Journal articles: 'Phaseolus vulgaris – Africa'

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Charrua, Alberto B., Philip J. Havik, Salomão Bandeira, Luís Catarino, Ana Ribeiro-Barros, Pedro Cabral, Margarida Moldão, and Maria M. Romeiras. "Food Security and Nutrition in Mozambique: Comparative Study with Bean Species Commercialised in Informal Markets." Sustainability 13, no. 16 (August 7, 2021): 8839. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13168839.

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In Mozambique (South-eastern Africa), Phaseolus vulgaris and Vigna spp. are important staple foods and a major source of dietary protein for local populations, particularly for people living in rural areas who lack the financial capacity to include meat in their daily dietary options. This study focuses on the potential for improving diets with locally produced nutritious legumes whilst increasing food security and income generation among smallholder farmers. Using bean species and varieties commercialised as dry legumes in the country, it sets out to characterize and compare the chemical properties of Phaseolus vulgaris and Vigna spp. among the most commercialised dry legume groups in Mozambique. The principal component analysis showed a clear separation between Phaseolus and Vigna species in terms of proximate composition, whereas protein content was quite uniform in both groups. It concludes that the introduction of improved cultivars of Phaseolus vulgaris and Vigna species maize–legume intercropping benefits yield, diets and increases household income with limited and low-cost inputs while enhancing the resilience of smallholder farmers in vulnerable production systems affected by recurrent drought and the supply of legumes to urban informal markets.

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Gepts, P., and F. A. Bliss. "Dissemination pathways of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris, Fabaceae) deduced from phaseolin electrophoretic variability. II. Europe and Africa." Economic Botany 42, no. 1 (January 1988): 86–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02859038.

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Ntuli, N. R., and A. M. Zobolo. "Morpho-agronomic variation among Phaseolus vulgaris L. landraces in northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa." South African Journal of Botany 115 (March 2018): 304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2018.02.102.

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Diouf, A., P. de Lajudie, M. Neyra, K. Kersters, M. Gillis, E. Martinez-Romero, and M. Gueye. "Polyphasic characterization of rhizobia that nodulate Phaseolus vulgaris in West Africa (Senegal and Gambia)." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 50, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 159–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/00207713-50-1-159.

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FOURIE, D. "Distribution and Severity of Bacterial Diseases on Dry Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in South Africa." Journal of Phytopathology 150, no. 4-5 (May 2002): 220–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0434.2002.00745.x.

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Scarisbrick, D. "Book Review: Potential for Field Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in West Asia and North Africa." Outlook on Agriculture 14, no. 4 (December 1985): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003072708501400412.

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Temreshev, Izbasar I., and Vladimir L. Kazenas. "Callosobruchus phaseoli (Gyllenhal, 1833) (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Bruchinae): a new invasive species in Kazakhstan." Acta Biologica Sibirica 6 (July 23, 2020): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/abs.6.e53070.

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An invasive seed-beetle species cowpea weevil Callosobruchus phaseoli (Gyllenhal, 1833), was found in the south-eastern Kazakhstan (Almaty city) for the first time. Its areal includes India (species origin), South and Central America, Europe, Middle East (Israel), North Africa, Arabian Peninsula, Far East, China, Japan, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Burma, Philippines, Hawaiian Islands, Australia, and Oceania. Damaged plants are adzuki bean Vigna angularis (Willd.) Ohwi & H. Ohashi (1969), mung bean Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek, broad bean Vicia faba Linnaeus, 1753, pea Pisum sativum Linnaeus, 1753, pigeon pea Cajanus cajan (L.) Huth, 1893, hyacinth bean Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet, 1826, Wisteria sp., lima bean Phaseolus lunatus Linnaeus, 1753, common bean Phaseolus vulgaris Linnaeus, 1753 and other species of beans, chickpea Cicer arietinum Linnaeus, 1753, Sesbania sp., rattlepod Crotalaria spectabilis Roth., lupine Lupinus sp. Emerged beetles immediately mate and begin to lay eggs on the same day. Beetle damage both in field and in storage. We were not able to find the species during the monitoring of agriculture lands and natural landscapes near the city. We assumed that the invasion occurred recently and the species did not have time to spread outside Almaty. Since C. phaseoli was discovered in Almaty, which is a transit crossroad for many trade routes, further species distribution should be predicted. The most probable corridor for further invasion of cowpea weevil in Kazakhstan is the south and southeast parts of the country, namely Almaty, Zhambyl, Turkestan, and Kyzylorda oblast's.

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Mkandawire, Alexander B. C., Robert B. Mabagala, Pablo Guzmán, Paul Gepts, and Robert L. Gilbertson. "Genetic Diversity and Pathogenic Variation of Common Blight Bacteria (Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli and X. campestris pv. phaseoli var. fuscans) Suggests Pathogen Coevolution with the Common Bean." Phytopathology® 94, no. 6 (June 2004): 593–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2004.94.6.593.

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Common bacterial blight (CBB), caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli and X. campestris pv. phaseoli var. fuscans, is one of the most important diseases of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) in East Africa and other bean-growing regions. Xanthomonad-like bacteria associated with CBB in Malawi and Tanzania, East Africa, and in Wisconsin, U.S., were characterized based on brown pigment production, pathogenicity on common bean, detection with an X. campestris pv. phaseoli- or X. campestris pv. phaseoli var. fuscans-specific PCR primer pair, and repetitive element polymerase chain reaction (rep-PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analyses. The common bean gene pool (Andean or Middle American) from which each strain was isolated also was determined. In Malawi, X. campestris pv. phaseoli and X. campestris pv. phaseoli var. fuscans were isolated predominantly from Andean or Middle American beans, respectively. In Tanzania, X. campestris pv. phaseoli var. fuscans was most commonly isolated, irrespective of gene pool; whereas, in Wisconsin, only X. campestris pv. phaseoli was isolated from Andean red kidney beans. Three rep-PCR fingerprints were obtained for X. campestris pv. phaseoli strains; two were unique to East African strains, whereas the other was associated with strains collected from all other (mostly New World) locations. RFLP analyses with repetitive DNA probes revealed the same genetic diversity among X. campestris pv. phaseoli strains as did rep-PCR. These probes hybridized with only one or two fragments in the East African strains, but with multiple fragments in the other X. campestris pv. phaseoli strains. East African X. campestris pv. phaseoli strains were highly pathogenic on Andean beans, but were significantly less pathogenic on Middle American beans. In contrast, X. campestris pv. phaseoli strains from New World locations were highly pathogenic on beans of both gene pools. Together, these results indicate the existence of genetically and geographically distinct X. campestris pv. phaseoli genotypes. The rep-PCR fingerprints of X. campestris pv. phaseoli var. fuscans strains from East African and New World locations were indistinguishable, and were readily distinguished from those of X. campestris pv. phaseoli strains. Genetic diversity among X. campestris pv. phaseoli var. fuscans strains was revealed by RFLP analyses. East African and New World X. campestris pv. phaseoli var. fuscans strains were highly pathogenic on Andean and Middle American beans. Breeding for CBB resistance in East African beans should utilize X. campestris pv. phaseoli var. fuscans and New World X. campestris pv. phaseoli strains in order to identify germ plasm with the highest levels of resistance.

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Fourie, D. "Characterization of Halo Blight Races on Dry Beans in South Africa." Plant Disease 82, no. 3 (March 1998): 307–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1998.82.3.307.

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Isolates of the halo blight pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola were collected in the bean-producing areas in South Africa from 1991 to 1996. Of the 1,128 isolates collected, 967 were identified as P. syringae pv. phaseolicola. The majority of these isolates were obtained from a wide range of Phaseolus vulgaris cultivars, and the rest from P. coccineus and P. lunatus. Two hundred fifty-five isolates, representative of all the localities and cultivars sampled, were categorized into different races according to their reaction on a set of differential cultivars. Seven races (1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and 9) were identified, with race 8 the most prevalent. Races 1, 2, 6, and 8 were widely distributed through the whole production area, while races 4, 7, and 9 were restricted to one or two localities.

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Mukankusi, Clare, Wallace A. Cowling, Kadambot H. M. Siddique, Li Li, Brian Kinghorn, and Jean Claude Rubyogo. "Diversity Breeding Program on Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Targeting Rapid Cooking and Iron and Zinc Biofortification." Proceedings 36, no. 1 (April 8, 2020): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019036194.

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Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a major component of agricultural systems and diets of the urban and rural populations of East and Central Africa, providing Fe and Zn essential to the health and well-being of African women and children, and protein essential for the entire household. However, bean consumption is limited by constraints such as long cooking time (CT). Cooking demands large amounts of water, fuel and time. It has negative effects on the environment, livelihoods, security and health. Genetic variability in cooking time is documented. Recent development of new breeding methods based on pedigree and genomic selection together with optimal contribution selection (OCS) offers an opportunity to accelerate breeding for rapid CT and higher Fe and Zn grain content. Genotypic and phenotypic data of an African diversity pool, representing key bean market classes, were used to generate genomic estimated breeding values (GEBVs) for grain yield, CT, Fe and Zn. GEBV’s were weighted to maximise the desired outcome in an economic index. From 161 candidate bean genotypes with GEBVs, 67 were chosen for 80 matings within six major grain market classes. An additional 22 breeder nominated matings were included. The predicted outcomes in the first cycle showed a major improvement in population mean for index (+286.77 US$/ha), 6.2% increase in GY and 7.3% reduction in CT, with an achieved increase in population co-ancestry of 0.0753. A 30% reduction in the mean population CT and improved Fe (15%) and Zn (10%), is expected after 5 cycles of annual recurrent selection.

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Mabaleha, M. B., and S. O. Yeboah. "Characterization and compositional studies of the oils from some legume cultivars, Phaseolus vulgaris , grown in Southern Africa." Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 81, no. 4 (April 2004): 361–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11746-004-0907-6.

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Pasipanodya, Josephine T., Rob Melis, and Deidre Fourie. "Genetics of angular leaf spot (ALS) resistance in South African market class dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) cultivars." OCTOBER 2020, no. 14(10):2020 (October 20, 2020): 1589–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.20.14.10.p2370.

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Angular leaf spot (ALS) caused by Pseudocercospora griseola (Sacc.) is one of the serious fungal diseases affecting dry bean in Africa, including South Africa. Host plant resistance is the best management strategy, of which its effectiveness requires knowledge of the genetics underlying the resistance in guiding breeding efforts. In this study, the inheritance of ALS resistance was studied through the generation mean analysis biometrical procedure. Six generations consisting of the two parents Ukulinga and Gadra, and its cross derived filial progenies (F1), second-generation (F2), and backcrosses of F1 to Ukulinga (BCP1) and Gadra (BCP2) were planted in a net-house and later inoculated using a mixture of P. griseola isolates. Leaf lesions (% disease severity) were rated using a CIAT 1-9 scale and analysed using SAS macros in Proc GLM of SAS version 9.3. Results of ANOVA for a full model displayed significant additive effects (P<0.05) and highly significant (P<0.001) additive x dominance effects. Segregation analysis indicated 9:7 ratio, implying the involvement of complementary gene effects. The number of genes was estimated to be 1.79; however, due to epistasis two or more genes possibly govern the resistance in this cross. Broad and narrow sense heritabilities were 0.40 and 0.33, respectively. Therefore, the estimated narrow-sense heritability, additive gene effects, and epistatic interaction imply that it is prudent to delay selections until later stages, in which homozygosity could be achieved and additive effects fixed.

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HØGH-JENSEN, HENNING, DONWELL KAMALONGO, AMOS NGWIRA, and FIDELIS A. MYAKA. "YIELDS AND QUALITY OF PHASEOLUS BEAN CULTIVARS UNDER FARMERS’ CONDITIONS IN EASTERN AND SOUTHERN AFRICA." Experimental Agriculture 50, no. 2 (December 13, 2013): 178–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479713000641.

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SUMMARYCommon bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a dominant grain legume in eastern and southern Africa, where it constitutes a major source of protein and microminerals in peoples’ diet. The current studies aimed at determining how initially promising genotypes of bean responded in terms of yield and grain element composition under farmers’ cropping conditions. It was found that variations between genotypes in the proportions of elements in the grain dry matter across a wide range of conditions could be linear with an additional 20% iron (Fe) or zinc (Zn) for some genotypes. However, this linearity was only identifiable under relatively favourable conditions. Further, a favourable season could enhance the proportion of Fe in the grains of the same genotypes by up to 20%, whereas Zn did not respond. Fe and Zn correlated only to some degree with P (r2 > 0.35). It is concluded that the supply of elements in the diet may best be secured by selecting for high-yielding cultivars as the amounts of phosphorus (P), Fe and Zn in the grains correlated strongly (r2 > 0.93) to the dry matter grain yield.

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Blair, Matthew W., Laura F. González, Paul M. Kimani, and Louis Butare. "Genetic diversity, inter-gene pool introgression and nutritional quality of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) from Central Africa." Theoretical and Applied Genetics 121, no. 2 (March 12, 2010): 237–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00122-010-1305-x.

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Paul, U. V., J. K. O. Ampofo, A. Hilbeck, and P. Edwards. "Evaluation of organic control methods of the bean beetle Ootheca bennigseni in East Africa." New Zealand Plant Protection 60 (August 1, 2007): 189–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2007.60.4599.

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Dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) are a major source of dietary protein and calories for the poor in East Africa The increasingly abundant Ootheca bennigseni (Coleoptera Chrysomelidae) is a key pest that threatens bean production and jeopardizes farmers harvest Participatory research with farmers suggested the need for affordable and accessible organic pest control methods The effect of diluted cow urine and aqueous extract from vernonia (Vernonia lasiopus var iodocalyx) leaves was evaluated in three consecutive applications Researchermanaged onfarm trials showed that cow urine reduced pest abundance for at least 24 hours The aqueous vernonia extract reduced the insect abundance consistently for at least 7 days Foliar damage at the peak time of infestation was significantly reduced by vernonia but not by cow urine Future research needs to find ways to enhance and prolong the efficacy of natural substances and determine the relationship between adult abundance larval population and bean yield

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González, A. J., J. C. Tello, and M. R. Rodicio. "Bacterial Wilt of Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) Caused by Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens in Southeastern Spain." Plant Disease 89, no. 12 (December 2005): 1361. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-89-1361c.

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Symptoms of bacterial wilt were observed on common beans (cv. Donna) in southeastern Spain. From samples collected in four different fields (coast of Granada), a bacterium was isolated with the following characteristics: gram positive, aerobic rods with yellow colonies, strictly oxidative, oxidase negative, galactose, sucrose, erythritol, mannitol, sorbitol and m-inositol were not used as a sole carbon source, and hydrolysis of casein was positive. These results coincide with what is expected for Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv flaccumfaciens (3). One isolate from each field was selected for pathogenicity tests using two different methods. Bacterial suspensions (approximately 108 CFU/ml) were spray inoculated on bean seedlings of cv. Andecha (10 plants with three true leaves for each isolate). Beans were covered with transparent plastic bags for 2 days and held at 25°C and 80% relative humidity with a 12-h photoperiod. In addition, 10 healthy seeds of cv. Andecha were soaked in bacterial suspensions (approximately 108 CFU/ml) for 1 h and incubated at 25°C (2). Seedlings sprayed with distilled sterile water and seeds soaked in water served as controls. With both methods of inoculation, assays were conducted twice. Results were recorded after 3 weeks. Symptoms that developed on plants after infection with the four isolates were similar to those observed in the field. They included golden yellow necrotic leaf lesions and wilting. Wilting was more pronounced in the field and when inoculation was performed by spraying seedlings rather than by soaking seeds. Control plants did not develop symptoms and grew bigger than the inoculated plants. Two pathogenic isolates were identified through sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. The genes were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (1) and their nucleotide sequences (1,418 bp) proved to be identical (Accession No. AJ879110). Comparison of these sequences with databases showed that they were also identical to those of C. flaccumfaciens strains LMG 3645 and P 259/26 (Accession Nos. AJ312209 and AJ310414) and Curtobacterium sp. strains 2384 and 3426 (Accession Nos. AY688359 and AY688360). In Spain, the bean pathogen C. flaccumfaciens was first isolated from seeds during 2001 (4). However, to our knowledge, this is the first report of damage caused by this bacterium in the field. Bacterial wilt has been recorded, but often not substantiated, in several countries from North and South America, Africa, Asia, Oceania, and Europe. References: (1) U. Edwards et al. Nucleic Acid Res. 17:7843, 1989. (2) T. F. Hsieh et al. Plant Dis. 86:1275. 2002. (3) K. Komagata and K.-I. Suzuki. Pages 1313–1317 in: Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. Vol. 2. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, MD, 1986. (4) J. L. Palomo et al. Page 154 in: XI Congreso de la Sociedad Española de Fitopatología, Almería, 2002.

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QI, A., J. B. SMITHSON, and R. J. SUMMERFIELD. "ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE IN COMMON BEAN (PHASEOLUS VULGARIS L.): PHOTOTHERMAL FLOWERING RESPONSES IN THE EASTERN, SOUTHERN AND GREAT LAKES REGIONS OF AFRICA." Experimental Agriculture 34, no. 2 (April 1998): 153–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479798002026.

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The photothermal flowering responses of 25 diverse genotypes of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were examined in 25 African Bean Yield Adaptation Nurseries (AFBYAN) in the Eastern, Southern and Great Lakes regions of Africa during 1988 and 1991. The trials were located at latitudes between 0.6 and 29.3° and at altitudes from 780 to 2200 m asl. In those 13 trials where daily records of maximum and minimum temperature were available, mean pre-flowering temperatures for individual genotypes ranged from 17.9 to 24.6 °C and mean pre-flowering photoperiods varied from 12.7 to 14.7 h d−1. The time from sowing to first flowering (f) for the 25 genotypes varied from 26 to 42 d in the most-inductive regime to as late as 47 to 80 d in the least-inductive circumstances. The stepwise linear regression on daily mean temperature during the pre-flowering period explained most (52–86%) of the variation in the rate of progress from sowing towards flowering of 21 genotypes. In contrast, in four genotypes (GLPx 92, Ikinimba, G 13671 and G 2816) the fitted values of days to flowering using temperature alone were much earlier than the times observed in the two trials at Maseru in Lesotho (the highest latitude and coolest location). These differences may well reflect photoperiodic effects but from the photothermal combinations encountered this could not be confirmed and so remains to be proven. The overall mean absolute difference between the observed and fitted time to flowering was just 2.6 d. The estimated optimum temperatures ranged from 20.4 to 23.3 °C, at which the minimum times taken to flower were between 28 and 44 d. The derived base and ceiling temperatures ranged from 7.1 to 13.2 °C and from 29.1 to 40.2 °C respectively. Not surprisingly, the use of long-term monthly temperatures (for those trials from which daily temperature records were not available) gave poor agreement between predicted and observed flowering times. The significance and implications of these findings are discussed in relation to those from other studies on the photothermal flowering responses in common bean and the breeding and testing of common beans in Africa.

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Rezene, Yayis, and Shiferw Mekonin. "Screening Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Germplasm for Resistance against Angular Leaf Spot (Pseudocercospora griseola) Disease under Field Condition." Journal of Plant Studies 8, no. 1 (February 12, 2019): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jps.v8n1p30.

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Angular leaf spot (ALS) caused by the fungus Pseudocercospora griseola is one of the most destructive disease in Latin America and eastern Africa countries. The fungus, P. griseola is highly variable and a diverse sources of resistance genes is required to manage this economically important disease. The use of genetic resistance is the most practical and economic way to manage angular leaf spot of the common bean. Common bean (Phaseolus vulgarise L.) germplasm were screened for resistance against Angular leaf spot (ALS) under field conditions at Wonodogenet and Areka Research farms. Out of 300 common bean accessions evaluated only 14 (4.6%) common bean accessions were resistant to naturally epidemics of angular leaf spot disease under field condition. Therefore, all common bean germplasm that showed resistance reaction can be involved in breeding program for the improvement of the common bean.

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Wiesinger, Jason, Karen Cichy, Elad Tako, and Raymond Glahn. "The Fast Cooking and Enhanced Iron Bioavailability Properties of the Manteca Yellow Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)." Nutrients 10, no. 11 (November 1, 2018): 1609. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10111609.

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The common dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a nutrient-dense pulse crop that is produced globally for direct human consumption and is an important source of protein and micronutrients for millions of people across Latin America, the Caribbean and Sub-Saharan Africa. Dry beans require large amounts of heat energy and time to cook, which can deter consumers worldwide from using beans. In regions where consumers rely on expensive fuelwood for food preparation, the yellow bean is often marketed as fast cooking. This study evaluated the cooking time and health benefits of five major market classes within the yellow bean seed type (Amarillo, Canary, Manteca, Mayocoba, Njano) over two field seasons. This study shows how the Manteca yellow bean possesses a fast cooking phenotype, which could serve as genetic resource for introducing fast cooking properties into a new generation of dry beans with cooking times <20 min when pre-soaked and <80 min unsoaked. Mineral analysis revealed fast cooking yellow beans have high iron retention (>80%) after boiling. An in vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell culture bioassay revealed a strong negative association between cooking time and iron bioavailability in yellow beans with r values = −0.76 when pre-soaked and −0.64 when unsoaked across the two field seasons. When either pre-soaked or left unsoaked, the highest iron bioavailability scores were measured in the fast cooking Manteca genotypes providing evidence that this yellow market class is worthy of germplasm enhancement through the added benefit of improved iron quality after cooking.

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Shellie, Krista C., and George L. Hosfield. "Genotype × Environmental Effects on Food Quality of Common Bean: Resource-efficient Testing Procedures." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 116, no. 4 (July 1991): 732–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.116.4.732.

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Genetic and environmental interactions for bean cooking time, water absorption, and protein content were estimated with 10 dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars grown at three locations in Rwanda, Africa, during five consecutive harvests. The genotypic variance component was larger than genotype × environment variance components for the cooking time index and percent water absorption. No significant genotypic effect was observed for seed protein content. The phenotypic correlation (-0.37) between the cooking time index and percent water absorption was not strong enough to justify the use of water absorption as an indirect selection method for cooking time. The most efficient allocation of resources to evaluate the cooking time of common bean cultivars with a 25-pin bar-drop cooker was four field replications over two harvests at two locations. Water absorption was evaluated most efficiently with four field replications over two harvests at a single location.

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Aggarwal, Vas D., Marcial A. Pastor-Corrales, Rowland M. Chirwa, and Robin A. Buruchara. "Andean beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) with resistance to the angular leaf spot pathogen (Phaeoisariopsis griseola) in southern and eastern Africa." Euphytica 136, no. 2 (2004): 201–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:euph.0000030678.12073.a9.

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Mahlangu, A. Z., Q. Kritzinger, and T. A. S. Aveling. "Viability and vigour of farm-saved dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) seed of subsistence farmers in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa." South African Journal of Botany 115 (March 2018): 321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2018.02.163.

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De Lange, Annetjie, and Maryke Labuschagne. "Multivariate assessment of canning quality, chemical characteristics and yield of small white canning beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L) in South Africa." Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 81, no. 1 (2000): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1097-0010(20010101)81:1<30::aid-jsfa774>3.0.co;2-m.

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du Preez, E. D., N. C. van Rij, K. F. Lawrance, M. R. Miles, and R. D. Frederick. "First Report of Soybean Rust Caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi on Dry Beans in South Africa." Plant Disease 89, no. 2 (February 2005): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-89-0206c.

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During April 2004, a 150-m2 dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) plot growing adjacent to rust-infected soybean (Glycine max) at Cedara Agricultural Research Farm (29°32′S 30°16′E) was observed to be infected with two distinct rust types. Common bean rust (caused by Uromyces appendiculatus) with reddish brown uredinia and black telia was readily identified. A second rust with smaller sporulating uredinia (1.0 to 1.5 mm2), which were gray in appearance, was also found. Visual rust severity on the dry bean plants, which were in mid pod-fill, was high (approximately 30 to 40% disease incidence). Twenty plants were examined and observed to be infected with both rusts. With microscopic examination of no fewer than 20 leaves per plant, the urediniospores from the smaller lesions were determined to be morphologically similar to Phakopsora pachyrhizi (3). Real-time fluorescent polymerase chain reaction assays on six leaves and sequence analysis of the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region 2 (1) verified the identity of the urediniospores as P. pachyrhizi. Although P. vulgaris is a known host of P. pachyrhizi, to our knowledge this is the first time since the arrival of soybean rust in 2001 that P. pachyrhizi has been observed on an alternate host plant in South Africa (2). Since dry beans are grown all year in frost-free areas, the implications are that dry beans may serve as an important overwintering host and source of inoculum for seasonal soybean rust outbreaks. References: (1) R. D. Frederick et al. Phytopathology 92:217, 2002. (2) Z. A. Pretorius et al. Plant Dis. 85:1288, 2001. (3) J. B. Sinclair and G. L. Hartman. Soybean Rust. Pages 25–26 in: Compendium of Soybean Diseases, 4th ed. G. L. Hartman et al. eds. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 1999.

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Mathobo, Rudzani, and Diana Marais. "Evaluation of genotype x environment interaction using GGE-biplot on dry beans(Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Limpopo province of South Africa." Australian Journal of Crop Science 11, no. 05 (May 20, 2017): 506–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.17.11.05.p303.

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Shimelis, Emire Admassu, and Sudip Kumar Rakshit. "Effect of processing on antinutrients and in vitro protein digestibility of kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) varieties grown in East Africa." Food Chemistry 103, no. 1 (January 2007): 161–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.08.005.

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Wiesinger, Jason A., Raymond P. Glahn, Karen A. Cichy, Nikolai Kolba, Jonathan J. Hart, and Elad Tako. "An In Vivo (Gallus gallus) Feeding Trial Demonstrating the Enhanced Iron Bioavailability Properties of the Fast Cooking Manteca Yellow Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)." Nutrients 11, no. 8 (August 1, 2019): 1768. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11081768.

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The common dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a globally produced pulse crop and an important source of micronutrients for millions of people across Latin America and Africa. Many of the preferred black and red seed types in these regions have seed coat polyphenols that inhibit the absorption of iron. Yellow beans are distinct from other market classes because they accumulate the antioxidant kaempferol 3-glucoside in their seed coats. Due to their fast cooking tendencies, yellow beans are often marketed at premium prices in the same geographical regions where dietary iron deficiency is a major health concern. Hence, this study compared the iron bioavailability of three faster cooking yellow beans with contrasting seed coat colors from Africa (Manteca, Amarillo, and Njano) to slower cooking white and red kidney commercial varieties. Iron status and iron bioavailability was assessed by the capacity of a bean based diet to generate and maintain total body hemoglobin iron (Hb-Fe) during a 6 week in vivo (Gallus gallus) feeding trial. Over the course of the experiment, animals fed yellow bean diets had significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher Hb-Fe than animals fed the white or red kidney bean diet. This study shows that the Manteca yellow bean possess a rare combination of biochemical traits that result in faster cooking times and improved iron bioavailability. The Manteca yellow bean is worthy of germplasm enhancement to address iron deficiency in regions where beans are consumed as a dietary staple.

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Yohannes, Simon, Gobeze Loha, and Mesfin Kebede Gessese. "Performance Evaluation of Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Genotypes for Yield and Related Traits at Areka, Southern Ethiopia." Advances in Agriculture 2020 (January 25, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/1497530.

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Common bean is a source of dietary protein and the second most important legume crop in Africa next to faba bean. In Ethiopia common bean is the most important legume as the source of protein and export commodity. Hence, development of commercial varieties is one of the major tasks to meet increasing demand of the stake holders. To this effect, understanding the genetic variability, heritability and association between grain yield and other agronomic traits is necessary for effective plant breeding program. In this context, a field experiment was conducted during 2016/2017 cropping season at Areka Agricultural Research Center in southern Ethiopia with the objective of evaluating common bean genotypes for yield and related traits and also estimate the variability present among the genotypes. Treatments consisted of thirty three common bean genotypes were laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Common bean genotypes exhibited considerable variations for agronomic traits and grain yield. Majority of the traits; plant height, number of nodes, internode length, leaf area, LAI, biological yield, pods per plant, HI and HSW had higher PCV. Genotypic coefficient of variance (GCV) varied from 1.88% to 37.72% with the highest GCV recorded for HSW. Heritability in broad sense (H2) ranged from 0.52% to 95.33% with the highest value observed for HSW. The present study revealed significant variation among genotypes for traits considered except few insignificant traits. In addition, almost all the genotypes were well adapted to the study area and hence, the high yielding genotypes could be directly used as seed sources for production of common bean and some of the genotypes with best diseases resistance reaction, and with high heritability can possibly be used in common bean improvement program.

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Mukoko, O. Z., N. W. Galwey, and D. J. Allen. "Developing cultivars of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) for southern Africa: bean common mosaic virus resistance, consumer preferences and agronomic requirements." Field Crops Research 40, no. 3 (March 1995): 165–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-4290(94)00101-h.

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Salegua, Venâncio, Rob Melis, Deidré Fourie, Julia Sibiya, and Cousin Musvosvi. "Grain yield, stability and bacterial brown spot disease of dark red kidney dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes across six environments in South Africa." SEPTEMBER 2020, no. 14(9):2020 (September 20, 2020): 1433–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.20.14.09.p2464.

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Dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is grown under an extensive range of agro-climatic conditions and is an essential source of protein and income globally. This study aimed to evaluate yield performance, stability, and bacterial brown spot (BBS) disease resistance of fourteen dark red kidney genotypes across environments in South Africa namely Carolina, Clarens, Cedara, Middelburg, Potchefstroom, and Warden. Analysis of variance (ANOVA), additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) and the genotype plus genotype by environment interaction (GGE-biplot) analysis were used to evaluate grain yield performance, stability, and BBS disease resistance. The AMMI ANOVA revealed that mean squares for grain yield and BBS severity for the environment, genotype, and genotype by environment interaction were highly significant (P<0.001). Four interaction principal components (IPCA1 - 4) for grain yield and IPCA1 for BBS severity were highly significant (P<0.001, P<0.01). Genotype G12 showed broad adaptation for both high grain yield and low BBS severity across the six environments, while genotypes G08, G06, G03, G02, G05, and G04 had specific adaption for high grain yield and low BBS severity. These genotypes recorded grain yield above the grand mean and the best check cultivar, both with 1.43 t ha-1 , and BBS severity below the grand mean (31.90%) and the best check (48.89%). The genotypes identified with either broad or specific adaptation can be released in the environments they are adapted to, or used as parents in breeding programmes aiming to improve grain yield and BBS disease resistance of dry bean for farmers in South Africa.

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Ngelenzi, Munywoki James, Ogweno Joshua Otieno, and Saidi Mwanarusi. "Improving Water Use Efficiency and Insect Pest Exclusion on French Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Using Different Coloured Agronet Covers." Journal of Agricultural Science 11, no. 3 (February 15, 2019): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v11n3p159.

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French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is important in the socio-economic farming systems of East and Central Africa. It is a crop with great potential for addressing food insecurity, income generation and poverty alleviation in the region. Enhanced French bean productivity is hindered by a number of biotic and abiotic constraints as the crop is predominantly grown in open fields. The crop is mostly grown under irrigation and cannot withstand prolonged dry spells. Farmers rely heavily on insecticides to control insect pests. This increases the risk of rejection of their produce due to stringent maximum residue levels (MRLs) in export markets. This study was undertaken in the Horticulture Research and Teaching Field, Egerton University, Kenya to determine the potential of coloured net covers in improving French bean water use efficiency and insect pest exclusion. The experiment was set in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with six treatments replicated four times. French bean ‘Source’ was grown under different coloured nets (white, blue, yellow, grey, and tricolour) and control (open field). Variables measured included; pest population, fresh pod yield, total plant biomass, leaf relative water content (LRWC) and water use efficiency for plant growth (WUE DW). Covering French bean with different coloured net covers reduced the numbers of silverleaf whitefly and black bean aphids. Coloured net covers enhanced crop performance marked by higher fresh pod yield and total plant biomass as well as improved LRWC and WUE DW of the crop. Results of this study present the potential of coloured net covers to be used as part of integrated French bean management programme(s) to reduce insect pest population and pesticide application while enhancing water use efficiency and crop performance under tropical field conditions.

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Miles, M. R., M. A. Pastor-Corrales, G. L. Hartman, and R. D. Frederick. "Differential Response of Common Bean Cultivars to Phakopsora pachyrhizi." Plant Disease 91, no. 6 (June 2007): 698–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-91-6-0698.

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Soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) has been reported on common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) in Asia, South Africa, and the United States. However, there is little information on the interaction of individual isolates of Phakopsora pachyrhizi with common bean germplasm. A set of 16 common bean cultivars with known genes for resistance to Uromyces appendiculatus, the causal agent of common bean rust, three soybean accessions that were sources of the single gene resistance to P. pachyrhizi, and the moderately susceptible soybean ‘Ina’ were evaluated using seedlings inoculated with six isolates of P. pachyrhizi. Among the common bean cultivars, Aurora, Compuesto Negro Chimaltenango, and Pinto 114, were the most resistant to all six P. pachyrhizi isolates, with lower severity, less sporulation, and consistent reddish-brown (RB) lesions associated with resistance in soybean. A differential response was observed among the common bean cultivars, with a cultivar-isolate interaction for both severity and sporulation levels, as well as the presence or absence of the RB lesion type. This differential response was independent of the known genes that condition resistance to U. appendiculatus, suggesting that resistance to P. pachyrhizi was independent of resistance to U. appendiculatus.

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de Lange, A. F., and M. T. Labuschagne. "Genotype × environment interaction and principal factor analysis of seed characteristics related to canning quality of small white beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in South Africa." South African Journal of Plant and Soil 16, no. 4 (January 1999): 192–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02571862.1999.10635010.

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Tigist, Shiferaw G., Rob Melis, Julia Sibiya, and Gemechu Keneni. "Evaluation of different Ethiopian common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris (Fabaceae) genotypes for host resistance to the Mexican bean weevil, Zabrotes subfasciatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)." International Journal of Tropical Insect Science 38, no. 01 (November 27, 2017): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742758417000248.

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AbstractCommon bean (Phaseolus vulgarisL.) is amongst the most important grain legume crops in Africa in general, and Ethiopia in particular. The Mexican been weevil (Zabrotes subfasciatusBoheman) heavily attacks the grain of common bean. A total of 300 common bean entries were subjected to a ‘no-choice’ test at Melkassa Agricultural Research Centre, Ethiopia, using a randomized complete block design with three replications, to evaluate for resistance to the Mexican bean weevil. Data on insect and seed traits were collected and a significant level (P<0.01) of variation in all parameters measured was observed amongst genotypes. Relative resistance was recorded in landraces, improved genotypes and breeding lines, but the resistant genotypes, RAZ-11, RAZ-36, RAZ-2, RAZ-44, RAZ-120, RAZ-40 and MAZ-203, showed consistently complete resistance, with zero index of susceptibility value. Two other promising entries were also identified from the breeding lines (SCR-11) and landrace collections (NC-16) of Ethiopia. Stratified ranking diagrams showed that accessions from different eco-geographical origins in Ethiopia and those with different colours showed different patterns of response to infestation. The Ethiopian bean breeding programme should take up the resistant genotypes for a comprehensive yield trial at the national level and direct release them as commercial varieties. The incorporation of bean weevil resistance genes into adapted varieties through backcross breeding techniques, supported with marker assisted selection, seems to be the best strategy not only in terms of time saving but also in terms of effectiveness and efficiency.

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Bigirimana, J., R. Fontaine, and M. Höfte. "Bean Anthracnose: Virulence of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum Isolates from Burundi, Central Africa." Plant Disease 84, no. 4 (April 2000): 491. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2000.84.4.491c.

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The diversity of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum is a major limiting factor in control of anthracnose on bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), and race characterization of this pathogen is an important tool in breeding programs. Race characterization has been carried out on isolates from North, Central, and South America; Europe; and Asia, but little or no information exists on the diversity of C. lindemuthianum in Africa. In this work, 12 isolates from the major bean-growing areas of Burundi, Central Africa, were characterized. Their virulence was tested on 12 bean differential cultivars (1) and on 4 bean cultivars commonly grown in Burundi: 2 from local germ plasm (Muyinga-1 and Urubonobono) and 2 from Colombia (A 321 and Calima). Detached unifoliate bean leaves from 8-day-old plants were placed on a humid surface in trays and sprayed until runoff with a suspension of 106 spores ml-1. Trays covered with transparent plastic sheets to keep a minimum relative humidity of 92% were incubated at 20°C. Seven days after inoculation, symptoms were evaluated for severity on a scale of 1 to 9. Leaves scored as 1 to 3 were considered resistant. Races were characterized according to a numerical binary system (1). Nine races were identified: 9, 69, 87, 384, 385, 401, 448, 449, and 485. Seven of these races (9, 69, 87, 384, 401, 448, and 485) were described for the first time in Africa. Races 401 and 485 have not yet been reported in the literature. The most susceptible differential cultivars were Michelite, PI 207262, To, and Mexico 222. Muyinga-1, Urubonobono, and A 321 were sensitive to nine, six, and five races, respectively. There is a high diversity of C. lindemuthianum in Burundi, and the local germ plasm tested is very susceptible to the characterized races. Breeding programs in Burundi should focus on lines and cultivars, such as Tu, AB 136, G 2333, and Calima, that are resistant to all the races characterized in this study. Reference: (1) M. A. Pastor-Corrales. Phytopathology 81:694, 1991.

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Mkindi, Angela G., Yolice L. B. Tembo, Ernest R. Mbega, Amy K. Smith, Iain W. Farrell, Patrick A. Ndakidemi, Philip C. Stevenson, and Steven R. Belmain. "Extracts of Common Pesticidal Plants Increase Plant Growth and Yield in Common Bean Plants." Plants 9, no. 2 (January 23, 2020): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9020149.

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Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) is an important food and cash crop in many countries. Bean crop yields in sub-Saharan Africa are on average 50% lower than the global average, which is largely due to severe problems with pests and diseases as well as poor soil fertility exacerbated by low-input smallholder production systems. Recent on-farm research in eastern Africa has shown that commonly available plants with pesticidal properties can successfully manage arthropod pests. However, reducing common bean yield gaps still requires further sustainable solutions to other crop provisioning services such as soil fertility and plant nutrition. Smallholder farmers using pesticidal plants have claimed that the application of pesticidal plant extracts boosts plant growth, potentially through working as a foliar fertiliser. Thus, the aims of the research presented here were to determine whether plant growth and yield could be enhanced and which metabolic processes were induced through the application of plant extracts commonly used for pest control in eastern Africa. Extracts from Tephrosia vogelii and Tithonia diversifolia were prepared at a concentration of 10% w/v and applied to potted bean plants in a pest-free screen house as foliar sprays as well as directly to the soil around bean plants to evaluate their contribution to growth, yield and potential changes in primary or secondary metabolites. Outcomes of this study showed that the plant extracts significantly increased chlorophyll content, the number of pods per plant and overall seed yield. Other increases in metabolites were observed, including of rutin, phenylalanine and tryptophan. The plant extracts had a similar effect to a commercially available foliar fertiliser whilst the application as a foliar spray was better than applying the extract to the soil. These results suggest that pesticidal plant extracts can help overcome multiple limitations in crop provisioning services, enhancing plant nutrition in addition to their established uses for crop pest management.

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Islam, F. M. A., K. E. Basford, R. J. Redden, C. Jara, and S. Beebe. "Patterns of resistance to angular leaf spot, anthracnose and common bacterial blight in common bean germplasm." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 42, no. 4 (2002): 481. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea01035.

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Diseases and insect pests are major causes of low yields of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Latin America and Africa. Anthracnose, angular leaf spot and common bacterial blight are widespread foliar diseases of common bean that also infect pods and seeds. One thousand and eighty-two accessions from a common bean core collection from the primary centres of origin were investigated for reaction to these three diseases. Angular leaf spot and common bacterial blight were evaluated in the field at Santander de Quilichao, Colombia, and anthracnose was evaluated in a screenhouse in Popay�n, Colombia. By using the 15-group level from a hierarchical clustering procedure, it was found that 7 groups were formed with mainly Andean common bean accessions (Andean gene pool), 7 groups with mainly Middle American accessions (Middle American gene pool), while 1�group contained mixed accessions. Consistent with the theory of co-evolution, it was generally observed that accessions from the Andean gene pool were resistant to Middle American pathogen isolates causing anthracnoxe, while the Middle American accessions were resistant to pathogen isolates from the Andes. Different combinations of resistance patterns were found, and breeders can use this information to select a specific group of accessions on the basis of their need.

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Ndakidemi, Baltazar J., Ernest R. Mbega, Patrick A. Ndakidemi, Philip C. Stevenson, Steven R. Belmain, Sarah E. J. Arnold, and Victoria C. Woolley. "Natural Pest Regulation and Its Compatibility with Other Crop Protection Practices in Smallholder Bean Farming Systems." Biology 10, no. 8 (August 20, 2021): 805. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10080805.

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Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) production and storage are limited by numerous constraints. Insect pests are often the most destructive. However, resource-constrained smallholders in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) often do little to manage pests. Where farmers do use a control strategy, it typically relies on chemical pesticides, which have adverse effects on the wildlife, crop pollinators, natural enemies, mammals, and the development of resistance by pests. Nature-based solutions —in particular, using biological control agents with sustainable approaches that include biopesticides, resistant varieties, and cultural tools—are alternatives to chemical control. However, significant barriers to their adoption in SSA include a lack of field data and knowledge on the natural enemies of pests, safety, efficacy, the spectrum of activities, the availability and costs of biopesticides, the lack of sources of resistance for different cultivars, and spatial and temporal inconsistencies for cultural methods. Here, we critically review the control options for bean pests, particularly the black bean aphid (Aphis fabae) and pod borers (Maruca vitrata). We identified natural pest regulation as the option with the greatest potential for this farming system. We recommend that farmers adapt to using biological control due to its compatibility with other sustainable approaches, such as cultural tools, resistant varieties, and biopesticides for effective management, especially in SSA.

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Glahn, Raymond, Karen Cichy, and Jason Wiesinger. "On-Farm Evaluation in Uganda of Iron Concentration and Iron Bioavailability in the Fast Cooking Manteca Yellow Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 1804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa067_031.

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Abstract Objectives To evaluate the genotype by environment (GxE) influence on Fe concentration and Fe bioavailability of select fast cooking bean varieties in Uganda. Methods This study compared two fast cooking Manteca genotypes (Ervilha, Cebo) to eight other white, yellow and red mottled genotypes, which included farmer local check varieties NABE15 and Masindi yellow. Genotypes were produced as a group across nine on-farm locations in Uganda over two field seasons. Cooking time was standardized with a Mattson cooking device and iron bioavailability was measured with a Caco-2 bioassay, which measures ferritin formation (ng ferritin/mg cell protein) relative to a navy bean reference control (cv. Merlin) as an indicator of iron uptake. Iron concentration was measured via inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy (ICP-ES). Results Iron concentrations of the cooked beans were highly variable across Uganda with low board sense heritability (plot basis 0.40). Iron concentrations in cooked seed ranged from 41 to 97 mg/g, with a mean of 67 mg/g across the nine production environments. Iron bioavailability ranged from 8 to 116% of navy bean control and was highly heritable (plot basis 0.80) among this subset of white, yellow and red beans. The fast cooking white (Blanco Fanesquero) and two Manteca yellow beans consistently had the highest iron bioavailability (64 – 116% of control) across all locations in Uganda. There was a significant negative association (r = −0.438, p ≤ 0.05) between cooking time and iron bioavailability of the white, yellow and red beans produced in Uganda. Conclusions This study demonstrates the high iron bioavailability trait of the two fast cooking Manteca yellow beans are stable across different production environments in Uganda. This study presents evidence that breeding for fast cooking times in yellow beans is not only a valuable end-use quality trait beneficial to smallholder farmers in Uganda, but could also be a sustainable approach for delivering more bioavailable iron to consumers in East Africa. The high variability of Fe concentration within genotypes raises concern that high Fe concentration can be a sustainable trait in Uganda. Funding Sources U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA).

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Tayler, R. S. "Potential for field beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in West Asia and North Africa. Proceedings of a regional workshop in Aleppo, Syria, 21–23 May, 1983." Agricultural Systems 19, no. 4 (January 1986): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0308-521x(86)90112-5.

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Beebe, Stephen E., Idupulapati M. Rao, Mura Jyostna Devi, and José Polania. "Common beans, biodiversity, and multiple stresses: challenges of drought resistance in tropical soils." Crop and Pasture Science 65, no. 7 (2014): 667. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp13303.

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Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is the grain legume with the highest volume of direct human consumption in the world, and is the most important legume throughout Eastern and Southern Africa, cultivated over an area of ~4 million ha. In Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) drought is the most important production risk, potentially affecting as much as one-third of the production area. Both terminal and intermittent drought prevail in different production regions. The Pan-African Bean Research Alliance (PABRA), coordinated by the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT by its Spanish acronym), has participated in projects for both strategic and applied research to address drought limitations, with research sites in six SSA countries. Bean originated in the mid-altitude neo-tropics, and by its nature is not well adapted to warm, dry climates. Efforts at genetic improvement of drought resistance have a long history, exploiting variability among races of common bean, as well as through interspecific crosses. Useful traits are found both in roots and in shoots. Many authors have stressed the importance of harvest index and related parameters to sustain yield of common bean under drought stress, and our field studies substantiate this. Additionally, in tropical environments, soil-related constraints can seriously limit the potential expression of drought resistance, and it is especially important to address multiple stress factors to confront drought effectively in farmers’ fields. Poor soil fertility is widespread in the tropics and constrains root and shoot growth, thus limiting access to soil moisture. Phosphorus and nitrogen deficiencies are especially common, but are not the only limiting soil factors. Soil acidity and accompanying aluminium toxicity limit root development and inhibit access to moisture in lower soil strata. Soil physical structure can also limit root development in some soils, as can poor soil management that leads to compaction. We review efforts to address each of these constraints through genetic means in combination with drought resistance per se.

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Rudzani, Mathobo. "The effect of plant population on chlorophyll content and grain yield of dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) at Dzindi irrigation scheme in South Africa." Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies 9, no. 2 (March 1, 2021): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.22271/plants.2021.v9.i2a.1254.

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Muoni, Tarirai, Eric Koomson, Ingrid Öborn, Carsten Marohn, Christine A. Watson, Göran Bergkvist, Andrew Barnes, Georg Cadisch, and Alan Duncan. "Reducing soil erosion in smallholder farming systems in east Africa through the introduction of different crop types." Experimental Agriculture 56, no. 2 (September 17, 2019): 183–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479719000280.

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AbstractOn low-input smallholder farms of Kenyan upland landscapes, erosion of nutrient-rich topsoil strongly affects crop yields. Where maize (Zea mays) is intercropped on erosion-prone slopes, intercropping can potentially reduce soil erosion. The objective of this research was to quantify the contribution of crops and crop mixtures of different growth habits to erosion control and their influence on above-ground biomass and earthworm abundance as indicators of soil function in smallholder farming systems under a bimodal rainfall pattern in Western Kenya. The experiment involved five treatments, namely maize (Z. mays)/common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) intercrop (maize intercrop), maize/common bean intercrop plus Calliandra (Calliandra calothyrsus) hedgerows and Calliandra mulch (Calliandra), sole Lablab (Lablab purpureus), sole Mucuna (Mucuna pruriens) and groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) intercropped with maize (during the short rains). The experiment was conducted over three consecutive cropping seasons and the cropping system had significant effects on soil loss, runoff, water infiltration, earthworm abundance and above-ground biomass and crop grain yield. The Calliandra treatment had the lowest runoff (11.6–17.2 mm ha−1) and soil erosion (31–446 kg ha−1 per season) in all the seasons, followed by the Mucuna treatment. Lablab was affected by disease and showed the highest soil erosion in the last two seasons. Infiltration was highest in Calliandra treatment, and earthworm abundance was higher under Mucuna and Calliandra treatments (229 and 165 earthworms per square metre, respectively) than under other crops. Our results suggest that including sole crops of herbaceous species such as Mucuna, or tree hedgerows with mixtures of maize and grain legumes has the potential to reduce runoff and soil erosion in smallholder farming. Additionally, these species provide a suitable habitat for earthworms which stabilise soil structure and macropores and thus potentially increase infiltration, further reducing soil erosion.

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Duncan, Robert W., Shree P. Singh, and Robert L. Gilbertson. "Interaction of Common Bacterial Blight Bacteria with Disease Resistance Quantitative Trait Loci in Common Bean." Phytopathology® 101, no. 4 (April 2011): 425–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-03-10-0095.

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Common bacterial blight (CBB) of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli and X. fuscans subsp. fuscans, and is the most important bacterial disease of this crop in many regions of the world. In 2005 and 2006, dark red kidney bean fields in a major bean-growing region in central Wisconsin were surveyed for CBB incidence and representative symptomatic leaves collected. Xanthomonad-like bacteria were isolated from these leaves and characterized based upon phenotypic (colony) characteristics, pathogenicity on common bean, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with X. campestris pv. phaseoli- and X. fuscans subsp. fuscans-specific primers, and repetitive-element PCR (rep-PCR) and 16S-28S ribosomal RNA spacer region sequence analyses. Of 348 isolates that were characterized, 293 were identified as common blight bacteria (i.e., pathogenic on common bean and positive in PCR tests with the X. campestris pv. phaseoli- and X. fuscans subsp. fuscans-specific primers), whereas the other isolates were nonpathogenic xanthomonads. Most (98%) of the pathogenic xanthomonads were X. campestris pv. phaseoli, consistent with the association of this bacterium with CBB in large-seeded bean cultivars of the Andean gene pool. Two types of X. campestris pv. phaseoli were involved with CBB in this region: typical X. campestris pv. phaseoli (P) isolates with yellow mucoid colonies, no brown pigment production, and a typical X. campestris pv. phaseoli rep-PCR fingerprint (60% of strains); and a new phenotype and genotype (Px) with an X. campestris pv. phaseoli-type fingerprint and less mucoid colonies that produced brown pigment (40% of strains). In addition, a small number of X. fuscans subsp. fuscans strains, representing a new genotype (FH), were isolated from two fields in 2005. Representative P and Px X. campestris pv. phaseoli strains, an FH X. fuscans subsp. fuscans strain, plus five previously characterized X. campestris pv. phaseoli and X. fuscans subsp. fuscans genotypes were inoculated onto 28 common bean genotypes having various combinations of known CBB resistance quantitative trait loci (QTL) and associated sequence-characterized amplified region markers. Different levels of virulence were observed for X. campestris pv. phaseoli strains, whereas X. fuscans subsp. fuscans strains were similar in virulence. The typical X. campestris pv. phaseoli strain from Wisconsin was most virulent, whereas X. campestris pv. phaseoli genotypes from East Africa were the least virulent. Host genotypes having the SU91 marker-associated resistance and one or more other QTL (i.e., pyramided resistance), such as the VAX lines, were highly resistant to all genotypes of common blight bacteria tested. This information will help in the development of CBB resistance-breeding strategies for different common bean market classes in different geographical regions, as well as the identification of appropriate pathogen genotypes for screening for resistance.

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Salegua, Venâncio, Rob Melis, Deidré Fourie, Julia Sibiya, and Cousin Musvosvi. "Screening Andean Diversity Panel Dry Bean Lines for Resistance to Bacterial Brown Spot Disease Under Field Conditions in South Africa." Plant Disease 104, no. 9 (September 2020): 2509–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-11-19-2388-re.

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Bacterial brown spot (BBS) disease caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae is an important disease of dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), with grain yield losses of 55% reported in South Africa. This study aimed to identify BBS disease-resistant genotypes from 415 Andean Diversity Panel (ADP) dry bean lines and 5 check cultivars under field conditions across three sites in South Africa: Warden and Middelburg under natural infestation and Potchefstroom under artificial inoculation. Plants at Potchefstroom were inoculated with P. syringae pv. syringae using three isolates at 21, 28, and 36 days after planting, and disease scoring was done at 7, 14, and 21 days after inoculation following a modified 1 to 9 International Centre for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) scale. The BBS severity percentage and the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) were applied to quantify the reaction of bean genotypes to BBS disease. The study identified 17.2% of evaluated germplasm as resistant and 45.3% as moderately resistant. Genotypes ADP-0592, ADP-0790, ADP-0120, and ADP-0008 were selected for both resistance and high seed yield across the three environments. Genotypes ADP-0546, ADP-0630, ADP-0120, and ADP-0279 were selected for both high yield and resistance at Warden, whereas ADP-0038, ADP-0721, and ADP-0790 were selected for both traits at Middelburg, and lastly, ADP-0120 and ADP-0079 were selected for both traits at Potchefstroom. The best genotypes selected for both high yield and BBS resistance had grain yield >1.45 t ha−1 across sites and >1.85 t ha−1 at individual sites, and they out yielded the best-performing check cultivar (1.13 t ha−1) and the grand mean yield (0.87 t ha−1) across sites. The AUDPC had a strong negative correlation (r = −0.55, P < 0.001) with grain yield at Potchefstroom. Medium-seeded genotypes showed a lower AUDPC than the large-seeded genotypes, and indeterminate genotypes showed a lower AUDPC than determinate genotypes. The genotypes selected for resistance and yield can be utilized in future dry bean improvement efforts for the South African bean market.

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Gitari, Harun I., Shadrack O. Nyawade, Solomon Kamau, Charles K. K Gachene, Nancy N. Karanja, and Elmar Schulte-Geldermann. "Increasing potato equivalent yield increases returns to investment under potato-legume intercropping systems." Open Agriculture 4, no. 1 (November 18, 2019): 623–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opag-2019-0062.

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AbstractIn order to enhance sustainable intensification of potato-based cropping systems, especially in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), there is a need to investigate the economic viability of investing in this lucrative venture. This study evaluated the economic returns under legume intercropping systems using value/cost ratio (VCR) and benefit/cost ratio (BCR) under treatments comprising of potato intercropped with dolichos (Lablab purpureus L.) (P-D), climbing bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) (P-B) and garden pea (Pisum sativum L.) (P-G), and a potato pure stand control (P-S). Across the seasons, tuber yield was not significantly (p < 0.05) affected by intercropping with P-D, whereas under P-B and P-G, it decreased by 19% and 16%, respectively compared to P-S. P-G, P-B and P-D recorded 6, 7 and 12% higher potato equivalent yield (PEY) relative to P-S. P-D was the most profitable intercropping system with VCR of 35 and BCR of 5.1 as compared to values recorded in P-S of 31 and 5, respectively. Regression of VCR against PEY resulted in a stronger coefficient (0.98) compared to that of BCR against PEY (0.82) implying that VCR is a simple tool that could be adopted for economic returns to investment studies such as potato-legume inter-cropping systems.

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Wasonga, Charles J., Marcial A. Pastor-Corrales, Timothy G. Porch, and Phillip D. Griffiths. "Targeting Gene Combinations for Broad-spectrum Rust Resistance in Heat-tolerant Snap Beans Developed for Tropical Environments." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 135, no. 6 (November 2010): 521–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.135.6.521.

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Common bean rust disease (caused by Uromyces appendiculatus) and high temperatures (heat stress) limit snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) production in many tropical and temperate regions. We have developed snap bean lines combining broad-spectrum rust resistance with heat tolerance for tropical agroecosystems. Eight breeding populations were developed by hybridizing BelJersey-RR-15 and BelFla-RR-1 (each possessing the Ur-4 and Ur-11 rust resistance genes) and the heat-tolerant snap bean breeding lines HT601, HT603, HT608, and HT611. F2–F4 generations of the populations were evaluated under greenhouse conditions and selected for heat tolerance while simultaneously selecting for the rust resistance genes Ur-4 and Ur-11. Three heat-tolerant F5 lines, which were homozygous for Ur-4 and Ur-11 genes, were selected together with a rust-resistant but heat-sensitive control. These and 12 cultivars adapted to different geographical regions were evaluated for their reaction to rust and yield at six contrasting field sites in eastern Africa and their response to high temperature verified in Puerto Rico. Rust incidence and severity was high at three of the trial sites in eastern Africa. Two of the 12 cultivars were resistant to rust at most of these sites, and three of the four breeding lines were resistant at all sites. The Ur-11 gene effectively conferred rust resistance at all sites. Yield in Puerto Rico was strongly correlated (R2 = 0.71, P < 0.001) with that of the hottest site in eastern Africa, highlighting the similarity in genotypic response to high temperatures at the two distinct sites. The newly developed rust-resistant and heat-tolerant breeding lines showed stable yield at the eastern Africa sites with contrasting mean temperatures compared with the cultivars presently grown in the region. Two of these lines, HT1 and HT2, were confirmed to be homozygous for Ur-4 and Ur-11 and with high heat tolerance under both greenhouse and field environments. This research validates the effectiveness of targeted rust resistance gene combinations for tropical environments and the effective selection of high temperature tolerance traits correlating across multiple environments. The breeding lines HT1 and HT2 developed in this research could be used to improve snap beans for the tropics and other environments with similar constraints.

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Djakba, Basga, and Nguetnkam Pierre. "Fertilizing Effect of Swelling Clay Materials on the Growth and Yield of Bean “Phaseolus vulgaris” on the Sandy Ferruginous Soils from Mafa Tcheboa (North Cameroon, Central Africa)." International Journal of Plant & Soil Science 5, no. 1 (January 10, 2015): 10–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2015/13180.

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Scheidegger, Laetitia, Saliou Niassy, Charles Midega, Xavier Chiriboga, Nicolas Delabays, François Lefort, Roger Zürcher, Girma Hailu, Zeyaur Khan, and Sevgan Subramanian. "The role of Desmodium intortum , Brachiaria sp. and Phaseolus vulgaris in the management of fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) in maize cropping systems in Africa." Pest Management Science 77, no. 5 (January 28, 2021): 2350–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ps.6261.

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PAPARU, P., A. ACUR, F. KATO, C. ACAM, J. NAKIBUULE, S. MUSOKE, S. NKALUBO, and C. MUKANKUSI. "PREVALENCE AND INCIDENCE OF FOUR COMMON BEAN ROOT ROTS IN UGANDA." Experimental Agriculture 54, no. 6 (September 25, 2017): 888–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479717000461.

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SUMMARYRoot rots are one of the main biotic constraints to common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) production, causing losses estimated at 221 000 metric tons a year in sub-Saharan Africa. Until recently, root rots in Ugandan common bean agroecologies were mostly caused by Pythium and Fusarium spp., especially in high altitude areas. But now, severe root rots are observed in low and medium altitude agroecologies characterized by dry and warm conditions. The objective of our study was therefore to ascertain the current prevalence and incidence of common bean root rot diseases in Ugandan common bean agroecologies. Our results show that root rots were present in all seven agroecologies surveyed. Overall, the most rampant root rot was southern blight caused by Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc., followed by root rots caused by Fusarium spp., Pythium spp. and Rhizoctonia solani, respectively. Our study clearly showed the influence of environmental conditions on the prevalence and incidence of common bean root rots. While Fusarium and Pythium root rots are favoured under low air temperature and high air humidity in highland areas, high incidence of southern blight is favoured by warm and moist conditions of lowland areas. The prevalence and incidence of common bean root rots was mapped, providing a reliable baseline for future studies. Similarly, hotspots identified for common bean root rots will be a very useful resource for evaluation of germplasm and breeding lines for resistance to root rots.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Phaseolus vulgaris – Africa'

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