerar och upprättar grundläggande teori samt tekniker, tillvägagångssätt och förhållanden som är nödvändiga för en omfattande och genomsynlig fasjämviktsbedömning, för utformning av PCM från blandningar för energilagering. Med detta som bas har följande fasdiagramtagits fram fullständigt: för erytritol-xylitol och för dodekan-tridekan, med PCM-potential för låg temperaturuppvärmning (60-120 °C) respektive frysning (-10 °C till -20 °C) utvärderas fullständigt. Erytritol-xylitol systemet har funnits vara eutektiskt i ett delvis isomorft system, snarare än ett icke-isomorft system vilket har föreslagits tidigare litteratur. Dodekan-tridekan systemet bildar ett system med kongruent smältande fast lösning (idealisk som en PCM) vid en minimumtemperatur, till skillnad från tidigare litteratur som föreslagt en maximumtemperatur, eller ett eutektiskt system. Teoretisk modellering av fasjämvikt har också genomförts för att komplettera det experimentella fasdiagrammet för systemet erytritol-xylitol. Efter granskning av de metoder som använts tidigare i PCM-litteraturen har här valts ett generiskt tillvägagångssätt (CALPHAD-metoden). Denna generiska metod kan bedöma vilken typ av material och fasändring som helst, till skillnad från en tidigare använda metoder som är specifika för materialtyper eller kemiska egenskaper. Denna teoretiska studie bekräftar termodynamiskt solvus, solidus, eutektisk punkt och erytritol-xylitol fasdiagrammet i sin helhet. Vad gäller hållbarhetsaspekter med PCM-baserad TES, lyfter denna avhandling fokus på förnybara och kostnadseffektiva material (t.ex. polyoler och fetter) som PCM. Som exempel har här undersökts erytritol och olivolja, med förnybart ursprung. Erytritol skulle kunna bli ett kostnadseffektivt PCM (163 USD/kWh), om det produceras av glycerol vilket är en biprodukt från biodiesel/bioetanolframställning. Olivolja är ännu ett kostnadseffektivt material (144 USD/kWh), och som här har påvisats innehålla potentiella PCM sammansättningar med lämpliga fasändringsegenskaper för kylatillämpningar. En övergripande slutsats från denna avhandling är att det finns ett behov av att standardisera tekniker, metoder och transparent resultatrapportering när det gäller undersökningar av fasjämvikt och fasdiagram i PCM-sammanhang. Internationella samarbetsplattformar för TES är en väg att koordinera arbetet.<br><p>QC 20170830</p>
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Huang, Yaoting. "Fundamental studies on nano-composite phase change materials (PCM) for cold storage applications." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2019. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/8844/.
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This thesis studies the thermophysical properties and the phase change behaviour of EG-water and Salt-water based PCMs for cold storage applications, and investigates the role of adding MCNT on the thermophysical properties and the phase change processes. First, the structure of MCNT clusters is linked to the rheological behaviour of the nanofluids by fitting the experimental viscosity data to the modified K-D model. Second, the MCNT cluster information is used to predict thermal conductivity. The effective thermal conductivity of nanofluids not only relies on the particle concentration, but also depends on the particle cluster structure. The specific heat of MCNT nanofluids is decreasing proportionally with the concentration of MCNT. The supercooling degree of EG-water and salt-water based samples can be reduced by adding MCNT particles. The crystallization process of salt-water basefluid and nanofluid was observed and recorded under an optical microscope with cooling stage. Adding MCNT can promote the crystal growth rate.
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Zhang, Haixin. "Uniformity of VO2 Phase Change Material (PCM) Thin Films Produced by Thermal Oxidation of Vanadium." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton162125573238112.
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Persson, Erik. "Termiska lager för ångproduktion med koncentrerade solfångarfält : En studie om fasändringsmaterial och dess potential för lagring av värme till fjärrvärmenätet och processånga till industrin." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för tillämpad fysik och elektronik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-110963.
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All energy, wind, water, biofuel and fossil fuel besides nuclear- and tide power originates from the sun. It’s very hard to take full advantage of the huge amount of energy hitting the earth each day from the sun. The suns highest radiation appears often when the energy need reaches its lowest. That’s why it’s very important to be able to store energy over time when the sun doesn’t shine. A large part of energy storage is thermal energy storage, which can either be done sensible, latent or chemical. Another possible thermal storage is a combination of sensible and latent. This exam was aiming to investigate different types of energy storage methods available on the market and a much more detailed analysis for different storage methods with phase change materials (PCM). A new method was designed for a new storage tank suitable for Absolicon Solar Collector AB and their energy park in the city of Härnösand. The methods for this exam were to create a theoretical storage tank suitable to Absolicons Energy Park with some simple calculations. The criteria for the storage tank was to create a storage tank that could provide the district heat in Härnösand with 160 degrees pressurized water and create 160 degrees steam to the industry. The dimensions of the storage tank where chosen by the conditions in Härnösand and from the specific data of Härnösands district heat and from Absolicons new solar collectors. The work temperature of the system were set to 160 degrees which meant that the storage tank would be able to work in those conditions with high temperature. A suitable phase change material and methods for encapsulation of the phase change material suitable for this system was to be found. Small tests were made with a new type of encapsulation for phase change materials in higher temperature. Simple calculations of two types of storage tanks were made. The first storage tank was made with a PCM from PCM products named A164. This PCM was encapsulated with special bags that could handle temperature up to 200 degrees with surrounding rapeseed oil and a copper loop that handled the heat transfer. The second thank was made with the same PCM and encapsulation but with water glycol surrounding the PCM and two types of heat exchangers for the heat transfer. The results from the first tank were that it didn’t work with the district heat. Because a wrong calculation with the schematic of the system made it impossible to connect into the district heat of Härnösand. The only good thing was that it didn’t need to be pressurized because of the rapeseed oil but the bad heat transfer between oil and water made a pressurized tank of water more profitable. The results from the second tank showed that it could produce 160 °C to the district heat for 2 h and 7 minutes. The schematic connection worked and the tank would in the near future be able to connect into the district heat. The result for the encapsulation showed that the bags were able to stand temperatures up to 190 degrees for a short period of time.
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Pendyala, Swetha. "Macroencapsulation of Phase Change Materials for Thermal Energy Storage." Scholar Commons, 2012. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4200.
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The use of a latent heat storage system using phase change materials (PCMs) is an effective way of storing thermal energy. Latent heat storage enables high-energy storage density which reduces the footprint of the system and the cost. However, PCMs have very low thermal conductivities making them unsuitable for large-scale use without enhancing the effective thermal conductivity. In order to address, the low thermal conductivity of the PCMs, macroencapsulation of PCMs has been adopted as an effective technique. The macroencapsulation not only provides a self-supporting structure of PCM and separates the PCM from thermal fluids but also enhances the heat transfer rate.
The current work involves study of various concepts of encapsulation of low cost inorganic PCMs. Sodium nitrate (NaNO3), a low cost PCM, was selected for thermal storage in a temperature range of 300 - 500˚C. Various techniques like electroless coatings, coatings using silicates, coatings with metal oxide (SiO2) and sand encapsulation are discussed. A novel technique of metal oxide coating was developed where firstly a high temperature polymer, such as, polymer (stable > 500˚C) was coated over PCM pellets, and cured, so that the pellet becomes insoluble in water as well as several organic solvents and later the metal oxide is coated over the pellet using self-assembly, hydrolysis, and simultaneous chemical oxidation at various temperatures. The coated PCM pellets were characterized.
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Bellander, Rickard. "Testing large samples of PCM in water calorimeter and PCM used in room applications by night-air cooling." Licentiate thesis, Stockholm, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-495.
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Loibl, Jan. "Výrobník ledu s přímým odparem." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-231819.
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The theoretical part of the diploma thesis deals with introduction to the issue of refrigeration systems with thermal energy storage. Possibilities of thermal energy storage with phase change are introduced. The thermodynamic principle of functioning of the particular refrigeration system type is explained here as well as its coefficient of performance and fundamental components. In addition, several examples of ice-making systems are discussed. In the practical part the design of a particular refrigeration system is calculated. The main part of the design is the cold evaporator with direct evaporation and the possibility of ice production and its usage for thermal energy storage. The calculation of the overall two-phase heat transfer is carried out.
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Ferrer, Muñoz Gerard. "Characterization, equation formulation and enhancement of phase change materials (PCM) for thermal energy storage (TES)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/399901.
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L’edificació, la indústria i el transport són els tres principals sectors consumidors d’energia, representant el 96 % de l’energia final consumida a la Unió Europea, i essent responsable de gairebé la totalitat de les emissions de CO2. El programa Horizon 2020 de la Comissió Europea expressa la necessitat de reduir el consum d’energia i les emissions d’efecte hivernacle en un 20 % per l’any 2020. L’emmagatzematge d’energia és un dels principals camps considerats i desenvolupats per reduir les emissions, doncs permet emparellar la demanda i el subministrament d’energia amb sistemes simples i eficients. Els sistemes d’emmagatzematge d’energia tèrmica (TES) permeten emmagatzemar densitats d’energia elevades per poder variar la demanda d’energia i facilitat l’ús d’energia renovables. Aquesta tesi està principalment enfocada en l’emmagatzematge de calor latent, una tecnologia què, tot i que ha estat àmpliament estudiada, encara necessita millores i presenta buits importants.<br>La edificación, la industria i el transporte son los tres principales sectores consumidores de energía, representando el 96 % de la energía total consumida en la Unión Europea, y siendo responsables de casi la totalidad de las emisiones de CO2. El programa Horizon 2020 de la Comisión Europea expresa la necesidad de reducir el consuma de energía i las emisiones de efecto invernadero en un 20 % para el año 2020. El almacenaje de energía es uno de los principales campos considerados y desarrollados para reducir las emisiones, pues permite emparejar la demanda y el subministro de energía con sistemas simples y eficientes.Los sistemas de almacenaje de energía térmica (TES) permiten almacenar densidades de energía elevadas para poder variar la demanda de energía y facilitar el uso de energías renovables. Esta tesis está principalmente enfocada en el almacenaje de calor latente, una tecnología que, aunque ha sido ampliamente estudiada, aún necesita mejoras y presenta vacíos importantes.<br>Buildings, industry and transport are the three main energy consuming sectors, representing the 96 % of the final energy consumption in the European Union, and being responsible of almost the totality of the CO2 emissions. The horizon 2020 program of the European Commission expresses the need to reduce by 20 % the energy consumption and greenhouse emissions by the year 2020Energy storage is one of the main fields considered and developed to reduce emissions, allowing to match energy demand and supply with simple and efficient systems.Thermal energy storage (TES) systems allow the storage of high energy densities in order to shift the energy demand and ease the use of renewable energies. This thesis is mainly focused in latent energy storage, a technology that despite having been widely studied, still requires improvements and presents important gaps.
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CASCONE, YLENIA. "Optimisation of opaque building envelope components with Phase Change Materials." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2687833.
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The objective of the present thesis is to provide a methodological approach for the design of responsive building envelope components through the application of optimisation analyses. In detail, this approach was applied to opaque building envelope components with Phase Change Materials (PCMs). Since multi-objective optimisation problems generally result in a series of trade-off solutions called Pareto-front, the main focus was to investigate which values assumed by the optimisation variables led to the optimal set of solutions. In this way, the optimisation analysis was used as a tool to gain knowledge on specific problems.
After an overview on PCMs and on the application of optimisation analyses to the building envelope for improving the energy efficiency of buildings, three levels of analysis were explored; material level, component level and building level.
At the material level, the optimisation approach was applied to estimate the temperature-dependent specific heat curve of PCMs through best-fit of experimental data. Given the measured surface temperatures of a sample as boundary conditions and the known thermo-physical properties of the materials to a numerical model, the curve which minimised the difference between measured and simulated heat fluxes on both faces of the sample was found.
At the component level, “equivalent” parameters for the dynamic thermal characterisation of opaque building envelope components with PCM were proposed. Starting from the definition of the traditional dynamic thermal properties according to ISO 13786:2007, a monthly equivalent periodic thermal transmittance and the corresponding time shift were defined by imposing steady-periodic conditions with monthly average external air temperature and solar irradiance profiles while keeping a constant air temperature on the internal side. Then, the monthly equivalent values were synthesised in a unique yearly value by means of a simple average. A parametric model was subsequently developed to describe PCM-enhanced multi-layer walls with simultaneous use of at most two PCMs, and an optimisation analysis was carried out for three locations (Palermo, Torino and Oslo) to find wall layout and PCMs' thermo-physical properties (melting temperature, melting temperature range, latent heat of fusion and thermal conductivity) which minimise yearly equivalent periodic thermal transmittance, overall PCM thickness and thickness of the wall.
At the building level, the investigations focused on the application of optimisation analyses for the energy retrofit of office buildings. Three retrofit options on the opaque envelope components were considered in the aforementioned locations; intervention either on the external side of the wall, on the internal side of the wall, or on both sides of the wall. Moreover, either the same retrofit solution for all the walls or a different wall solution for each orientation were considered. In both cases, a maximum of two PCM materials could be selected by the optimisation algorithm. With regard to the objective functions, the problem was faced under two points of view. On one side, optimisations were run with three objectives to minimise the building energy need for heating, cooling and the investment cost. On the other side, the optimisations were performed with two objectives to minimise primary energy consumption and global cost. Only for the climate of Oslo, where heating is mostly electric and no cooling system was adopted, the minimisation objectives were primary energy consumption, global cost and thermal discomfort.
Even though a proper optimisation of the thermo-physical properties of PCMs was found to be especially advisable when the operation of the HVAC system implies a non-trivial solution, the results of these analyses allowed to propose a few design guidelines for PCM selection and application. However, for the analysed case studies, PCM prices need to be reduced in order to become a cost-effective retrofit option.
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Wagoner, Jared Wesley. "Performance Evaluation of PCM-in-Walls of Residential Buildings for Energy Conservation." OpenSIUC, 2019. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2636.
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Phase Change Materials have been the subject of increased research in modern times. Phase Change Materials, abbreviated as PCMs, are being used in a variety of applications in the energy conservation world. In this study, the effect of PCMs on a residential building’s energy consumption was evaluated at different locations across the United States and compared to the standard building at the same locations. An average American residential building was designed and modeled in SketchUp software. The building was evaluated for energy consumption at different locations across the United States using weather data for each chosen location. After the baseline results were collected, the building was re-evaluated, under the same conditions, with a Heptadecane embedded in the exterior walls as the chosen PCM for this study. The results of this study show that Phase Change Materials have a wide-ranging effect on the energy consumption of the designed building. Addition of the PCM to the building walls decreased total energy usage, over the course of a year, by 3.02 – 6.72%, depending on the location.
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Lippa, Edoardo. "Application of Phase Change Materials for heat storage in water tanks." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/20183/.
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I PCM (Phase Change Materials) mostrano un'elevata entalpia di fusione con la capacità, in un volume relativamente piccolo, di immagazzinare o rilasciare grandi quantità di energia come calore latente durante la fusione e la solidificazione. Inoltre, i PCM in pratica richiedono che le loro temperature di transizione di fase superiore e inferiore siano all'interno dell'intervallo di temperatura operativa per una data applicazione e posseggano un'elevata conducibilità termica per un efficiente trasferimento di calore con un comportamento di scambio di fase congruente per evitare la separazione irreversibile dei loro costituenti.
Durante lo sviluppo dei PCM, sono stati studiati molti gruppi diversi di materiali, tra cui composti inorganici (sale e idrati salini), composti organici come paraffine, acidi grassi e persino materiali polimerici come il PEG.
La relazione tra la struttura fondamentale e le proprietà di immagazzinamento dell'energia di questi PCM è stata esaminata negli anni per determinare i meccanismi di accumulazione/emissione di calore con riferimento alle loro caratteristiche finali di immagazzinamento dell'energia.
La tesi mira a studiare l'applicazione dei Phase Change Materials in un serbatoio d'acqua per aumentare la capacità di accumulo termico negli impianti di riscaldamento degli edifici. La possibilità di utilizzare l'acqua come acqua calda sanitaria è stata esclusa dallo studio, per cui si è ipotizzato di utilizzarla solo per il riscaldamento o il raffreddamento a pavimento.
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Kopečková, Barbora. "Metoda řešení úloh vedení tepla v materiálu s fázovou změnou s obsahem nanočástic." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-254401.
Full textAbstract:
This master thesis deals with problematic of the heat convection in phase change materials (PCM) and PCM with nanoparticles. The derivation of stationary and non-stationary equations for 1D, 2D and 3D heat convection are described in detail. The finite element volume method is used for solution to these equations, of which principle is described carefully. The aim of this thesis is model development for 2D solution to temperature distribution at heat convection in PCM and influence assessment of nanoparticle implementation into material on given temperature distribution. Software MATLAB was used for model development, solution and plotting graphs.
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Solé, Aran. "Phase change materials characterization (PCM) and thermochemical materials (TCM) development and characterization towards reactor design for thermal energy storage." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/326741.
Full textAbstract:
Un inconvenient de les energies renovables, a part del cost d’inversió inicial el qual està decreixent, és la necessitat de bateries tèrmiques. L’emmagatzematge d’energia tèrmica és fonamental per quadrar la producció i la demanda, i així proporcionar fred o calor (energia tèrmica) als consumidors quan així ho requereixin, independentment de quan ha estat obtinguda. Hi ha diverses maneres de fer-ho, la més comuna és un tanc d’aigua. No obstant, hi ha maneres més compactes i eficients, com ara els materials de canvi de fase (PCM) i els materials termoquímics (TCM). És per això, que l’objectiu de la present tesis és contribuir a la caracterització de PCM des d’un punt de vista de les tècniques d’anàlisi tèrmica, estabilitat fisicoquímica i morfològica, així com investigar experimentalment sobre la ciclabilitat tèrmica dels sucres-alcohols. Pel que fa als materials termoquímics l’objectiu és dur a terme un estat de l’art dels reactors utilitzats, així com aprofundir en els requeriments quan es procedeix a elegir un TCM. A més a més, també és presenten els resultats de tests de corrosió sota diferents atmosferes, simulant els reactors, i nous materials desenvolupats, basats en grafit, per millorar la transferència de calor.<br>Uno de los inconvenientes de las energías renovables, a parte de la inversión inicial la cual está disminuyendo, es la necesidad de baterías térmicas. El almacenamiento de energía térmica es fundamental para hacer coincidir la producción y la demanda, para así proporcionar energía térmica cuando sea requerida por los inquilinos, independientemente de cuándo ésta ha sido obtenida. Existen diferentes maneras de hacerlo, la más común el agua. No obstante, hay maneras más eficientes y compactas, como los materiales de cambio de fase (PCM) y los materiales termoquímicos (TCM). Es por eso, que el objectivo de la tesi es contribuir a la caracterización de los PCM desde un punto de vista de las técnicas de análisis térmico, estabilidad fisicoquímica y morfológica, así como investigar experimentalmente sobre la ciclabilidad térmica de los azúcares-alcoholes. En relación a los TCM, el objetivo es llevar a cabo un estado del arte de los reactores utilizados, así como profundizar sobre los requerimientos para la elección de un TCM. Asimismo, se presentan resultados de ensayos de corrosión bajo diferentes atmósferas y materiales desarrollados en base a grafito para la mejora de la transferencia de calor.<br>A resulting drawback of renewable energies use, besides the investment cost which is actually decreasing, is the need of thermal batteries. Thermal energy storage is essential to match production and demand, and therefore to provide heat or cold to the consumers when required independently of when it was obtained. Several ways exist to fulfil this requirement in buildings, the most common one is a water tank. But there are more compact and efficient ways, such as phase change materials (PCM) and thermochemical materials (TCM) storage. These materials need to be properly characterized and their thermophysical properties perfectly known in order to design the most appropriate and optimum system for heating, cooling and domestic hot water applications in dwellings.Therefore, the main objective of this thesis is to contribute on PCM characterization from a material thermal analysis, physicochemical stability and morphological point of view, and experimentally investigate on thermal cycling stability of sugar-alcohols. Then, on TCM side the aim is to provide an overview among TCM available reactors and requirements to choose the suitable storage material. Moreover, corrosion tests under different atmospheres and enhancement of heat transfer by developing graphite based composites are performed and shown in detail in this thesis.
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Galione, Klot Pedro Andrés. "Numerical simulations of thermal storage systems : emphasis on latent energy storage using phase change materials (PCM)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/284907.
Full textAbstract:
The present thesis aims at studying the use of phase change materials (PCM) in thermal energy storage (TES) applications and to develop and implement numerical tools for their evaluation. Numerical analysis is nowadays an indispensable tool for the design, evaluation and optimization of thermal equipment, complementing the experimental techniques.
Two levels of analysis are carried out, one in the field of Computational Fluid Dynamics, allowing the accurate simulation of the complex heat transfer and fluid dynamics phenomena present in solid-liquid phase change problems; and another one in which the governing equations are treated assuming several suitable simplifications and integrating empirical correlations, intended for the study of whole thermal storage systems throughout several charge/discharge cycles.
Furthermore, the specific application of thermal storage in concentrated solar power (CSP) stations is studied. Different single-tank systems, making use of both sensible and latent energy capacities of the materials, are evaluated and compared against the two-tank molten-salt systems used in current CSP plants. Moreover, a new single-tank TES concept which combines the use of solid and PCM filler materials is proposed, with promising results for its utilization in CSP.
In chapters 2 and 3, a numerical fixed-grid enthalpy model for the simulation of the solid-liquid phase change is developed. This technique is implemented using the Finite Volume Method in a collocated unstructured domain discretization and using explicit time integration schemes. Issues regarding the form of the energy equation, the treatment of the pressure equation as well as the momentum source-term coefficient introduced by the enthalpy-porosity method, are described in detail in the first chapter. In the second, the possibility of taking into account the variation of the different thermo-physical properties with the temperature is dealt with. Thermal expansion and contraction associated to the phase change are taken into account in the conservation equations and different strategies for the numerical treatment of the energy equation are discussed in detail. Furthermore, simulations of an interesting case of melting of an encapsulated PCM are carried out using two and three-dimensional meshes, and the results are compared against experimental results from the literature.
In the next two chapters, the issue of numerically simulating whole single-tank TES systems is developed. These systems are composed of a single tank filled with solid and/or PCM materials, forming a packed bed through which a heat transfer fluid flows. Thermal stratification separates the fluid layers at different temperatures. The zone in which a steep temperature gradient is produced is called "thermocline", and it is desirable to maintain it as narrow as possible in order to keep a high stored exergy. Different designs of single-tank TES systems ¿classified according to the filler material/s used¿ are evaluated for CSP plants. The analysis is performed evaluating different aspects, as the energy effectively stored/released and the efficiency in the use of the theoretical capacity after several charge/discharge cycles, obtaining results independent of the initial thermal state. The operating time is not fixed, but depends on the temperature of the fluid coming out of the tank, limited by the restrictions of the receiving equipment (solar field and power block). Degradation of the stratification is observed to occur after several cycles, due to the temperature restrictions. In this context, a new concept of single-tank TES is presented, which consists of the combination of different layers of solid and PCM filler materials in a suitable manner, resulting in a lower degradation of the thermocline and increasing the use of the theoretical capacity. This concept, called Multi-Layered Solid PCM (MLSPCM), is demonstrated as a promising alternative for its use in CSP plants.<br>Esta tesis se centra en el estudio del uso de materiales de cambio de fase (PCM) en el almacenamiento de energía térmica (TES) y en el desarrollo de herramientas numéricas para su evaluación. El análisis numérico es hoy en día una herramienta indispensable para el diseño, evaluación y optimización de equipos térmicos, complementando las técnicas experimentales. Se realizan dos niveles de análisis, uno en el campo de la dinámica de fluidos computacional, permitiendo la simulación precisa de fenómenos complejos de transferencia de calor y dinámica de fluidos presentes en los problemas de cambio de fase sólido-líquido; y otro en la que las ecuaciones gobernantes son tratadas mediante simplificaciones razonables e integrando correlaciones empíricas, destinado al estudio de sistemas TES en varios ciclos de carga/descarga. Por otra parte, se estudia el almacenamiento térmico para plantas de generación termosolar (CSP). Se evalúan diferentes sistemas de un solo tanque, utilizando tanto las capacidades de energía sensible como latente de los materiales, y se comparan con los sistemas de sales fundidas de doble tanque utilizados actualmente. Además, se propone un concepto novedoso de TES de un único tanque que combina el uso de materiales de relleno sólidos y PCM, con resultados prometedores para su utilización en CSP. En los capítulos 2 y 3, se desarrolla un modelo de entalpía de malla fija para la simulación de la fusión y solidificación. Se utiliza una discretización por volúmenes finitos en mallas no estructuradas en un esquema colocado, y esquemas de integración temporal explícitos. En el primer capítulo, se discuten cuestiones relativas a la forma de la ecuación de energía, el tratamiento de la ecuación de presión, así como el coeficiente de término fuente en la ecuación de momentum introducido por el método de entalpía-porosidad. En el segundo, se trata la posibilidad de tener en cuenta la variación de las propiedades termofísicas con la temperatura. La expansión/contracción térmica asociada al cambio de fase se tiene en cuenta en las ecuaciones de conservación y se tratan en detalle diferentes estrategias para el tratamiento numérico de la ecuación de la energía. Además, se realizan simulaciones de un caso interesante de fusión de un PCM encapsulado, utilizando mallas bi y tridimensionales, y los resultados se comparan con otros de la literatura. En los dos capítulos siguientes, se desarrolla el tema de la simulación numérica de sistemas TES de un único tanque. Estos sistemas están compuestos de un tanque relleno de materiales sólidos y/o PCM, formando un lecho poroso a través del cual circula un fluido de transferencia de calor. La estratificación térmica separa las capas de fluido a diferentes temperaturas. La zona en donde se da el mayor gradiente de temperaturas vertical se conoce generalmente como "termoclina", la cual es deseable mantenerla lo más angosta posible, con el fin de mantener una mayor exergía almacenada. Diferentes diseños de sistemas de un solo tanque -clasificados de acuerdo con el/los material/es de relleno utilizado/s- se evalúan para plantas de CSP. El análisis se realiza evaluando diferentes aspectos, como la energía efectivamente almacenada/liberada y la eficiencia en el uso de la capacidad teórica luego de varios ciclos de carga/descarga, obteniendo resultados independientes del estado térmico inicial. El tiempo de operación no es fijo, sino que depende de la temperatura del fluido de salida, limitada por las restricciones de los equipos que lo reciben (campo solar y bloque de potencia). Se observa una degradación de la estratificación a lo largo de los ciclos debido a las restricciones de temperatura. En este contexto, se presenta concepto de TES novedoso, combinando de diferentes capas de materiales de relleno sólidos y PCM de una manera adecuada. Este concepto, llamado "multi-layered solid-PCM" (MLSPCM) resulta ser una alternativa prometedora para su uso en plantas de CSP
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Navarro, Farré Lidia. "Thermal energy storage in buildings through phase change materials (PCM) incorporation for heating and cooling purposes." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/398840.
Full textAbstract:
La reducció del consum energètic dels sistemes de calefacció i refrigeració dels edificis és un
repte fonamental per assolir els objectius marcats per l’Horitzó 2020. Noves aplicacions
d'emmagatzematge d'energia tèrmica en edificis es mostren prometedores per reduir aquest elevat
consum energètic. Un dels objectius d'aquesta tesi doctoral és revisar les aplicacions passives i
actives d'emmagatzematge d'energia que es troben en la literatura, especialment aquelles que
utilitzen materials de canvi de fase (PCM). En aplicacions passives els requeriments de confort i
les condicions climàtiques són els principals paràmetres que s’han tingut en compte fins ara. Per
això s'estudia la influència de càrregues internes en el aplicacions passives de PCM. D'altra
banda, es presenta un sistema innovador que actua com una unitat d'emmagatzematge tèrmic i
alhora com un sistema de calefacció i refrigeració. El rendiment tèrmic d'aquest sistema es testeja
sota condicions reals i s'avalua el seu potencial de reducció del consum d'energia.<br>La reducción del consumo energético de calefacción y refrigeración de los edificios es un reto
para lograr los objetivos marcados por el Horizonte 2020. Nuevas aplicaciones de
almacenamiento de energía térmica en edificios se muestran prometedoras para reducir este
elevado consumo energético. Uno de los objetivos de esta tesis doctoral es revisar aplicaciones
pasivas y activas de almacenamiento de energía que se encuentran en la literatura, especialmente
aquellas con materiales de cambio de fase (PCM). En aplicaciones pasivas los requerimientos de
confort y las condiciones climáticas son los principales parámetros que se han tenido en cuenta
hasta ahora. Se estudia la influencia de cargas internas en aplicaciones pasivas de PCM. También,
se presenta un sistema innovador que actúa como una unidad de almacenamiento térmico y como
calefacción y refrigeración. El rendimiento térmico de este sistema se testea bajo condiciones
reales y evalúa su potencial de reducción del consumo energético.<br>Reducing the energy consumption of heating and cooling systems of buildings is a key challenge
to achieve the targets set for the Horizon 2020. New applications of thermal energy storage in
buildings are promising to reduce the high energy consumption. One of the objectives of this PhD
is to review passive and active applications of thermal energy storage in buildings found in the
literature, especially those that use phase change materials (PCM). In passive applications
comfort requirements and climatic conditions are the main parameters that have been considered
so far. For this study, the influence of internal loads has been taken into account in passive PCM
applications. Moreover, an innovative system which acts as a storage unit and a heating and
cooling supply is presented. The thermal performance of this system is studied and the potential
in reducing the energy consumption of heating and cooling is evaluated.
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Kotze, Johannes Paulus. "Thermal energy storage in metallic phase change materials." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96049.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (PhD) -- Stellenbosch University, 2014.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Currently the reduction of the levelised cost of electricity (LCOE) is the main goal of concentrating solar power (CSP) research. Central to a cost reduction strategy proposed by the American Department of Energy is the use of advanced power cycles like supercritical steam Rankine cycles to increase the efficiency of the CSP plant. A supercritical steam cycle requires source temperatures in excess of 620°C, which is above the maximum storage temperature of the current two-tank molten nitrate salt storage, which stores thermal energy at 565°C. Metallic phase change materials (PCM) can store thermal energy at higher temperatures, and do not have the drawbacks of salt based PCMs. A thermal energy storage (TES) concept is developed that uses both metallic PCMs and liquid metal heat transfer fluids (HTF). The concept was proposed in two iterations, one where steam is generated directly from the PCM – direct steam generation (DSG), and another where a separate liquid metal/water heat exchanger is used – indirect steam generation, (ISG). Eutectic aluminium-silicon alloy (AlSi12) was selected as the ideal metallic PCM for research, and eutectic sodium-potassium alloy (NaK) as the most suitable heat transfer fluid.
Thermal energy storage in PCMs results in moving boundary heat transfer problems, which has design implications. The heat transfer analysis of the heat transfer surfaces is significantly simplified if quasi-steady state heat transfer analysis can be assumed, and this is true if the Stefan condition is met. To validate the simplifying assumptions and to prove the concept, a prototype heat storage unit was built. During testing, it was shown that the simplifying assumptions are valid, and that the prototype worked, validating the concept. Unfortunately unexpected corrosion issues limited the experimental work, but highlighted an important aspect of metallic PCM TES. Liquid aluminium based alloys are highly corrosive to most materials and this is a topic for future investigation.
To demonstrate the practicality of the concept and to come to terms with the control strategy of both proposed concepts, a storage unit was designed for a 100 MW power plant with 15 hours of thermal storage. Only AlSi12 was used in the design, limiting the power cycle to a subcritical power block. This demonstrated some practicalities about the concept and shed some light on control issues regarding the DSG concept. A techno-economic evaluation of metallic PCM storage concluded that metallic PCMs can be used in conjunction with liquid metal heat transfer fluids to achieve high temperature storage and it should be economically viable if the corrosion issues of aluminium alloys can be resolved. The use of advanced power cycles, metallic PCM storage and liquid metal heat transfer is only merited if significant reduction in LCOE in the whole plant is achieved and only forms part of the solution. Cascading of multiple PCMs across a range of temperatures is required to minimize entropy generation. Two-tank molten salt storage can also be used in conjunction with cascaded metallic PCM storage to minimize cost, but this also needs further investigation.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Tans is die minimering van die gemiddelde leeftydkoste van elektrisiteit (GLVE) die hoofdoel van gekonsentreerde son-energie navorsing. In die kosteverminderingsplan wat voorgestel is deur die Amerikaanse Departement van Energie, word die gebruik van gevorderde kragsiklusse aanbeveel. 'n Superkritiese stoom-siklus vereis bron temperature hoër as 620 °C, wat bo die 565 °C maksimum stoor temperatuur van die huidige twee-tenk gesmelte nitraatsout termiese energiestoor (TES) is. Metaal fase veranderingsmateriale (FVMe) kan termiese energie stoor by hoër temperature, en het nie die nadele van soutgebaseerde FVMe nie. ʼn TES konsep word ontwikkel wat gebruik maak van metaal FVM en vloeibare metaal warmteoordrag vloeistof. Die konsep is voorgestel in twee iterasies; een waar stoom direk gegenereer word uit die FVM (direkte stoomopwekking (DSO)), en 'n ander waar 'n afsonderlike vloeibare metaal/water warmteruiler gebruik word (indirekte stoomopwekking (ISO)). Eutektiese aluminium-silikon allooi (AlSi12) is gekies as die mees geskikte metaal FVM vir navorsingsdoeleindes, en eutektiese natrium – kalium allooi (NaK) as die mees geskikte warmteoordrag vloeistof.
Termiese energie stoor in FVMe lei tot bewegende grens warmteoordrag berekeninge, wat ontwerps-implikasies het. Die warmteoordrag ontleding van die warmteruilers word aansienlik vereenvoudig indien kwasi-bestendige toestand warmteoordrag ontledings gebruik kan word en dit is geldig indien daar aan die Stefan toestand voldoen word. Om vereenvoudigende aannames te bevestig en om die konsep te bewys is 'n prototipe warmte stoor eenheid gebou. Gedurende toetse is daar bewys dat die vereenvoudigende aannames geldig is, dat die prototipe werk en dien as ʼn bevestiging van die konsep. Ongelukkig het onverwagte korrosie die eksperimentele werk kortgeknip, maar dit het klem op 'n belangrike aspek van metaal FVM TES geplaas. Vloeibare aluminium allooie is hoogs korrosief en dit is 'n onderwerp vir toekomstige navorsing.
Om die praktiese uitvoerbaarheid van die konsep te demonstreer en om die beheerstrategie van beide voorgestelde konsepte te bevestig is 'n stoor-eenheid ontwerp vir 'n 100 MW kragstasie met 15 uur van 'n TES. Slegs AlSi12 is gebruik in die ontwerp, wat die kragsiklus beperk het tot 'n subkritiese stoomsiklus. Dit het praktiese aspekte van die konsep onderteken, en beheerkwessies rakende die DSO konsep in die kollig geplaas. In 'n tegno-ekonomiese analise van metaal FVM TES word die gevolgtrekking gemaak dat metaal FVMe gebruik kan word in samewerking met 'n vloeibare metaal warmteoordrag vloeistof om hoë temperatuur stoor moontlik te maak en dat dit ekonomies lewensvatbaar is indien die korrosie kwessies van aluminium allooi opgelos kan word. Die gebruik van gevorderde kragsiklusse, metaal FVM stoor en vloeibare metaal warmteoordrag word net geregverdig indien beduidende vermindering in GLVE van die hele kragsentrale bereik is, en dit vorm slegs 'n deel van die oplossing. ʼn Kaskade van verskeie FVMe oor 'n reeks van temperature word vereis om entropie generasie te minimeer. Twee-tenk gesmelte soutstoor kan ook gebruik word in samewerking met kaskade metaal FVM stoor om koste te verminder, maar dit moet ook verder ondersoek word.
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Hariri, Ahmad. "Etude de commutateurs hyperfréquences bistables à base des matériaux à changement de phase (PCM)." Thesis, Limoges, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIMO0013/document.
Full textAbstract:
Les travaux présentés dans ce manuscrit portent sur la conception, simulation et réalisation des nouvelles structures des commutateurs hyperfréquences basées sur l’intégration des couches minces des matériaux innovants fonctionnels tels que les matériaux à changement de phase (PCM) et les matériaux à transition de phase (PTM). Le principe de fonctionnement de ces composants repose sur le changement de résistivité présenter par ces matériaux. Nous avons exploité le changement de résistivité réversible du GeTe de la famille des matériaux à changement de phase (PCM) entre les deux états : amorphe à forte résistivité et cristallin à faible résistivité, pour réaliser une nouvelle structure d’un simple commutateur SPST. Ensuite, nous avons intégré ce commutateur dans une nouvelle structure de la matrice de commutation DPDT (Double Port Double Throw) à base de PCM pour l’application dans la charge utile du satellite. Nous avons utilisé la transition isolant-métal présenté par le dioxyde de vanadium (VO2) de la famille des matériaux à transition de phase, pour réaliser une nouvelle structure de commutateur simple à deux terminaux sur une très large bande de fréquence (100 MHz–220 GHz)<br>The work presented in this manuscript focuses on the design, simulation and realization of new microwave switches structures based on the integration of thin layers of innovative functional materials such as phase change materials (PCM) and phase transition materials. (PTM). The operating principle of these components is based on the change of resistivity present by these materials. We exploited the reversible resistivity change of GeTe of phase change materials family between the two states: amorphous with high resistivity and crystalline with low resistivity to realize a new structure of SPST switch. Then, we have integrated this switch structure on a new structure of DPDT (Double Port Double Throw) switch matrix based on phase change materials for application in satellite payload. We have used the insulatingmetal transition presented by the vanadium dioxide (VO2) of phase transition materials family to realize a new two terminals simple switch structure on a very wide frequency band (100 MHz–220 GHz)
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Barreneche, Güerisoli Camila. "Development and characterization of new materials incorporating phase change materials (PCM) for thermal energy storage (TES) applications in buildings." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/123749.
Full textAbstract:
Actualment, la demanda d'energia per satisfer el confort tèrmic en edificació és un dels
majors reptes per a les administracions. Per tant, l'eficiència dels diferents sistemes
d'emmagatzematge d'energia s està investigant intensament per la comunitat
científica. Una alternativa viable és l'ús de materials de canvi de fase (PCM). Les
parafines han estat molt utilitzades com PCM per la seva alta capacitat
d'emmagatzematge de calor (al voltant de 100-130 kJ·kg-1) i la seva baixa temperatura
de fusió la qual és molt estable. A més, el consum d'energia i les oscil·lacions de la
temperatura internes d'edificis es poden reduir quan un PCM s'incorpora en evolvents.
L'objectiu principal d'aquesta tesi és el desenvolupament de nous materials que
continguin PCM basant-se en l'estudi del procés per obtenir la correcta introducció del
PCM dins el material. A més, les propietats termofísiques d'aquests nous materials
s'han de conèixer i per tant caracteritzar a nivell de laboratori. Aquesta tesi doctoral se
centra en els treballs publicats en revistes científiques amb alt factor d'impacte
indexats al camp de l Energia els quals reflecteixen treball realitzat. D'altra banda,
aquesta tesi conté una revisió de l'estat de l'art destacant els requisits per a un PCM i
llista tots els tipus de PCM disponibles al mercat i utilitzats en investigació.
D'altra banda, un nou concepte de material compost que incorpora PCM ha estat
desenvolupat en aquesta tesi. Aquest compost té la matriu polimèrica, i inclou un
residu del procés de reciclatge de l acer. D'aquesta manera s'obtenen làmines denses
que es poden modelar. La fabricació d'aquest material podria considerar-se un mètode
per a la reutilització d'aquest residu. D'altra banda, aquest tipus de residus conté òxids
de metalls pesants que augmenten les propietats d'aïllant acústic de la làmina
aconseguint millorar el resultat final de la solució constructiva. A més, el comportament
termofísico dels materials compostos utilitzats en edificis és difícil de caracteritzar i
l'anàlisi tèrmica dels PCM és un pas necessari per al disseny dels mateixos. Les dues
primeres caracteritzacions termofísiques estudiades en aquesta tesi es van realitzar
mitjançant corbes calorimètriques que és una de les tècniques més potents disponibles
actualment. tres estudis més van ser van realitzar amb dispositius desenvolupats per
diferents grups d'investigació a Espanya per tal de mesurar les propietats
termofísiques dels materials compostos o materials multicapa que incorporen PCM.<br>Hoy en día, la demanda de energía para satisfacer el confort térmico en edificación es
uno de los mayores desafíos para las administraciones. Por lo tanto, la eficiencia de
los diferentes sistemas de almacenamiento de energía está siendo intensamente
investigado por la comunidad científica. Una alternativa viable es el uso de materiales
de cambio de fase (PCM). La parafina ha sido muy usada como PCM debido a su alta
capacidad de almacenamiento de calor (alrededor de 100-130 kJ·kg-1) y a su baja
temperatura de fusión la cual es muy estable. Además, el consumo de energía y las
oscilaciones de la temperatura internas se pueden reducir cuando un PCM se
incorpora en envolventes de edificios.
El objetivo principal de esta tesis es el desarrollo de nuevos materiales que contengan
PCM basándose en el estudio del proceso para obtener la correcta introducción del
PCM. Además, las propiedades termofísicas de estos nuevos materiales se debe
conocer y por tanto caracterizar a nivel de laboratorio. Esta tesis doctoral se centra en
los trabajos publicados en revistas científicas con alto factor de impacto indexados en
el campo de Energía los cuales reflejan el trabajo realizado. Por otra parte, esta tesis
contiene una revisión del estado del arte destacando los requisitos para un PCM y lista
todos los tipos de PCM comercializados y utilizados en investigación.
Por otra parte, un nuevo concepto de material compuesto que incorpora PCM ha sido
desarrollado en esta tesis. Este compuesto tiene la matriz polimérica, e incluye un
residuo del proceso de reciclaje de acero. De este modo se obtienen láminas densas
moldeables. La fabricación de este material podría considerarse un método para la
reutilización de este residuo. Por otra parte, este tipo de residuos contiene óxidos de
metales pesados que aumentan las propiedades de aislante acústico de la lámina
consiguiendo mejorar el resultado final de la solución constructiva. Además, el
comportamiento termofísico de los materiales compuestos utilizados en edificios es
difícil de caracterizar y el análisis térmico de los PCM es un paso necesario para el
diseño de los mismos. Las dos primeras caracterizaciones termofísicas estudiadas en
esta tesis se realizaron mediante calorimetría diferencial de barrido que es una de las
técnicas más potentes disponibles actualmente. tres estudios más fueron realizaron
con dispositivos desarrollados por diferentes grupos de investigación en España con el
fin de medir las propiedades termofísicas de los materiales compuestos o materiales
multicapa que incorporan PCM.<br>Nowadays, energy demand to satisfy thermal comfort in buildings is one of the major
challenges for governments and administrations. Therefore, energy storage system
efficiency is being studied by the international scientific community. A feasible
alternative is the use of phase change materials (PCM). Paraffin waxes have been
used as PCM because of their high heat storage capacity (around 100-130 kJ·kg"1) and
their low and stable melting temperature. Furthermore, the energy consumption and
indoor oscillations temperature may be reduced when PCM is incorporated in building
envelopes and the thermal inertia increment when PCM is combined with thermal
insulation was widely studied.
The main objective of this thesis is the development of new materials containing PCM
based on the study of process to get the correct PCM introduction. In addition,
thermophysical properties of these new materials must be characterized. In order to
perform the characterization, it was used several developed devices. This PhD thesis is
based on papers published in scientific journals with high impact factor in the Energy
field and one patent that reflect the work performed.
This thesis contains a review of the state of the art highlighting the requirements order
to a certain PCM and lists and sorts all PCM available in the market and used in
research. On the other hand, a new concept of composite material incorporating PCM
is developed in this thesis. This composite has polymeric matrix and includes one
waste from the steel recycling process obtaining mouldable dense sheets. The
manufacture of this material is considered a way to reuse the waste. Furthermore, this
waste contains heavy metals oxides which add acoustic insulation properties to the
final constructive system. One patent and two papers are the main result.
Moreover, thermophysical behaviour of composite materials used in buildings
envelopes is difficult to characterize. In addition, PCM thermal analysis is a necessary
step of building design as well as it will be a key point in the final thermal results of the
envelope. The first two thermophysical characterizations studied in this thesis were
performed using differential scanning calorimetry which is one of the most powerful
techniques. Three more studies were performed using devices developed by different
research groups in Spain in order to measure thermophysical properties of composite
materials or multilayered materials incorporating PCM.
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Solé, Garrigós Aran. "Phase change materials characterization (PCM) and thermochemical materials (TCM) development and characterization towards reactor design for thermal energy storage." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/326741.
Full textAbstract:
Un inconvenient de les energies renovables, a part del cost d’inversió inicial el qual està decreixent, és la necessitat de bateries tèrmiques. L’emmagatzematge d’energia tèrmica és fonamental per quadrar la producció i la demanda, i així proporcionar fred o calor (energia tèrmica) als consumidors quan així ho requereixin, independentment de quan ha estat obtinguda. Hi ha diverses maneres de fer-ho, la més comuna és un tanc d’aigua. No obstant, hi ha maneres més compactes i eficients, com ara els materials de canvi de fase (PCM) i els materials termoquímics (TCM). És per això, que l’objectiu de la present tesis és contribuir a la caracterització de PCM des d’un punt de vista de les tècniques d’anàlisi tèrmica, estabilitat fisicoquímica i morfològica, així com investigar experimentalment sobre la ciclabilitat tèrmica dels sucres-alcohols. Pel que fa als materials termoquímics l’objectiu és dur a terme un estat de l’art dels reactors utilitzats, així com aprofundir en els requeriments quan es procedeix a elegir un TCM. A més a més, també és presenten els resultats de tests de corrosió sota diferents atmosferes, simulant els reactors, i nous materials desenvolupats, basats en grafit, per millorar la transferència de calor.<br>Uno de los inconvenientes de las energías renovables, a parte de la inversión inicial la cual está disminuyendo, es la necesidad de baterías térmicas. El almacenamiento de energía térmica es fundamental para hacer coincidir la producción y la demanda, para así proporcionar energía térmica cuando sea requerida por los inquilinos, independientemente de cuándo ésta ha sido obtenida. Existen diferentes maneras de hacerlo, la más común el agua. No obstante, hay maneras más eficientes y compactas, como los materiales de cambio de fase (PCM) y los materiales termoquímicos (TCM). Es por eso, que el objectivo de la tesi es contribuir a la caracterización de los PCM desde un punto de vista de las técnicas de análisis térmico, estabilidad fisicoquímica y morfológica, así como investigar experimentalmente sobre la ciclabilidad térmica de los azúcares-alcoholes. En relación a los TCM, el objetivo es llevar a cabo un estado del arte de los reactores utilizados, así como profundizar sobre los requerimientos para la elección de un TCM. Asimismo, se presentan resultados de ensayos de corrosión bajo diferentes atmósferas y materiales desarrollados en base a grafito para la mejora de la transferencia de calor.<br>A resulting drawback of renewable energies use, besides the investment cost which is actually decreasing, is the need of thermal batteries. Thermal energy storage is essential to match production and demand, and therefore to provide heat or cold to the consumers when required independently of when it was obtained. Several ways exist to fulfil this requirement in buildings, the most common one is a water tank. But there are more compact and efficient ways, such as phase change materials (PCM) and thermochemical materials (TCM) storage. These materials need to be properly characterized and their thermophysical properties perfectly known in order to design the most appropriate and optimum system for heating, cooling and domestic hot water applications in dwellings.Therefore, the main objective of this thesis is to contribute on PCM characterization from a material thermal analysis, physicochemical stability and morphological point of view, and experimentally investigate on thermal cycling stability of sugar-alcohols. Then, on TCM side the aim is to provide an overview among TCM available reactors and requirements to choose the suitable storage material. Moreover, corrosion tests under different atmospheres and enhancement of heat transfer by developing graphite based composites are performed and shown in detail in this thesis.
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Erkal, Zafer. "Experimental Investigation Of Phase Change Materials Used In Prototype Military Shelters." Master's thesis, METU, 2011. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12613504/index.pdf.
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In this thesis, the possible usage of phase change materials in military shelters with the aim of decreasing the heating effect of the solar radiation is presented. In order to meet the rapidly growing demand for energy in military applications, a passive cooling technique, specifically, storing thermal energy with phase change materials is analyzed by using experimental approach. Not only different types of phase change materials but also different amounts of them are examined during the solar loading experiments. In order to simulate solar heat loading on prototype military shelters, solar radiation test or in other words sunshine test that is stated in military standard MIL
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Kiouseloglou, Athanasios. "Caractérisation et conception d' architectures basées sur des mémoires à changement de phase." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAT128/document.
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Les mémoires à base de semi-conducteur sont indispensables pour les dispositifs électroniques actuels. La demande croissante pour des dispositifs mémoires fortement miniaturisées a entraîné le développement de mémoires non volatiles fiables qui sont utilisées dans des systèmes informatiques pour le stockage de données et qui sont capables d'atteindre des débits de données élevés, avec des niveaux de dissipation d'énergie équivalents voire moindres que ceux des technologies mémoires actuelles.Parmi les technologies de mémoires non-volatiles émergentes, les mémoires à changement de phase (PCM) sont le candidat le plus prometteur pour remplacer la technologie de mémoire Flash conventionnelle. Les PCM offrent une grande variété de fonctions, comme une lecture et une écriture rapide, un excellent potentiel de miniaturisation, une compatibilité CMOS et des performances élevées de rétention de données à haute température et d'endurance, et peuvent donc ouvrir la voie à des applications non seulement pour les dispositifs mémoires, mais également pour les systèmes informatiques à hautes performances. Cependant, certains problèmes de fiabilité doivent encore être résolus pour que les PCM se positionnent comme un remplacement concurrentiel de la mémoire Flash.Ce travail se concentre sur l'étude de mémoires à changement de phase intégrées afin d'optimiser leurs performances et de proposer des solutions pour surmonter les principaux points critiques de la technologie, ciblant des applications à hautes températures. Afin d'améliorer la fiabilité de la technologie, la stœchiométrie du matériau à changement de phase a été conçue de façon appropriée et des dopants ont été ajoutés, optimisant ainsi la stabilité thermique. Une diminution de la vitesse de programmation est également rapportée, ainsi qu'un drift résiduel de la résistance de l'état de faiblement résistif vers des valeurs de résistance plus élevées au cours du temps.Une nouvelle technique de programmation est introduite, permettant d'améliorer la vitesse de programmation des dispositifs et, dans le même temps, de réduire avec succès le phénomène de drift en résistance. Par ailleurs, un algorithme de programmation des PCM multi-bits est présenté. Un générateur d'impulsions fournissant des impulsions avec la tension souhaitée en sortie a été conçu et testé expérimentalement, répondant aux demandes de programmation d'une grande variété de matériaux innovants et en permettant la programmation précise et l’optimisation des performances des PCM<br>Semiconductor memory has always been an indispensable component of modern electronic systems. The increasing demand for highly scaled memory devices has led to the development of reliable non-volatile memories that are used in computing systems for permanent data storage and are capable of achieving high data rates, with the same or lower power dissipation levels as those of current advanced memory solutions.Among the emerging non-volatile memory technologies, Phase Change Memory (PCM) is the most promising candidate to replace conventional Flash memory technology. PCM offers a wide variety of features, such as fast read and write access, excellent scalability potential, baseline CMOS compatibility and exceptional high-temperature data retention and endurance performances, and can therefore pave the way for applications not only in memory devices, but also in energy demanding, high-performance computer systems. However, some reliability issues still need to be addressed in order for PCM to establish itself as a competitive Flash memory replacement.This work focuses on the study of embedded Phase Change Memory in order to optimize device performance and propose solutions to overcome the key bottlenecks of the technology, targeting high-temperature applications. In order to enhance the reliability of the technology, the stoichiometry of the phase change material was appropriately engineered and dopants were added, resulting in an optimized thermal stability of the device. A decrease in the programming speed of the memory technology was also reported, along with a residual resistivity drift of the low resistance state towards higher resistance values over time.A novel programming technique was introduced, thanks to which the programming speed of the devices was improved and, at the same time, the resistance drift phenomenon could be successfully addressed. Moreover, an algorithm for programming PCM devices to multiple bits per cell using a single-pulse procedure was also presented. A pulse generator dedicated to provide the desired voltage pulses at its output was designed and experimentally tested, fitting the programming demands of a wide variety of materials under study and enabling accurate programming targeting the performance optimization of the technology
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Caleiro, Luis Carlos Ferreira. "Dynamic simulation of strategies for thermal comfort using phase change materials." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/14382.
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Mestrado em Engenharia Civil<br>Nowadays, as global warming becomes one of the most urgent problems in the world, there is a need to find better ways to utilize energy: not only in the field of energy production, transmission, distribution, and consumption, but also in the area of energy storage. With energy storage technologies, it is possible to overcome the contradiction between the energy production and consumption, alleviate the tense production load of power plants at peak hours, and reduce consumers’ electricity costs by avoiding higher peak hour tariffs.
Thermal energy storage, or heat and cold storage, allows the storage of heat or cold to be used later. This method needs to be reversible so it allows for multiple cycles. The technology that was studied for this effect was Phase Change Materials or PCMs.
With that in mind, and with the help of dynamic building simulation software, EnergyPlus, several scenarios of an existing build that has PCM incorporated were studied in order to ascertain the real effect the technology is having on the case study, including thermal comfort.<br>Hoje em dia, com o aquecimento global a tornar-se um dos problemas mais urgentes da Terra, há necessidade de encontrar melhores maneiras de utilizar energia: não apenas no campo da produção de energia, transmissão, distribuição e consumo, mas também na área de armazenamento de energia. Com tecnologias de armazenamento de energia, é possível de ultrapassar a contradição entre a produção e consumo, aliviar a tensão que existe na produção nas estações de energia nas horas de pico e reduzir o custo de electricidade aos utentes ao evitar as tarifas nas horas de pico.
A armazenagem de energia calorífica, do calor e frio, permite o armazenamento de calor ou frio para ser usado mais tarde. Este método precisa de ser reversível para permitir vários ciclos deste processo. A tecnologia estudada para este efeito foi os materiais que mudam de fase, ou PCMs (Phase Change Materials).
Com isto em mente, e com a ajuda de software de simulação dinâmica, EnergyPlus, vários cenários de um edifício existente que tem PCM incorporado foram estudados em ordem de poder concluir o verdadeiro efeito que a tecnologia está a ter no caso estudo, incluindo o conforto térmico.
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Vitali, Margherita. "Phase change materials for building insulation: application to an active cooling ceiling at the Energy Efficiency Center." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018.
Find full textAbstract:
The present thesis project has been developed at the Department of Energy and Building Services Engineering of the Munich University of Applied Sciences. The thesis intends to present an overview of the use of phase change materials (PCM) for building insulation applications. In light of the high energy consumption in the building sector, the latent heat storage capacity of PCMs could be effectively used to provide passive thermal regulation of the indoor temperature as well as reduce energy consumption due to thermal regulation in buildings, which is often caused by high energy consuming solutions, such as air conditioning systems.
The first chapter is an introduction on conventional approaches and traditional materials used for building insulation, with an overview of the environmental impact of thermal regulation of buildings. The second chapter is a detailed analysis of the state of the art of phase change materials; this chapter also describes the thermodynamic process of latent heat storage in PCMs, along with the operating principles of the materials, the most effective installation procedures available, the advantages of PCMs compared to other conventional solutions, as well as several examples of PCM applications from the literature. The third chapter describes the Life-Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) as a tool to calculate the optimum thickness of conventional insulation materials and the limits of this approach when applied to PCM insulation sizing. The fourth chapter shows the different options available on the market for PCM insulation, with a detailed description of a real application of PCM integrated into a cooling ceiling system at the Energy Efficiency Center in Wurzburg (Germany). The fifth chapter presents the financial approaches to promote refurbishment and energy-improvement in buildings. The sixth and final chapter presents the conclusions of the research and future potential studies on the topic of PCMs.
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Trogrlic, Martina. "Analysis and design of systems for thermal-energy storage at moderate temperatures based on Phase Change Materials (PCM)." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for energi- og prosessteknikk, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-26093.
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Because human population is growing at such a high rate, as well as the energy consumption per person, new ways of preserving and efficiently using available energy must be explored. Until new and abundant energy sources are found and means of their exploitation developed, research attention should be focused on finding ways of proper and safe use of what is nowadays available.In that sense, storage of thermal energy plays an important role both in heating and/or cooling applications, such as in residential or commercial buildings, and in industrial processes. Some of the technical solutions are based on phase change materials (PCM) which can help to preserve and to increase the efficiency of energy use when used at right temperature levels at which PCMs change their phase. Thus in just a few degrees of temperature difference, a large quantity of energy can be stored. PCMs might find their application in fixing the energy storage problems in different fields, for they represent a kind of thermal battery. PCM may allow keeping the temperature of the room stable because of their high density of energy storage. PCMs can help keeping the temperature level of a water tank at a certain point. The successful usage of PCMs is not only a question of energy storage density, but on the other hand it is a question of proper charge and discharge of the energy stored with power suitable for the desired application [1].The aim of this work is to design and analyze up to three different systems for thermal energy storage based on application of PCMs and, where applicable, examine their performance in comparison with water used as a storage fluid. In order to do this simulation program TRNSYS is used. TRNSYS model TYPE 840 is used for representation of water storage tank with PCM material included. Model TYPE 840 is validated in the work of other authors [3]. Different experiments are simulated in order to investigate feasibility of the use of PCM modules in these systems. The following applications of thermal storage are considered in this work: •a tank with an electric heater, •a tank in a solar thermal application, and•a simple heat exchanger with a PCM module inside, that might be used as a portable thermal accumulator (battery).For the first and second system, simulation in TRNSYS is done to evaluate the features of PCM incorporation in a water tank and for the third system, a simulation is also done to show the characteristics of the heat exchanger designed.
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Lopes, Shailesh M. "Evaluation of fats and oils & their derivatives as potential phase change materials (PCM) for thermal energy storage /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p1418045.
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Clark, Rowan Elizabeth. "Structural studies of salt hydrates for heat-storage applications." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/31333.
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Salt hydrates have the potential to be used in heat storage as both phase-change materials (PCMs) and thermochemical materials (TCMs). These materials offer advantages over traditional heat storage methods due to their high energy densities. However, both domestic and industrial applications require thousands of thermal cycles and there are often many issues that need to be overcome before these materials can be used reliably for heat storage. One of the major issues with using salt hydrates as PCMs is incongruency - the formation of anhydrous phases during melting. In this research, the mechanisms of the action of polymers to prevent incongruency in sodium acetate trihydrate have been investigated. A new polymorph of anhydrous sodium acetate, Form IV, was obtained in the presence of the polymer. This polymorph crystallises as long, blade-shaped crystals, thereby increasing the surface area to volume ratio. Indexing of the crystal faces revealed that every face had Na+ or the oxygen atoms of the acetate ion near or on the surface, as opposed to hydrophobic methyl groups found on the faces of the anhydrous salt grown without polymer. These two factors are believed to significantly increase the dissolution kinetics. This technique has the potential to be used for screening polymers to reformulate other salt hydrates that display incongruent behaviour. Eutectic compositions of NaCl and KCl with strontium hydroxide octahydrate were investigated as a potential means to prevent the incongruency of this PCM. However, degradation was observed with thermal cycling. Variable temperature PXRD studies discovered a new Sr(OH)2 hydrate when heating above 75 °C - Sr(OH)2. ⅓H2O. The recrystallisation of the octahydrate from the new phase was slow with incomplete conversion, explaining the degradation with continuous cycling. The effect of addition of NaCl and KCl to congruent barium hydroxide octahydrate was also investigated. On heating, a phase transition was observed, but the samples remained solid. Variable temperature PXRD investigations discovered that this was due to the formation of the salt hydrate, Ba(OH)Cl.2H2O. This hydrate melted at 110 °C, showing its potential as a high temperature PCM. The dehydration pathways of magnesium sulfate heptahydrate were investigated. In-situ PXRD studies showed that changing the heating rate changed the intermediates present during the dehydration. The fast dehydration rate saw both the known phases of trihydrate and 2.5 hydrate form as the dehydration product of the tetrahydrate. These both then dehydrated to the known dihydrate. This differed when the slower heating rate was used, as the trihydrate was the only product of dehydration from the tetrahydrate. The trihydrate then proceeded to dehydrate to a new phase. This was found to be a new polymorph of the dihydrate, β-MgSO4.2H2O. Dehydration of MgSO4.7H2O with 50 mol% NaCl was also performed. Loeweite, Na12Mg7(SO4)13.15H2O, a dication sulfate hydrate, was formed as the major intermediate. This mixture showed advantages over the pure MgSO4.7H2O as dehydration to the monohydrate took less time and occurred at a lower temperature. There were also three fewer intermediate phases before dehydration to the monohydrate. Suspension and encapsulation materials were used in order to overcome the major issue of agglomeration with magnesium sulfate. Liquid water was ruled out as a viable hydration medium. Apparatus was developed to test humidity cycling, which allowed the effects of dehydration time and temperature to be investigated, as well testing a range of different formulations.
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Haukka, Astrid, and Linda Larsson. "Fasövergångsmaterial för ökad inomhuskomfort : Reducering av temperaturvariationer och kylbehov med hjälp av fasövergångsmaterial." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Byggteknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-388366.
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This report aims to study how the indoor climate in a conference room can be improved by the use of phase change material (PCM). The study includes an experiment where 40 kg of salt hydrate based PCM was placed within a conference room located in an office in the city of Uppsala, Sweden. The experiment resulted in a decrease in the peak temperature with respect to the internal heat gains in the conference room and a slower temperature increase with PCM implemented. The report concludes that PCM can improve the indoor climate in regard to its ability to limit the temperature fluctuation. The study also contains modelling and simulation over the office and conference room in the program Trnsys. This was carried out to study how the temperature and cooling demand in the conference room and office respectively would change with a larger implementation of PCM. When 106 kg of PCM was simulated to be implemented in two of the conference room walls, the specific peak temperature was on average decreased with 0.17 °C/kW during the year. Furthermore, a decrease in the cooling demand with 16 % was achieved when implementing 1 208 kg of PCM in the internal walls of the office. This study shows that there is potential for reducing the cooling demand in the building through an implementation of PCM. Further studies with a more detailed model of the office is recommended before deciding upon if and where PCM should be implemented.
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Malekzadeh, Fatemeh. "Integration of Phase Change Materials in Commercial Buildings for Thermal Regulation and Energy Efficiency." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/603534.
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One of prospective procedures of absorbing thermal energy and releasing it during the required time is the application of phase change materials known as PCMs in building envelopes. High thermal energy storage (TES) materials has been a technology that effects the energy efficiency of a building by contributing in using onsite resources and reducing cooling or heating loads. Currently, many TES systems are emerging and contributing in building assemblies, however using an appropriate type of TES in a specific building and climate requires an in-depth knowledge of their properties. This research aims to provide a thorough review of a broad range of thermal energy storage technologies including their potential application in buildings. Subsequently, a comparative study and simulation between a basecase and an optimized model by PCM is thoroughly considered to understand the effect of high thermal storage building's shell on energy efficiency and indoor thermal comfort. Specifically this study proposes that the incorporation of PCM into glazing system as a high thermal capacity system will improve windows thermal performance and thermal capacity to varying climatic conditions. The generated results by eQUEST energy modeling software demonstrates approximately 25% reduction in cooling loads during the summer and 10% reduction in heating loads during the winter for optimized office building by PCM in hot arid climate of Arizona. Besides, using PCM in glazing system will reduce heat gain through the windows by conduction phenomenon. The hourly results indicates the effect of PCM as a thermal energy storage system in building envelopes for building's energy efficiency and thermal regulation. However, several problems need to be tackled before LHTES can reliably and practically be applied. We conclude with some suggestions for future work.
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Marchi, Fabio. "Analisi termiche sull'impiego di materiali a cambiamento di fase (PCM) nelle pavimentazioni stradali." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016.
Find full textAbstract:
Il presente lavoro di tesi mira a studiare l’utilizzo di aggregati artificiali (PLA) costituiti da aggregati leggeri (LWA) impregnati di materiali a cambiamento di fase (Phase-Change Materials, PCM) nei conglomerati bituminosi. L’obiettivo della tesi è quello di dimostrare che l’utilizzo di questi materiali nelle sovrastrutture stradali, grazie alla proprietà di cambiare fase (da solida a liquida e viceversa) in funzione della temperatura, induce una liberazione di calore. La conseguenza immediata dell’utilizzo di questi materiali è la ridotta necessità di manutenzione invernale, abbattendo i costi di ripristino della pavimentazione. Inoltre l’utilizzo di PLA non deve pregiudicare l’aspetto prestazionale e la vita utile dell’infrastruttura.
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Green, Craig Elkton. "Composite thermal capacitors for transient thermal management of multicore microprocessors." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/44772.
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While 3D stacked multi-processor technology offers the potential for significant computing advantages, these architectures also face the significant challenge of small, localized hotspots with very large heat fluxes due to the placement of asymmetric cores, heterogeneous devices and performance driven layouts. In this thesis, a new thermal management solution is introduced that seeks to maximize the performance of microprocessors with dynamically managed power profiles. To mitigate the non-uniformities in chip temperature profiles resulting from the dynamic power maps, solid-liquid phase change materials (PCMs) with an embedded heat spreader network are strategically positioned near localized hotspots, resulting in a large increase in the local thermal capacitance in these problematic areas.
Theoretical analysis shows that the increase in local thermal capacitance results in an almost twenty-fold increase in the time that a thermally constrained core can operate before a power gating or core migration event is required. Coupled to the PCMs are solid state coolers (SSCs) that serve as a means for fast regeneration of the PCMs during the cool down periods associated with throttling events. Using this combined PCM/SSC approach allows for devices that operate with the desirable combination of low throttling frequency and large overall core duty cycles, thus maximizing computational throughput. The impact of the thermophysical properties of the PCM on the device operating characteristics has been investigated from first principles in order to better inform the PCM selection or design process.
Complementary to the theoretical characterization of the proposed thermal solution, a prototype device called a "Composite Thermal Capacitor (CTC)" that monolithically integrates micro heaters, PCMs and a spreader matrix into a Si test chip was fabricated and tested to validate the efficacy of the concept. A prototype CTC was shown to increase allowable device operating times by over 7X and address heat fluxes of up to ~395 W/cm2. Various methods for regenerating the CTC have been investigated, including air, liquid, and solid state cooling, and operational duty cycles of over 60% have been demonstrated.
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He, Bo. "High-Capacity Cool Thermal Energy Storage for Peak Shaving - a Solution for Energy Challenges in the 21st century." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Chemical Engineering and Technology, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-3781.
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<p>Due to climatic change, increasing thermal loads inbuildings and rising living standards, comfort cooling inbuildings is becoming increasingly important and the demand forcomfort cooling is expanding very quickly around the world. Theincreased cooling demand results in a peak in electrical powerdemand during the hottest summer hours. This peak presents newchallenges and uncertainties to electricity utilities and theircustomers.</p><p>Cool thermal storage systems have not only the potential tobecome one of the primary solutions to the electrical powerimbalance between production and demand, but also shift coolingenergy use to off-peak periods and avoid peak demand charges.It increases the possibilities of utilizing renewable energysources and waste heat for cooling generation. In addition, acool storage can actually increase the efficiency of combinedheat and power (CHP) generation provided that heat drivencooling is coupled to CHP. Then, the cool storage may avoidpeaks in the heat demand for cooling generation, and this meansthat the CHP can operate at design conditions in most oftime.</p><p>Phase Change Materials (PCMs) used for cool storage hasobtained considerable attention, since they can be designed tomelt and freeze at a selected temperature and have shown apromising ability to reduce the size of storage systemscompared with a sensible heat storage system because they usethe latent heat of the storage medium for thermal energystorage.</p><p>The goal of this thesis is to define suitable PCM candidatesfor comfort cooling storage. The thesis work combines differentmethods to determine the thermophysical properties oftetradecane, hexadecane and their binary mixtures, anddemonstrates the potential of using these materials as PCM forcomfort cooling storage. The phase equilibrium of the binarysystem has been studied theoretically as well asexperimentally, resulting in the derivation of the phasediagram. With knowledge of the liquid-solid phase equilibriumcharacteristics and the phase diagram, an improvedunderstanding is provided for the interrelationships involvedin the phase change of the studied materials. It has beenindicated that except for the minimum-melting point mixture,all mixtures melt and freeze within a temperature range and notat a constant temperature, which is so far often assumed in PCMstorage design. In addition, the enthalpy change during thephase transition (heat of fusion) corresponds to the phasechange temperature range; thus, the storage density obtaineddepends on how large a part of the phase change temperaturerange is valid for a given application.</p><p>Differential Scanning Calorimetery (DSC) is one frequentlyused method in the development of PCMs. In this thesis, it hasbeen found that varying results are obtained depending on theDSC settings throughout the measurements. When the DSC runs ata high heating/cooling rate it will lead to erroneousinformation. Also, the correct phase transition temperaturerange cannot be obtained simply from DSC measurement. Combiningphase equilibrium considerations with DSC measurements gives areliable design method that incorporates both the heat offusion and the phase change temperature range.</p><p>The potential of PCM storage for peak shaving in differentcooling systems has been demonstrated. A Computer model hasbeen developed for rapid phase equilibrium calculation. The useof phase equilibrium data in the design of a cool storagesystem is presented as a general methodology.</p><p><b>Keywords:</b>Comfort cooling, peak shaving, PCM, coolthermal storage system, DSC, phase change temperature range,the heat of fusion, phase equilibrium, phase diagram. Language:English</p>
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Maaza, Malik. "Latent and thermal energy storage enhancement of silver nanowires-nitrate molten salt for concentrated solar power." University of Western Cape, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/8038.
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>Magister Scientiae - MSc<br>Phase change material (PCM) through latent heat of molten salt, is a convincing way for thermal energy storage in CSP applications due to its high volume density. Molten salt, with (60% NaNO3 and 40% KNO3) has been used extensively for energy storage however; the low thermal conductivity and specific heat have limited its large implementation in solar applications. For that, molten salt with the additive of silver nanowires (AgNWs) was synthesized and characterized. This research project aims to investigate the thermophysical properties enhancement of nanosalt (Mixture of molten salt and silver nanowires). The results obtained showed that by simply adjusting the temperature, Silver nanowires with high aspect ratio have been synthesized through the enhanced PVP polyol process method. SEM results revealed a network of silver nanowires and TEM results confirmed the presence of silver nanowires with an average diameter of 129 nm and 16 μm in length.
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Benavente, Monroy Nicolás Humberto. "Implementación de un modelo de transferencia de calor a través de ventanas con materiales de cambio de fase y evaluación de impacto en el desempeño térmico de la ventana y espacio de oficina." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2018. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/159581.
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Ingeniero Civil<br>El contexto general del problema que se quiere resolver en este trabajo de titulación está basado en la sustentabilidad aplicada en la construcción. El aporte informativo sobre materiales de cambio de fase PCM (Phase Change Materials) aplicados como materiales de construcción es una de las motivaciones de este trabajo, considerando que no existe más información sobre estos materiales aplicados bajo las características particulares de Chile. Es por ello por lo que se analizará la situación actual del país, con el objetivo de introducir al lector al contexto particular del problema que se busca resolver en el presente trabajo, el cual corresponde a la falta de un modelo de transferencia de calor para materiales de cambio de fase incorporados a ventanas.
El objetivo principal de este trabajo de titulación es la implementación de un modelo de transferencia de calor para materiales de cambio de fase que están incorporados a ventanas en espacios de oficina, además se compararan resultados para distintos casos de estudio, incorporando al modelo distintos tipos de PCM, distintos climas, distintas épocas del año y distintas orientaciones de la ventana en el espacio de oficina.
La metodología aplicada para desarrollar el trabajo de titulación consiste en una etapa de revisión bibliográfica, definición de las variables del modelo, validación del modelo sin PCM por medio de la comparación de temperaturas de la superficie interior de la ventana modelada en EnergyPlus y en Matlab, implementación de modelo en Matlab con la incorporación de materiales de cambio de fase, cálculo de confort térmico por medio del cálculo de índices como el voto estimado medio PMV (Predicted Mean Vote).
Los resultados obtenidos de este trabajo muestran que dependiendo de las características del PCM, como la temperatura de activación o el calor latente del material se logra una mayor o menor reducción en los peaks de temperatura de la superficie de la ventana. En el caso de Santiago se obtiene una reducción del promedio de peaks de temperatura superficial de la ventana de 14°C al comparar un modelo con y sin PCM, esta reducción tiene un impacto en el confort térmico obteniendo una reducción del índice PMV de 1.5 a 0.9, lo cual es una mejora considerable al aplicar materiales de cambio de fase. Se generan resultados para distintos casos como se mencionó anteriormente y se obtienen resultados que indican que incorporar PCM al modelo reduce las temperaturas de la superficie de la ventana y en consecuencia genera una mejora en el confort térmico.
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Chahine, Rebecca. "Ingénierie aux échelles nanométriques de matériaux chalcogénures à changement de phase pour les mémoires à changement de phase du futur." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020GRALY058.
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En terme de performance, de coût et de vitesse de fonctionnement, les mémoires à changement de phase occupent une place importante dans les technologies de stockage de données. Elles utilisent les propriétés de certains matériaux à changement de phase (PCM), principalement des alliages de matériaux chalcogénures, qui présentent des caractéristiques uniques : commutation rapide et réversible entre un état amorphe et un état cristallin avec un contraste optique et électrique important entre les deux états. Cependant, pour de meilleures performances, la consommation d’énergie due aux courants de programmation élevés doit être réduite et la température de cristallisation augmentée. Dans ce contexte, nous avons élaboré de nouveaux systèmes de multicouches de [GeTe/C]n et [Ge2Sb2Te5/C]n. Le but est d’obtenir de manière contrôlée et reproductible une couche mince de PCM nanostructuré avec une ou des dimensions caractéristiques inférieures à 10 nm. Les multicouches ont été élaborées par la technique de dépôt par pulvérisation cathodique magnétron dans un bâti de dépôt industriel 200 mm équipé d’une chambre multi-cathodes. Les multicouches sont amorphes après dépôt. Des analyses par faisceaux d’ions ont permis de contrôler la périodicité et la composition des multicouches ainsi élaborées. Des mesures de résistivité et de réflectivité en température montrent que la température de cristallisation du PCM dans la structure multicouche augmente et dépend de l’épaisseur du PCM et des films de carbone. Aussi, la cinétique et l’amplitude de la transition amorphe-cristal du PCM dans la multicouche est aussi largement affectée. L’impact de la structure multicouche sur la cristallisation du GeTe et du Ge2Sb2Te5 est alors comparée et discutée au regard de la nature de leur mécanisme de cristallisation. Nous montrons que la structure multicouche initialement amorphe est conservée même après cristallisation du PCM lors d’un recuit identique à celui utilisé pour la fabrication des dispositifs mémoires (300 °C pendant 15 min). Ainsi, il est possible d’obtenir des grains nanocristallins de PCM dans du C amorphe de l’ordre de 4 nm verticalement et de 20-30 nm dans le plan des couches. Ces résultats sont comparés à la microstructure de films de GeTe et Ge2Sb2Te5 dopés avec du C. Enfin, l’analyse de l’évolution de la structure de ces multicouches par des mesures de diffraction de rayons X en laboratoire et par des mesures in situ au cours d’un recuit au synchrotron SOLEIL a été réalisée. Ceci a permis par exemple de mettre en évidence au-delà d’une certaine température la percolation locale des grains de GeTe entre les couches de C<br>In terms of performance, cost and functional speed, phase-change memories are playing a key role in data storage technologies. Leveraging the properties of some chalcogenide materials, phase-change materials (PCMs) present unique features, mainly: fast and reversible switching between amorphous and crystalline states with significant optical and electrical contrasts between the both states. However, for an improved performance, the elevated power consumption due to the high programming current must be reduced, and the crystallization temperature also has to be increased. In this context, we have developed new multilayer systems of [GeTe/C]n and [Ge2Sb2Te5/C]n. The aim is to obtain, in a controlled and reproducible manner, a thin layer of nanostructured PCM with dimensions less than 10 nm. The multilayers were produced by the magnetron sputtering deposition technique in a 200 mm industrial equipment with a multi-cathode chamber. The multilayers are amorphous after deposition. Ion beam techniques permitted to check periodicity and composition of the multilayers. The sheet resistance and reflectivity as a function of temperature were measured in situ. The crystallization temperature of PCM in the multilayer structure increases and is dependent on the thickness of the PCM layer and that of the carbon films. The kinetics and magnitude of the amorphous-crystal transition of PCM in the multilayers are also significantly affected. The impact of the multilayer structure on the crystallization of GeTe versus Ge2Sb2Te5 is then compared and discussed with respect to their crystallization mechanism. We show that the initially amorphous multilayer structure is retained even after PCM crystallization during an annealing that is identical to the one used for the manufacture of memory devices (300 °C for 15 min). Thus, it is possible to obtain nanocrystalline grains of PCM in amorphous C on the order of 4 nm vertically and 20-30 nm in the layer plane. These results are compared with the microstructure of C-doped GeTe and Ge2Sb2Te5 films. Finally, by using X-ray diffraction measurements in the laboratory and by in situ experiments at the SOLEIL synchrotron, we were able to follow the evolution of the structure of these multilayers during annealing. For example, we reported that a local percolation effect of the GeTe grains between the layers of C occurs above a certain temperature
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Gong, Wei. "Heat storage of PCM inside a transparent building brick : Experimental study and LBM simulation on GPU." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ISAL0063/document.
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A présent, les bâtiments résidentiels et commerciaux sont en phase de devenir le secteur le plus consommateur d’énergie dans de nombreux pays, comme par exemple en France. Diverses recherches ont été menées de manière à réduire la consommation énergétiques des bâtiments et augmenter leur confort thermique. Parmi tous les différentes approches, la technologie du stockage de chaleur latent se distingue par une très bonne capacité à stocker la chaleur afin de réduire les écarts entre la disponibilité et la demande d’énergie. Dans le cadre de l’un de nos projets, nous avons l’intention d’intégrer au design des murs des bâtiments un type de brique transparente remplie de matériaux à changement de phase (MCP). Les MCP à l’intérieur de la brique sont soumis à des changements de phase liquide-solide. Cette thèse s’attaque à la problématique du processus de fusion au sein de la brique. Au cours de cette thèse, une méthode expérimentale non-intrusive a été développée afin d’améliorer les techniques expérimentales existantes. La vélocimétrie des images des particules (VIP) et la fluorescence induite par laser (FIL) ont été couplées pour étudier la convection naturelle et la distribution de la température. Puisqu’aucun thermocouple n’a été inséré au sein de la brique, le processus de la fusion a été considéré sans perturbation. Les résultats montrent que cette conception expérimentale a un avenir prometteur, même si elle reste à améliorer. Par la suite, nous présentons deux simulations numériques. Ces simulations se fondent sur la méthode de Boltzmann sur réseau à temps de relaxation multiple (LBM MRT), employée pour résoudre le champ de vitesse, et sur la méthode de différences finies, pour obtenir la distribution de la température. La méthode d’enthalpie a quant à elle été utilisée pour simuler le changement de phase. Les simulations en deux dimensions et trois dimensions ont toutes deux été réalisées avec succès. Point important, ces simulations numériques ont été développées en langage C pour tourner spécifiquement sur un processeur graphique (GPU), afin d’augmenter l’efficacité de la simulation en profitant de la capacité de calcul d’un GPU. Les résultats des simulations concordent bien avec les résultats de nos expériences et avec les résultats analytiques publiés<br>The domestic and commercial buildings are currently becoming the major sector that consumes the biggest share of the energy in many countries, for example in France. Various researches have been carried out in order to reduce the energy consumption and increase the thermal comfort of builds. Among all the possible approaches, the latent heat storage technology distinguishes itself because of its excellent heat storage ability which can be used to efficiently reduce the discrepancy between the energy consumption and supply. In one of our project, we intend to integrate a type of transparent brick filled with phase change material (PCM) into the buildings' wall design. The PCM inside the brick undergoes the solid-liquid phase change. This dissertation addresses the important issues of the melting process inside the brick. In this dissertation, a non-intrusive experimental method was proposed to improve the existing experiment technique. The particle image velocimetry (PIV) and the laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) were coupled to investigate the natural convection and the temperature distribution. Because there was no thermocouple installed inside the brick, the melting process was thus considered to be less impacted. The results showed that this experimental design has a promising future, yet still needs to be improved. Two sets of efficient numerical simulations were also presented in this dissertation. The simulations were based on the thermal lattice Boltzmann method (TLBM), where the natural convection got solved by the LBM and the temperature equation was solved by the finite difference scheme. The enthalpy method was employed to simulate the phase change. Both the 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional configurations were successfully simulated. Moreover, the simulation programs were specifically developed - using the C language - to be run on the graphic processing unit (GPU), in order to increase the simulation efficiency. The simulation results demonstrated a good agreement with our experimental results and the published analytical results
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Figueiredo, António José Pereira de. "Energy efficiency and comfort strategies for Southern European climate : optimization of passive housing and PCM solutions." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/17291.
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Doutoramento em Engenharia Civil<br>Pursuing holistic sustainable solutions, towards the target defined by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is a stimulating goal. Exploring and tackling this task leads to a broad number of possible combinations of energy saving strategies than can be bridged by Passive House (PH) concept and the use of advanced materials, such as Phase Change Materials (PCM) in this context.
Acknowledging that the PH concept is well established and practiced mainly in cold climate countries of Northern and Central Europe, the present research investigates how the construction technology and energy demand levels can be adapted to Southern Europe, in particular to Portugal mainland climate. For Southern Europe in addition to meeting the heating requirements in a fairly easier manner, it is crucial to provide comfortable conditions during summer, due to a high risk of overheating. The incorporation of PCMs into building solutions making use of solar energy to ensure their phase change process, are a potential solution for overall reduction of energy consumption and overheating rate in buildings.
The PH concept and PCM use need to be adapted and optimised to work together with other active and passive systems improving the overall building thermal behaviour and reducing the energy consumption. Thus, a hybrid evolutionary algorithm was used to optimise the application of the PH concept to the Portuguese climate through the study of the combination of several building features as well as constructive solutions incorporating PCMs minimizing multi-objective benchmark functions for attaining the defined goals.<br>A procura de soluções de sustentabilidade holísticas que conduzam ao cumprimento dos desafios impostos pela Convenção-Quadro das Nações Unidas sobre as Alterações Climáticas é uma meta estimulante. Explorar esta tarefa resulta num amplo número de possíveis combinações de estratégias de poupança energética, sendo estas alcançáveis através do conceito definido pela Passive House (PH) e pela utilização de materiais de mudança de fase que se revelam como materiais inovadores neste contexto.
Reconhecendo que este conceito já se encontra estabelecido e disseminado em países de climas frios do centro e norte da Europa, o presente trabalho de investigação foca-se na aplicabilidade e adaptabilidade deste conceito e correspondentes técnicas construtivas, assim como os níveis de energia, para climas do sul da Europa, nomeadamente em Portugal continental. No sudeste da Europa, adicionalmente à necessidade de cumprimento dos requisitos energéticos para aquecimento, é crucial promover e garantir condições de conforto no verão, devido ao elevado risco de sobreaquecimento. A incorporação de materiais de mudança de fase nas soluções construtivas dos edifícios, utilizando a energia solar para assegurar o processo de mudança de fase, conduz a soluções de elevado potencial para a redução global da energia consumida e do risco de sobreaquecimento.
A utilização do conceito PH e dos materiais de mudança de fase necessitam de ser adaptados e otimizados para funcionarem integrados com outros sistemas ativos e passivos, melhorando o comportamento térmico dos edifícios e minimizando o consumo energético. Assim, foi utilizado um algoritmo evolutivo para otimizar a aplicabilidade do conceito PH ao clima português através do estudo e combinação de diversos aspetos construtivos, bem como o estudo de possíveis soluções construtivas inovadoras com incorporação de materiais de mudança de fase minimizando as funções objetivo para o cumprimento das metas inicialmente definidas.