Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Phases métastables'
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Benzakour, Najib. "Phases stables et métastables d'un cristal vitreux." Lille 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992LIL10045.
Full textElouatib, abdelmajid. "Phases métastables et cinétique des transformations de phase dans les cristaux liquides gelés EBBA et OHMBBA." Lille 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989LIL10051.
Full textLakrit, Mohamed. "Comportement et cinétique de transformation martensitique sous sollicitation multiaxiale des matériaux métastables." Thesis, Brest, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BRES0021/document.
Full textPhase transformation considerably influences the thermomechanical properties of metastable materials. This is reflected in the numerical model that simulates the behavior of these materials for the calculation codes and require experiments.Thus, the present work concerns the characterization of the axial and multi-axial behavior of two iTRIP steels, 301L steel and 304L steel in addition to a shape memory alloy based on CuAlBe. This characterization is coupled with monitoring of phase transformation kinetics through the measurement of the electrical resistance.The first chapter is a bibliographic study of the two classes of metastable materials mentioned above as well as the phase transformation phenomenon and its characterization techniques. The second chapter deals with uniaxial thermomechanical tests on a steel iTRIP to validate the phase assay. The multiaxial thermomechanical testing performed on specimens tubular steel 304L iTrip will be presented.The third chapter is devoted to uniaxial tests performed on CuAlBe spicemens and realization phase doping in a three-phase case. Also, the validation of the assumption of linearity between the martensite volume fraction and the equivalent transformation strain in the case of proportional and non-proportional loading is done
Di, Napoli Paolo. "Modélisation des évolutions microstructurales par changement de phases dans les alliages de titane [bêta] - métastables." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010INPL070N/document.
Full textA model has been developed which is able to predict the kinetics of beta → alpha transformation in industrial multi component titanium alloys during complex heat treatments. The model is based on: (i) a simple geometric representations of the different morphologies commonly observed in these alloys (parent α grains, α allotriomorphs (at grain boundaries), αcolonies and intragranular α precipitates); (ii) analytical nucleation and growth laws for each morphology of α phase; (iii) the assumption of local equilibrium at interfaces, handled within the CalPhaD framework; (iv) averaged solute balances in each morphology. Diffusion of solutes in both phases is considered. We thus obtain the transformation kinetics as well as mean size parameters and mean chemical composition for each morphology of the product α phase (at grain boundaries, colonies and intragranular precipitates. Calculations performed are at first presented for a ternary TiVO alloy emphasizing the potentialities of the model. The relationships between growth conditions, role of diffusion in each phase, and chemical composition for each morphology are analyzed upon isothermal holdings, cooling from the beta phase field and more complex cooling-heating sequence. The model is further used on the Ti17 industrial and results are compared to experimental transformation kinetics and microstructures
BERNE, CECILE. "Solidification hors équilibre et apparition de phases métastables dans les séries de transition 4d et 5d." Grenoble INPG, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000INPG0091.
Full textTissier, Jean-Charles. "Équilibres stables et métastables dans le système Fe-Zn-Al en relation avec les processus de galvanisation à 450° C." Lille 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991LIL10111.
Full textAbdessemed, Ouarda. "Etude structurale des phases stables et métastables du système fer-zinc élaborées par diffusion ou par électrodéposition." Lille 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987LIL10044.
Full textCarmona, Patrick. "Etude des états métastables et hors d'équilibre des électrolytes aqueux LiCl, RD2O et BeCl2, RD2O par une caractérisation structurale." Lyon 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989LYO10029.
Full textDubois, Matthieu. "Apport de la diffraction neutronique dans l'étude des phases métastables de l'alliage à mémoire de forme CuAlBe sous sollicitations mécaniques et thermiques." Thesis, Reims, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013REIMS038/document.
Full textThis work deals with the study of metastable phases of CuAlBe shape memory alloy under mechanical and thermal solicitations by neutron diffraction. It enables to define an experimental protocol of characterization of metastable phase transformation.The raw material is fully austenitic at room temperature. Its microstructure is composed by huge grain size, close to 400 µm. The crystallographic texture is characterized by a <001> partial fibber.The study of the superelasticity during a tensile test at room temperature demonstrated the pseudoelastic behaviour of this material. The evolution of microdeformations showed the heterogeneous behaviour, especially for the (400) plane in axial direction. The diffraction peak of this plane family also has an important increase of the width. This increase can be linked to the transformation of the austenite into martensite.The crystallographic structure of the monoclinic martensite β'1 has been refined using the 6M model. This model enables to report the relatively low periodicity of stacking faults characterizing the martensitic transformation.After plastic deformation, the crystallographic texture evolved. The <001> partial fibber disappears. For the larger deformation rates, the <111> fibber appears.This large deformation also affects the martensite variant orientation and modifies the temperature of phase transformation.The return into equilibrium of metastable phases after annealing treatments between 500°C and 600°C followed by a quenching at room temperature on a plastically deformed sample has shown the disappearance of martensite and the growth of α and γ2 stable phases. Beyond 600°C, the grains grow largely. The crystallographic texture is characterized by the <001> partial fibber
Drbohlav, Otakar. "Matériaux magnétiques nanocristallins métastables à base de fer et de cuivre." Grenoble INPG, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995INPG0132.
Full textLaude, Emmanuelle. "Étude expérimentale et calcul des cinétiques de transformation de phase d'alliages de titane -métastables en fonction des traitements thermomécaniques." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1997. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_1997_LAUDE_E.pdf.
Full textMeziane, Rachid. "Structure, dynamique et transition de phases d'un cristal liquide smectique en milieu polymère." Thesis, Lille 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LIL10141/document.
Full textThe understanding of the behavior of a low molecular weight liquid crystal within a rigid matrix is of great importance in order to make powerful composite materials of this type which can be interesting for many applications in particular in the display devices. The understanding of their response to an electric signal or a heating effect is of primary importance. The volume, in which the liquid crystal is located, strongly contributes to these effects. This work is a study relating to the structural evolution of the 4-cyano-4'-n-octyl-biphenyl (8CB)/polystyrene system from the homogeneous phase to the crystal line phase of the 8CB. The morphological analysis reveals that a formation of the objects according to the model of Ostwald-Ripening is at the origin of morphology, one also notes a strong dependence of the mesogene concentration on the segregated size domains. Thus, the study undertaken by calorimetry indicates that the smallest domains observed have a sufficient size to generate metastable phases of the 8CB. One shows by infra-red spectroscopy that the molecules of mesogene do not form aromatic p connections with the phenyl group of polystyrene, however various chemical groups of the two components are in interaction. The smectic order of the liquid crystal is studied by small angle neutron scattering. The smectic structure undergoes many perturbations according to the confinement.he influence of the liquid crystal in a radical polymerization process will be discussed as weIl. The kinetics of polymerization is strongly disturbed by the presence of mesogen underlining the significant character of the behavior of the growing radicals on the final polydispersity of polymer
Ibégazène, Hocine. "Etude microstructurale de la stabilité thermique de phases métastables dans les systèmes à base de ZrO2, HfO2 et d'oxydes de terres rares : applications aux barrières thermiques." Paris 11, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA112482.
Full textGbabode, Gabin. "Etude du polymorphisme et de la miscibilité à l'état solide dans la série des acides gras saturés." Bordeaux 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005BOR13010.
Full textVerseils, Marine. "Interplay between magnetic ordering and ferroelectricity in multiferroics with quadruple perovskite structure." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066457/document.
Full textIn the present Thesis, we study the large ferroelectricity induced by magnetism in two quadruple perovskite compounds: (LaMn3)Mn4O12 and (YMn3)Mn4O12, which both display single-valent properties and a commensurate C-type antiferromagnetic structure of the B-sites. These simple features offer a playground to elucidate the contribution of the symmetric and antisymmetric exchange interactions to the polarization. Both compounds are metastable and stabilized under high-pressure. YMO is a new phase, where the small Y3+ ion exerts a large chemical pressure, which is expected to enhance the exchange interaction and, thus, the spontaneous polarization. We find an ordering temperature of the B-sites, 30 K higher than in LMO. On the other hand, we surprisingly find identical values of the spontaneous polarization, P = 0.54 μC cm-2, in both compounds. It is a record value for magnetic ferroelectrics. In spite of the similarities, the nature of magnetic ferroelectricity appears to be very different in the two compounds. In LMO, ferroelectricity is induced by the magnetic ordering of B-sites, although no indication of inversion symmetry breaking is detected. We argue that this puzzling observation is consistent with prediction of domain structure in improper ferroelectrics. On the other hand, in YMO, the occurrence of ferroelectricity at T*=70 K is consistent with a polar structural modulation below Ts=200 K, however T* does not correspond to any long-range magnetic transition. Indeed, T* marks a magnetic anomaly suggesting a latent magnetic phase. We put forward the hypothesis that the above polar distortion of the crystal structure may force the alignment of polar domains
Verseils, Marine. "Interplay between magnetic ordering and ferroelectricity in multiferroics with quadruple perovskite structure." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066457.
Full textIn the present Thesis, we study the large ferroelectricity induced by magnetism in two quadruple perovskite compounds: (LaMn3)Mn4O12 and (YMn3)Mn4O12, which both display single-valent properties and a commensurate C-type antiferromagnetic structure of the B-sites. These simple features offer a playground to elucidate the contribution of the symmetric and antisymmetric exchange interactions to the polarization. Both compounds are metastable and stabilized under high-pressure. YMO is a new phase, where the small Y3+ ion exerts a large chemical pressure, which is expected to enhance the exchange interaction and, thus, the spontaneous polarization. We find an ordering temperature of the B-sites, 30 K higher than in LMO. On the other hand, we surprisingly find identical values of the spontaneous polarization, P = 0.54 μC cm-2, in both compounds. It is a record value for magnetic ferroelectrics. In spite of the similarities, the nature of magnetic ferroelectricity appears to be very different in the two compounds. In LMO, ferroelectricity is induced by the magnetic ordering of B-sites, although no indication of inversion symmetry breaking is detected. We argue that this puzzling observation is consistent with prediction of domain structure in improper ferroelectrics. On the other hand, in YMO, the occurrence of ferroelectricity at T*=70 K is consistent with a polar structural modulation below Ts=200 K, however T* does not correspond to any long-range magnetic transition. Indeed, T* marks a magnetic anomaly suggesting a latent magnetic phase. We put forward the hypothesis that the above polar distortion of the crystal structure may force the alignment of polar domains
De, Geuser Frederic. "Interprétation et traitement des données de sonde atomique tomographique : application à la precipitation dans les Al-Mg-Si." Phd thesis, Université de Rouen, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00077980.
Full textla réalisation d'ouvrants dans l'industrie automobile. Leur particularité est de pouvoir
être durcis durant la cuisson des peintures (typiquement 30 minutes à 185°C). Ce phénomène
s'explique par un durcissement structural : le traitement thermique de cuisson des
peintures appliqué à une solution solide sursaturée active la diffusion des solutés et la précipitation
de phases métastables plus ou moins cohérentes avec la matrice d'aluminium
qui vont ralentir le mouvement des dislocations.
Ces différentes phases métastables ont des tailles extrêmement petites (parfois inférieures
à 1nm), ce qui les rend difficiles à analyser autrement qu'en sonde atomique tomographique.
Une attention toute particulière a été apportée au développement de nouvelles
techniques d'interprétation et de traitement des données afin de faire reculer les limites de
l'instrument.
Grâce à la sonde atomique, parfois couplée au microscope électronique en transmission,
les mécanismes de précipitation de la phase beta" ont été mieux compris. En particulier,
nous avons montré qu'un traitement de prérevenu à 90°C appliqué avant le revenu rendait
ce dernier plus efficace par la formation d'amas diffus de Mg et de Si qui augmentent la
densité numérique d'objets durcissants (amas +beta"). La présence d'aluminium dans les
précipités a été démontrée.
L'effet du prérevenu sur la corrélation entre les atomes durant les tout premiers stades
de décomposition a été étudié directement par le calcul de fonctions partielles de corrélation
de paires. Cette méthode a également permis de suggérer un scénario expliquant le
durcissement pendant le stockage à l'ambiante par la formation d'atmosphères de solutés
autour des dislocations, ralentissant ainsi leur mouvement.
Decroix, Anne-Amandine. "Stabilité physique et désordre orientationnel dans un cristal à usage thérapeutique : la caféine." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LIL10084.
Full textWe present the study of the physical state of solid caffeine, a well-known pharmaceutieal and food-industry compound, ln order to understand its original polymorphism and the associatcd instabilities. Experimental characterisations have been obtaincd by DSC. XRD. NMR and dielcctric relaxation. The study of lhe moleeular mobility of anhydrous phases shows a very slow complex dynamic at room temperature. Two similar dynamical processes are observed in phases 1 and II. called AI, and AII. and a process slower in phase I callcd BI. The phases transformations (from I to II and II to I) have been studied to determine the origin of the extraordinary property of caffeine to be maintained in situation of high metastability. This investigation reveals anomalous slow transformation processes, influenced by the slow molecular mobility. The results suggest a first order I?II transformation kinetic, controlled by the nucleation rate, and directly governed by the BI dynamical process. A coherent model has also been proposed for the II?I transition, suggesting a transformation f'rom the surface, with a high influence of the microstructure. Milling operations confirm the microstructural influence for the II?I transition. It has also been shown that milling induees I?II transformation but also II?I transformation according to the milling intensity
Decroix, Anne-Amandine. "Stabilité physique et désordre orientationnel dans un cristal à usage thérapeutique : la caféine." Thesis, Lille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LIL10084/document.
Full textWe present the study of the physical state of solid caffeine, a well-known pharmaceutieal and food-industry compound, ln order to understand its original polymorphism and the associatcd instabilities. Experimental characterisations have been obtaincd by DSC. XRD. NMR and dielcctric relaxation. The study of lhe moleeular mobility of anhydrous phases shows a very slow complex dynamic at room temperature. Two similar dynamical processes are observed in phases 1 and II. called AI, and AII. and a process slower in phase I callcd BI. The phases transformations (from I to II and II to I) have been studied to determine the origin of the extraordinary property of caffeine to be maintained in situation of high metastability. This investigation reveals anomalous slow transformation processes, influenced by the slow molecular mobility. The results suggest a first order I?II transformation kinetic, controlled by the nucleation rate, and directly governed by the BI dynamical process. A coherent model has also been proposed for the II?I transition, suggesting a transformation f'rom the surface, with a high influence of the microstructure. Milling operations confirm the microstructural influence for the II?I transition. It has also been shown that milling induees I?II transformation but also II?I transformation according to the milling intensity
Fan, Jiangkun. "Microstructural study of the β→α phase transformation induced by thermo-mechanical treatments in metastable β Ti-5553 alloy." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0144/document.
Full textMetastable β titanium alloys are important structural materials for aeronautical applications due to their high strength to density ratio, good ductility and workability and excellent hardenability. Despite the efforts in resolving the complex microstructural evolution related to thermomechanical processes and in gaining knowledge on the produced phases and their contribution to the resultant mechanical properties, there are still some controversial and unresolved issues. The aim of the present PhD work is to determine precisely the metastable nature of β phase and to characterize finely the characteristics of the β→α transformation during high and low temperature thermomechanical treatments. Investigations were performed on a Ti-5553 alloy with the single β phase initial microstructure obtained by solution treatment followed by quenching using scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM/TEM) coupled to crystallographic orientation measurements and chemical analyses. It was demonstrated experimentally that the structure of the β phase in the metastable titanium alloy is not “pure” body centered cubic. Diffraction diagrams presents streaking of the β diffraction spots and additional spots at the 1/2, the 1/3 and 2/3 diffraction positions. Also, striations are observed in TEM images. From this experimental evidence and crystallographic calculations, it was proved that atomic displacements on the {110}β and {112}β planes formed a structure between that of the parent β phase and that of the α or ω phase, demonstrating pre-phase transformation tendency. The study of the precipitation during thermomechanical processing at higher temperature in the α+β region revealed that discontinuous equiaxed or short rod shaped α precipitates (1~2μm) mainly form on the high angle and low angle β grain boundaries but seldom in β grain interiors, forming the “necklace” microstructure. The Burgers orientation relationship (BOR) between the α and β phases is destroyed gradually by the deformation. The BOR deviation of grain boundary α is larger than that of intragranular α. The deviation from the BOR increases both with the increasing strain and decreasing strain rate. During the deformation at the lower temperature in the α+β region, the α precipitates exhibit different morphologies: such as lamellar α, equiaxed α and irregular α depending on their localization. Within the slip bands, equiaxed α/β grains which do not respect the BOR are present. However, between the bands, lamellar α and β phases maintaining the BOR are distributed alternately. In that last case a strong variant selection is observed as only the two or three variants that form are those which can accommodate the macroscopic deformation. Comparatively, in absence of compression all 12 variants are formed. The β→α phase transformation is retarded during the hot compression at higher temperature region, which is attributed to the competition between softening and phase transformation. On the contrary, it is promoted during compression at lower temperature region due to the more inducted deformation defects acting as α phase nucleation sites and due to accelerating growth of α precipitates and retarded softening. Dislocation slip is the leading deformation mechanism for the Ti-5553 alloy. Under the lower temperature deformation condition, single or multiple-slip bands with two or three different activated slip systems would form during the hot deformation process. Identification of these slip systems have been done by trace analysis. These results provide new insights into the structural nature of β metastable phase and valuable reference for β→α phase transformation during thermo-mechanical treatment in metastable β titanium alloys
Roulin, Gilles. "Etude des premiers stades de mise en ordre dans les alliages martensitiques du système cuivre-aluminium." Rouen, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997ROUES085.
Full textDe, lorenzo Marco. "Modélisation et simulation numérique des écoulements diphasiques métastables." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLX029/document.
Full textThis Ph.D. thesis deals with the metastable two-phase flows typical of accidental transients that could occur in nuclear power plants. Those phenomena are of difficult treatment due to the topological difficulty of the flow, the interphase transfers and the strong coupling between thermodynamic features and mathematical aspects.The methods today in use in industry do not fully describe the complexity of these flows because based on too simple models. In fact, they do not take into account the thermo-chemical disequilibrium between liquid and vapor water. On the other hand, the hyperbolic methods recently proposed in the literature for the simulation of metastable flows can not be used in the industry because based on simple equations of state that are not adequate for industrial calculations.The purpose of this Ph.D. thesis is to develop a new approach that couples the modern hyperbolic methods to accurate equations of state. The final product of this work is a new model for the industrial analysis of metastable two-phase flows that incorporates novel techniques for the calculation of interfacial transfers and of steam-water properties. Moreover, it is computationally affordable for its use in industrial configurations.The methods developed in this thesis have been sistematically verified against exact solutions and validated using experimental data of the literature
Settefrati, Amico. "Étude expérimentale et modélisation par champ de phase de la formation de [alpha] dans les alliages de titane [bêta]-métastable." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0092/document.
Full textThe present study is mainly about microstructures formation during phase changes in the near beta titanium alloy Ti-5553. Phase transformations were characterized on cooling from the beta phase field and on ageing after solutionizing in the beta (or alpha + beta) phase field and quenching. The influence of heat treatment parameters (cooling and heating rates, transformation temperatures) on phase transformation kinetics, precipitation sequences and transformation mechanisms was analysed using electrical resistivity measurements, in situ high energy X-Ray diffraction and microscopy (optical and electron). Cell parameters evolution of each phase and full width at half maximum variations of beta phase peaks have allowed to highlight the changes of the chemical composition and the stress state during phase transformation. Formation of metastable phases (alpha?, w) at temperatures lower than 500°C were characterized as well as their influence on final microstructures and therefore on mechanical properties. For better understanding the intragranular precipitation of the alpha phase, two models (Eshelby and phase field) were developed in order to predict morphological evolutions of the precipitates. These models take into account the anisotropic and heterogeneous behaviour for both phases. We have shown that the elastic strain energy generated by beta -> alpha phase transformation drives to a large extent the precipitate shape and orientation as well as their spatial arrangement. Calculation results are close to microstructural observations
Ghazi, Hala. "Modélisation d'écoulements compressibles avec transition de phase et prise en compte des états métastables." Thesis, Nantes, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NANT4074/document.
Full textThe main objective of this work is the modelling of liquidvapor phase change and the understanding of the apparition of metastable states which appear in the van derWaals equation of state (EOS). A metastable state corresponds to a gaseous (or liquid) state which, after a slight perturbation, changes into the liquid (or gaseous) state quickly. In the first part, we first study all the properties of the van der waals EOS in its isothermal and non-isothermal representations. Then, we study the optimization problem under constraints, which allows us to characterize the thermodynamic equilibrium and the maximum number of phases that may be present at the thermodynamic equilibrium. We construct three dynamical systems in the isothermal case, which minimize the Helmoltz free energy and whose equilibria coincide with the thermodynamical equilibrium . They are the stable and metastable liquid and vapor states and the coexistence state. Finally, this technique is extended to the non-isothermal case where we construct two dynamical systems satisfying the same properties. In the second part, we are interested in the coupling of thermodynamics with the fluid dynamics. We first study the Riemann problem for the isothermal p-system with a van der Waals EOS coupled to the Maxwell correction. Then, we stuy the travelling waves of a relaxed p-system in order to understand the discontinuities of its equilibrium system. Finally, dynamical systems constructed in the first part are coupled to isothermal and non-isothermal two-phase hyperbolic systems. Numerical results are presented throughout this manuscript to illustrate the theoretical results we obtained
Hamma, Juba. "Modélisation par la méthode des champs de phase du maclage mécanique dans des alliages de titane β-métastables." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUS381.
Full textBeta-metastable titanium alloys exhibit remarkable mechanical properties at room temperature, linked to the microstructure evolution under stress. A specific deformation mode plays an essential role: the {332}<11-3> twinning system. This thesis work thus concerns a modeling, by the phase field method, of {332} twin variants evolution under stress. The first part is devoted to an Allen-Cahn type phase field model with an elasticity taken into account in a geometrically linear formalism. This model is used with an isotropic or anisotropic interface energy in order to study the influence of the latter on the growth of twin variants. The role of an elasticity formulated in finite strain is then discussed and gives rise to the second part of this work. A mechanical equilibrium solver formulated in the geometrically non-linear formalism using a spectral method is then set up and validated. It is then used in the development of an Allen-Cahn type phase field model considering a geometrically non-linear elasticity. We then proceed to a fine comparative study of the microstructures obtained in linear and non-linear geometries. The results show a major difference between the microstructures obtained in the two elastic frameworks, concluding on the need for elasticity in finite strain formalism to reproduce the twin microstructures observed experimentally. Finally, we present a prospective study of a more general phase field formalism than the previous ones, based on a Lagrange reduction method, which would allow to fully take into account the reconstructive character of twinning and the hierarchical nature of the microstructures observed experimentally
Viana, Gomes José Carlos. "Thermométrie et propriétés de cohérence d'un gaz quantique ultra-froid d'hélium métastable." Paris 11, 2007. https://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00142413.
Full textIn 2001 metastable Helium (He*) attained Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC). The metastable state has a lifetime of 9000 sec and an internal energy of 20 eV. This energy can be used to detect individual atoms using a micro-channel plate. The extremely good time response and high gain of this detector makes it possible to carry out a density correlation measurement (HBT) with massive particles similar to the pioneering experiment of R. Hanbury Brown and R. Twiss in optics. In addition, inelastic collisions between He* atoms produce a small but detectable flux of ions proportional to the cloud's density. This allows one to follow the evolution of the cloud's density toward BEC, passing through the phase transition, in real time and in a non invasive way. In this dissertation we report on three different experiments: i) the determination of the two- and three-body ionizing rate constants of He*; ii) the determination of a, the He* scattering length; iii) the measure of the intensity correlation function of a falling He* cloud. It has been shown lately that our measure of a was affected by a large systematic error and we propose a possible explanation. We describe methods to determine the temperature and fugacity of a thermal cloud. Finally a major portion of the thesis is devoted to the derivation of an analytical expression for the intensity correlation function of the atomic flux. This theoretical analysis has derived typical values for the transverse and longitudinal atomic coherence length that confirmed the possibility of performing a HBT experiment with our apparatus
Maury, Nicolas. "Influence de la microstructure initiale sur les évolutions microstructurales au cours du revenu et du vieillissement dans l'alliage de titane ß-métastable Ti-17." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0125.
Full textThis PhD work is about the study of the formation of bimodal microstructures by solid-solid phase transformations and their evolutions during subsequent heat treatments, especially the one that simulates a long-term ageing in use, in the β-metastable titanium alloy Ti-17. Various initial dual-phase αprimary + βmetastable microstructures were formed from the β phase field, with significant differences in the phase microstructural parameters (fraction, size, density, spatial distribution) and chemical compositions. The influence of these initial microstructures and the heat treatment parameters (heating rate, duration and temperature of isothermal holding) on the kinetics and sequences of phase transformations during short-term ageing was then studied by means of in-situ characterisation techniques (electrical resistivity, synchrotron X-ray diffraction). Multi-scale microstructural characterisations (XRD, SEM, TEM-EDX) were coupled with quantification tools developed to precise the evolutions of the microstructural parameters and the chemical compositions during isothermal holding, in order to establish links with the mechanical properties and hardness. The complementarity of these means used eventually enabled to determine the transformation temperature domains of metastable phases (ωisothermal and α''isothermal), of which the kinetics and quantity vary with the heating rate and the initial microstructure. These differences have consequences on the resulting microstructure, in particular concerning the size and the density of the αsecondary grains. The phase chemical compositions were determined and compared to those calculated at thermodynamic equilibrium. Finally, the subsequent microstructural (increase in the α phase fraction, precipitation of the ordered α2 phase) and chemical (compositions that tend towards the ones at equilibrium) evolutions during a long-term thermal ageing were investigated and correlated to the evolutions of the mechanical properties
Viana, Gomes José Carlos. "THERMOMÉTRIE ET PROPRIÉTÉS DE COHÉRENCED'UN GAZ QUANTIQUE ULTRA-FROID D'HÉLIUM MÉTASTABLE." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00142413.
Full textDans cette thèse nous rendons compte de trois expériences différentes : i) la détermination des constantes d'ionisation à deux et trois corps pour l'He*, ii) la détermination de la longueur de diffusion, a, de l'He* et iii) la mesure de la fonction de corrélation d'intensité d'un nuage d'He* en chute libre. Il a été montré postérieurement à notre mesure de a que celle-ci était entachée d'une erreur systématique dont nous proposons une explication. Nous décrivons des techniques de mesure de la température et de la fugacité d'un nuage thermique. Finalement un part importante de la thèse est dévolue à la dérivation d'une expression analytique de la fonction de corrélation d'intensité du flux atomique. Cette analyse a permis d'obtenir des valeurs typiques pour les longueurs de corrélation, transverse et longitudinale, et de confirmer la possibilité de réaliser une expérience de type HBT sur notre montage expérimental.
Chang, Hui. "Transformations de phase et évolutions des microstructures dans l'alliage de titane beta Ti-B19." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010INPL053N/document.
Full textThe phase transformations and microstructure evolutions has been characterized for different thermal treatments, and the relationships between final microstrures and properties have been investigated in the new metastable Ti-B19 alloy. The isothermal phase transformation kinetics and the influence of different heat treatment phaths have been establisheb by using in-situ electrical Resistivity. The structures have been determined by synchrotron X-Ray Diffraction and the microstructures were observed by SEM and TEM. The results show that phase transformation kinetics and microstructure characteristics are strongly dependent on the aging temperature (ranging from 300 to 700°C). The global isothermal phase transformation phase transformation kinetics has been got and anallyzed with JMAK equation, and the TTT diagram of Ti-B19 alloy has been established. We have also shown that the heating rate has remarkable influence on the isothermal phase transformation behaviors and the pre-deformation accelerates the transformation kinetics. The microstructure evolutions during cooling are obviously dependent on the cooling rates. A first attempt has been made to calculate the transformation kinetics during cooling using JMAK law and Scheil principle. Finally, the relationship between mechanical properties and microstructure has been discussed
Viaris, de Lesegno Bruno. "Réalisation d'un interféromètre atomique Stern-Gerlach à partir d'un jet supersonique d'argon métastable polarisé et analysé par lasers." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Nord - Paris XIII, 2000. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00004661.
Full textChafino, Aixa Juan Antonio. "Mechanical properties opimization of Ti-6Al-4V ELI alloy by controlling its microstructure for biomedical applications." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEI006.
Full textThis PhD aims at optimizing the microstructure of the usual TA6V alloy by using metastable phases. These new microstructures, obtained by thermal treatments, permit to improve the mechanical strength (static but also the fatigue ones) without modifying the biocompatibility
Dufour, Fabrice. "Influence d'un composé racémique instable ou métastable sur le dédoublement simultané de bases chirales et d'acides chiraux par cristallisation préférentielle : proposition et contribution d'un modèle de cinétique de cristallisation de sels chiraux." Rouen, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002ROUES056.
Full textThe simultaneous resolution of chiral acids and bases via preferential crystallisation (PC) of the more stable pair of diastereomeric salts is achieved in two reciprocal quaternary systems: (±)-mandelic acid / (±)-ephedrine / ethanol and (±)-hydratropic acid / (±)-a-methylbenzylamine / ethanol. The lower performances of the entrainment effect observed in the latter system are related to the existence of an unstable racemic compound. In order to rationalise this phenomenon, A kinetic model of the of crystallisation of chiral salts is proposed. The influence of the stirring mode and stirring rate on the local supersaturation of the counter enantiomer at the crystal-mother liquor interface, and on PC performances is also discussed. The auto-seeded polythermic process of preferential crystallisation (AS3PC) seems to be particularly adapted to the double resolution when an unstable or metastable racemic compound exists
Brunet, Denis. "Ordre et désordre nanostructural et transition de phase dans Nax-TiO2 (la valeur de x est comprise entre 0,20 et 0,25)." Nantes, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994NANT2081.
Full textHolliger, Laurent. "Modélisation à l'échelle atomique des transformations de phase dans le système H-Zr." Thesis, Lille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL10043/document.
Full textIn nuclear industry, the hydride precipitation leads to a severe embrittlement of cladding devices made of zirconium alloys. By means of ab initio-based cluster expansions, a powerful interpolation tool for the configuration energy of crystals, the present atomic-scale study of the H-Zr system allowed to characterize the metastable phases influencing the first stages of precipitation. We investigated in detail the elaboration of a cluster expansion model designed for the yet poorly studied hexagonal symmetry of H-Zr, with particular emphasis on the key-notions of invariance and reciprocal-space expansion. In spite of its efficiency for elastic effects, the latter still remain scarcely used, and in the case of H-Zr, an original approach has been proposed, allowing for interactions of arbitrary range. This study also provided the opportunity to extend the reciprocal-space formalism to alloys with multisite unit cells, whereas all previous works were merely concerned with cubic symmetry and monatomic cells. As a main result, our cluster expansion simulations have evidenced new coherent hydrides gamma' and chi. The gamma' compound being of same composition as the incoherent gamma hydride, it should probably play a role in the precipitation of the latter, and its structural similarity with the zeta hydride suggests a relation between these two metastable phases.The chi compound, with composition close to delta, may also be an intermediate step in the precipitation sequence. Finally, this work points out the limited thermal stability of the experimentally observed zeta hydride, which may be a hint of the influence of external stresses
Kotanian, Christelle. "Mécanismes d'ionisation en phase gazeuse et par désorption : cas de la source MAB et de la désorption laser assistée par nanotubes de carbone : application à l'analyse de toxines et d'acides gras." Paris 6, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA066451.
Full textMarchivie, Mathieu. "Approche structurale du phénomène de transition de spin par diffraction des rayons X sous contraintes (T, P, hv)." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00008265.
Full textDenis, Duflot. "Étude ab initio de molécules en phase gazeuse : double ionisation, spectroscopies en couches de valence et de cœur." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université des Sciences et Technologie de Lille - Lille I, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00881130.
Full textAmri, Noureddine. "Etude métallurgique des systèmes Fe-Nd, Fe-Dy et Fe-Nd-Dy : existence et stabilité de phases." Rouen, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993ROUES041.
Full textDanard, Yolaine. "Développement d'alliages de titane transformables par déformation : étude des relations microstructure/propriétés mécaniques." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PSLEC035.
Full textThe work concerns the development of new titanium alloys possessing unique properties of plastic deformation (distortion) (a ductility near 3 times superior to the classic alloys) and work hardening. An initial work (CIFRE PhD of Cédrik Brozek, 2013-2016) allowed to transpose approaches used initially on model alloys (Ti-Mo in particular), in materials potentially industrialisables with the aim of applications in the field of the aeronautics. It is on these new industrialisables nuances, based on the system Ti-Cr-Sn that we wish today to base the collaboration with our industrial partner. These alloys possess the capacity to be transformed under constraint, by maclage mechanics and transformation of induced phase, they possess a new combination of properties (a very important ductility accompanied with a work hardening not yet reached in the alloys of titanium) but they are also characterized by a very high microstructural complexity on which we don't possess that much informations for the moment. The project concerns the study of the relations microstructures / mechanical properties in this new family of titanium alloys (alloys "TRIP/TWIP")
Yazi, Abdelilah. "Contribution à l'étude des propriétés de transport électronique des alliages liquides de gallium à diagramme de phase métastable et à lacune de miscibilité : au-ga, ga-in, ga-sn, cd-ga et ga-hg." Metz, 1997. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/1997/Yazi.Abdelilah.SMZ9729.pdf.
Full textThe aim of this thesis was to study the electronic transport properties of metallic alloys of gallium which exhibits a metastable phase (Ga-In and Ga-Sn) and a miscibility gap (Cd-Ga and Ga-Hg). We have measured the electrical resistivity of Ga-In and Ga-Sn liquid alloys. We have also display the anomaly of the temperature coefficient of resistivity of Ga50Hg50 critical alloy which can be attribuated at the manifestation of concentration fluctuations Scc(0). These measurements permit us to bring important original results. The experimental values have been interpreted and discussed in a t matrix formulation of Ziman's nearly-free-electron theory. The t-matrix is expressed in term of phase shifts computed by using a suitable muffin-tin potential calculated with Slater and Kohn-Sham appraoches in the determination of the exchange energy
Bigot, Annabelle. "Etude par sonde atomique tomographique de la précipitation durcissante d'alliages d'aluminium des séries 2XXX, 6XXX et 7XXX." Rouen, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ROUES026.
Full textRavella, Uday Krishna. "Thermal stability of potential fuel cell core materials La2Mo2-yWyO9 (0 ≤ y ≤ 2.0) under air and reductive atmospheres, and in contact with a Sr containing cathode material." Phd thesis, Université du Maine, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00743197.
Full textSanchette, Fredéric. "Synthèse et caractérisation de dépôts Al-Cr-(N) et Al-Ti-(N) obtenus par pulvérisation cathodique magnétron en condition réactive." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996INPL057N.
Full textBendejacq, Denis. "Structures de copolymères diblocs amphiphiles." Paris 6, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA066392.
Full textVásquez, Mencos Abraham Alejandro. "The Nitrogen Chemistry in Solid Phase at Cryogenic Temperatures : Molecular Evolutions in Interstellar Clouds and Planetary Atmospheres." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS256.
Full textNitrogen is the fifth most abundant element in the Universe, and the most significant reservoirs of this element are molecular clouds, dark clouds, and proto-planetary discs. Due to the conditions of the interstellar medium, most of the nitrogen exists in atomic form. Even the enormous abundance of this element there are not many studies aimed at understanding the role that nitrogen plays in the chemistry of dark molecular clouds and other cold regions of the Universe where the UV light and other energetic particles are not able to penetrate. In the present Ph-D thesis, we have explored the reactivity of atomic nitrogen in ground state N(4S) thermally induced with small organic compounds in the solid phase at cryogenic temperatures from 3 to 40K using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. We have shown that gradual heating in a first step, between 3 and 10K, stimulates N(4S) - N(4S) recombination and the consequent formation of the excited forms of nitrogen N2(A) and N(2D). These species play an essential role in the dissociation of H-C bearing species to form radicals. Then, in a second step, the continuous heating from 10 to 40K, induces the recombination of the radicals formed in the first step to produce more stable and complex compounds. During this process, there are observed reactions of addition, H-elimination, C-N, C-C formation, molecular fragmentation and isomerization. From these experiments, we have demonstrated that role of atomic nitrogen in dark molecular clouds is equivalent to that of UV light in diffuse clouds
Stauder, Bruno. "Synthèse et caractérisation de films Al-O, Al-N et Zr-O prépares par pulvérisation cathodique magnétron en condition réactive." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994INPL080N.
Full textBraganti, Jean-Philippe. "Synthèse d'alliages amorphes AI-Ni-Zr par broyage mécanique : étude de la cinétique de cristallisation par calorimétrie : analyse du chemin réactionnel par diffraction des rayons X." Nancy 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000NAN10124.
Full textAnnušová, Adriana. "Étude de la cinétique des décharges et post-décharges excitées à hautes et très hautes fréquences dans les mélanges azotés." Thesis, Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL10089/document.
Full textThis work focuses on the study of the kinetics of discharges and post-discharges in flowing nitrogen and nitrogen mixtures at moderate pressures. The kinetic modeling was performed on the basis of experimental results in order to understand the production and destruction processes of the species presents in the plasma. The thesis is divided into two parts according to the type of the discharge and gas mixtures studied. In the frame of the part A, a N2-Ar discharge generated by an original helical cavity excited at 27 MHz is examined by optical emission spectroscopy. Based on experimental results, a global kinetic model coupled with a model of the vibrational distribution function of the N2(C3Pu, v’=0-4) state have been developed. These models enable the analysis of our results and demonstrate the importance of the mechanisms involving metastable nitrogen and argon species, i.e. N2(A3Su+) et Ar(3P0,2). In Part B, discharges in mixtures of N2-O2 generated by a 433 MHz coaxial cavity were studied along with the afterglows by optical emission spectroscopy and mass spectrometry methods. A 0D kinetic model, based on experimental results, is associated with a flow simulation in order to qualitatively reproduce the evolution of concentrations and predict the nature of the environment created by the discharge as well as its characteristics for the applications of thin layer deposits of organosilicon materials for microtechnology
Chini, Maria Rita. "Analyse des hétérogénéités de microstructure et de microtexture héritées par transformation de phase β→α dans des pièces massives en alliage Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al : influence sur la dispersion des propriétés mécaniques." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0149.
Full textThe β-metastable titanium alloys such as Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al are gradually replacing α/β alloys in aeronautical applications thanks to their improved specific strength. However, their microstructures are complex and multi-scale, consisting of a β matrix (of millimetric grains) partially transformed into primary αp nodules (micrometric) and secondary αs lamellae (sub-micrometric). The final mechanical properties are very sensitive to local variations of the microstructure, which are not always fully controlled during forging of massive parts. Moreover, the β matrix, which represent 40% of the volume and whose elastic and plastic behavior is strongly anisotropic (like the α phase) complicates the understanding of the mechanisms of deformation. The first objective of this thesis was to efficiently characterize the microstructure/texture of the different constituents (β/αp/αs) and their heterogeneities within half-finished products and forged parts by using techniques of multi-scale characterization (neutron diffraction, electronic imaging coupled with image analysis and EBSD, reconstruction of high temperature microtextures β/αp). As a result the fragmentation of the β grains into subgrains, the αp macrozones, the destruction of the orientation relation between β/αp and the organization of the αs lamellae in colonies or basket weave was quantified and the differences in size of domains revealed by crystallography and by standard imaging were pointed out. The second objective is to apply this methodology to the analysis of fracture surfaces of samples exhibiting singular behavior (in tension or in fatigue) in order to characterize the microstructural configurations leading to early cracking. This analysis was mainly performed by manual polishing coupled with EBSD acquisitions but also by using 3D imaging by SEM-FIB (Focus Ion Beam) and TKD (Transmission Kikuchi Diffraction) technique on a thin foil FIB-extracted from the crack initiation site. Finally, this experimental study was completed by a micromechanical simulation on a 100% β model microstructure. The objective was to evaluate the influence of the elastic anisotropy of the β phase on the genesis of incompatibility stresses in the elastic and elasto-plastic regimes. The overall results contribute to a better understanding of the variations of mechanical properties related to the local microstructure
Sapezanskaia, Ina. "Deformation mechanisms of metastable stainless steels accessed locally by monotonic and cyclic nanoindentation." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/398401.
Full textLos aceros inoxidables austeníticos metaestables pueden experimentar una amplia gama de mecanismos de deformación diferentes, los cuales contribuyen a sus extraordinarias propiedades mecánicas. Sin embargo, estas propiedades dependen de la microestructura y son altamente anisotrópicas. Además, la deformación es diferente en la superficie y en el interior de una muestra. Por lo tanto, un estudio detallado no resulta trivial. El objetivo de este trabajo es el estudio de los principales mecanismos de deformación, así como de su desarrollo gradual. Para ello se han realizado ensayos de nanoindentación, tanto monotónica como cíclica, los cuales han permitido la deformación controlada de granos austeníticos preseleccionados. Las curvas de carga y descarga de los ensayos de nanoindentación han proporcionado amplia información sobre el comportamiento mecánico del acero, la cual se ha podido correlacionar con la reconstrucción detallada de las subestructuras de deformación, tanto a nivel superficial como en el interior, la cual se ha llevado a cabo mediante técnicas de caracterización a escala microscópica. Entre otros, se encontraron y estudiaron fenómenos como las transformaciones de fase reversibles bajo carga, la influencia tanto de la anisotropía cristalina como del tamaño de grano, mecanismos dependientes del tiempo, junto con la transmisión de plasticidad y la respuesta a fatiga.
Les aciers inoxydables austénitiques métastables sont le siège de différents mécanismes de déformation qui sont à l'origine des propriétés mécaniques qui distinguent ce type d’alliages. Cependant, ces dernières, dépendant de la microstructure locale, sont fortement anisotropes. Par ailleurs, la déformation d'un échantillon massif serait différente de celle obtenue en surface. De ce fait, une étude détaillée trouve tout son intérêt. Le présent travail vise donc à identifier les principaux mécanismes de déformation et de leur évolution progressive, en se basant sur une déformation contrôlée de grains austénitiques individuels par des tests mécaniques de nanoindentation monotoniques et cycliques. Les courbes correspondantes au chargement-déchargement révèlent des informations détaillées sur les propriétés mécaniques sous-jacentes qui pourraient être liées à une étude complète de la structure de déformation en surface et en volume par différentes techniques de caractérisation à une échelle très fine. La déformation en fonction du temps, les phénomènes de transformation de phase réversible sous charge, l'anisotropie cristalline, l'influences de la taille des grains, la transmission de la plasticité et la tenue en fatigue ont été mis en évidence et étudiés.