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Fu, Xiaojing Ph D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Multiphase flow in porous media with phase transitions : from CO₂ sequestration to gas hydrate systems." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/111445.
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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2017.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 159-175).
Ongoing efforts to mitigate climate change include the understanding of natural and engineered processes that can impact the global carbon budget and the fate of greenhouse gases (GHG). Among engineered systems, one promising tool to reduce atmospheric emissions of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO₂) is geologic sequestration of CO₂ , which entails the injection of CO₂ into deep geologic formations, like saline aquifers, for long-term storage. Among natural contributors, methane hydrates, an ice-like substance commonly found in seafloor sediments and permafrost, hold large amounts of the world's mobile carbon and are subject to an increased risk of dissociation due to rising temperatures. The dissociation of methane hydrates releases methane gas-a more potent GHG than CO₂-and potentially contributes to a positive feedback in terms of climatic change. In this Thesis, we explore fundamental mechanisms controlling the physics of geologic CO₂ sequestration and natural gas hydrate systems, with an emphasis on the interplay between multiphase flow-the simultaneous motion of several fluid phases and phase transitions-the creation or destruction of fluid or solid phases due to thermodynamically driven reactions. We first study the fate of CO₂ in saline aquifers in the presence of CO₂ -brine-carbonate geochemical reactions. We use high-resolution simulations to examine the interplay between the density-driven convective mixing and the rock dissolution reactions. We find that dissolution of carbonate rock initiates in regions of locally high mixing, but that the geochemical reaction shuts down significantly earlier than shutdown of convective mixing. This early shutdown reflects the important role that chemical speciation plays in this hydrodynamics-reaction coupled process. We then study hydrodynamic and thermodynamic processes pertaining to a gas hydrate system under changing temperature and pressure conditions. The framework for our analysis is that of phase-field modeling of binary mixtures far from equilibrium, and show that: (1) the interplay between phase separation and hydrodynamic instability can arrest the Ostwald ripening process characteristic of nonflowing mixtures; (2) partial miscibility exerts a powerful control on the degree of viscous fingering in a gas-liquid system, whereby fluid dissolution hinders fingering while fluid exsolution enhances fingering. We employ this theoretical phase-field modeling approach to explain observations of bubble expansion coupled with gas dissolution and hydrate formation in controlled laboratory experiments. Unraveling this coupling informs our understanding of the fate of hydrate-crusted methane bubbles in the ocean water column and the migration of gas pockets in hydrate-bearing sediments.
by Xiaojing Fu.
Ph. D.
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Furfaro, Damien. "Simulation numérique d'écoulements multiphasiques, problèmes à interfaces et changement de phase." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM4751/document.
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Ce travail porte sur la simulation numérique des écoulements multiphasiques compressibles en déséquilibre de vitesses. Un solveur de Riemann diphasique de type HLLC, à la fois robuste, simple et précis est développé et validé à partir de solutions exactes et de données expérimentales. Cette méthode numérique est étendue au cas 3D non-structuré. Par ailleurs, la construction d’une technique numérique pour la répartition de l’énergie d’une onde de choc dans les différentes phases constituant le milieu est établie et permet le respect des conditions de choc multiphasiques. L’extension multiphasique du solveur de Riemann de type HLLC est réalisée, permettant ainsi la simulation d’une plus large gamme d’applications. Enfin, un modèle de transfert de chaleur et de masse dans un brouillard de gouttes ou nuage de bulles, en présence d’effets couplés de diffusion thermique et massiques, est proposé et dévoile des résultats intéressantsThis work deals with the numerical simulation of compressible multiphase flows in velocity disequilibrium. A HLLC-type two-phase Riemann solver is developed and validated against exact solutions and experimental data. This solver is robust, simple, accurate and entropy preserving. The numerical method is then implemented in 3D unstructured meshes. Furthermore, a numerical technique consisting in enforcing the correct energy partition at a discrete level in agreement with the multiphase shock relations is built. The multiphase extension of the HLLC-type Riemann solver is realized and allows the simulation of a wide range of applications. Finally, a droplet heat and mass transfer model with large range of validity is derived. It is valid in any situation: evaporation, flashing and condensation. It accounts for coupled heat and mass diffusion in the gas phase, thermodynamics of the multi-component gas mixture and heat diffusion inside the liquid droplet, enabling in this way consideration of both droplets heating and cooling phenomena
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Alkebro, Jesper. "Multiphase oxide ceramics in the aluminia-yttria system." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002INPL109N.
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Dans l'objectif de créer des structures d'oxydes multiphasées, le broyage à haute énergie a servi comme pré-traitement aux mélanges de poudres alumine-yttrine avant pressage et frittage. Le travail initial de modélisation du broyage planétaire a été suivi par une étude de l'évolution de phases et le frittage au cours des traitements thermiques des poudres broyées. Le broyage menait à la destruction du réseau cristallin et, dans certains cas, la formation d'une phase perovskite Y AIO3. Au traitement thermique suivant, les températures de transformation ont diminué en fonction du temps de broyage et le futtage a été amélioré, produisant des densités relatives aussi élevées que 96 pour cent après frittage sous argon 1 h à 1500 degrés C. La dispersion d'une deuxième phase dans une matrice de la phase dominant a été observée après le frittage. La taille de grains a pu être estimé à 5 micron à partir des surfaces de ruptureAs a means of creating dispersed multiphase oxide structures, high-energy milling bas been used for pre-treating alumina-yttria powder mixtures before pressing and sintering. Initial modeling of planetary ball-milling was followed by a study of phase development and sintering of the milled Dowders. Milling injected defects into the crystal structures which were gradually destroyed and in some cases yttrium alumnium perovsklte was formed, an intermediate phase of the alumma-yttria system. Ln heat treatment, transformation temperatures fell as a function of milling time and sintering properties were also improved giving relative densities as high as 96 per cent after sintering 1 h in 1500 degrees C. A dispersion of a second phase in the dominant matrix phase was observed but further improvement of the process should be needed to make it finer. The grain size could be estimated to be around 5 microns from fracture surface images
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Perrier, Vincent. "Modélisation et simulation d'écoulements multiphasiques compressibles avec ou sans changement de phase : application à l'interaction laser-plasma." Bordeaux 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BOR13560.
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Ce travail porte sur la modélisation et la simulation d’écoulements compressibles. Par une démarche d’homogénéisation, on commence par dériver un modèle d’écoulements diphasiques à sept équations. Les termes de fluctuation restants sont modélisés par des termes de relaxation. Dans le cas où ces coefficients de relaxation tendent vers l’infini, ce qui correspond à des écoulements très bien mélangés, on obtient par un développement asymptotique un modèle à cinq équations qui est strictement hyperbolique, mais non-conservatif. La discrétisation de ce modèle est obtenue par un développement asymptotique d’un schéma numérique pour le système à sept équations. Le schéma obtenu est implémenté, validé sur des cas analytiques, et comparé dans le cas de chocs multiphasiques à des résultats expérimentaux. On s’intéresse ensuite à la modélisation du changement de phase avec deux équations d’état. Un principe d’optimisation de l’entropie de mélange mène à distinguer trois zones : une zone où le liquide pur est le plus stable, une autre zone où le gaz pur est le plus stable, et, enfin, une zone où un mélange à l’équilibre des pressions, températures et potentiels thermodynamiques est stable. On donne alors des conditions sur le couplage des deux équations d’état pour que l’équation d’état de mélange soit convexe, et pour que le système soit hyperbolique. Afin de prendre en compte le changement de phase, on introduit dans la solution du problème de Riemann une onde de vaporisation modélisée comme une onde de déflagration. On montre ensuite que la fermeture habituelle, la fermeture de Chapman-Jouguet, est inadéquate en général, et on donne une fermeture correcte dans le cas où les deux phases sont des gaz parfaits. Enfin, la solution du problème de Riemann est implémentée dans un code multiphasique, et validée sur des cas analytiques. Dans ce même code, on met en place un modèle de dépôt laser et de conduction thermique non linéaire afin de modéliser les phénomènes physiques intervenant dans l’ablation laser. Les résultats obtenus sont comparables à ceux obtenus avec des lois d’échelle. Le dernier chapitre, complètement indépendant, porte sur la recherche de correcteurs en homogénéisation stochastique dans le cas de processus à queue lourdeThis work deals with the modelling and simulation of compressible flows. A seven equations model is obtained by homogenizing the Euler system. Fluctuation terms are modeled as relaxation terms. When the relaxation terms tend to infinity, which means that the phases are well mixed, a five equations model is obtained via an asymptotic expansion. This five equations model is strictly hyperbolic, but nonconser- vative. The discretization of this model is obtained by an asymptotic expansion of a scheme for the seven equations model. The numerical method is implemented, validated on analytic cases, and compared with experiments in the case of multiphase shocks. We are then interested in the modelling of phase transition with two equations of state. Optimization of the mixture entropy leads to the fact that three zones can be separated: one in which the pure liquid is the most stable, one in which the pure gas is the most stable, and one in which a mixture with equality of temperature, pressure and chemical potentials is the most stable. Conditions are given on the coupling of the two equations of state for ensuring that the mixture equation of state is convex, and that the system is strictly hyperbolic. In order to take into account phase transition, a vaporization wave is introduced in the solution of the Riemann problem, that is modeled as a deflagration wave. It is then proved that the usual closure, the Chapman-Jouguet closure, is wrong in general, and a correct closure in the case when both fluids have a perfect gas equation of state. Last, the solution of the Riemann problem is implemented in a multiphase code, and validated on analytic cases. In the same code, models of laser release and thermal conduction are implemented to simulate laser ablation. The results are comparable to the ones obtained with scale laws. The last chapter, fully independent, is concerned with correctors in stochastic homogenization in the case of heavy tails process
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Fliegans, Olivier. "Phase transitions in "small" systems." [S.l. : s.n.], 2001. http://www.diss.fu-berlin.de/2001/93/index.html.
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Stow, Simon John. "Phase transitions in relativistic systems." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 1985. http://repository.royalholloway.ac.uk/items/e6332754-d6f0-4d29-8960-dc05a5ca3390/1/.
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The BCS free energy for 3P2 paired neutron matter is derived taking account of relativistic effects. It is found that the values taken by the Ginzburg-Landau parameters are always in the region of the phase diagram correponding to a unitary phase. Phase transitions in the early universe are also discussed with inclusion of the effects of Higgs scalar chemical potentials as well as fermionic chemical potentials. The conditions for equilibrium, and the critical density to prevent symmetry restoration at high temperatures are studied. It is observed that the decay of pre-existing Higgs scalar asymmetries could greatly reduce baryon number and lepton number to entropy ratios from their initial values. Phase transitions in supersymmetric theories and the phenomenom of symmetry anti-restoration in a supersymmetric model with a U(1) gauge symmetry are studied at finite density.
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Chen, Leiming. "Tilt phase transitions in disordered systems /." view abstract or download file of text, 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1251884301&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=11238&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2006.Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 126-128). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.
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Meier, Hannes. "Superfluid Phase Transitions in Disordered Systems." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Statistisk fysik, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-50051.
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This thesis presents results from large scale Monte Carlo simulations of systems subject to a superfluid phase transition in the presence of disorder. The simulations are performed by state-of-the-art, collective Monte Carlo algorithms treating phase degrees of freedom in effective models with amplitude fluctuations integrated out. In Paper I a model system for the possible solid to supersolid transition in 4He is presented.The Wolff cluster algorithm is used to study how the presence of linearly correlated random defects is able to alter the universality class of the 3-dimensional XY-model. In the pure case the superfluid density and heat capacity have singular onsets, which are not seen in the supersolid experiments where instead a smooth onset is obtained. Using finite size scaling of Monte Carlo data, we find a similar smooth onset in our simulations, governed by exponents ν=1 for the superfluid density and α=-1 for the heat capacity. These results are in qualitative agreement with experiments for the observed transition in solid 4He. In Paper II a systematic investigation of the scaling result z=d for the dynamic critical exponentat the Bose glass to superfluid quantum phase transition is performed. The result z=d has been believed to be exact for about 20 years, but although it has been questioned lately no accurate estimate of z has been available. An effective link current model of quantum bosons at T=0 with disorder in 2D is simulated using highly effective worm Monte Carlo simulations.The data analysis is based on a finite size scaling approach todetermine the quantum correlation time from simulationdata for boson world lines without any a priori assumption on the critical parameters. The resulting critical exponents are z=1.8 \pm 0.05, ν=1.15 \pm 0.03, and η=-0.3 \pm 0.1. This suggests that z=d is not satisfied.QC 20111206
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Cortés, Huerto Robinson. "Phase transitions in many-electron systems." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.527673.
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Costa, Andre. "Phase transitions in low-dimensional driven systems." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/7826.
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The study of non-equilibrium physics is an area of interest since, unlike for their equilibrium counterparts, there exists no general framework for solving such systems. In this thesis I investigate the emergence of structure and front propagation in driven systems, a special type of system within the area of non-equilibrium physics. In particular I focus on three particular one-dimensional models each of which illustrate this in a different way. The Driven Asymmetric Contact Process (DACP) describes a system where activity is continuously generated at one end of a one-dimensional lattice and where this activity is allowed to spread in one direction along the lattice. In the DACP one observes a propagating wave of activity which appears to abruptly vanish as the system undergoes a phase transition. Using a modified Fisher equation to model the system reveals the continued existence of the propagating wave, now contained within a decaying envelope. Furthermore this establishes relations between properties of the travelling wave and Directed Percolation critical exponents. The Zero-Range Process (ZRP) is a much studied system exhibiting a condensation transition. In the ZRP individual particles hop along a lattice at rates which depend only on the occupancy of the departure site. Here I investigate a modi cation of the ZRP where instead the majority of the particles at a site depart during a single hopping event. For this, the Chipping model, a condensate which propagates along the lattice is observed. It is found that this condensation transition is present even for hop rates which fall foul of the condensation requirements of the normal ZRP. Further it is observed that, unlike for normal ZRP, condensation occurs even in the low-density limit. As a result I suggest a condensation mechanism which depends only on the hop rates of low occupancy sites. The Host-Solute-Vacancy model (HSV) is a three-species system designed to model electromigration in a circuit. As the parameter space is navigated the system undergoes what appear to be two separate phase transitions from a randomly distributed state to a condensed state with either of two structures. To investigate the model new measures for determining condensation are developed. These show that, again, condensation occurs in the low-density limit. By a reduction to a ZRP an effective hop rate of the system is measured. This effective hop rate is found to beta function of the occupancy of a site as a fraction of the total system size. To explain this behaviour I invoke a description whereby there is a step in the hop rate as a function of occupancy. Through these three examples I illustrate how minor modi cations to the dynamics of known systems can result in a new and rich phenomenology. I draw particular attention to the effect of asymmetry in the dynamics.
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McGrother, Simon C. "Phase transitions in dipolar and associating systems." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.389929.
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Shenoy, Vivek B. "Topics in phase transitions in Bose systems /." The Ohio State University, 1998. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487949508369316.
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Mukhopadhyay, Ranjan Goodstein David L. "Quantum phase transitions in disordered Bose systems /." Diss., Pasadena, Calif. : California Institute of Technology, 1998. http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechETD:etd-02022007-104407.
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Schief, William R. "Phase transitions in two-dimensional model systems /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/9806.
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Moreira, Adriana Gomes. "Nonequilibrium phase transitions in interacting particle systems." Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1843/BUOS-9GJQ9K.
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We study the two-dimensional contact process (CP) with quenched disorder in the form of random dilution of a fraction x. A qualitative picture of the phase diagram is obtained through mean-¯eld theory (MFT). Monte Carlo simulations show that the relative shift in the critical point, [¸c(x)¡¸c(0)]=¸c(0) is in reasonable agreement with MFT, for small values of x. As expected on the basis of the Harris criterion, the critical exponents governing the order parameter and the survival probability take values
different from those of the pure model. We also study the critical spreading dynamics of the diluted model. In the pure model, spreading from a single particle at the critical point ¸c(0) is characterized by the critical exponents of directed percolation: in 2+1 dimensions, ± = 0:46, ´ = 0:214, and z = 1:13. Disorder causes a dramatic change in the critical behavior of the contact process.We also study the one-dimensional pair-contact process via time-dependent series expansions. Numerical results provide easonable estimates for the location of the critical point.Estudamos o processo de contato diluído (DCP) bidimensional. Desordem é introduzida na forma de diluição, com uma fração x de sítios sendo removida aleatoriamente da rede. Uma descrição qualitativa do diagrama de fases é obtida através da teoria de campo médio na aproximação de blocos. Simulações de Monte Carlo mostram que o deslocamento relativo do ponto crítico, [c(x) - c(0)]/c(0), para x pequeno, está de acordo com os resultados obtidos por campo médio. Os expoentes críticos relacionados com o parâmetro de ordem e a probabilidade de sobrevivência do modelo diluído são diferentes dos expoentes do modelo puro, como era esperado pelo critério de Harris. Usando simulações dependentes do tempo estudamos a evolução do modelo a partir de uma única semente. No modelo puro, o comportamento crítico é caracterizado por leis de potência descritas pelos expoentes críticos de percolação dirigida: em 2+1 dimensões, = 0,46, = 0,214, e z = 1,13. A presença de desordem causa uma mudan»ca drástica no comportamento crítico do modelo.Estudamos também o processo de contato de pares unidimensional utilizando o método de expansão em séries dependente do tempo. Estimativas razoáveis para a localização do ponto crítico foram obtidas.
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Guarnaccia, Giuseppe. "Phase transitions in strongly correlated electronic systems." Doctoral thesis, Universita degli studi di Salerno, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10556/1844.
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2012 - 2013We studied the some type of phase transitions in Strongly Correlated Electronic Systems. In particular we rigorously established some exact properties of a multi-orbital Hubbard model, here formulated to describe a nematic phase transition. In the first step, using Bogoliubov’s inequality, we rigorously showed that the multiorbital Hubbard model with narrow bands, eventually in the presence of the spin-orbit coupling, does not exhibit long-range nematic order, in the low dimensions. This result holds at any finite temperature for both repulsive and attractive on-site Coulomb interactions, with and without spin-orbit coupling. In the following step, using the reflection positivity method, we showed that this model supports a staggered nematic order if repulsive or attractive on-site inter-orbital and intra-orbital interactions and off-site repulsive inter-orbital interaction are considered. Depending on the dimensions of the lattice where the model is defined, the order may or not may exist. Indeed, in three dimensions the order may exist at finite temperature, and we get the condition for its existence finding out an upper bound for the critical temperature. On the other hand, for two dimensional lattices, the order may exist at least in the ground state, if the hopping amplitude is small enough. Furthermore, in the final step, we studied the symmetry properties of the non-degenerate Hubbard model with spin-orbit interactions of Rashba and Dresselhaus type. These interactions break the rotational symmetry in spin space, so that the magnetic order cannot be excluded by using the Bogoliubov inequality method. Nevertheless, we rigorously show that the existence of the magnetic long-range orders may be ruled out when the Rashba and Dresselhaus coupling constants are equal in modulus, whereas the -pairing can be always ruled out, regardless of the microscopic parameters of the model. These results are obtained by imposing locally the SU(2) gauge symmetry on the lattice, and rewriting the spin-orbit interactions in such a way that they are included in the path ordered of the gauge field on lattice. [edited by author]
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McKenzie, Ryan. "Fluctuations and phase transitions in quantum Ising systems." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/59105.
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The quantum Ising model is perhaps the simplest possible model of a quantum magnetic material. Despite its simplicity, its versatility and wide range of applications, from quantum computation, to combinatorial optimization, to biophysics, make it one of the most important models of modern physics. In this thesis, we develop a general framework for studying quantum Ising systems with an arbitrary single ion Hamiltonian, with emphasis on the effects of quantum fluctuations, and the quantum phase transition between paramagnetic and ferromagnetic states that occurs when a magnetic field is applied transverse to the easy axis of the system. The magnetic insulating crystal LiHoF₄ is a physical realization of the quantum Ising model, with the additional features that the dominant coupling between spins is the long range dipolar interaction, and each electronic spin is strongly coupled to a nuclear degree of freedom. These nuclear degrees of freedom constitute a spin bath environment acting on the system. In this thesis, we present an effective low temperature Hamiltonian for LiHoF₄ that incorporates both these features, and we analyze the effects of the nuclear spin bath on the system. We find the lowest energy crystal field excitation in the system is gapped at the quantum critical point by the presence of the nuclear spins, with spectral weight being transferred down to a lower energy electronuclear mode that fully softens to zero at the quantum critical point. Furthermore, we present a toy model, the spin half spin half model, that illustrates the effects of an anisotropic hyperfine interaction on a quantum Ising system. We find the critical transverse field is increased when the longitudinal hyperfine coupling is dominant, as well as an enhancement of both the longitudinal electronic susceptibility and an applied longitudinal field. In addition, we present a field theoretic formalism for incorporating the effects of fluctuations beyond the random phase approximation in general quantum Ising systems. We find that any regular on site interaction, such as a nuclear spin bath, does not fundamentally alter the critical properties of a quantum Ising system. This formalism is used to calculate corrections to the magnetization of LiHoF₄.Science, Faculty of
Physics and Astronomy, Department of
Graduate
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Lees, Benjamin T. "Quantum spin systems, probabilistic representations and phase transitions." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2016. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/82123/.
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This thesis investigates properties of classical and quantum spin systems on lattices. These models have been widely studied due to their relevance to condensed matter physics. We identify the ground states of an antiferromagnetic RP2 model, these ground states are very di�erent from the ferromagnetic model and there was some disagreement over their structure, we settle this disagreement. Correlation inequalities are proved for the spin- 1/2 XY model and the ground state of the spin-1 XY model. This provides fresh results in a topic that had been stagnant and allows the proof of some new results, for example existence of some correlation functions in the thermodynamic limit. The occurrence of nematic order at low temperature in a quantum nematic model is proved using the method of reflection positivity and infrared bounds. Previous results on this nematic order were achieved indirectly via a probabilistic representation. This result is maintained in the presence of a small antiferromagnetic interaction, this case was not previously covered. Probabilistic representations for quantum spin systems are introduced and some consequences are presented. In particular, N´eel order is proved in a bilinear-biquadratic spin-1 system at low temperature. This result extends the famous result of Dyson, Lieb and Simon [35]. Dilute spin systems are introduced and the occurrence of a phase transition at low temperature characterised by preferential occupation of the even or odd sublattice of a cubic box is proved. This result is the first of its type for such a mixed classical and quantum system. A probabilistic representation of the spin-1 Bose-Hubbard model is also presented and some consequences are proved.
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Hanney, Tom E. "Phase transitions, scaling and renormalisation in nonequilibrium systems." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.393442.
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Narayan, K. Sureswaran. "Phase transitions in low-dimensional molecular magnetic systems." The Ohio State University, 1991. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1343062099.
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Lee, Junhyun. "Novel Quantum Phase Transitions in Low-Dimensional Systems." Thesis, Harvard University, 2016. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:33493318.
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We study a number of quantum phase transitions, which are exotic in their nature and separates non-trivial phases of matter. Since quantum fluctuations, which drive these phase transitions, are stronger in low-dimensions, we concentrate on low-dimensional systems. We consider two different two-dimensional systems in this thesis and study their phase transition.
First, we investigate a phase transition in graphene, one of the most famous two-dimensional systems in condensed matter. For a suspended bilayer graphene in ν = 0 quantum Hall regime, the conductivity data and mean-field analysis suggests a phase transition from an antiferromagnetic (AF) state to a valence bond solid (VBS) state, when perpendicular electric field is increased. This AF to VBS phase transition is reminiscent of deconfined criticality, which is a novel phase transition that cannot be explained by Landau’s theory of symmetry breaking. We show that in the strong coupling regime of bilayer graphene, the AF state is destabilized by the transverse electric field, likely resulting in a VBS state. We also consider monolayer and bilayer graphene in the large cyclotron gap limit and show that the effective action for the AF and VBS order parameters have a topological Wess-Zumino-Witten term, supporting that the phase transition observed in experiments is in the deconfined criticality class.
Second, we study the model systems of cuprate superconductor, which is effectively a two-dimensionalal system in the CuO_2 plane. The proposal that the pseudogap metal is a fractionalized Fermi liquid described by a quantum dimer model is extended using the density matrix renormalization group. Measuring the Friedel oscillations in the open boundaries reveals that the fermionic dimers have dispersion minima near (π/2,π/2), which is compatible with the Fermi arcs in photoemission. Moreover, investigating the entanglement entropy suggests that the dimer model with low fermion density is similar to the free fermion system above the Lifshitz transition. We also study the phase transition from a metal with SU(2) spin symmetry to an AF metal. By applying the functional renormalization group to the two-band spin-fermion model, we establish the existence of a strongly coupled fixed point and calculate critical exponents of the fixed point.Physics
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Goswami, Pallab. "Quantum phase transitions in dissipative and disordered systems." Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1680035131&sid=4&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Williamson, John Joseph. "The kinetics of phase transitions in polydisperse systems." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2013. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/4170/.
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The study of soft matter's phase behaviour is based on thermodynamics, originally developed to describe systems i) composed of identical particles, and ii) in their final equilibrium state. However, a practical understanding requires knowledge of how real systems do (or do not) actually approach equilibrium. This is especially diffcult to achieve when, as often in soft matter, the constituents are polydisperse, i.e. comprise continuously non-identical particle species. I present a wide-ranging simulation study of phase transition kinetics in the presence of polydispersity, in the context of model colloidal systems. After briefly exploring the structural and dynamical physics of polydisperse systems, I show that fractionation (the partitioning of a polydisperse property between phases) may be enacted in the very early stages of phase separation, and highlight the qualitative sensitivity of this effect to the details of inter-particle potentials. I study the effects of metastable gas-liquid separation on crystal growth, finding a complex dependence on polydispersity which I explain with novel fractionation and local size correlation measurements. I test a theory of fractionation against experimental data in a colloid-polymer mixture with small polymers, a regime in which the widely-used Mean-Field Asakura-Oosawa (MFAO) model becomes unphysical, and find that qualitative agreement can be obtained via a simple modification of the MFAO theory. I precisely measure the composition of a diffusively-grown hard sphere crystal with small polydispersity. The results are agnostic about a prediction that diffusion in- duces nonequilibrium fractionation, but do show that equilibrium composition is not achieved: to within extremely small error bars, the crystal does not fractionate at all during growth. I examine crystal growth on an epitaxial substrate composed of dual crystal templates. Finally, I study the interdependent diffusion of particle size and concentration in a polydisperse hard sphere uid, isolating the eigenmodes implied by the BMCSL polydisperse free energy.
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Topaj, Dmitri. "Synchronization transitions in complex systems." Phd thesis, [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2001. http://pub.ub.uni-potsdam.de/2002/0006/topaj.pdf.
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Stamerjohanns, Heinrich Wilhelm. "Phase transitions in magnetic clusters and other finite systems." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2001. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=963916912.
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Takae, Kyohei. "Phase Transitions and Glassy Behaviours in Anisotropic Particle Systems." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/175107.
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Narayanaswamy, Variankaval. "Characterization of phase transitions in transdermal drug delivery systems." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/8645.
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Ghaemi, Mohammadi Pouyan. "Phases and phase transitions of strongly correlated electron systems." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/45456.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Physics, 2008.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 169-174).
Different experiments on strongly correlated materials have shown phenomena which are not consistent with our conventional understandings. We still do not have a general framework to explain these properties. Developing such a general framework is much beyond the scope of this thesis, but here we try to address some of challenges in simpler models that are more tractable. In correlated metals it appears as strong correlations have different effect on different parts of fermi surface. Perhaps most striking example of this is normal state of optimally doped cuprates; the quasiparticle peaks on the nominal fermi surface do not appear uniformly. We try to track such phenomena in heavy fermion systems, which are correlated fermi liquids. In these systems, a lattice of localized electrons in f or d orbitals is coupled to the conduction electrons through an antiferromagnetic coupling. Singlets are formed between localized and conduction electrons. This singlet naturally have non-zero internal angular momentum. This nontrivial structure leads to anisotropic effect of strong correlations. Internal structure of Kondo singlet can also lead to quantum Hall effect in Kondo insulator, and formation of isolated points on the fermi surface with fractionalized quasiparticles. In the second part we study a phase transition in Heisenberg model between two insulating phases, Neel ordered and certain spin liquid state, popular in theories of the cuprates. The existence of such a transition has a number of interesting implications for spin liquid based approaches to the underdoped cuprates and clarifies existing ideas for incorporating antiferromagnetic long range order into such a spin liquid based approach. This transition might also be enlightening, despite fundamental differences, for the heavy fermion critical points where a second order transition between the heavy fermion phase and a metallic phase with magnetic antiferromagnetic order is observed.
by Pouyan Ghaemi Mohammadi.
Ph.D.
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O'Loan, Owen James. "Phase transitions and ordering in model driven diffusive systems." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/12718.
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In contrast to the equilibrium case, there is no general theoretical framework for the treatment of many-body nonequilibrium systems. Therefore, simple model systems, amenable to detailed analytical or numerical treatment, are important in the understanding of such systems. Phase transitions and ordering are fundamental phenomena which have been extensively studied in equilibrium statistical physics. In this work, we investigate these phenomena in several model driven diffusive systems. We introduce the 'bus route model', a simple microscopic model in which jamming of a conserved driven species is mediated by the presence of a non-conserved quantity. Jamming proceeds via a strict phase transition only in a prescribed limit; outside this limit, we find sharp crossovers and transient coarsening. Next, we study flocking, the collective motion of many self-driven entities, in a one-dimensional lattice model. We find the existence of an ordered phase characterized by the presence of a single large 'flock' which exhibits stochastic reversals in direction. Using numerical finite-size scaling, we analyse the continuous phase transition from this ordered phase to a homogeneous phase and we calculate critical exponents. Finally, we study a model of shear-induced clustering; we find evidence for a discontinuous jamming transition with hysteresis. We also study the kinetics of jamming.
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Minganti, Fabrizio. "Out-of-Equilibrium Phase Transitions in Nonlinear Optical Systems." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCC004/document.
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Dans cette thèse nous étudions théoriquement de systèmes dissipatifs pompés,décrits par une équation maîtresse de Lindblad. En particulier, nous adressons les problématiques liés à l’émergence de phénomènes critiques. Nous présentons une théorie générale reliant les transitions de phase du premier et deuxième ordres aux propriétés spectrales du superopérateur liouvillien. Dans la région critique, nous déterminons la forme générale de l’état stationnaire et de la matrice propre du liouvillien associée à son gap spectral. Nous discutons aussi l’utilisation de trajectoires quantiques individuelles afin de révéler l’apparition des transitions de phase. En ayant dérivé une théorie générale, nous étudions le modèle de Kerr en présence de pompage à un photon (cohérent) et à deux photons (paramétrique) ainsi que de dissipation. Nous explorons les propriétés dynamiques d’une transition de phase du premier ordre dans un modèle de Bose-Hubbard dissipatif et d’une de second ordre dans un modèle XYZ dissipatif d’Heisenberg. Enfin, nous avons considéré la physique des cavités soumises à de la dissipation à un et deux photons ainsi qu’un pompage à deux photons, obtenu par ingénierie de réservoirs. Nous avons démontré que l’état stationnaire unique est un mélange statistique de deux états chats de Schrödinger, malgré de fortes pertes à un photon.Nous proposons et étudions un protocole de rétroaction pour la génération d’états chat pursIn this thesis we theoretically study driven-dissipative nonlinear systems, whosedynamics is capture by a Lindblad master equation. In particular, we investigate theemergence of criticality in out-of-equilibrium dissipative systems. We present a generaland model-independent spectral theory relating first- and second-order dissipative phasetransitions to the spectral properties of the Liouvillian superoperator. In the critical region,we determine the general form of the steady-state density matrix and of the Liouvillianeigenmatrix whose eigenvalue defines the Liouvillian spectral gap. We discuss the relevanceof individual quantum trajectories to unveil phase transitions. After these general results,we analyse the inset of criticality in several models. First, a nonlinear Kerr resonator in thepresence of both coherent (one-photon) and parametric (two-photon) driving and dissipation.We then explore the dynamical properties of the coherently-driven Bose-Hubbard and of thedissipative XYZ Heisenberg model presenting a first-order and a second-order dissipativephase transition, respectively. Finally, we investigate the physics of photonic Schrödingercat states in driven-dissipative resonators subject to engineered two-photon processes andone-photon losses. We propose and study a feedback protocol to generate a pure cat-likesteady state
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Galanis, Andreas. "Phase transitions in the complexity of counting." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/52211.
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A recent line of works established a remarkable connection for antiferromagnetic 2-spin systems, including the Ising and hard-core models, showing that the computational complexity of approximating the partition function for graphs with maximum degree \Delta undergoes a computational transition that coincides with the statistical physics uniqueness/non-uniqueness phase transition on the infinite \Delta-regular tree. Despite this clear picture for 2-spin systems, there is little known for multi-spin systems. We present the first analog of the above inapproximability results for multi-spin systems.
The main difficulty in previous inapproximability results was analyzing the behavior of the model on random \Delta-regular bipartite graphs, which served as the gadget in the reduction. To this end one needs to understand the moments of the partition function. Our key contribution is connecting: (i) induced matrix norms, (ii) maxima of the expectation of the partition function, and (iii) attractive fixed points of the associated tree recursions (belief propagation). We thus obtain a generic analysis of the Gibbs distribution of any multi-spin system on random regular bipartite graphs. We also treat in depth the k-colorings and the q-state antiferromagnetic Potts models.
Based on these findings, we prove that for \Delta constant and even k<\Delta, it is NP-hard to approximate within an exponential factor the number of k-colorings on triangle-free \Delta-regular graphs. We also prove an analogous statement for the antiferromagnetic Potts model. Our hardness results for these models complement the conjectured regime where the models are believed to have efficient approximation schemes. We systematize the approach to obtain a general theorem for the computational hardness of counting in antiferromagnetic spin systems, which we ultimately use to obtain the inapproximability results for the k-colorings and q-state antiferromagnetic Potts models, as well as (the previously known results for) antiferromagnetic 2-spin systems. The criterion captures in an appropriate way the statistical physics uniqueness phase transition on the tree.
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Al-Sawai, Wael. "Non-equilibrium Phase Transitions in Interacting Diffusions." Scholar Commons, 2018. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7660.
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The theory of thermodynamic phase transitions has played a central role both in theoretical physics and in dynamical systems for several decades. One of its fundamental results is the classification of various physical models into equivalence classes with respect to the scaling behavior of solutions near the critical manifold. From that point of view, systems characterized by the same set of critical exponents are equivalent, regardless of how different the original physical models might be. For non-equilibrium phase transitions, the current theoretical framework is much less developed. In particular, an equivalent classification criterion is not available, thus requiring a specific analysis of each model individually. In this thesis, we propose a potential classification method for time-dependent dynamical systems, namely comparing the possible deformations of the original problem, and identifying dynamical systems which share the same deformation space. The specific model on which this procedure is developed is the Kuramoto model for interacting, disordered oscillators. Studied in the mean-field limit by a variety of methods, its associated synchronization phase transition appears as an appropriate model for cooperative phenomena ranging from coupled Josephson junctions to self-ordering patterns in biological and social systems. We investigate the geometric deformation of the dynamical system into the space of univalent maps of the unit disk, related to the Douady-Earle extension and the Denjoy-Wolff theory, and separately the algebraic deformation into the space of nonlinear sigma models for unitary operators. The results indicate that the Kuramoto model is representative for a large class of non-equilibrium synchronization models, with a rich phase-space diagram.
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Kragset, Steinar. "Phase transitions in effective lattice models for strongly correlated systems." Doctoral thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Physics, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-1718.
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In three research articles we have studied the critical properties of effective lattice models for strongly correlated electron systems by Monte Carlo simulations. A similar model is used in a fourth article for investigating thermal fluctuations of vortices in a rotating Bose–Einstein condensate. In the first part of this thesis we review the necessary background and introduce the models one by one. The last part is a collection of the papers.
Paper I [1]: We consider the scaling of the mean square dipole moment in a plasma with logarithmic interactions in a two- and three-dimensional system. In both cases, we establish the existence of a low-temperature regime where the mean square dipole moment does not scale with system size and a hightemperature regime does scale with system size. Thus, there is a nonanalytic change in the polarizability of the system as a function of temperature, and hence a metal-insulator transition in both cases. The relevance of this transition in three dimensions to quantum phase transitions in 2 + 1-dimensional systems is briefly discussed.
Paper II [2]: The existence of a discontinuity in the inverse dielectric constant of the two-dimensional Coulomb gas is demonstrated on purely numerical grounds. This is done by expanding the free energy in an applied twist and performing a finite-size scaling analysis of the coefficients of higher-order terms. The phase transition, driven by unbinding of dipoles, corresponds to the Kosterlitz-Thouless transition in the 2D XY model. The method developed is also used for investigating the possibility of a Kosterlitz-Thouless phase transition in a threedimensional system of point charges interacting with a logarithmic pair-potential, a system related to effective theories of low-dimensional strongly correlated systems. We also contrast the finite-size scaling of the fluctuations of the dipole moments of the two-dimensional Coulomb gas and the three-dimensional logarithmic system to those of the three-dimensional Coulomb gas.
Paper III [3]: We perform large-scale Monte Carlo simulations on an effective gauge theory for an easy plane quantum anti-ferromagnet, including a Berry phase term that projects out the S = 1/2 sector. Without a Berry phase term, the model exhibits a phase transition in the 3DXY universality class associated with proliferation of gauge-charge neutral U(1) vortices. The instantons that eliminate the phase transition in the gauge-charged sector are cancelled by the Berry phases. The result is a first order phase transition. This gauge theory therefore does not exhibit deconfined criticality.
Paper IV [4]: We perform Monte Carlo studies of vortices in three dimensions in a cylindrical confinement, with uniform and nonuniform density. The former is relevant to rotating 4He, the latter is relevant to a rotating trapped Bose condensate. In the former case we find dominant angular thermal vortex fluctuations close to the cylinder wall. For the latter case, a novel effect is that at low temperatures the vortex solid close to the center of the trap crosses directly over to a tension-less vortex tangle near the edge of the trap. At higher temperatures an intermediate tensionful vortex liquid located between the vortex solid and the vortex tangle, may exist.
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Yang, Linji. "Phase transitions in spin systems: uniqueness, reconstruction and mixing time." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/47593.
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Spin systems are powerful mathematical models widely used and studied in Statistical Physics and Computer Science. This thesis focuses the study of spin systems on colorings and weighted independent sets (the hard-core model).
In many spin systems, there exist phase transition phenomena: there is a threshold value of a parameter such that when the parameter is on one side of the threshold, the system exhibits the so-called spatial decay of correlation, i.e., the influence from a set of vertices to another set of vertices diminishes as the distance between the two sets grows; when the parameter is on the other side, long range correlations persist. The uniqueness problem and the reconstruction problem are two major threshold problems that are concerned with the decay of correlations in the Gibbs measure from different perspectives.
In Computer Science, the study of spin systems mainly focused on finding an efficient algorithm that samples the configurations from a distribution that is very close to the Gibbs measure. Glauber dynamics is a typical Markov chain algorithm for performing sampling.
In many systems, the convergence time of the Glauber dynamics also exhibits a threshold behavior: the speed of convergence experiences a dramatic change around the threshold of the parameter.
The first two parts of this thesis focus on making connections between the phase transition of the convergence time of the dynamics and the phase transition of the reconstruction phenomenon in both colorings and the hard-core model on regular trees. A relatively sharp threshold is established for the change of the convergence time, which coincides with the reconstruction threshold. A general technique of upper bounding the conductance of the dynamics via analyzing the sensitivity of the reconstruction algorithm is proposed and proven to be very effective for lower bounding the convergence time of the dynamics.
The third part of the thesis provides an innovative analytical method for establishing a strong version of the decay of correlation of the Gibbs distributions for many two spin systems on various classes of graphs. In particular, the method is applied to the hard-core model on the square lattice, a very important graph that is of great interest in both Statistical Physics and Computer Science. As a result, we significantly improve the lower bound of the uniqueness threshold on the square lattice and extend the range of parameter where the Glauber dynamics is rapidly mixing.
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Laradji, Mohamed. "First-order phase transitions in systems with long-ranged forces." Thesis, McGill University, 1989. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=61937.
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Hatchman, Kevan. "Kinetic studies of phase transitions in lyotropic liquid crystalline systems." Thesis, University of Salford, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.334370.
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Meier, Hannes. "Phase transitions in novel superfluids and systems with correlated disorder." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Statistisk fysik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-160929.
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Condensed matter systems undergoing phase transitions rarely allow exact solutions. The presence of disorder renders the situation even worse but collective Monte Carlo methods and parallel algorithms allow numerical descriptions. This thesis considers classical phase transitions in disordered spin systems in general and in effective models of superfluids with disorder and novel interactions in particular. Quantum phase transitions are considered via a quantum to classical mapping. Central questions are if the presence of defects changes universal properties and what qualitative implications follow for experiments. Common to the cases considered is that the disorder maps out correlated structures. All results are obtained using large-scale Monte Carlo simulations of effective models capturing the relevant degrees of freedom at the transition. Considering a model system for superflow aided by a defect network, we find that the onset properties are significantly altered compared to the $\lambda$-transition in $^{4}$He. This has qualitative implications on expected experimental signatures in a defect supersolid scenario. For the Bose glass to superfluid quantum phase transition in 2D we determine the quantum correlation time by an anisotropic finite size scaling approach. Without a priori assumptions on critical parameters, we find the critical exponent $z=1.8 \pm 0.05$ contradicting the long standing result $z=d$. Using a 3D effective model for multi-band type-1.5 superconductors we find that these systems possibly feature a strong first order vortex-driven phase transition. Despite its short-range nature details of the interaction are shown to play an important role. Phase transitions in disordered spin models exposed to correlated defect structures obtained via rapid quenches of critical loop and spin models are investigated. On long length scales the correlations are shown to decay algebraically. The decay exponents are expressed through known critical exponents of the disorder generating models. For cases where the disorder correlations imply the existence of a new long-range-disorder fixed point we determine the critical exponents of the disordered systems via finite size scaling methods of Monte Carlo data and find good agreement with theoretical expectations.QC 20150306
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Radha, Santosh Kumar. "Knitting quantum knots-Topological phase transitions in Two-Dimensional systems." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1595870012750826.
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Bonart, Julius. "Phase transitions and diffusion in dissipative classical and quantum systems." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066591.
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Cette thèse est structurée autour de trois chapitres principaux. Dans le premier chapitre, je présente de nouveaux résultats obtenus pour la théorie S\phi^4S hors équilibre, dont la dynamique est décrite par une equation de Langevin en présence d'un bruit coloré. Les corrélations temporelles du bruit décroissent avec une loi de puissance déterminée par un certain exposant que j'appelerai SalphaS. Il s'avère qu'il y a un S\alpha_cS de transition qui dépend de la dimension SDS du système et qui sépare le plan S(\alpha, D)S en une région où la couleur du bruit modifie le comportement critique et une autre où cette couleur est non pertinente. Je discute également le comportement d'échelle des fonctions de corrélation hors équilibre. Dans le deuxième chapitre de ma thèse j'introduis un formalisme d'intégrale de chemin pour d'écrire le mouvement Brownien hors équilibre. Je présente de nouveaux résultats qui ont été obtenus pendant mon doctorat sur les fonctions de corrélation hors equilibre après une trempe quantique. La troisième partie de ma thèse est consacrée à la diffusion d'impuretés dans des liquides quantiques en une dimension, communément appelés des liquides de Luttinger. Après une introduction aux problèmes divers liés à un tel système composé d'une impureté et d'un liquide de Luttinger, je présente une nouvelle description de la dynamique de l'impureté en présence d'un piège harmonique. La densité du liquide de Luttinger non-homogène influence fortement la dynamique de l'impureté et mène à des comportements inédits. De tels systèmes physiques sont actuellement étudiés dans des expèriences d'atomes froidsThis thesis is structured around three main chapters. In the first chapter I present new results which have been obtained for the out-of-equilibrium critical S\phi^4S-theory. Its dynamics are described by a Langevin equation driven by a colored noise. The temporal correlation of this noise features a power-law decrease which is governed by a certain exponent S\alphaS. It turns out that there exists a crossover S\alpha_cS which depends on the dimension SDS of the system and separates the S(\alpha, D)S-plane into a region where the color of the noise alters the critical behaviour and a region where the color is non relevant. I also discuss the scaling bahaviour of the non equilibrium correlation functions. In the second chapter I introduce a path integral formalism to describe non equilibrium quantum Brownian motion. I present the results which have been obtained during my PhD on the evolution of the non equilibrium correlation functions after a quantum quench. The third part of my thesis focuses on the impurity diffusion in one-dimensional quantum liquids which are commonly called Luttinger liquids. After an introductory part which covers the main issues related to such a system, I present a novel description of the impurity dynamics in the case where an external trapping potential is present. The non-homogeneous density profile of the Luttinger liquid then strongly influences on the impurity dynamics in a fascinating way. Such systems are currently being studied in cold atoms experiments
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Ha, Meesoon. "Scaling and phase transitions in one-dimensional nonequilibrium driven systems /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/9758.
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Macieszczak, Katarzyna. "Metrology, metastability and dynamical phase transitions in open quantum systems." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2017. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/39811/.
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In this thesis we explore aspects of dynamics of open quantum systems related to coherence and quantum correlations - necessary resources for enhanced quantum metrology and quantum computation. We first discuss limits to the precision of parameter estimation when using a quantum system in the presence of noise. To this end we introduce a variational principle for the quantum Fisher information (QFI) bounding the estimation errors of any measurement, which motivates an efficient iterative algorithm for finding optimal system preparations for noisy estimation experiments. Furthermore, we investigate influence of noise correlations on the precision in phase and frequency estimation, by delivering bounds for both spatially and temporarily correlated (non-Markovian) dephasing noise. This allows us to prove the Zeno limit in frequency estimation, conjectured in Phys. Rev. A 84, 012103 (2011) and Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 233601 (2012). The enhanced estimation precision in quantum metrology can be, however, achieved only using highly entangled states. We propose a scheme of generating such highly correlated states as outputs of Markovian open quantum systems near first-order dynamical phase transitions. We show that the quadratic scaling of the QFI with time is present for experiments within the correlation time of the dynamics and describe a theoretical scheme for quantum enhanced estimation of an optical phase-shift using the photons being emitted from an intermittent quantum system. Finally, we establish the basis for a theory of metastability in Markovian open quantum systems, by extending methods from classical stochastic dynamics. We argue that the partial relaxation into long-lived metastable states - distinct from the asymptotic stationary state - may preserve initial coherences within decoherence-free subspaces or noiseless subsystems, thus allowing for quantum computation during the metastable regime.
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Marcinkiewicz, Michal. "Terahertz Spectroscopy of Topological Phase Transitions in HgCdTe-based systems." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTS068/document.
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Cette thèse porte sur l'exploration de différentes phases topologiques présentes dans des hétérostructures à base de mercure, cadmium et tellure (HgCdTe). Ces systèmes sont de parfaits cas d'études des états topologiques dans la matière condensée. En effet, leur structure de bande peut aisément être modifiée d'inversée à non-inversée par le biais de paramètres internes ou externes.Lorsqu'un système présente une structure de bande inversée, il a une topologie non triviale. Il est impossible de modifier cet ordre topologique sans fermer son gap, ce qui inévitablement entraîne l'apparition de particules sans masse dans son volume. Un système présentant une structure de bande inversée et un gap d'énergie finie dans lequel se trouve le niveau de Fermi, est appelé isolant topologique. Ce nouveau type de matériau est isolant dans son volume, mais abrite des états métalliques sans gap sur ses bords. Ces derniers ont une relation de dispersion linéaire et sont protégés des effets liés au désordre et de la rétrodiffusion par des impuretés non magnétiques. Ces états particuliers apparaissent à l'interface de matériaux présentant des ordres topologiques différents. Ainsi, un isolant topologique 2D se caractérise par des canaux 1D de conductance polarisés en spin à ses bords, alors qu'un isolant topologique 3D accueille des fermions de Dirac 2D, polarisés en spin, aux surfaces.L'existence de fermions sans masse 2D et 3D a déjà été démontrée expérimentalement. Cependant, la transition de phase topologique durant laquelle apparaissent les particules sans masse n'a que très peu été explorée. Il est possible de modifier la structure de bande de HgCdTe d'inversée à non inversée par le biais de la composition chimique, la pression, la température ou le confinement quantique. Ces paramètres permettent ainsi de sonder le système au voisinage de différentes transitions de phase topologiques. Dans ce travail, l'utilisation de la température comme paramètre d'ajustement continu du gap permet d'étudier au point de transition de phase l'apparition de fermions semi-relativistes de Dirac (2D) et de Kane (3D) ainsi que leurs propriétés.Les systèmes étudiés au cours de ces travaux de recherche sont des cristaux massifs de Hg1-xCdxTe et des puits quantiques HgTe/CdTe présentant des structures de bandes inversées et non inversées, ainsi que des couches minces de HgTe contraintes pouvant être considérées comme des isolants topologiques 3D ayant un confinement quantique résiduel. Tous ces systèmes possèdent des propriétés topologiques. L'interprétation des résultats s'appuie sur les prédictions théoriques basées sur le modèle de Kane. En annexe, une vue d'ensemble des puits quantiques composites InAs/GaSb, structures également identifiées comme isolants topologiques, est présentée, comportant les résultats préliminaires obtenus sur ces dernières.Toutes les structures ont été étudiées par magnétospectroscopie en transmission dans les domaines de fréquence terahertz et infra-rouge moyen à l'aide d'un dispositif expérimental spécifiquement conçu pour permettre des mesures sur une large plage de températuresThis thesis presents an investigation of different topological phases in mercury-cadmium-telluride (HgCdTe or MCT) based heterostructures. These solid state systems are indeed a perfect playground to study topological states, as their band structure can be easily varied from inverted to non-inverted, by changing internal or external parameters.If a system has an inverted band ordering, its electronic structure has a non-trivial topology. One cannot change its topological order without closing the band gap, which is inevitably accompanied with the appearance of massless particles in the bulk. A system, that has an inverted band structure and a finite gap in which the Fermi level is positioned, is called a topological insulator. These novel materials are insulators in the bulk, but host gapless metallic states with linear dispersion relation at boundaries, protected against disorder and backscattering on non-magnetic impurities. These states arise at the interfaces between materials characterized by a different topological order. A 2D topological insulator is thus characterized by a set of 1D spin-polarized channels of conductance at the edges, while a 3D topological insulator supports spin-polarized 2D Dirac fermions on its surfaces.The 2D and 3D massless fermions have already been demonstrated experimentally in HgCdTe-based heterostructures. However, the topological phase transitions during which the massless particles appear remain barely explored. The HgCdTe band structure can be tuned from inverted to non-inverted using chemical composition, pressure, temperature, or quantum confinement. These parameters therefore allow to probe the system in the vicinity of different topological phase transitions. In this thesis, the use of temperature as continuous band gap tuning parameter allows to study the appearance and the parameters of semi-relativistic 2D Dirac and 3D Kane fermions emerging at the points of phase transitions.The systems investigated were Hg$_{1-x}$Cd$_x$Te bulk systems and HgTe/CdTe quantum wells characterized by an inverted and regular band order, and strained HgTe films which can be considered as 3D topological insulators with a residual quantum confinement. All these systems exhibit topological properties, and the experimental results are interpreted according to theoretical predictions based on the Kane model. This thesis is complemented by an overview and the preliminary results obtained on a different compound -- a InAs/GaSb broken-gap quantum well, which was also identified as a topological insulator. The structures were studied by means of terahertz and mid-infrared magneto-transmission spectroscopy in a specifically designed experimental system, in which temperature could be tuned in a broad range
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Fall, Jaimie Linn. "Multiphase equilibria in binary and ternary hydrocarbon systems containing carbon dioxide /." Access abstract and link to full text, 1985. http://0-wwwlib.umi.com.library.utulsa.edu/dissertations/fullcit/8603795.
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Otto, Kevin Michael. "Characterization of Highly Concentrated Elastin-like Polypeptide Solutions:Rheometric Properties and Phase Separation Analysis." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1431697338.
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Martin, Dave. "Multiphase modeling of melting : solidification with high density variations using XFEM." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27140.
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La modélisation de la cryolite, utilisée dans la fabrication de l’aluminium, implique plusieurs défis, notament la présence de discontinuités dans la solution et l’inclusion de la difference de densité entre les phases solide et liquide. Pour surmonter ces défis, plusieurs éléments novateurs ont été développés dans cette thèse. En premier lieu, le problème du changement de phase, communément appelé problème de Stefan, a été résolu en deux dimensions en utilisant la méthode des éléments finis étendue. Une formulation utilisant un multiplicateur de Lagrange stable spécialement développée et une interpolation enrichie a été utilisée pour imposer la température de fusion à l’interface. La vitesse de l’interface est déterminée par le saut dans le flux de chaleur à travers l’interface et a été calculée en utilisant la solution du multiplicateur de Lagrange. En second lieu, les effets convectifs ont été inclus par la résolution des équations de Stokes dans la phase liquide en utilisant la méthode des éléments finis étendue aussi. Troisièmement, le changement de densité entre les phases solide et liquide, généralement négligé dans la littérature, a été pris en compte par l’ajout d’une condition aux limites de vitesse non nulle à l’interface solide-liquide pour respecter la conservation de la masse dans le système. Des problèmes analytiques et numériques ont été résolus pour valider les divers composants du modèle et le système d’équations couplés. Les solutions aux problèmes numériques ont été comparées aux solutions obtenues avec l’algorithme de déplacement de maillage de Comsol. Ces comparaisons démontrent que le modèle par éléments finis étendue reproduit correctement le problème de changement phase avec densités variables.The modelling of the cryolite bath, used in the smelting of aluminum, offers multiple challenges, particularly the presence of discontinuities in the solution and a difference in density between the solid and liquid phases. To over come these challenges, several novel elements were developed in this thesis. First of all, the phase change problem, commonly named the Stefan problem, was solved in two dimensions using the extended finite element method. A specially designed Lagrange multiplier formulation, using an enriched Lagrange multiplier solution, was implemented to impose the melting temperature on the interface. The interface velocity is determined by the jump in the heat flux across the interface and was calculated using the Lagrange multiplier values. Secondly, convection was included by solving the Stokes equations in the liquid phase using the extended finite element method as well. Thirdly, the density change between solid and liquid phases, usually neglected in the literature, was taken into account by the addition of a non-zero velocity boundary condition at the solid-liquid interface to maintain mass conservation in the system. Benchmark analytical and numerical problems were solved to validated the various components of the model and the coupled system of equations. The solutions to the numerical problems were compared to the solutions obtained using Comsol’s moving mesh algorithm. Theses comparisons show that the extended finite element method correctly solves the phase change problem with non-constant densities.
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Amin, Shara Jalal. "Studies of competing interactions in hydrogen bonded systems." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/11976.
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Al-saedi, Sajda S. "EXPERIMENTAL AND MATHEMATICAL INVESTIGATION OF ENHANCING MULTIPHASE FLOW IN THE PIPELINE SYSTEMS." OpenSIUC, 2020. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/1867.
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The major challenge associated with saving energy in the pumping stations of the fluid transportation in the pipeline networks, especially the crude oil transportation for long-distance is drag forces. In other words, this grossly increases the drag form force and friction losses making fluids transport inside pipeline taken a long time to pass, that increases energy consumption and costs. Therefore, the effective solution to overcome these problems is added drag reduction materials (DRMs) with the main fluid using the drag reduction technique (DR). One of the most important drag reduction technique to enhance flow in the pipeline is an active drag reduction using DRMs. Where the DRMs can reduce drag forces in relatively small amounts part per million (ppm), as well as environment friendly. Thereby, the drag reduction enhancement is highly important in terms of fluid transportation in the many industrial applications. An experimental and mathematical study have been performed in the fully development flow to measure fluid characteristics and to evaluate %DR using various DRMs: polymers, surfactants, and nanoparticles in pipeline network. The active drag reduction experiments have been conducted in the rotational disk apparatus (RDA) and in the closed-loop recirculation system (CLRS) using different solutions of DRMs: individual, binary, and triple at different Reynolds numbers (Re) and at different concentrations. The morphological tests have been done employing XDR, TEM and SEM techniques. Mathematical model was presented to validate the experimental results using the statistic softwareV6.2. The results have been displayed with complete explanation, analysis, and conclusions. The results show that the %DR increases with increasing the velocity (Re) and concentration for the most of DRMs solutions. Also, the results confirm that the use of nanoparticle in complex solutions is more effective than using nanoparticle individually within the same work condition. further, the new complex solutions were formed in a manner that can contribute significantly to increase drag reduction performance and enhance shear resistance of the DRMs. Finally, all microscopy techniques confirm the fact that complex solutions were effectively formed and homogenized within the main fluid.
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Grosskinsky, Stefan. "Phase transitions in nonequilibrium stochastic particle systems with local conservation laws." [S.l. : s.n.], 2004. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=972324070.
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Restrepo, Lopez Ricardo. "Topics in spatial and dynamical phase transitions of interacting particle systems." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/42729.
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In this work we provide several improvements in the study of phase transitions
of interacting particle systems:
- We determine a quantitative relation between non-extremality of the limiting Gibbs measure of a tree-based spin system, and the temporal mixing of
the Glauber Dynamics over its finite projections. We define the concept of 'sensitivity' of a reconstruction scheme to establish such a relation. In particular, we focus on the independent sets model, determining a phase
transition for the mixing time of the Glauber dynamics at the same location of
the extremality threshold of the simple invariant Gibbs version of the model.
- We develop the technical analysis of the so-called spatial mixing conditions for interacting particle systems to account for the connectivity structure of the underlying graph. This analysis leads to improvements regarding the location of the uniqueness/non-uniqueness phase transition for the independent sets model over amenable graphs; among them, the elusive hard-square model in lattice statistics, which has received attention since Baxter's solution of the analogous hard-hexagon in 1980.
- We build on the work of Montanari and Gerschenfeld to determine the existence of correlations for the coloring model in sparse random graphs. In particular, we prove that correlations exist above the 'clustering' threshold of such a model; thus providing further evidence for the conjectural algorithmic 'hardness' occurring at such a point.
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Wood, Kevin B. "Nonequilibrium phase transitions to collective behavior in stochastic spatially extended systems." Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2007. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3263455.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2007.Title from first page of PDF file (viewed August 2, 2007). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.