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Journal articles on the topic 'Phased Array antenna'
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1
Hussain, Sajjad, Shi-Wei Qu, Abu Bakar Sharif, Hassan Sani Abubakar, Xiao-Hua Wang, Muhammad Ali Imran, and Qammer H. Abbasi. "Current Sheet Antenna Array and 5G: Challenges, Recent Trends, Developments, and Future Directions." Sensors 22, no. 9 (April 26, 2022): 3329. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22093329.
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Designing an ultra-wideband array antenna for fifth generation (5G) is challenging for the antenna designing community because of the highly fragmented electromagnetic spectrum. To overcome bandwidth limitations, several millimeter-wave bands for 5G and beyond applications are considered; as a result, many antenna arrays have been proposed during the past decades. This paper aims to explore recent developments and techniques regarding a specific type of phased array antenna used in 5G applications, called current sheet array (CSA). CSA consists of capacitively coupled elements placed over a ground plane, with mutual coupling intentionally introduced in a controlled manner between the elements. CSA concept evolved and led to the realization of new array antennas with multiple octaves of bandwidth. In this review article, we provide a comprehensive overview of the existing works in this line of research. We analyze and discuss various aspects of the proposed array antennas with the wideband and wide-scan operation. Additionally, we discuss the significance of the phased array antenna in 5G communication. Moreover, we describe the current research challenges and future directions for CSA-based phased array antennas.
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Legkiy, N. M., and N. V. Mikheev. "Selection of location of radiators in a non-equivident antenna array." Russian Technological Journal 8, no. 6 (December 18, 2020): 54–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.32362/2500-316x-2020-8-6-54-62.
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Antennas are one of the main elements of radio engineering systems. Phased antenna arrays (PAR), which make it possible to regulate the direction of radiation due to the ability to control the phases or phase differences of the emitted signal, are the most effective types of antennas. The size, design and shape of the PAR depend on the tasks to be solved, the type of emitters and the nature of their location. The article discusses the transformation of an equidistant PAR into a non-equidistant antenna array in order to reduce the level of side lobes and suppress diffraction maxima with a given minimum distance between the emitters. A model of a non-equidistant antenna array and calculation formulas for its analysis are presented. The method presented in the work based on iterative calculation methods makes it possible to select the main parameters of a non-equidistant PAR taking into account the bonds formed between neighboring radiating elements. The coordinates of the emitter elements of the non-equidistant PAR were calculated in a program using the MATLAB language. At the same time, a method was implemented to search for the optimal arrangement of emitters relative to each other, in which the directional pattern of the antenna array will have a minimum level of diffraction maxima and the required level of side lobe. According to the results of the program execution, the coordinates of the new non-equidistant PAR were obtained. The non-equidistant phased array antenna simulated according to the calculation results showed a complete absence of diffraction maxima, in contrast to the equidistant array, but it was not possible to sufficiently obtain the required level of side lobes. The calculated antenna radiation patterns presented for comparison showed the advantages of a non-equidistant antenn array.
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Mathew, Jestin John, Nitish HS, Dr Jayavrinda V. V, and Dr Raghunandan S. "Implementation of Beam Steering using Phased Array Antennas." International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology 5, no. 6 (July 9, 2020): 1006–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt20jun716.
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Beam steering is a phenomenon of varying the direction of the main lobe in the radiation pattern, so in radar systems it can be achieved by changing the relative phases of the antenna being implemented.But,some of the setbacks of implementing beam steering in mechanical antennas like microstrip antenna is that the directivity and, gain is low,and interference is very high.Whereas,in our project we have implemented beam steering using phased array antennas which has produced better results.So,an phased array antenna is electronically scanned antenna ,which produces a beam of radio waves that can be steered to different points based on our requirements by keeping the antenna stationary.Also,these type of antennas require less maintenance as compared to mechanical antennas
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Bushkin, S. S., S. A. Golovin, and N. N. Soroka. "Development of small-sized phased antenna arrays on ferrite phase shifters for unmanned aerial vehicles." Journal of «Almaz – Antey» Air and Defence Corporation, no. 1 (March 30, 2020): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.38013/2542-0542-2020-1-19-25.
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In this paper, an approach to the development of small-sized phased antenna arrays on ferrite phase shifters is considered. The paper presents examples of predicting the radiation characteristics of phased antenna arrays and processing their measured characteristics using mathematical models. On the basis of a phased array antenna for an unmanned aerial vehicle, the influence of the design features of such an antenna on its radiation characteristics is shown. The radiation characteristics of a phased array antenna for an unmanned aerial vehicle developed at V. V. Tikhomirov Scientific Research Institute of Instrument Design are presented.
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Gavrilova, S. E., A. N. Gribanov, G. F. Moseychuk, and A. I. Sinani. "Features of excitation reconstruction in flat multielement phased antenna array face using dynamic directional patterns." Journal of «Almaz – Antey» Air and Space Defence Corporation, no. 4 (December 30, 2017): 32–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.38013/2542-0542-2017-4-32-39.
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The study focuses on reconstructing the amplitude-phase distribution of flat multielement passive and active phased antenna arrays with the use of dynamic radiation patterns, measured with electronical scanning without mechanical rotations and antenna movements. The paper describes the measurement settings of dynamic radiation patterns, necessary for reconstructing the amplitude-phase distribution. Findings of the research show that to reconstruct the amplitude-phase distribution according to dynamic radiation diagrams, there is no need for increased computational resources due to the use of Fourier transformation algorithms. After the method was experimentally verified on the specific samples of active phased antenna arrays, its high efficiency was established. The paper gives the examples of reconstructing the amplitude-phase distribution from dynamic radiation patterns in the presence of malfunctions in active phased array antennas.
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Zhou, Hao, Jiren Li, and Kun Wei. "A Novel Unit Classification Method for Fast and Accurate Calculation of Radiation Patterns." Electronics 12, no. 16 (August 19, 2023): 3512. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12163512.
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This paper proposes a novel unit classification technique to enhance the accuracy of the conventional pattern multiplication method by taking the mutual coupling effect and edge effect into consideration. The proposed technique classifies antenna elements into different groups based on their positions in arrays, specifically corner, edge, and inner groups. By simulating the radiation patterns of antenna elements with different boundary conditions, the pattern multiplication method is then used to calculate the radiation pattern of the antenna array based on the simulated results. Several numerical examples, including a square array, a hexagonal array, and a phased array, are provided to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method. The numerical results demonstrate that the proposed method not only reduces the computational time and memory usage but also significantly improves the accuracy. The proposed method provides a powerful tool for synthesizing and predicting the radiation pattern of array antennas and offers new avenues for optimizing array antennas and phased array antennas.
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Joo, Taehwan, Chanho Hwang, Juman Park, Kichul Kim, and Jaesoo Jung. "Design of a Tile-Type Rx Multi-Beam Digital Active Phased Array Antenna System." Journal of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science 22, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): 12–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.26866/jees.2022.1.r.55.
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This paper details the design, manufacture, and performance test results of a highly integrated Rx multi-beam active phased array antenna for aerial communications. The proposed Rx phased array antenna comprises three tile-phased array antennas consisting of array antennas, radio frequency, and beamforming units. A performance test of the Rx antenna system revealed the system achieved gain-to-noise temperature of -6 dB/K and beam pointing accuracy of below 0.4° with four independently operable multi-beams. It is designed with compact size and less weight for various platforms.
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Chepala, Anil, Vincent Fusco, Umair Naeem, and Adrian McKernan. "Uniform Linear Antenna Array Beamsteering Based on Phase-Locked Loops." Electronics 12, no. 4 (February 4, 2023): 780. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12040780.
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Phased arrays are extensively used in many modern beam-scanning applications such as radar and satellite communications. Electronic beam scanning makes phased arrays an important aspect of modern antenna array systems. This Tutorial aims to promote the basic understanding of the principle and operation of a phased array to general undergraduate students. This paper starts with a discussion on the theory of operation and some basic definitions of antenna parameters followed by derivations of two-element and N-element array patterns and, finally, a five-element array design. The essential hardware based on Phase-Locked Loops (PLLs) as phase controllable RF sources required to build an array and the basic tools required for software and measurement set-up to demonstrate the beam-scanning phased array operation are presented. This enables students to quickly understand and set-up an experiment to verify the phased array operation with commercial off-the-shelf components. In addition, the hardware and software necessary for autonomous control are discussed. By combining basic concepts of phase arrays with a series of simple coding and intuitive laboratory experiments, students can easily understand the Uniform Linear Array (ULA) scanning operation.
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Razumikhin, A. S., G. N. Devyatkov, K. A. Laiko, and J. O. Filimonova. "Printed broadband dipole for phased array antenna." Issues of radio electronics, no. 10 (December 16, 2020): 38–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21778/2218-5453-2020-10-38-45.
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The article discusses ways to increase the operating frequency band of a symmetrical broadband vibrator in printed version for a phased array antenna. The equivalent circuit of such an emitter is described. Various designs of an emitter made on a Rogers RT5880 dielectric substrate with a thickness of t = 1.5 mm and εr = 2.2 and the results of electromagnetic modeling are considered. A wide working band is achieved due to the introduction of a dual-circuit system and a modified geometry of the vibrator arms. Topologies, as well as matching and directivity characteristics of three types of antennas are given. The developed antenna is intended for use in broadband systems both as a separate independent antenna and as a radiator for digital phased antenna arrays. The CST Microwave studio environment was used to simulate the emitter.
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Benny, S., S. Sahoo, and A. Mukundan. "Study on Impact of Mutual Coupling on Performance of Dual Polarized Phased Array Antenna." Advanced Electromagnetics 11, no. 2 (May 2, 2022): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.7716/aem.v11i2.1843.
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This study involves the determination of the impact of mutual coupling between antenna elements on the performance of a dual-polarized, wide-angle scanning, phased array antenna for weather radar applications. Weather radars require dual linearly polarized antennas with low cross-polarization, and a narrow beam phased array for wide scanning angle. For this simulation-based study, a microstrip dual linearly polarized 2x20 phased array antenna operating at S-band (2.65 to 3.0 GHz) is designed. This antenna has been designed to have a cross-polarization level less than -45 dB at both polarizations and for the scan angle range of -55o to 55o, which is better than most of the existing dual-pol phased array antennas. This antenna has been used to analyze the impact of mutual coupling on cross-polarization, beamwidth, and antenna gain at various scan angles. Mutual coupling is studied in terms of antenna active element pattern and the corresponding cross-polarization value as well as the active reflection coefficient and impedance values for inter-element spacings of 0.4λ and 0.5λ. It has been found in this study that cross-polarization levels of the whole array (at various scan angles) are affected significantly because of mutual coupling between elements.
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Sellal, Kheireddine, and Larbi Talbi. "Design of a Two-Element Antenna Array Using Substrate Integrated Waveguide Technique." International Journal of Microwave Science and Technology 2011 (September 14, 2011): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/278070.
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The design of a two-element antenna array using the substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) technique and operating at 10 GHz is presented. The proposed antenna array consists of two SIW phase shifter sections with two SIW slot antennas. The phase shifting is achieved by changing the position of two inductive posts inserted inside each element of the array. Numerical simulations and experimental measurements have been carried out for three differential phases between the two antenna array elements, namely, 0°, 22.5°, and 67.5°. A prototype for each differential phase has been fabricated and measured. Results have shown a fairly good agreement between theory and experiments. In fact, a reflection coefficient of better than 20 dB has been achieved around 10 GHZ. The E-plane radiation pattern has shown a beam scan between 5° and 18° and demonstrated the feasibility of designing an SIW antenna phased array.
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Qasim, Aseel, and Adheed Sallomi. "Design and Analysis of Phased Array System by MATLAB Toolbox." Al-Kitab Journal for Pure Sciences 04, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 52–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.32441/kjps.04.01.p5.
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An array of antennas mounted on vehicles, ships, aircraft, satellites, and base stations is expected to play an important role in fulfilling the increased demand of channel requirement for these services. In this paper toolboxes of MATLAB will use for the phased array system for different purposes of extraction of information about a validate results for antenna array and a comparison is made between different antenna array geometries, also this paper provides the background of the newly developed MATLAB Phased Array Toolbox. So, some effective parameters like the changing element spacing and the number of elements and the geometrical shape of the array on the antenna array radiation pattern along with the gain have been studied. The Phased Array Toolbox of MATLAB has also been used to validate the results.
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Moon, Cheon-Bong, Jin-Woo Jeong, Kyu-Hyun Nam, Zhou Xu, and Jun-Seok Park. "Design and Analysis of a Thinned Phased Array Antenna for 5G Wireless Applications." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2021 (October 21, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/3039183.
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This paper focuses on the design of a thinned array antenna using microstrip patch, which is a novel task in recent years. The aim of thinned array antenna synthesis is to obtain a desired radiation pattern with a minimum number of antenna elements. For uniform spacing array antenna, a certain number of elements can be removed, while maintaining a desired radiation pattern using genetic algorithm optimization. Parameters such as beamwidth and side lobe level are evaluated for proposed thinned array antenna by comparison with those obtained for different types of uniform array antennas. Numerical examples are presented to show the high energy efficiency of the proposed thinned array antenna.
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Haupt, Randy L., and Payam Nayeri. "Pulse Dispersion in Phased Arrays." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2017 (2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/5717641.
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Phased array antennas cause pulse dispersion when receiving or transmitting wideband signals, because phase shifting the signals does not align the pulse envelopes from the elements. This paper presents two forms of pulse dispersion that occur in a phased array antenna. The first results from the separation distance between the transmit and receive antennas and impacts the definition of far field in the time domain. The second is a function of beam scanning and array size. Time delay units placed at the element and/or subarrays limit the pulse dispersion.
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Wang, Wen-Qin, and Huaizong Shao. "A Flexible Phased-MIMO Array Antenna with Transmit Beamforming." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2012 (2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/609598.
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Although phased-array antennas have been widely employed in modern radars, the requirements of many emerging applications call for new more advanced array antennas. This paper proposes a flexible phased-array multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) array antenna with transmit beamforming. This approach divides the transmit antenna array into multiple subarrays that are allowed to overlap each subarray coherently transmits a distinct waveform, which is orthogonal to the waveforms transmitted by other subarrays, at a distinct transmit frequency. That is, a small frequency increment is employed in each subarray. Each subarray forms a directional beam and all beams may be steered to different directions. The subarrays jointly offer flexible operating modes such as MIMO array which offers spatial diversity gain, phased-array which offers coherent directional gain and frequency diverse array which provides range-dependent beampattern. The system performance is examined by analyzing the transmit-receive beampatterns. The proposed approach is validated by extensive numerical simulation results.
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Vollbracht, D. "Understanding and optimizing microstrip patch antenna cross polarization radiation on element level for demanding phased array antennas in weather radar applications." Advances in Radio Science 13 (November 3, 2015): 251–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ars-13-251-2015.
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Abstract. The antenna cross polarization suppression (CPS) is of significant importance for the accurate calculation of polarimetric weather radar moments. State-of-the-art reflector antennas fulfill these requirements, but phased array antennas are changing their CPS during the main beam shift, off-broadside direction. Since the cross polarization (x-pol) of the array pattern is affected by the x-pol element factor, the single antenna element should be designed for maximum CPS, not only at broadside, but also for the complete angular electronic scan (e-scan) range of the phased array antenna main beam positions. Different methods for reducing the x-pol radiation from microstrip patch antenna elements, available from literature sources, are discussed and summarized. The potential x-pol sources from probe fed microstrip patch antennas are investigated. Due to the lack of literature references, circular and square shaped X-Band radiators are compared in their x-pol performance and the microstrip patch antenna size variation was analyzed for improved x-pol pattern. Furthermore, the most promising technique for the reduction of x-pol radiation, namely "differential feeding with two RF signals 180° out of phase", is compared to single fed patch antennas and thoroughly investigated for phased array applications with simulation results from CST MICROWAVE STUDIO (CST MWS). A new explanation for the excellent port isolation of dual linear polarized and differential fed patch antennas is given graphically. The antenna radiation pattern from single fed and differential fed microstrip patch antennas are analyzed and the shapes of the x-pol patterns are discussed with the well-known cavity model. Moreover, two new visual based electromagnetic approaches for the explanation of the x-pol generation will be given: the field line approach and the surface current distribution approach provide new insight in understanding the generation of x-pol component in microstrip patch antenna radiation patterns.
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Parshina, E. S., and K. Yu Cheredeev. "USE OF AN ACTIVE PHASED ARRAY ANTENNA IN RADAR’S SIDE LOBES CANCELLATION SYSTEM." Issues of radio electronics, no. 1 (January 20, 2019): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21778/2218-5453-2019-1-19-23.
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The paper describes an example of designing the radar’s side lobes cancellation system. It is based on the scheme of one channel interference canceler. The analysis of the antennas, which are ussually used in radar’s side lobes cancellation systems, is done, and active phased array antenna is chosen as an antenna of the radar’s side lobes cancellation system. The array pattern was formed by using antenna synthesis iterative method in order to fulfill the radar’s side lobes cancellation system’s antenna requirements. The antenna modeling results and its’ analysis are presented. The radar’s side lobes cancellation system with active phased array antenna eliminates intentional noise or impulse interference from any side lobe directions of the radar antenna.
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Douksha, D. V., S. V. Liashkevich, and V. A. Saetchnikov. "Development of an out-of-Focus Irradiator Based on a Phased Antenna Array for a Space Communications' Parabolic Reflector Antenna." Devices and Methods of Measurements 10, no. 3 (September 9, 2019): 233–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/2220-9506-2019-10-3-233-242.
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Mirror antenna systems are widely used in satellite and space communication systems and radio astronomy. Development of these areas requires new efficient antenna systems' design. Possible technical solution for creating an effective mirror antenna is a “hybrid” scheme, when an adaptive phased antenna array is used as an irradiator. This paper is devoted to the development of an out-of-focus irradiator based on a phased antenna array for a space communications' parabolic reflector antenna. The aim of the work is to develop an optimal design of the irradiator with the choice of the structural element of the antenna array and experimental studies of the selected structural element.The wavefront recovery method was used as a tool for selecting the irradiator configuration. The idea of this method use is to reproduce the electromagnetic field of an incident plane wave with an irradiator in order to uniformly illuminate the aperture of the antenna mirror.In order to select the structural element of the irradiator several antennas were considered: a patch antenna, a flat spiral antenna, a conical spiral antenna. The requirements for the phased antenna array element were defined. The irradiator based on the above mentioned was simulated and the irradiator geometry was optimized according to the maximum gain criterion.The maximum gain was achieved for the irradiator based on conical spiral antennas and amounted to 30.8 dB, which for the considered mirror aperture of 2.4 m is close to traditional focal schemes. The results obtained make it possible to create an adaptive antenna system able to compensate for the deviations of the mirror's shape from the theoretical profile, as well as phase distortions in the atmosphere by changing the lattice weights coefficients.
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Middlebrook, Christopher T., Peter M. Krenz, Brian A. Lail, and Glenn D. Boreman. "Infrared phased-array antenna." Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 50, no. 3 (2008): 719–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mop.23213.
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Zhang, Bo. "Design of a Wideband Vivaldi Antenna Array." Applied Mechanics and Materials 668-669 (October 2014): 1253–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.668-669.1253.
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Phased arrays for use in future multifunction systems require wideband elements capable of wide angle scanning. Here we describe the design of a Balance Antipodal Vivaldi Antenna for use in large phased array antenna apertures. The BAVA element height and the array lattice spacing are about λ/2 at the high frequency end of a grating-lobe free operating band. BAVA elements do not require connection with adjacent elements and are therefore attractive for use in phased arrays with modular construction.
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Elhefnawy, M., and A. A. Al-Hadi. "A Novel Design of Slotted Waveguide Phased Array Antenna." Advanced Electromagnetics 8, no. 3 (June 10, 2019): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.7716/aem.v8i3.1031.
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A novel design of phased array antenna based on a Slotted Waveguide Antenna Array (SWAA) is introduced in this paper. The CST Microwave Studio simulation results show that the S‒parameters, the gain, the axial ratio, and the beamwidth of the proposed phased array antenna are affected by the value of the progressive phase shift. The simulated results of the proposed phased array antenna at different values of progressive phase demonstrate that the S‒parameters for almost all ports are less than ‒10 dB over at least 2% bandwidth, the simulated phased array antenna gain is above 17 dB in the frequency range from 9.5 GHz to 9.7 GHz, the range of frequencies over which the simulated Axial Ratio (AR) is below 3 dB is not fixed and varied according to the selected progressive phase, the simulated beamwidth can be 6.5˚ or narrower based on the value of the progressive phase shift.
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Prasad, L., B. Ramesh, K. S. R. Kumar, and K. P. Vinay. "Design and Implementation of Multiband Microstrip Patch Antenna for Wireless Applications." Advanced Electromagnetics 7, no. 3 (August 19, 2018): 104–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.7716/aem.v7i3.646.
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Multiband phased array antennas are required for today’s multi-function communication applications. Generally Microstrip antenna arrays like Kotch array, Sierpinski array are used, but in some circuits where space is limited, arrays are not used. Therefore, to achieve the multiband operation with limited space, an antenna is designed with E-shaped in combination with split ring resonator to achieve the multiband operation. The simulation and experimental results show that the proposed antenna operates at four different frequencies, 1.8GHz, 3.6GHz, 4.53GHz and 5.73GHz, which can be used for different wireless applications like GSM 1800 (1.71– 1.78 GHz), WiMAX (3.4-3.69GHz) -IEEE 802.16 standards, Wi-Fi/WLAN (5.15-5.82 GHz). All the simulation results like resonant frequency, return loss, radiation patterns and fabricated antenna measured result is presented in this paper. The antenna is simulated using CST 2014 software.
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Aleshin, Victor S. "EVALUATION OF THE FEASIBILITY OF AN ACTIVE PHASED ARRAY ANTENNA IN THE TERMINAL OF THE EXPRESS-RV SATELLITE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM." T-Comm 15, no. 8 (2021): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.36724/2072-8735-2021-15-8-13-21.
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The basic principles of building a promising domestic regional satellite communication system “Express-RV”, based on the highly elliptical orbit “Molniya” and intended for broadband access of civil sector subscribers to various public communication networks, in particular to the Internet, are considered. The main technical requirements for the antenna systems of mobile mobile satellite communication terminals of the Express-RV system are formulated. The necessity of using active phased array antennas for a number of types of such terminals is justified. A brief overview of the principles of implementation and examples of the design of microstrip active phased array antennas, including their elementary emitters and individual modules, are given. The problem of the occurrence of the blinding effect inherent in flat microstrip gratings made on dielectric substrates is noted; measures to compen-sate for this effect are considered. The possibility of expanding the maximum scanning angle of a narrowly directed beam of an active phased array antenna by using a magnetically controlled scattering dielectric lens, as well as creating segment-dome structures of antenna systems in relation to mobile terminals of mobile satellite communications of the “Express-RV” system, is shown. Simple analytical relations are derived that allow us to estimate the number of elementary emitters required for the implementation of a receiving-transmitting active phased array antenna with specified technical characteristics: gain and maximum scanning angle; the corresponding dependencies are given. The cost of creating an antenna system based on an active phased array is estimated.
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Ojaroudi Parchin, Naser, Mohammad Alibakhshikenari, Haleh Jahanbakhsh Basherlou, Raed A. Abd-Alhameed, Jonathan Rodriguez, and Ernesto Limiti. "MM-Wave Phased Array Quasi-Yagi Antenna for the Upcoming 5G Cellular Communications." Applied Sciences 9, no. 5 (March 8, 2019): 978. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9050978.
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The focus of this manuscript was to propose a new phased array antenna design for the fifth generation (5G) mobile platforms. Eight elements of compact Quasi-Yagi antennas were placed on the top portion of smartphone printed circuits board (PCB) to form a beam-steerable phased array design. The −10 dB impedance-bandwidth of proposed 5G smartphone antenna spans from 25 GHz to 27 GHz providing 2 GHz bandwidth with less than −16 dB mutual coupling function. A coax-to-microstripline with a truncated crown of vias around the coaxial cable was used as a feeding mechanism for each radiation element. An Arlon Ad 350 substance with properties of ε = 3.5, δ = 0.003, and h = 0.8 mm was chosen as the antenna substrate. The proposed phased array antenna provides wide-angle scanning of 0°~75° with more than 10 dB realized gain levels. For the scanning angle of 0°~60°, the antenna array provides more than 90% (−0.5 dB) radiation and total efficiencies. In addition, the specific absorption rate (SAR) function and radiation performance of the design in the presence of the user-hand/user-hand have been studied. The results validate the feasibility of the proposed design for use in the 5G handheld devices. Furthermore, using the presented Quasi-Yagi elements, the radiation properties of 2 × 2, 4 × 4, and 8 × 8 planar arrays were studied and more than 8.3, 13.5, and 19.3 dBi directivities have been achieved for the designed planar arrays. The results show that the designed arrays (linear & planar) satisfy the general requirements for use in 5G platforms.
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Ogurtsov, Stanislav, Diego Caratelli, and Zhe Song. "A Review of Synthesis Techniques for Phased Antenna Arrays in Wireless Communications and Remote Sensing." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2021 (September 27, 2021): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5514972.
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Electronically controlled antenna arrays, such as reconfigurable and phased antenna arrays, are essential elements of high-frequency 5G communication hardware. These antenna arrays are aimed at delivering specified communication scenarios and channel characteristics in the mm-wave parts of the 5G spectrum. At the same time, several challenges are associated with the development of such antenna structures, and these challenges mainly originate from their intended mass production, contemporary manufacturing technologies, integration with active RF chains, compact size, dense circuitry, and limitations in postmanufacturing tuning. Consequently, 5G antenna array designers are presented with contradictory design requirements and constraints. Furthermore, these designers need to handle large numbers of designable parameters of the antenna array models, which can be computationally expensive, especially for repetitive and adaptive simulations that are required in design optimization and tuning. Antenna array synthesis, namely, the process of finding positions, orientation, and excitation of the array radiators, is a challenging yet crucial part of antenna array development. This process ensures that the performance requirements of the antenna array are met. Therefore, there is a need for reliable yet fast automated computer-aided design (CAD) and synthesis tools that can support the development of 5G antenna array solutions, from the initial prototyping stage to the final manufacturing tolerance analysis. This paper presents an overview of recent advances in antenna array synthesis from the viewpoint of their applicability to the design of electronically reconfigurable and phased antenna arrays for wireless communications and remote sensing.
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Shabunin, Sergey, Sergey Plokhov, Ilia Bukrin, and Victor Chechetkin. "Microwave phased array for aerological radar." ITM Web of Conferences 30 (2019): 05022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/itmconf/20193005022.
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The use of radars with phased antenna arrays in aerological atmospheric sounding systems significantly increases the technical characteristics of the radio channel, ensures reliable auto-tracking in the near zone at high angular velocities of the aerological probe, and reduces the overall dimensions of the radar station. Modelling and optimization of the parameters of the phased array and phase shifters were carried out in the NI AWR Design Environment. The results of the study showed that when designing a radar station, it is possible to reduce the level of side lobes of the phased array antenna pattern and the effect of reflections from the underlying surface under operating conditions significantly.
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Juárez, Elizvan, Marco A. Panduro, David H. Covarrubias, and Alberto Reyna. "Coherently Radiating Periodic Structures to Reduce the Number of Phase Shifters in a 2-D Phased Array." Sensors 21, no. 19 (October 2, 2021): 6592. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21196592.
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This paper illustrates the application of CORPS (coherently radiating periodic structures) for feeding 2-D phased arrays with a reduced number of phase shifter (PS) devices. Three design configurations using CORPS are proposed for 2-D phased arrays. The design model of phased array for these configurations considers the cophasal excitation required for this structure to set a strategic way for feeding the antenna elements and reducing the number of PS devices. Blocks of 2 × 3 and 4 × 7 CORPS networks depending on the configuration in the 2-D phased array are set strategically in the feeding network to generate the cophasal excitation required in the antenna elements. These design configurations used for feeding the antenna elements in the planar array geometry provide several advantages with respect to others in the scanning capability and the reduction of the number of PS devices of the array system. The full-wave simulation results for the proposed configurations in 2-D phased arrays provide a reduction in the number of PSs of until 69% for a scanning range of ±25° in elevation and ±40° in azimuth. The application of the raised cosine amplitude distribution could generate radiation patterns with a SLL_PEAK ≈ −19 dB and SLL_PEAK ≈ −23 dB for the design proposed configurations in all the scanning range.
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Shishov, Yu A., S. E. Shaldaev, D. V. Sergeev, M. G. Vahlov, and V. V. Podoltzev. "Correction of amplitude-phase field distribution at aperture of deformed large-aperture fixed phased array." Radio industry 28, no. 3 (August 29, 2018): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.21778/2413-9599-2018-28-3-55-63.
Full textAbstract:
On the basis of an analytical review of scientific and technical information sources dedicated to correction of errors in the gainphase distribution of the field on the aperture of the phased antenna array, such errors been caused by correlation of errors in phase quantization by discrete phase shifters, and also caused by disbursement of their characteristics and by failures in a part of the phased antenna array elements, an unresolved problem has been discovered. It is required to correct the amplitudephase distribution errors caused by deformation of the curtain of the large-aperture stationary phased antenna array and resulting in deviation of the radiating elements from their design parameters. A mathematical apparatus of the field distribution electronic correction is being developed together with an algorithm for controlling the radiation pattern of the phased antenna array. The effectiveness of the proposed method for correcting the array pattern distribution on the aperture of the deformed phased antenna array has been evaluated and an option for technical implementation thereof has been proposed.The relevance and novelty of the work is confirmed by the patent for the invention developed on the basis of the studies performed and by the certificate of state registration of the software, which was based upon in the processing of results of the measurements of the deformations in the curtain of the large-aperture phased antenna array.
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Shi, Wei, Jun Zhou, Zuping Qian, and Ya Shen. "Analysis and experimental studies of compact polarization tracking modules for Ku band phased array antennas." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 5, no. 5 (July 2, 2013): 629–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078713000603.
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Detailed analysis of the polarization tracking modules for Ku band active phased array antennas is presented. The proposed transmitter (14.0–14.5 GHz) and receiver (12.25–12.75 GHz) modules are based on the low temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) technique, containing orthogonal dual channels with different phases controlled by phase shifters. The effect of amplitude and phase inconsistency between two channels on polarization tracking performance is analyzed. The validity of the analysis is verified by the measurements of the manufactured prototypes. The measured patterns of the active phased array antenna are given to illustrate the effects of the modules on polarization agility, which may be used for Ku band satellite antennas on mobile terminals.
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Fan, Haifeng, Yiming Zhang, Xuhong Wang, and Junxia Gao. "Design of a phased array with a beam scanning functionality based on the arithmetic phase difference." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2246, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 012037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2246/1/012037.
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Abstract The demand for phased array antennas increases not only for the traditional military industry but also in commercial areas such 5G mobile network platforms, Internet of Things (IoT), and satellite communication applications. In this paper, a phased array with beam scanning function is designed based on arithmetic phase difference between array elements. In the design process, the initial complex model is simplified into a simple element model with periodic conditions, which makes the analysis faster and more efficient. Finally, two phased array designs based on microstrip patch antenna are studied, and the simulation results verify the correctness of the design method.
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Wang, Zihao, Jiali Liao, Yixiang Xie, Yanling Sun, Xifeng Li, and Wei Li. "High-Efficiency, Wide Working Bandwidth Antenna Based on SOI Platform for Optical Phased Array." Micromachines 12, no. 8 (August 21, 2021): 996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12080996.
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A novel structure of a subwavelength surface optical antenna for optical phased array is proposed in this paper. An asymmetric vertical grating structure is applied to achieve high emission efficiency (73% at 1550 nm). Optical antennas with large fabrication tolerances can also maintain a wide working bandwidth of 1 dB between 1350 and 1850 nm. The far-field scanning characteristics of 16-channel optical phased array are investigated in this study by employing the proposed antenna. The results show that the background suppression without considering side lobes caused by the antenna arrangement is −24.5 dB when the phase difference is 0 and when the scan range is as large as ±14.8° × 73.6°.
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Lu, Junqi, and Yongxin Guo. "Compact Planar Sparse Array Antenna with Optimum Element Dimensions for SATCOM Ground Terminals." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2015 (2015): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/806981.
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A novel antenna array architecture for low-cost and compact SATCOM mobile terminal is presented. Based on equal-amplitude aperiodic phased array with fewer active chain numbers, it possesses advantages including lower weight, less cost, and higher power efficiency compared to conventional periodic phased arrays. It is implemented with printed patch antenna so that it guarantees compactness. The elements position and dimensions are jointly designed, with an effective sparse array synthesis strategy that takes actual patch antenna design constraint into consideration, to obtain a maximum array aperture efficiency. Executable and practical approach for variable dimension patch antenna designing, including defect substrate element and small scale array, is introduced and utilized to implement proposed sparse array. Full-wave simulation results demonstrate the advantages of proposed array antenna as well as the effectiveness of corresponding design approach.
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Monne, Mahmuda Akter, Peter Mack Grubb, Harold Stern, Harish Subbaraman, Ray T. Chen, and Maggie Yihong Chen. "Inkjet-Printed Graphene-Based 1 × 2 Phased Array Antenna." Micromachines 11, no. 9 (September 18, 2020): 863. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11090863.
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Low-cost and conformal phased array antennas (PAAs) on flexible substrates are of particular interest in many applications. The major deterrents to developing flexible PAA systems are the difficulty in integrating antenna and electronics circuits on the flexible surface, as well as the bendability and oxidation rate of radiating elements and electronics circuits. In this research, graphene ink was developed from graphene flakes and used to inkjet print the radiating element and the active channel of field effect transistors (FETs). Bending and oxidation tests were carried out to validate the application of printed flexible graphene thin films in flexible electronics. An inkjet-printed graphene-based 1 × 2 element phased array antenna was designed and fabricated. Graphene-based field effect transistors were used as switches in the true-time delay line of the phased array antenna. The graphene phased array antenna was 100% inkjet printed on top of a 5 mil flexible Kapton® substrate, at room temperature. Four possible azimuth steering angles were designed for −26.7°, 0°, 13°, and 42.4°. Measured far-field patterns show good agreement with simulation results.
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Golubev, V., V. Pashkevich, and M. Protsenko. "Development and Experimental Study of APAA HF-Band with Controlled Radiation Pattern." Proceedings of Telecommunication Universities 6, no. 1 (2020): 50–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.31854/1813-324x-2020-6-1-50-59.
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There is a promising direction in the antenna field design of a stationary transmitting radio center short-wavelength range is the use of active phased array antennas with spatial power addition and a controlled directional pattern. The article considers the algorithm for calculating the V shaped antenna as a basic element of antenna array, apart from that it considers calculation of the four-element antenna array based on the V shaped antenna. This paper presents the track tests results to estimate the power increment depending on the operating elements in the antenna array, as well as horizontal controllability results.
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Wang, Lu, Zhihai Wang, Congsi Wang, Guozhou Li, and Lei Yin. "Multiobjective Optimization Method for Multichannel Microwave Components of Active Phased Array Antenna." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5398308.
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Multichannel microwave components are widely used and the active phased array antenna is a typical representative. The high power generated from T/R modules in active phased array antenna (APAA) leads to the degradation of its electrical performances, which seriously restricts the development of high-performance APAA. Therefore, to meet the demand of thermal design for APAA, a multiobjective optimization design model of cold plate is proposed. Furthermore, in order to achieve temperature uniformity and case temperature restrictions of APAA simultaneously, optimization model of channel structure is developed. Besides, an airborne active phased array antenna was tested as an example to verify the validity of the optimization model. The valuable results provide important reference for engineers to enhance thermal design technology of antennas.
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Besova, O., V. Karlov, O. Lukashuk, and I. Petryshenko. "DIAGNOSTICS OF HEADLIGHTS FROM NEAR AREA ON PLACE OF BASING." Системи управління, навігації та зв’язку. Збірник наукових праць 3, no. 61 (September 11, 2020): 124–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.26906/sunz.2020.3.124.
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Methods of microwave diagnostics of a phased array allow reconstructing the amplitude-phase distribution in the antenna and implement on this basis methods for adapting the lattice control to those found in the amplitude-phase distribution to defects. The methods of microwave diagnostics from the near zone described in the well-known literature are realizable only in anechoic chambers or on specially equipped training grounds. To solve the problems of adapting a phased antenna array to a technical state and increasing its operating time under extreme conditions, it is necessary to have methods of integrated microwave diagnostics of a phased antenna array at its location. The aim of the article is to develop a method for microwave diagnostics of a phased array antenna, implemented from the near zone of the antenna at its location, and eliminating the influence of echo signals (ES) on the diagnostic results. The article proposes a method for microwave diagnostics of a phased array antenna from the near field, which allows to exclude the influence on the accuracy of diagnostics of the echo signal present at the measuring site and errors in the positioning of the measuring probe. The proposed method will make it possible to implement microwave diagnostics of the antenna from the near field at its location. The results of microwave diagnostics are supposed to be used to implement various methods of adapting a phased array to a technical condition, significantly increasing its life
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Zheng, Bowen, Songlin Sun, and Guoyuan Shao. "Cooperative Antenna Selection Method for Directional Antenna Ad Hoc Networks Based on ALOHA." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2021 (March 31, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5583653.
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In recent years, directional antennas or phased array antennas are being widely used in communication systems due to the higher antenna gains. However, without external time synchronization and angle synchronization, the unsynchronized node usually takes a long time to synchronize with the existing nodes due to the narrow beams. Although the multibeam transmission or the digital phased array antenna can reduce this problem, it is clear that the cost of the digital phased array antenna is currently too high. Without external time synchronization and angle synchronization, a cooperative antenna selection method based on directional antennas is proposed in this paper. Our method only uses the narrow beams to transmit and to receive and reduces the time for self-synchronization. In this paper, we give the expression of the expected average time for the self-synchronization of multiple nodes, transform the problem into the problem of finding the minimum value of the infinite norm of the sequence, and then propose a cooperative antenna selection method which calculates the optimal transmission probability distribution of the node in different directions through parameter sharing and relative geometric position relationship between nodes. Finally, we verify the proposed method through simulation, and the number of beams is set between 6 and 10. In a typical scenario of five nodes, our method reduces the maximum average self-synchronization time by 50% averagely, compared with the traditional method which sends the different antenna beams at equal probability.
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Singh, Hema, H. L. Sneha, and R. M. Jha. "Mutual Coupling in Phased Arrays: A Review." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2013 (2013): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/348123.
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The mutual coupling between antenna elements affects the antenna parameters like terminal impedances, reflection coefficients and hence the antenna array performance in terms of radiation characteristics, output signal-to-interference noise ratio (SINR), and radar cross section (RCS). This coupling effect is also known to directly or indirectly influence the steady state and transient response, the resolution capability, interference rejection, and direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation competence of the array. Researchers have proposed several techniques and designs for optimal performance of phased array in a given signal environment, counteracting the coupling effect. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the methods that model and mitigate the mutual coupling effect for different types of arrays. The parameters that get affected due to the presence of coupling thereby degrading the array performance are discussed. The techniques for optimization of the antenna characteristics in the presence of coupling are also included.
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Liu, Qiankun, Tom Smy, Ahmad Atieh, Pavel Cheben, Alejandro Sánchez-Postigo, and Winnie N. Ye. "Integrated circular optical phased array." EPJ Web of Conferences 255 (2021): 01004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202125501004.
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Existing OPAs are typically based on 2D rectangular arrays or 1D linear arrays. Both approaches present a limited field-of-view (FOV) due to the presence of the grating lobes when the element spacing is larger than λ/2. To address the need for an increased steering range, we propose a new design strategy of an OPA system utilizing a 2D circular phased array, with a substantially increased FOV. We present a circular OPA using a demonstrated antenna element design, with an 820-element array. A steering range ΩSR calculated as a solid angle of 0.51π sr, and an angular beamwidth of 0.22°, was achieved. The array exhibits a sidelobe suppression larger than 10 dB, and a FOV of 2π sr. Although the performance is limited by the far field pattern of the individual antenna we chose, our circular OPA achieved, to the best of our knowledge, the largest steering range reported to date compared to the state-of-the-art integrated optical phased arrays reported in literature.
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Rocca, Paolo, Nicola Anselmi, Mohammad Abdul Hannan, and Andrea Massa. "“Conical” Frustum Multi-Beam Phased Arrays for Air Traffic Control Radars." Sensors 22, no. 19 (September 27, 2022): 7309. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22197309.
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The design of conical frustum phased array antennas for air traffic control (ATC) radar systems is addressed. The array architecture, which is controlled by a fully digital beam-forming (DBF) network, is composed by a set of equal vertical modules. Each module consists of a linear sparse array that generates on receive multiple instantaneous beams pointing along different directions in elevation. To reach the best trade-off between the antenna complexity (i.e., minimum number of array elements and/or radio frequency components) and radiation performance (i.e., matching a set of reference patterns), the synthesis problem is formulated in the Compressive Sampling (CS) framework. Then, the positions of the array elements and the complex excitations for generating each single beam are jointly determined through a customized version of the Bayesian CS (BCS) tool. Representative numerical results, concerned with ideal as well as real antenna models, are reported both to validate the proposed design strategy and to assess the effectiveness of the synthesized modular sparse array architecture also in comparison with conventional arrays with uniformly-spaced elements.
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Wang, Congsi, Yan Wang, Xiaodong Yang, Wei Gao, Chao Jiang, Lu Wang, Yiqun Zhang, and Meng Wang. "Effect of Randomness in Element Position on Performance of Communication Array Antennas in Internet of Things." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2018 (2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6492143.
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As a critical component for wireless communication, active phased array antennas face the restrictions of creating effective performance with the effect of randomness in the position of the array element, which are inevitably produced in the manufacturing and operating process of antenna. A new method for efficiently and effectively evaluating the statistic performance of antenna is presented, with consideration of randomness in element position. A coupled structural-electromagnetic statistic model for array antenna is proposed from the viewpoint of electromechanical coupling. Lastly, a 12×12 planar array is illustrated to evaluate the performance of antenna with the saddle-shaped distortion and random position error. The results show that the presented model can obtain the antenna performance quickly and effectively, providing an advantageous guidance for structural design and performance optimization for array antennas in wireless application.
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Su, Quanyong, Juan Liu, Xianmou Xue, and Zheng Shi. "High power density thermal control design of onboard phased array antenna." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2083, no. 2 (November 1, 2021): 022034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2083/2/022034.
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Abstract Thermal control of high power density phased array antenna [1] has become a critical problem for onboard seeker which is confined by compact structure and harsh flight condition [2-4], different from land-based or airborne seekers. As a key technology, thermal control of onboard phased array antenna faces the challenge of high density power element as well as worse operating temperature. Using finite volume method as theoretic foundation of numerical simulation, this paper firstly calculates temperature field and fluid field via discrete control equation group, which is transformed from continuous integration equation group according to energy reservation equation. Next,2 kinds of phased array antenna with phase change energy storage and water cooling are designed and evaluated by thermal control performance simulation. Then advice is given for reasonable assembly after temperature distribution of phased array antenna is quantified under different assembly state with the influence of contact thermal resistance. At the end, precision of temperature simulation is verified with temperature test result of phased array antenna.
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Liu, Feng, Quan Shi, Guang Yan Wang, and Bao Quan Zhang. "Simulation on the Planar Array Antenna Penetrated to Tungsten Spherical Fragment." Advanced Materials Research 753-755 (August 2013): 1060–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.753-755.1060.
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Assess the array element number of planar phased array antenna which suffers fragments combat damage. A single fragment damage as the research object, the simulation of penetration condition for Tungsten Spherical fragments is developed using the software of ANSYS/LS-DYNA. The penetration of antenna at 0°attack angel and 800m/s is simulated, and we can gain the penetrated distortion data. Based on the data the damage circular is calculated. The last one study was made on x-band planar array antennas, the array elements invulnerability of triangular setting is better than rectangular, and the influence characteristics between the position of the damage circle and the damage of the antenna. The results can be used in a rapid assessment of a battle-damaged Radar repair and maintain inventory of phased-Array element.
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Mytsenko, I., and O. Roenko. "QUICK-ACTING, CONTROLLABLE PHASE SHIFTER FOR PHASE ANGLE ADJUSTMENT IN RADIO SIGNALS." RADIO PHYSICS AND RADIO ASTRONOMY 27, no. 3 (2022): 213–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/rpra27.03.213.
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Subject and Purpose. The phase shifters intended for controlling the phase of radio signals are widely used in ultra-high frequency technology, communication systems, radar, and a variety of measuring and special-purpose radio equipment. Designers of phased array antennas face the need of providing for broad beam scanning angles and high antenna gains, which leads to the necessity of greatly increasing the number of array elements, each of which is to be controlled by a phase shifter. Therefore, the development and creation of quick-acting phase shifters is an urgent task. The purpose of this work is to develop high-speed, controllable phase shifters for performing phase angle adjustments and thus provide, at an acceptable cost, for desirable parameters of phased antenna arrays, frequency stabilizing systems of magnetrons, etc. Methods and Methodology. The functional diagram of the proposed quick-acting, controllable phase shifter has been analyzed mathematically and modelled numerically. Results. The controllable phase shifter can be successfully implemented through the use of two parallel-connected resonators at the input of a specific receiver. Analysis of the signal amplitude and phase at the output of the phase shifter in dependence on the values at the input confirms the possibility of adjusting the phase of the output signal over a wide range of angles. Conclusions. A design concept of quick-acting, controllable phase shifters for producing adjustable phase angles has been developed. The device can be employed in phased antenna arrays or frequency stabilizing systems as a means of improving their operation parameters and reducing their cost at that.
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Zhao, Shuang, and Yu Bo Yue. "Research on the Conformal Phased-Array Antenna." Applied Mechanics and Materials 685 (October 2014): 324–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.685.324.
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The mathematical model of conformal antenna array is the premise and basis of the conformal array antenna signal processing. Based on the analysis of the antenna array, a design method for adjusting the direction of the conformal array antenna is proposed. Through simulation, the pattern of antenna meets the actual needs of the project and it reaches pre design requirements.
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Wan, Bin, Xiongbin Wu, Xianchang Yue, Lan Zhang, and Li Wang. "Calibration of Phased-Array High-Frequency Radar on an Anchored Floating Platform." Remote Sensing 14, no. 9 (April 30, 2022): 2174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14092174.
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Prior studies have highlighted the importance of calibrating receiver antennas in target direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation and surface current measurement for high-frequency (HF) radar systems. It is worth noting that the calibration contributes to the performance of both shore-based HF radar and platform-mounted HF radar. Compared with shore-based HF radar, the influence of six-degrees-of-freedom (six-DOF) platform motion should be considered in the calibration of platform-mounted HF radar. This paper initially describes a calibration scheme that receives phasedarray antennas for an anchored platform-mounted HF radar incorporating a model of free rotation, which is called yaw rotation and dominates the six-DOF platform motion in this study. In the presence of yaw rotation, the amplitude and phase of the source calibration signal from the other shore-based radar sites reveal the directional sensitivity of the receiver phased-array antennas. The calibration of receiver phased-array antennas is composed of channel calibration (linking cables and receiver hardware calibration) and antenna pattern calibration. The antenna pattern at each bearing can be represented by the Fourier series. The estimation of channel calibration and antenna pattern calibration depends on an overdetermined HF radar system consisting of observed values and theoretical constraints, so the least-squares fits of the channel calibration coefficients and antenna pattern calibration coefficients are obtained. The experimental results show that the target DOA estimation and surface current measurement can be improved if the phased-array platform-mounted HF radar system is calibrated.
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Jeong, Taeyong, Juho Yun, Kyunghyun Oh, Jihyung Kim, Dae Woong Woo, and Keum Cheol Hwang. "Shape and Weighting Optimization of a Subarray for an mm-Wave Phased Array Antenna." Applied Sciences 11, no. 15 (July 24, 2021): 6803. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11156803.
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This paper discusses how to optimize the weighting of individual subarrays to derive the low sidelobe level (SLL) based on quadratic programming (QP) and how to derive QP parameters to ensure that the objective function is composed of the quadratic function form, with the actual number identical to the standard objective function of QP. Next, in order to analyze the SLL, a 24 × 24 phased array antenna was compared with 96 transmit–receive modules (TRMs) attached only to the subarray stage and a phased array antenna with 576 TRMs attached to all radiating elements without a subarray. Optimized weighting was applied to the array antennas with a subarray, and Taylor weighting was applied to the array antennas without a subarray. The number of TRMs used in the phased array antenna with the optimized weighting was reduced by 83.3% compared to the phased array antenna in which TRMs were attached to all radiating elements. The SLL and the half-power beamwidths (HPBWs) of the two antennas were practically identical in a narrow beam-scanning environment. Finally, an array pattern (AP) in which mutual coupling between the radiating elements was considered was calculated to verify the optimized weighting. Moreover, the optimized weighting was applied to CST Microwave Studio (an EM full-wave simulation) to compare the results from the AP calculation and a simulation. It was confirmed that the two results above are largely indistinguishable. The analysis found that the HPBW is 3.6∘ × 3.6∘ and the SLL is −26.18 dB from AP calculations in the boresight direction. When each 5∘ beam was scanned at the azimuth and elevation, the corresponding HPBW values were 3.7∘ × 3.7∘ and 3.7∘ × 3.7∘ and the SLLs were −22.70 dB and −24.44 dB according to the AP calculations.
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Ayaz, Muhammad, and Irfan Ullah. "A Phased Array Antenna with Novel Composite Right/Left-Handed (CRLH) Phase Shifters for Wi-Fi 6 Communication Systems." Applied Sciences 13, no. 4 (February 6, 2023): 2085. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13042085.
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A linear phased array antenna excited with a novel composite right/left-handed (CRLH) phase shifters structure is proposed. The phase of the conventional CRLH transmission line is controlled with magnetically aligned micron-sized particles embedded inside the unit cell of the CRLH transmission line. The cascading of unit cells produces the desired phase shifts for the main beam scanning of the linear antenna array operating at a 5.5 GHz center frequency for Wi-Fi 6 applications. The proposed phase shifter design has a very low insertion loss (0.5–2 dB), excellent matching characteristics with the antenna array (less than −10 dB) and a small phase error (1–2 degrees). A 1 × 4 linear patch antenna phased array operating at a 5.5 GHz center frequency of the Wi-Fi 6 band is simulated using the Method of Moments (MoM) simulator platform. Then, the array is driven with the proposed novel CRLH phase shifters for the main beam at broadside and the main beam steered at 15- and 30-degree scan angles toward the desired users. For experimental validation, multiple unit cells of the proposed phase shifters are fabricated, and the 1 × 4 patch antenna array is fed with these fabricated unit cells of the phase shifters. The phased array radiation patterns are measured using an in-house fully calibrated anechoic chamber and were compared with simulated phased array patterns. The measured phased array patterns are in good agreement with the simulated patterns. As compared with commercially available phase shifters, the proposed novel CRLH phase shifters do not need external complex biasing circuitry, which is a major advantage in space constraint limitations at the router side of multi-user MIMO-OFDM systems.
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Constantinides, Antonios, and Haris Haralambous. "A Compact Wideband Active Two-Dipole HF Phased Array." Applied Sciences 11, no. 19 (September 26, 2021): 8952. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11198952.
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The design and construction of an upgraded HF quarter-wavelength two-dipole active array with 90° difference feed was implemented in the course of a research project to perform a directional (azimuthal) investigation of interference at HF. The lack of affordable compact antennas to meet the project requirements was the incentive to develop a compact unidirectional antenna, with the maximum possible front-to-back ratio at frequencies of 20–30 MHz, where the dimensions of traditional passive antennas are enormous. By installing a low-noise very-high-input impedance amplifier in each dipole of the array, the effect of the mutual coupling between the two dipoles was reduced, improving the front-to-back (F/B) ratio over a wide frequency range. Electronic steering, easy polarization adjustment, and fast and easy deployment were the key requirements for the construction of the antenna. Therefore, a light and compact design was of the utmost importance to meet the space limitations at the monitoring site, which did not allow the deployment of a traditional HF directional antenna that employs a very long boom and elements.
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Merino-Fernandez, Irene, Sunil L. Khemchandani, Javier del Pino, and Jose Saiz-Perez. "Phased Array Antenna Analysis Workflow Applied to Gateways for LEO Satellite Communications." Sensors 22, no. 23 (December 2, 2022): 9406. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22239406.
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Nowadays, mega-constellations of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites have become increasingly important to provide high-performance Internet access with global coverage. This paper provides an updated comparison of four of the largest LEO mega-constellations: Telesat, SpaceX, OneWeb and Amazon. It describes the gateway design workflow from the patch antenna to phased array analysis. Patch antennas are developed for both transmission and reception after a thorough examination of the four systems. The results of electromagnetic simulation using Advanced Design Software (ADS) Momentum are shown, including their radiation pattern. Finally, a model of the gateway phased array using SystemVue is obtained using hexagonal, circular, and square arrays. According to the required effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) and gain, the antenna sizes for the four constellations are estimated. As an example, for SpaceX constellation, a reception antenna with 8910 radiating elements using a hexagonal distribution with a gain of 46.9 dB and a sensitivity of −113.1 dBm was obtained.