Relevant bibliographies by topics / Phase-transfer catalyst

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Phase-transfer catalyst'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 18 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Phase-transfer catalyst"

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Jurczak, Janusz, Maciej Majdecki, Patryk Niedbała, and Agata Tyszka-Gumkowska. "Assisted by Hydrogen-Bond Donors: Cinchona Quaternary Salts as Privileged Chiral Catalysts for Phase-Transfer Reactions." Synthesis 53, no. 16 (April 1, 2021): 2777–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1472-7999.

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AbstractThis short review is devoted to asymmetric phase-transfer reactions that employ hybrid ammonium Cinchona catalysts supported by possessing hydrogen-bond donor groups. We present recent advances utilizing this type of catalyst in the field of biphasic reaction systems. The main emphasis is placed on the advantages of additional functional groups present in the structure of the catalyst, such as hydroxy, amide, (thio)urea or squaramide.1 Introduction2 Phase-Transfer Hybrid Cinchona Catalysts with a Free Hydroxy Group3 (Thio)urea Hybrid Cinchona Catalysts4 Hybrid Amide-Based Catalysts Bearing a Cinchona Scaffold5 Conclusions
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Kondo, Masaru, Kento Nakamura, Chandu G. Krishnan, Shinobu Takizawa, Tsukasa Abe, and Hiroaki Sasai. "Photoswitchable Chiral Phase Transfer Catalyst." ACS Catalysis 11, no. 3 (January 26, 2021): 1863–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.1c00057.

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Xiao, Cong Li, Tao Fan, and Zhi Qi Gao. "The Benzoin Condensation Reaction under Different Ultrasonic Frequency and Phase Transfer Catalyst." Applied Mechanics and Materials 457-458 (October 2013): 313–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.457-458.313.

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This paper summarizes the method of benzoin condensation reaction, and studied the influence of benzoin yield under different ultrasonic frequency and phase transfer catalyst, Experiments prove that benzyltriethylammonium bromide is the best phase transfer catalyst in three catalysts and the benzoin yield increased with the increase of ultrasonic frequency.
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Bashpa, P., P. Rajendran, and K. Bijudas. "Oxidation of Cyclohexanol and Cyclohexanone by Monochromate Ions in Organic Solvents and on Solvent Free Microwave Irradiation under Phase Transfer Catalysis - A Comparative Study." Asian Journal of Chemistry 33, no. 9 (2021): 2033–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2021.23285.

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Oxidation of cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone were carried out by acidified monochromate ions in ethyl acetate and toluene under phase transfer catalysis and also in solvent free condition under microwave irradiation. The extraction of monochromate ions from aqueous medium to organic phase was carried by employing various phase transfer catalysts in the presence of mineral acids. The effect of [catalyst] and [mineral acid] on extraction of monochromate from aqueous phase to organic phase was also studied. The product obtained, namely adipic acid obtained with both reactants was characterized by its melting point and infrared spectral technique. The reaction was over within 15 min with more than 85% yield at a temperature of 323 K under microwave irradiation where as it gave around 70% yield at 353 K within 150 min under phase transfer catalysis condition. The enhanced reaction rate and high yield of product substantiate the application of phase transfer catalytic technique under microwave irradiation for organic synthesis. A suitable mechanism for the oxidation of substrates by monochromate under phase transfer catalysis is also suggested.
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Iizawa, Takashi. "Phase transfer catalyzed polymerization: Syntheses of polymers using phase transfer catalyst." Kobunshi 38, no. 11 (1989): 1014–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1295/kobunshi.38.1014.

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Bijudas, K., and P. Bashpa. "Oxidation of Benzaldehyde and Substituted Benzaldehydes by Permanganate under Phase Transfer Catalysis in Non Polar Solvents." IRA-International Journal of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2455-4499) 5, no. 3 (December 17, 2016): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.21013/jas.v5.n3.p1.

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<div><p class="Affiliation"><em>Phase transfer catalysed oxidation of benzaldehyde and substituted benzaldehydes by permanganate ion have been studied in non polar solvents like ethyl acetate and toluene. The obtained products were charecterised by melting point determination and infra red spectral analysis. Benzoic acid and corresponding substituted benzoic acids were formed as the product with very high yield. The oxidation reactions were carried out by using various quaternary ammonium and phosphonium salts as phase transfer catalyst. The effect of non polar solvents and various phase transfer catalysts on yield of product was also carried out.</em></p></div>
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Sankarshana, T., J. Soujanya, and A. Anil Kumar. "Triphase Catalysis Using Silica Gel as Support." International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering 11, no. 1 (July 4, 2013): 347–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijcre-2013-0007.

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Abstract The oxidation reaction of 2-ethyl-1-hexanol with potassium permanganate in the presence and absence of silica-gel-supported phase-transfer catalyst (PTC) in triphasic conditions was studied. In a batch reactor, the performance of the solid-supported catalysts was compared with unsupported catalyst and without the catalyst. The effect of speed of agitation, catalyst concentration, potassium permanganate concentration and temperature on reaction rate was studied. The reaction is found to be in the kinetic regime. The rate of reaction with the catalyst immobilised on the silica gel was less compared to the catalyst without immobilisation. Triphase catalysis with supported PTCs has potential applications in the continuous quest for greener industrial practices.
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Simagina, Valentina I., Elena S. Tayban, Ekaterina D. Grayfer, Anna G. Gentsler, Oksana V. Komova, and Olga V. Netskina. "Liquid-phase hydrodechlorination of chlorobenzene by molecular hydrogen: The influence of reaction medium on process efficiency." Pure and Applied Chemistry 81, no. 11 (October 26, 2009): 2107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac-con-08-10-12.

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Catalytic hydrodechlorination (HDCl) of chlorobenzene was carried out in a two-phase aqueous–organic solvent system and a single-phase solvent composed of saturated KOH solution in a secondary alcohol over Pd-based catalysts at 50 °C and atmospheric pressure of H2. It was shown that an aqueous–organic solvent system containing propan-2-ol and aqueous KOH increases catalyst activity by promoting mass transfer of the formed chloride ions to water phase that prevents catalyst deactivation. It is inferred that propan-2-ol favors hydrogen activation during the HDCl process. Use of the Pd catalysts based on hydrophobic carbon support enables chlorobenzene HDCl to proceed in a two-phase solvent at a satisfactory rate, even in the absence of phase-transfer catalysts.
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BOGDAL, Dariusz, and JAN PIELICHOWSKI. "Polymers as phase transfer catalysts. Part I. Catalyst structure and factors governing catalyst activity." Polimery 42, no. 11/12 (November 1997): 651–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.14314/polimery.1997.651.

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Schoeneberger, Elsa M., and Gerrit A. Luinstra. "Investigations on the Ethylene Polymerization with Bisarylimine Pyridine Iron (BIP) Catalysts." Catalysts 11, no. 3 (March 23, 2021): 407. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11030407.

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The kinetics and terminations of ethylene polymerization, mediated by five bisarylimine pyridine (BIP) iron dichloride precatalysts, and activated by large amounts of methyl aluminoxane (MAO) was studied. Narrow distributed paraffins from initially formed aluminum polymeryls and broader distributed 1-polyolefins and (bimodal) mixtures, thereof, were obtained after acidic workup. The main pathway of olefin formation is beta-hydrogen transfer to ethylene. The rate of polymerization in the initial phase is inversely proportional to the co-catalyst concentration for all pre-catalysts; a first-order dependence was found on ethylene and catalyst concentrations. The inhibition by aluminum alkyls is released to some extent in a second phase, which arises after the original methyl groups are transformed into n-alkyl entities and the aluminum polymeryls partly precipitate in the toluene medium. The catalysis is interpretable in a mechanism, wherein, the relative rate of chain shuttling, beta-hydrogen transfer and insertion of ethylene are determining the outcome. Beta-hydrogen transfer enables catalyst mobility, which leads to a (degenerate) chain growth of already precipitated aluminum alkyls. Stronger Lewis acidic centers of the single site catalysts, and those with smaller ligands, are more prone to yield 1-olefins and to undergo a faster reversible alkyl exchange between aluminum and iron.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Phase-transfer catalyst"

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Binkley, Meisha A. "Aryl Acetate Phase Transfer Catalysis: Method and Computation Studies." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2011. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2680.

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Brief explanation and history of cinchona based Phase Transfer Catalysis (PTC). Studied aryl acetates in PTC, encompassing napthoyl, 6-methoxy napthoyl, phenyl and protected 4-hydroxy phenyl acetates. Investigated means of controlling the selectivity of the PTC reaction by changing the electrophile size, the ether side group size or by addition of inorganic salts. Found that either small or aromatic electophiles increased enantioselectivity more than aliphatic electrophiles, and that increasing the size of ether protecting group also increased selectivity. Positive effects of salt addition included either decreasing reaction time or increasing enantiomeric excess. Applied findings towards the synthesis of S-equol. Computational experiments working towards deducing the transition state between PTC and aryl acetate substrates.
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Won, Chee-Youb. "Depolymerization of nylon 6,6 in the presence of phase transfer catalyst." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/8707.

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Munro, A. J. M. "Studies in the use of TDA-1 as a phase transfer catalyst in organic synthesis." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.382847.

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Godard, Anaïs. "Nouveaux procédés verts d'oxydation de l'acide oléique." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012INPT0155/document.

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Dans un contexte de raréfaction des ressources pétrolières et de pressions environnementales, l’industrie chimique a besoin d'innover en développant de nouvelles filières destinées à l'élaboration de bioproduits, à partir de matières premières d'origine végétale. Les acides gras insaturés obtenus à partir des huiles végétales, constituent ainsi une ressource renouvelable à fort potentiel permettant de diversifier les approvisionnements d'origine pétrolière. Notre intérêt s'est porté sur la réaction de scission oxydative d’acides gras insaturés pour conduire à des monoacides et diacides à chaînes courtes et impaires, peu ou pas disponibles à l’état naturel. Ce type de chaînes hydrocarbonées est recherché dans l’industrie, car elles possèdent des propriétés spécifiques, mais elles ne sont actuellement produites qu'à partir de ressources fossiles. L'objectif était donc de mettre au point un procédé de clivage oxydatif performant, moins onéreux et moins polluant que l’ozonolyse, le seul procédé industriel opérationnel. Les conditions oxydantes sélectionnées font appel à l’eau oxygénée en tant qu’oxydant, associée à un catalyseur de transfert de phase, sans avoir recours à un solvant organique. Plusieurs catalyseurs de transfert de phase Q3{PO4[WO(O2)2]4} ont été préparés à partir de l’acide tungstophosphorique, d’eau oxygénée et d'un sel d’ammonium quaternaire (Q+,Cl-), afin de comparer leur efficacité à transférer l'oxygène vers le substrat en phase organique. Une optimisation des paramètres réactionnels a été effectuée avec le catalyseur le plus performant. De plus, deux protocoles ont été mis au point, pour la préparation in-situ du catalyseur et pour sa récupération en fin de réaction. Le procédé a été généralisé à des dérivés d’acides gras dans le but d’obtenir d'autres acides à chaînes courtes, répondant à une large gamme d'applications. Le gain environnemental lié à ce nouveau procédé a été évalué par le calcul d’indicateurs verts. Afin d’envisager un recyclage plus aisé du catalyseur, l’anion oxodiperoxotungstate {PO4[WO(O2)2]4}3-, l’espèce active du catalyseur, a été supporté sur des résines échangeuses d’anions. Deux types de résines macroporeuses ont été testées : des résines commerciales (Amberlite IRA 900 et Lewatit K7367) et des résines modifiées (type Merrifield). Nous avons montré que ces dernières conduisent à de meilleurs rendements de scission oxydative de l’acide oléique que les résines commerciales, et ce, malgré la présence de solvants. Cependant, l’immobilisation de l’anion oxodiperoxotungstate sur les résines commerciales a permis la synthèse en une seule étape d’acétals, composés présentant un grand intérêt pour la synthèse de dérivés à haute valeur ajoutée. En utilisant l’acétone, à la fois comme réactif et solvant, nous avons obtenu de bons rendements en cétal. De plus, la réaction d’acétalisation « one-pot » de l’acide oléique a pu être étendue à d’autres solvants (alcools), offrant la possibilité de synthétiser un large panel d’acétals. Le procédé développé est particulièrement intéressant car il conduit directement à la synthèse d’acétals ou de cétals à partir d’un acide gras insaturé biosourcé, en évitant les étapes de réactions intermédiaires
In a context of scarce oil resources and environmental pressures, the chemical industry needs to innovate by developing new production chains aiming the design of bioproducts from biobased raw materials. Unsaturated fatty acids derived from vegetable oils, thus represents renewable resources with a great potential, allowing to diversify petroleum based supplies. Our interest is focused on the oxidative cleavage reaction of unsaturated fatty acids to yield mono-acids and di-acids with shorter and odd hydrocarbon chains, which are not available at a natural state. Such hydrocarbon chains are attractive for industry because they meet specific properties. But, they are currently only produced from fossil resources. Therefore, the objective was to develop an efficient method for oxidative cleavage, less expensive and less polluting than ozonolysis, the only operational industrial process. The selected oxidizing conditions employs hydrogen peroxide as oxidant, together with a phase transfer catalyst, without using an organic solvent. Several phase transfer catalysts Q3{PO4[WO(O2)2]4} were prepared from tungstophosphoric acid, hydrogen peroxide and a quaternary ammonium salt (Q+,Cl-), in order to compare their effectiveness in transferring oxygen to the substrate in the organic phase. An optimization of reaction parameters was carried out with the most performing catalyst. In addition, two protocols have been developed for the in-situ preparation of the catalyst and its recovery after reaction. The method was extended to fatty acids derivatives, in order to obtain other short chain acids, having a wide range of applications. The environmental benefits associated with this new method were evaluated by calculating green indicators. To consider an easier recycling of the catalyst, the oxodiperoxotungstate anion {PO4[WO(O2)2]4}3-, the active species of the catalyst was supported on anion-exchange resins. Two types of macroporous resins were tested: commercial resins (Amberlite IRA 900 and Lewatit K7367) and modified resins (type Merrifield). We showed that the modified resins, lead to the oxidative cleavage of oleic acid with higher yields than commercial ones, despite the presence of solvent. However, the immobilisation of the oxodiperoxtungstate anion on commercial resins allows the one-step synthesis of acetals, compounds of great interest for the synthesis of derivatives with a high added value. Using acetone as both reagent and solvent, we obtained good yields in ketal. Furthermore, the "one-pot" acetalization reaction of oleic acid was extended to other solvents (alcohols) as an opportunity to synthesize a wide range of acetals. The developed process is particularly interesting as it leads to the direct synthesis of ketal or acetals from an unsaturated fatty acid, avoiding the intermediate reaction steps
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Mills, L. S. "Synthetic approaches to the antitumour-antibiotic CC-1065 : Application of a new phase transfer catalyst to oxidation; investigation of an unexpected reaction of methoxyacetyl chloride." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.372207.

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Carter, Christabel Anne. "Asymmetric phase transfer catalysis : towards catalysts with a chiral anion." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.399654.

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Wales, Michael Dean. "Membrane contact reactors for three-phase catalytic reactions." Diss., Kansas State University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/20589.

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Doctor of Philosophy
Chemical Engineering
Mary E. Rezac
Membrane contact reactors (MCRs) have been evaluated for the selective hydro-treating of model reactions; the partial hydrogenation of soybean oil (PHSO), and the conversion of lactic acid into commodity chemicals. Membranes were rendered catalytically active by depositing metal catalyst onto the polymer "skin" of an asymmetric membrane. Hydrogen was supplied to the support side of the membrane and permeated from the support side to the skin side, where it adsorbed directly onto the metal surface. Liquid reactant was circulated over the membrane, allowing the liquid to come into direct contact with the metal coated surface of the membrane, where the reaction occurred. Our membrane contact reactor approach replaces traditional three-phase batch slurry reactors. These traditional reactors possess inherent mass transfer limitations due to low hydrogen solubility in liquid and slow diffusion to the catalyst surface. This causes hydrogen starvation at the catalyst surface, resulting in undesirable side reactions and/or extreme operating pressures of 100 atmospheres or more. By using membrane reactors, we were able to rapidly supply hydrogen to the catalyst surface. When the PHSO is performed in a traditional slurry reactor, the aforementioned hydrogen starvation leads to a high amounts of trans-fats. Using a MCR, we were able to reduce trans-fats by over 50% for equal levels of hydrogenation. It was further demonstrated that an increase in temperature had minimal effects on trans-fat formation, while significantly increasing hydrogenation rates; allowing the system to capture higher reaction rates without adversely affecting product quality. Additionally, high temperatures favors the hydrogenation of polyenes over monoenes, leading to low amounts of saturated fats. MCRs were shown to operator at high temperatures and: (1) capture high reaction rates, (2) minimize saturated fats, and (3) minimize trans-fats. We also demonstrated lactic acid conversion into commodity chemicals using MCRs. Our results show that all MCR experiments had faster reaction rate than all of our controls, indicating that MCRs have high levels of hydrogen coverage at the catalyst. It was also demonstrated that changing reaction conditions (pressure and temperature) changed the product selectivities; giving the potential for MCRs to manipulate product selectivity.
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Paiva, Derisvaldo Rosa. "Estudos da diastereosseletividade da adição de nucleófilos ao grupo carbonila de β-cetossulfóxidos sulfanilados derivados da 1-indanona e 1-tetralona." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/46/46136/tde-18082011-092446/.

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Neste trabalho, foi proposta a preparação e redução, seguida de hidrólise oxidativa, de alguns derivados imínicos da 2-metilsulfinil-2-metilsufanil-1-tetralona e da 2-metilsulfinil-2-metilsulfanil-1-indanona. A 2-metilsulfinil-O-metil-oxima da 1-tetralona foi preparada pela oxidação da 2-metilsulfanil-O-metil-oxima. O sulfóxido assim obtido pôde ser sulfanilado empregando-se terc-butil lítio e metanotiolsulfonato de metila, resultando um único diastereoisômero que se mostrou inerte na reação de redução da função imínica com NaBH4. Tentativas de preparar a N-tosil-imina da 2-metilsulfinil-1-tetralona, por oxidação do sulfeto correspondente, não conduziram ao produto esperado, mas sim à enamina. Buscando uma rota alternativa para a preparação de derivados imínicos de sulfinil ciclanonas sulfaniladas, foram preparados β-cetossulfóxidos derivados da 1-tetralona e da 1-indanona que, após serem sulfanilados, seriam submetidos às reações com aminas aromáticas ou alifáticas. As reações de sulfanilação da 2-metilsulfinil-1-indanona e da 2-metilsulfinil-1-tetralona foram efetuadas em condições de transferência de fase, na presença dos catalisadores TEBAC ou QUIBEC. Para ambos os casos, os rendimentos de produto foram cerca de 80 %. Enquanto os dois catalisadores conduziram a resultados estereoquímicos similares para a sulfanilação da 2-metilsulfinil-1-indanona, para a 2-metilsulfinil-1-tetralona, o uso do catalisador quiral QUIBEC resultou em um aumento da diastereosseletividade da reação, no sentido da formação do diastereoisômero majoritário de configuração relativa CR,SR. Foram também efetuadas as reações de sulfanilação das duas 2-metilsulfinil ciclanonas em meio homogêneo, empregando como bases o hidróxido de lítio ou o di-isopropil amideto de magnésio. Porém, as reações das sulfinil ciclanonas sulfaniladas assim preparadas com a anilina e com a metil-amina não foram bem sucedidas. As reações de redução com boroidreto de sódio das duas sulfinil ciclanonas sulfaniladas conduziram aos respectivos álcoois em cerca de 70 % de rendimento e na forma de um único diastereoisômero, de configuração relativa SR,C-1R,C-2R, no caso do tetralol. As duas metilsulfinil ciclanonas sulfaniladas, opticamente ativas, foram preparadas em bons rendimentos, mas sob forma escalêmica, o que não permitiu o prosseguimento do estudo do curso estereoquímico da redução da carbonila de tais compostos. A reação de adição do enolato de lítio do acetato de etila à 2-metilsulfinil-2-metilsulfanil-1-indanona conduziu ao produto esperado em bom rendimento, mas com baixo excesso diastereoisomérico. Em condições análogas, a 2-metilsulfinil-2-metilsulfanil-1-tetralona mostrou-se inerte.
The original proposal of this research work was to prepare imines of 2-methylsulfinyl-2-methylsulfanyl-1-tetralone and 2-methylsulfinyl-2-methylsulfanyl-1-indanone that would be subsequently reduced and submitted to oxidative hydrolysis. By oxidation of 2-methylsulfanyl-1-tetralone-O-methyloxime the corresponding sulfoxide could be prepared, and submitted to the sulfanylation reaction using tert-butyllittium/methyl methanethiolsulfonate. The resulting product was obtained as a single diastereoisomer but showed to be unreactive towards reduction using sodium borohydride In attempting to convert the 2-methylsulfanyl-1-tetralone into the corresponding sulfoxide by oxidation, the corresponding sulfinylenamine was obtained instead of the expected sulfinylimine. Searching for an alternative synthetic route to the desired imines, the required β-ketosulfoxides were prepared and sulfanylated under phase-transfer catalysis using TEBAC or QUIBEC, as catalysts. In both cases, product yield was ca. 80%. Although for the sulfanylation of 2-methylsulfinyl-1-indanone using either TEBAC or QUIBEC the same diastereoselectivity was observed, for the reaction performed with 2-methylsulfinyl-1-tetralone and QUIBEC an improved diastereoselectivity was observed, in favour of the CR,SR diastereoisomer. Analogous sulfanylation reactions were performed in homogeneous medium in the presence of lithium hydroxide or magnesium diisopropylamide acting as bases. However, the reactions of the prepared 2-metylsulfinyl-2-methylsulfanyl ciclanones with aniline or methylamine were unsuccessful. The borohydride reduction of the 2-metylsulfinyl-2-methylsulfanyl ciclanones afforded the corresponding diastereoisomerically pure alcohols in ca. 70% yield, bearing, in the case of the tetralol derivative, the SR,C-1R,C-2R relative configuration. The two optically active sulfanylated 2-methylsulfinyl ciclanones could be prepared in good yields but as a scalemic mixture that precluded further studies in order to determine the stereochemical course of the carbonyl reduction. As for the addition reaction of the ethyl acetate lithium enolate to 2-methylsulfinyl-2-methylsulfanyl-1-indanone, the expected adduct was obtained in good yield but with poor diastereoselectivity. Under the same experimental conditions, the 2-methylsulfinyl-2-methylsulfanyl-1-tetralone underwent no reaction.
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Zhang, Jiuqing. "Palladium-Imidazolium Carbene Catalyzed Heck Coupling Reactions and Synthesis of a Novel Class of Fluoroanthracenylmethyl PTC Catalysts." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2005. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd1075.pdf.

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Racz, Robert. "Use of phase transfer catalysts in emulsion polymerization." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/11128.

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Books on the topic "Phase-transfer catalyst"

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Munro, A. J. M. Studies in the use of TDA-1 as a phase transfer catalyst in organic synthesis. Norwich: University of East Anglia, 1987.

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Agam, Giora. Phase transfer catalysts. Norwalk, CT: Business Communications Co., 1998.

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Dehmlow, Eckehard V. Phase transfer catalysis. 3rd ed. Weinheim: VCH, 1993.

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Starks, Charles M., Charles L. Liotta, and Marc E. Halpern. Phase-Transfer Catalysis. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0687-0.

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Starks, Charles M., ed. Phase-Transfer Catalysis. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1987-0326.

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Halpern, Marc E., ed. Phase-Transfer Catalysis. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1997-0659.

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Starks, Charles M. Phase-transfer catalysis: Fundamentals, applications, and industrial perspectives. New York: Chapman & Hall, 1994.

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Maruoka, Keiji. Asymmetric phase transfer catalysis. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, 2008.

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Mills, Lester S. Synthetic approaches to the antitumour-antibiotic CC-1065: Application of a new phase transfer catalyst to oxidation : investigation of an unexpected reaction of methoxyacetyl chloride. Norwich: University of East Anglia, 1985.

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Dugulan, Achim Iulian. High-pressure sulfidation of hydrotreating catalysts: Genesis and properties of the active phase. Amsterdam: IOS Press/Delft University Press, 2008.

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Book chapters on the topic "Phase-transfer catalyst"

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Balakrishnan, T., and J. Paul Jayachandran. "Multisite Phase-Transfer Catalyst for Organic Transformations." In ACS Symposium Series, 277–92. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1997-0659.ch021.

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Dehmlow, Eckehard Volker. "How To Influence Reaction Paths by Phase-Transfer Catalyst Structure." In ACS Symposium Series, 108–22. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1997-0659.ch009.

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Scott, K. "A Model of a Phase Transfer Catalyst Liquid/Liquid Electrochemical Membrane Reactor." In Electrochemical Engineering and Energy, 197–206. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2514-1_21.

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Nishikubo, Tadatomi. "Chemical Modification of Polymers via a Phase-Transfer Catalyst or Organic Strong Base." In ACS Symposium Series, 214–30. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1997-0659.ch017.

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Starks, Charles M., Charles L. Liotta, and Marc E. Halpern. "Phase-Transfer Catalysts." In Phase-Transfer Catalysis, 123–206. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0687-0_4.

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Starks, Charles M., Charles L. Liotta, and Marc E. Halpern. "Insoluble Phase-Transfer Catalysts." In Phase-Transfer Catalysis, 207–65. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0687-0_5.

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Takido, Toshio, Takayoshi Fujihira, Manabu Seno, and Kunio Itabashi. "Synthesis of Sulfides, Thiol Esters, and Cyclic Polythiaethers from Thioiminium Salts with a Phase-Transfer Catalyst." In ACS Symposium Series, 190–202. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1997-0659.ch015.

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Starks, Charles M., Charles L. Liotta, and Marc E. Halpern. "Basic Concepts in Phase-Transfer Catalysis." In Phase-Transfer Catalysis, 1–22. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0687-0_1.

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Starks, Charles M., Charles L. Liotta, and Marc E. Halpern. "Phase-Transfer-Catalyzed Oxidations." In Phase-Transfer Catalysis, 500–564. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0687-0_10.

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Starks, Charles M., Charles L. Liotta, and Marc E. Halpern. "Phase-Transfer-Catalyzed Reductions." In Phase-Transfer Catalysis, 565–75. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0687-0_11.

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Conference papers on the topic "Phase-transfer catalyst"

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Yang, Hung-Ming, and Wei-Ming Chu. "Ultrasound-Assisted Phase-Transfer Catalysis: Green Synthesis of Substituted Benzoate with Novel Dual-Site Phase-Transfer Catalyst in Solid-Liquid System." In 14th Asia Pacific Confederation of Chemical Engineering Congress. Singapore: Research Publishing Services, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/978-981-07-1445-1_210.

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Nagase, Yoshinori, Ryouichi Urao, and Tokumitsu Katou. "VAPOR-PHASE HYDROGEN TRANSFER REACTION BETWEEN ACROLEIN AND ISOPROPANOL OVER Ag2O-B2O3-MgO CATALYST." In Processing and Fabrication of Advanced Materials VIII. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812811431_0068.

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Hailegiorgis, Sintayehu Mekuria, Shuhaimi Mahadzir, and Duvvuri Subbarao. "Reactive extraction of Jatropha curcas l assisted by phase transfer catalyst for the production of biodiesel." In 2011 National Postgraduate Conference (NPC). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/natpc.2011.6136248.

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Kuznetsov, Vladimir V. "Heat and Mass Transfer With Phase Change and Chemical Reactions in Microscale." In 2010 14th International Heat Transfer Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ihtc14-22570.

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In recent years considerable attention has been paid to the study of microscale flow and heat transfer with phase change and chemical reactions. This article reviews the patterns of the microscale two-phase gas-liquid flow, the statistical parameters of slug flow and capillary phenomena in annular flow for a rectangular microchannel. The evaporative and condensing heat transfer model for the curved liquid microfilm in microchannel and near contact line is developed and discussed. The influence of forced convection, nucleate boiling and thin film evaporation on microscale flow boiling heat transfer is reviewed and analyzed. The model of forced boiling heat transfer in microchannel is developed and compared with the existing experimental data. The mechanism and patterns of microscale explosive evaporation in the MEMS system is determined at high external heat flux density and the acousto-thermal model of the explosive evaporation is considered. The results of calculations are compared with the experimental data. The peculiarities of heat and mass transfer in a micro channel with surface catalytic reactions producing the hydrogen are presented. The kinetics of sequence of chemical reactions at nanoscale catalyst under conditions of significant nonuniformity of temperature and species concentration fields is considered.
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Zhimin, Sun, Zhao Dishun, Li Fatang, and Shan Haidan. "Oxidative Desulfurization of Thiophene by Coordinated Ionic Liquid [3(C2H5)4NCl⋅(NH2)2CO] as Phase-Transfer Catalyst." In 2008 2nd International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icbbe.2008.458.

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Zhuang, Shiqiang, Xuan Shi, and Eon Soo Lee. "A Review on Non-PGM Cathode Catalysts for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cell." In ASME 2015 13th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology collocated with the ASME 2015 Power Conference, the ASME 2015 9th International Conference on Energy Sustainability, and the ASME 2015 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2015-49602.

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In recent years, people attach high attention to the energy problem owing to the energy shortage of the world. Since the price of energy resources significantly increases, it is a necessary requirement to develop new alternative sources of energy to replace non-renewable energy resources. Polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell technology is one of the promising fields of clean and sustainable power, which is based on direct conversion of fuel into electricity. However, at the present moment PEM fuel cell is unable to be successful commercialization. The main factor is the high cost of materials in catalyst layer which is a core part of PEM fuel cell. In order to reduce the overall system cost, developing active, inexpensive non-platinum group metal (non-PGM) electrode catalysts to replace currently used Platinum (Pt)-based catalysts is a necessary and essential requirement. This paper reviews several important kinds of non-PGM electro-catalysts with different elements, such as nitrogen, transition metal, and metal organic frameworks (MOF). Among these catalysts, transition metal nitrogen-containing complexes supported on carbon materials (M-N/C) are considered the most potential oxidation reduction reaction (ORR) catalysts. The main synthetic methods are high temperature heat treating (800–1000°C). The mechanical and electrochemical properties of the final product will be analyzed by several characterization methods. For example, a RRDE test will be used to measure electron transfer number and ORR reactivity, which are the most important electrochemical properties of the new catalyst. And the morphology, particle size, crystal phase and specific surface area can be analyzed with SEM, TEM, XRD and BET methods. Although great improvement has been achieved in non-PGM catalyst area of research, there are still some challenges in both ORR activity and stability of non-PGM catalysts. Consequently, how to improve the ORR activity and stability are the major challenge of non-PGM catalyst research and development. Based on the results achieved in this area, our future research direction is also presented and discussed in this paper.
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Mewes, Dieter, and Dierk Wiemann. "Numerical Calculation of Mass Transfer With Heterogeneous Chemical Reactions in Three-Phase Bubble Columns." In ASME/JSME 2007 5th Joint Fluids Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2007-37031.

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Bubble column reactors are used for several processes in the chemical industry, e.g. hydrogenation or oxidation reactions. At the bottom of the reactor a gaseous phase is dispersed into a continuous liquid phase with suspended particles. The resulting bubble swarm induces three-dimensional, time-dependent velocity and concentration fields, which are predicted numerically. All phases are described by an Eulerian approach. The numerical calculations of the local interfacial area density and the interphase transfer terms for mass and momentum are based on a population balance equation approach which enables an effective way to couple population balance and computational fluid dynamics. In three-phase gas-liquid-solid flow particles with diameters of 100 μm are considered as catalyst for a heterogeneous chemical reaction. The influence of particles on bubble coalescence has been investigated in order to extend an existing model for the kernel functions in the population balance equation describing bubble coalescence and dispersion. The resulting three-dimensional, time-dependent velocity and concentration fields are described and graphically presented for the hydrogenation of anthra-chinone.
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Sui, P. C., N. Djilali, and Qianpu Wang. "A Pore Scale Model for the Transport Phenomena in the Catalyst Layer of a PEM Fuel Cell." In ASME 2008 First International Conference on Micro/Nanoscale Heat Transfer. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mnht2008-52152.

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In a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), the catalyst layer is a porous medium made of carbon-supported catalysts and solid electrolyte, and has a thickness in the order of 10 μm. Within this layer, complex transport phenomena take place: transport of charged species (H+, electrons and ionic radicals), non-charged species (gaseous H2O, O2, H2, N2 and liquid water) and heat transfer occur in their own pathways. Furthermore, phase change of water and physiochemical/electrochemical reactions also take place on phase boundaries. These transport process take place in an intertwined network of materials having characteristic length scale ranging from nano-meters to micro-meters. The objective of the present study is two-fold, i.e., to develop a rigorous theoretical framework based on which the transport in the micro-structural level can be modelled, and to construct a pore scale model that resolves the geometry of the phases (carbon, ionomer and gas pores) for which direct numerical simulation can be performed. The theoretical framework is developed by employing the volume-averaging techniques for multi-phase porous media. The complete set of the conservation equations for all species in all phases are derived and every interfacial transport is accounted. The problem of model closure on the terms in the transport equations is addressed by the pore-scale model reported in the present study. A 3-D pore-scale model is constructed by a solid model that consists of packing spherical carbon particles and simulated ionomer coating on these carbon aggregates. The index system of the pore-scale model allows easy identification of volumetric pathway, interfaces and triple phase boundaries. The transport of charged and non-charged species is simulated by solving the equations based on first principle in the entire representative element volume (REV) domain. The computational domain contains typically several million cells and a parallelized, iterative solver, GMRES, is employed to solve the coupled transport with complex geometries. Computational results based on the pore-scale model show that the effective transport properties of the species are strongly affected by the micro-structure, e.g. morphology and phase-connectivity. Further simulations and investigation on the coupling effects of the transport are underway. Combination of the proposed theoretical framework and pore-scale model will lay a foundation for the construction of multi-scale modelling of the PEMFC catalyst layer. On the one hand, the pore-scale model helps close the macroscopic volume-averaged equations in the framework. On the other hand, the pore-scale model provides a platform to include microscopic or atomistic simulations.
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Sadeghi, Ehsan, Andreas Putz, and Michael Eikerling. "Effect of Agglomerate Microstructure on Oxygen Reduction in Catalyst Layers of Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells." In ASME 2012 10th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology collocated with the ASME 2012 6th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2012-91443.

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Cathode catalyst layers (CCLs) contribute to a major proportion, 30%–40%, of voltage losses in Polymer Electrolyte fuel cells (PEFC). The objectives of the present study are to investigate how the catalyst layer performance depends on electrostatic interaction between reacting protons and the charged metal phase and how these relations are affected by composition and microstructure of agglomerates. A model is developed to study oxygen reduction in catalyst layers based on a novel agglomerate microstructure with conical pores. The model consists of coupled relations for reactant transport, metal charging behaviour, and interfacial charge transfer kinetics, evaluated under steady state conditions. Results show an enhancement in the effectiveness factor of conical pores compared to cylindrical pores. Results of the model are evaluated by comparison with existing experimental data. The effectiveness factor calculated for catalyst layer is 3% which is comparable to existing experimental data.
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Inoue, Gen, Yosuke Matsukuma, and Masaki Minemoto. "Effect of Internal and Interface Structure of GDL on Liquid Water and Oxygen Transport in PEFC." In ASME 2010 8th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2010-33242.

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In order to improve the output performance of PEFC, it is important to increase the oxygen concentration at Pt catalyst surface, so the mass transfer performance of gas diffusion layer (GDL) and micro porous layer (MPL) have to be increased. In this study, the real GDL structure was reconstructed by X-ray CT image of carbon paper GDL with MPL. Two-phase flow analysis in GDL with MPL was carried out. In addition, the oxygen transfer calculation was combined with this model. So the effect of MPL on the liquid water distribution in GDL and the gas diffusion performance in wet condition were examined. Furthermore, considering the overlap layer of GDL and MPL, the overall oxygen transfer from channel to catalyst layer was evaluated, and the optimum condition was examined.
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Reports on the topic "Phase-transfer catalyst"

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Harvey, Steven P. Catalytic Dechlorination of HD with a Quaternary Ammonium Phase-Transfer Catalyst. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada362497.

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Thayumanavan, Sankaran. A Novel Dendrimer Design for Phase Transfer Catalysis in the Fluorophase. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada433715.

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Palmer, S. R., and E. J. Hippo. Desulfurization of coal: enhanced selectivity using phase transfer catalysts. Quarterly report, March 1 - May 31, 1996. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/477533.

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Palmer, S. R., and E. J. Hippo. Desulfurization of coal: Enhanced selectivity using phase transfer catalysts. Technical report, September 1--November 30, 1995. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/257331.

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Palmer, S. R., and E. J. Hippo. Desulfurization of coal: Enhanced selectivity using phase transfer catalysts. Final technical report, September 1, 1995--August 31, 1996. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/475630.

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