Journal articles: 'Phasor Data'

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Krishnan, Kiruthika, and Srivani Iyengar. "Ensemble learning based fault detection using PMU data in imbalanced data condition." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 16, no. 2 (2025): 851. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i2.pp851-863.

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Significant advancements in the electrical grid include enhanced regulation, communication, metering, and customer interaction, driven by information communication technologies (ICTs) and cyber-physical systems (CPS). The adaptation of synchro phasor devices like phasor measurement units (PMUs) enables real-time monitoring and control, aiding in power system security assessment. PMUs record voltage and current phasors with GPS time stamps, transmitting data to phasor data concentrators (PDCs) for decision-making. However, ensuring the stability and security of this method against cybersecurity threats is crucial due to its reliance on Internet Protocol (IP) networks. Dynamic security assessment utilizes PMU data, reported up to 30–60 times per second, to evaluate power system safety. To address security issues, a Python-based fault detection system employing a stack ensemble learning algorithm is developed. This approach consistently outperforms traditional methods, producing satisfactory results with superior AUC-ROC curves, validated through correctness checks and graphical analysis. The dataset includes both natural and man-made security threats, facilitating comprehensive assessment and mitigation strategies. The ensemble learning algorithm performed better than the individual algorithms by obtaining 95% in the AUC-ROC curve.

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Ravi Ponnala. "Modified PMU for Power System Monitoring in Dynamic State and Effective Data Handling." Journal of Information Systems Engineering and Management 10, no. 25s (2025): 242–48. https://doi.org/10.52783/jisem.v10i25s.3974.

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The world's modernization resulted to a sharp rise in the demand for power. Decentralized power generation and the inclusion of renewable energy sources are making power system operation more complex. As a result, power system monitoring and measurement also became more complicated. One of the main disadvantages of power system monitoring is the slower rate of the measurement and monitoring data obtained from the current power system monitoring techniques, such as Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) and Energy Management Systems (EMS), as they only provide a limited amount of information on the parameters of the power system. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the current power system monitoring techniques for gathering data from the power system. Phasor measurements using Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs) provide faster data gathering from the power system and more information about the parameters of the power system. In order to determine the phasor values of voltage, current, remaining power system operational parameters frequency, Change of Frequency (COF) and Rate of Change of Frequency (ROCOF), this IED gathers the voltage and current signal data from the power system more quickly and sends it to a software program. By using this software program, very quickly phsors, power system operational parameters are calculated.The calculated phasors gave the live representation of the power system feasible by appending a time tag to each phasor value. This is a crucial requirement for power system monitoring across a large area, leads to massive storage system of phasors and power system paprameters. To store only required and effective data and to avoid routine data storage, new storage method is proposed. This paper presents a phasor calculation technique, synchronized phasor measurements, effective data storage, and identifying of faults in the dynamic state.

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Zhao, Dongfang, Fuping Wang, Shisong Li, et al. "An Optimization of Least-Square Harmonic Phasor Estimators in Presence of Multi-Interference and Harmonic Frequency Variance." Energies 16, no. 8 (2023): 3397. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16083397.

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The wide application of power electronic devices brings an increasing amount of undesired harmonic and interharmonic tones, and accurate harmonic phasor estimation under a complex signal input is an important task for smart grid applications. In this paper, an optimization of least-square dynamic harmonic phasor estimators, considering multi-interference and harmonic frequency variance, is proposed. A comprehensive error index (CEI) composed of the fundamental-leakage-led harmonic amplitude estimation error, harmonic mutual interference, out-of-band interference, and harmonic frequency deviation is employed. The largest CEI part of least-square algorithms using three different signal decomposition models is analyzed for the first time, and variables to reduce this error component are then introduced using singular value decomposition. With the CEI and defined variables, a minimum-error estimation of harmonic phasors under various interference and harmonic frequency change is discussed. Numerical tests are performed, and the test results show that after the proposed optimization is applied to least-square algorithms, the harmonic phasor estimation errors are considerably reduced, especially for low-order harmonics. We also show the possibility of choosing desired optimal phasor filter design by balancing the measurement accuracy and data latency. For example, when the window length is set to three nominal cycles, the proposed optimization can yield both good accuracy and fast measurement speed for estimating harmonic phasors under multi-interference and harmonic frequency variance.

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R.Alekya, Ponnala Ravi, Soumya Aleti, and Shiny Sucharitha B. "Synchronized Phasor Measurements with GPS Time Stamping using 64 Point DFT in PMU." International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT) 9, no. 4 (2020): 2435–40. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.D8065.049420.

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This paper describes about the time synchronization of different locations voltage or current signals for accurate comparison of signals on single phasor graph, all the measured phasors are synchronized with Global Positioning System (GPS) time stamping. Day to day power demand increases very rapidly, to meet the growing demand of electrical energy new energy resources are required and manage them efficiently. For efficient allocation of sources there should be a good monitoring and fast control system. For better monitoring and control of the system accurately it requires “Wide Area Monitoring” of power system. In the wide area monitoring system collection of data from the power system should be at a faster level. The collection of data from the power system at faster level is possible by using “Phasor Measurement Units(PMUs)”. PMU collects the data at faster rate rates like 50-60 samples for cycle, this information is send to local Phasor Data Concentrator (PDC). Local phasor data concentrator collects the data from different PMUs which are located in different areas. This PDC helps to take the necessary action on power system. For synchronization, pulse per second(PPS) is taken from GPS module. From this 1PPS, 3200 pulses is generated for high accuracy of 64 point DFT of 50Hz signal using microcontroller. System frequency is calculated by using time period between the two consecutive raising edges or falling edges of square wave. This is in synchronous with the input sinusoidal signal.

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Ponnala, Ravi, Muktevi Chakravarthy, and Suraparaju Venkata Naga Lakshmi Lalitha. "Effective monitoring of power system with phasor measurement unit and effective data storage system." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 11, no. 5 (2022): 2471–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v11i5.4085.

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In the recent years the monitoring and operation of the power system became complex, due to the more demand from the different linear and non-linear loads and generation from the different sources. For the effective monitoring and operation of the power system, existing power system monitoring methods need to improve or new technologies are required. For the effective monitoring and operation of the power system phasor measurement unit (PMU) based monitoring is suitable, because it provide the dynamic state monitoring system. In this paper PMU based monitoring is proposed with effective data storage system and protection. With this method phasor values of voltage and current signals are calculated at the location of PMU and with the help of software based program effective data storage also possible. With this proposed model the phasor values in the power system at different locations monitoring also possible and required phasor data only stored and total data is only monitored. The phasor values of signals are calculated with direct phasor measurement technique in LabVIEW and by adding time stamping to the each phasor value accurate measurement of power flow is possible.

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Parthasarathy, Hari Krishna Achuthan, Madhusudan Saranathan, Adhitya Ravi, M. C. Lavanya, and V. Rajini. "Comparative Analysis of Phasor Estimation Techniques for PMU Applications." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2325, no. 1 (2022): 012010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2325/1/012010.

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Abstract Phasor Measurement Units (PMU) are valuable sources of data which increase the visibility into several fields of application such as power production, transmission and distribution. With the initial goal of obtaining phasor values at fixed points in the network and syncing it to a standard time frame, the technology has morphed into an all-encompassing unit, which has its uses in the field of protection, control and automation. With the application of these units becoming a standard benchmark, the improvement in the current available units is a huge requirement. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of various techniques that is used for the estimation of phasors.

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Ponnala, Ravi, Muktevi Chakravarthy, and Suraparaju Venkata Naga Lakshmi Lalitha. "Novel PMU Model for Dynamic State Disturbance Analysis with Effective Data Handling System." International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research 10, no. 4 (2022): 1306–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.37391/ijeer.100485.

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In this paper a hybrid DFT phasor calculation method is presented. This method is used to calculate the fundamental component phasor value of the harmonic signal without any physical filter. With this method the computational time for each phasor value calculation is reduced and the calculated phasor value has the constant magnitude and rotating phase angle. This calculated phasor values are used for the disturbance or fault identification in the power system based on Total Vector Error (TVE). The %TVE-based fault identification is more effective, because the TVE value is calculated with reference phasor value. If any fault/disturbance occurs or frequency changes then %TVE value changes. This change in TVE value is reflected in the calculation of the next sample (1/f.*N sec), giving the advantage to this method as compared to the other magnitude-based fault identification systems. Normally with the phasor calculation large data is produced, which requires large memory for the storage of this data and makes the analysis difficult. To avoid large data storage system conditional-based data storage system is proposed, where the data is stored during only the disturbance conditions or at every one second. With this technique, the data to be stored is reduced and the analysis of this data also becomes simpler for the post disturbance and for future load prediction. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated in terms of accuracy of calculation and its implementation ability. The simulation results are as per the IEEE C37.118.1a2014 for the power system monitoring and fault identification.

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Xiao, Xianyong, Runze Zhou, Xiaoyang Ma, and Rui Xu. "Harmonic Phasor Estimation Method Considering Dense Interharmonic Interference." Entropy 25, no. 2 (2023): 236. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e25020236.

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Due to the limitation of frequency resolution and the spectrum leakage caused by signal windowing, the spectrums of harmonic and interharmonic components with close frequencies overlap each other. When the dense interharmonic (DI) components are close to the harmonic spectrum peaks, the harmonic phasor estimation accuracy is seriously reduced. To address this problem, a harmonic phasor estimation method considering DI interference is proposed in this paper. Firstly, based on the spectral characteristics of the dense frequency signal, the phase and amplitude characteristics are used to determine whether DI interference exists in the signal. Secondly, an autoregressive model is established by using the autocorrelation of the signal. Data extrapolation is performed on the basis of the sampling sequence to improve the frequency resolution and eliminate the interharmonic interference. Finally, the estimated values of harmonic phasor, frequency and rate of change of frequency are obtained. The simulation and some experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method can accurately estimate the parameters of harmonic phasors when DIs exist in the signal, and has a certain anti-noise capability and dynamic performance.

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Tao, Weiqing, Mengyu Ma, Chen Fang, et al. "Design and Application of a Distribution Network Phasor Data Concentrator." Applied Sciences 10, no. 8 (2020): 2942. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10082942.

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The wide area measurement system (WAMS) based on synchronous phasor measurement technology has been widely used in power transmission grids to achieve dynamic monitoring and control of the power grid. At present, to better realize real-time situational awareness and control of the distribution network, synchronous phasor measurement technology has been gradually applied to the distribution network, such as the application of micro multifunctional phasor measurement units (μMPMUs). The distribution network phasor data concentrator (DPDC), as a connection node between the μMPMUs and the main station, is also gaining more attraction. This paper first analyzes the communication network structure of DPDCs and μMPMUs and compares and analyzes the differences in the installation locations, functions, communication access methods and communication protocols of the phasor technology devices of the distribution network and the transmission network. It is pointed out that DPDCs not only need the functions of data collection, storage, and forwarding like transmission network PDCs, but also should be able to access more μMPMUs, and can aggregate the phasor data of the same time scale from μMPMUs by different communication methods. The communication protocol selected by DPDC should be expanded to support remote control, telemetry, fault diagnosis and other functions of distribution automation. The application requirements of DPDCs are clarified, and the key indicators of DPDCs are given as a method to evaluate the basic performance of DPDCs. Then, to address the problems of more μMPMU access, abnormal communication, and data collection with different delays that DPDC encountered, a DPDC that considers multiple communication methods is designed. Based on the Linux system and the libuv library, the DPDC is designed with event-driven mechanism and structured programming, runs multiple threads to implement multitasking, and invokes callbacks to perform asynchronous non-blocking operations. The DPDC test system and test methods are designed. The performance of the designed DPDC is evaluated through the test and the test results are analyzed. Lastly, its real-world application is disclosed, which further confirmed the value of our DPDC.

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Nuthalapati, Sarma, Jian Chen, Prakash Shrestha, et al. "Use of Synchronized Phasor Measurements for Model Validation in ERCOT." International Journal of Emerging Electric Power Systems 14, no. 1 (2013): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijeeps-2013-0029.

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Abstract This paper discusses experiences in the use of synchronized phasor measurement technology in Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) interconnection, USA. Implementation of synchronized phasor measurement technology in the region is a collaborative effort involving ERCOT, ONCOR, AEP, SHARYLAND, EPG, CCET, and UT-Arlington. As several phasor measurement units (PMU) have been installed in ERCOT grid in recent years, phasor data with the resolution of 30 samples per second is being used to monitor power system status and record system events. Post-event analyses using recorded phasor data have successfully verified ERCOT dynamic stability simulation studies. Real time monitoring software “RTDMS”® enables ERCOT to analyze small signal stability conditions by monitoring the phase angles and oscillations. The recorded phasor data enables ERCOT to validate the existing dynamic models of conventional and/or wind generator.

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Tepikin, Y. E., V. R. Rafikov, and F. N. Gaydamakin. "Development of Methods for Calculation the Load Angle of a Synchronous Generator Based on PMU Data." E3S Web of Conferences 384 (2023): 01010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202338401010.

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The development of the Wide Area Measurement Systems (WAMS) in the Unified Electric Power System (UES) of Russia and using phasor measurement technology (or PMU technology) open up new prospects in the electric power system (EPS) operational dispatch and automatic control. PMU devices installation on synchronous generators (SG) allows to obtain information not only about currents and stator voltages phasors, but also information about the excitation current and excitation voltage. This set of high-precision measurements of the network state parameters, in the presence of generators mathematical models, provides the possibility of calculating such parameters, the direct measurements of which are very difficult. One of these parameters, which can be determined using PMU, is the load angle of the SG (the angle between the generalized voltage phasor and the generator EMF phasor in the dq axis system) in the steady states and transients. The value of the load angle can be used to analyze the static and dynamic stability, as well as to quantify the damping properties of the SG at low-frequency oscillations (LFO) of the power systems electrical parameters. This study analyzes the possibilities for calculating the load angle based on a typical set of generator PMU signals: stator current and voltage vectors, excitation current and voltage. Two methods for calculating the load angle in steady states and transients have been developed and implemented. The first method is based on solving a system of nonlinear algebraic equations, and the basis of the second method is the mathematical model of the SG. The presented methods were tested using the SimInTech software package. Further, using the developed methods, the load angles of two turbogenerators installed at the plants of the Russian UES were calculated according to the PMU data of the parameters of the electromechanical transient process.

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Torrado, Belén, Leonel Malacrida, and Suman Ranjit. "Linear Combination Properties of the Phasor Space in Fluorescence Imaging." Sensors 22, no. 3 (2022): 999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22030999.

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The phasor approach to fluorescence lifetime imaging, and more recently hyperspectral fluorescence imaging, has increased the use of these techniques, and improved the ease and intuitiveness of the data analysis. The fit-free nature of the phasor plots increases the speed of the analysis and reduces the dimensionality, optimization of data handling and storage. The reciprocity principle between the real and imaginary space—where the phasor and the pixel that the phasor originated from are linked and can be converted from one another—has helped the expansion of this method. The phasor coordinates calculated from a pixel, where multiple fluorescent species are present, depends on the phasor positions of those components. The relative positions are governed by the linear combination properties of the phasor space. According to this principle, the phasor position of a pixel with multiple components lies inside the polygon whose vertices are occupied by the phasor positions of these individual components and the distance between the image phasor to any of the vertices is inversely proportional to the fractional intensity contribution of that component to the total fluorescence from that image pixel. The higher the fractional intensity contribution of a vertex, the closer is the resultant phasor. The linear additivity in the phasor space can be exploited to obtain the fractional intensity contribution from multiple species and quantify their contribution. This review details the various mathematical models that can be used to obtain two/three/four components from phasor space with known phasor signatures and then how to obtain both the fractional intensities and phasor positions without any prior knowledge of either, assuming they are mono-exponential in nature. We note that other than for blind components, there are no restrictions on the type of the decay or their phasor positions for linear combinations to be valid—and they are applicable to complicated fluorescence lifetime decays from components with intensity decays described by multi-exponentials.

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Yin, Xiaodong, Changxi Yue, Siyuan Liang, Li Yao, Wei Liu, and Jicheng Yu. "Sampling Time Error Correction Method in Synchronized Phasor Measurement Using Akima Piecewise Cubic Hermite Interpolation." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 3012, no. 1 (2025): 012014. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3012/1/012014.

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Abstract This paper introduces a novel method for synchronized phasor measurement, employing soft synchronized sampling with temporal pulse signals like Pulse Per Second (PPS) from GPS as the time reference. The method begins by detecting and characterizing sampling time errors in the local oscillator relative to the GPS pulse signals. These errors are then corrected using Akima piecewise cubic Hermite interpolation, effectively aligning the sampling instances to an ideal timing grid. The corrected data are processed using a Recursive DFT algorithm to extract synchronized phasors with high precision. Compliance with the C37.118.1 standard is demonstrated by evaluating critical metrics such as frequency, phase angle, and Total Vector Error (TVE). The results highlight the accuracy and efficiency of this software-centric approach, offering a cost-effective and scalable solution compared to conventional hardware-intensive methods for power grid phasor measurement.

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Skok, Srdjan, Renata Matica, and Ivan Šturlić. "Enhanced open architecture of phasor data concentrator." European Transactions on Electrical Power 21, no. 4 (2010): 1531–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etep.527.

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Zhou, Zhiguo, Ruliang Lin, Lifeng Wang, Yi Wang, and Hansen Li. "Research on Discrete Fourier Transform-Based Phasor Measurement Algorithm for Distribution Network under High Frequency Sampling." Energies 11, no. 9 (2018): 2203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11092203.

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This paper proposes a phasor measurement algorithm that is suitable for a distribution network. Under the condition of fixed interval and high frequency sampling, the algorithm uses a dynamic calibration factor to correct the traditional Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) algorithm, which solves the shortcomings of the rapid decline in traditional algorithm measurement accuracy under the condition of power system frequency deviation or dynamic measurement. Under the high sampling rate of the international distribution network waveform data, the conventional phasor is used to represent the theoretical phasor, and the value of the conventional phasor is compensated to make the result closer to the theoretical value. Finally, the phasor measurement software simulation platform is built in Matlab/Simulink, based on the principle of the algorithm, providing a simulation environment for researchers to verify the phasor measurement algorithm of the distribution network and the fault location, state estimation, or other advanced applications.

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Malacrida, Leonel, Suman Ranjit, David M. Jameson, and Enrico Gratton. "The Phasor Plot: A Universal Circle to Advance Fluorescence Lifetime Analysis and Interpretation." Annual Review of Biophysics 50, no. 1 (2021): 575–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-biophys-062920-063631.

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The phasor approach to fluorescence lifetime imaging has become a common method to analyze complicated fluorescence signals from biological samples. The appeal of the phasor representation of complex fluorescence decays in biological systems is that a visual representation of the decay of entire cells or tissues can be used to easily interpret fundamental biological states related to metabolism and oxidative stress. Phenotyping based on autofluorescence provides new avenues for disease characterization and diagnostics. The phasor approach is a transformation of complex fluorescence decays that does not use fits to model decays and therefore has the same information content as the original data. The phasor plot is unique for a given system, is highly reproducible, and provides a robust method to evaluate the existence of molecular interactions such as Förster resonance energy transfer or the response of ion indicators. Recent advances permitquantification of multiple components from phasor plots in fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy, which is not presently possible using data fitting methods, especially in biological systems.

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RECIOUI, Abdelmadjid, Mohamed TAZIBT, and Hakim BENHENNI. "Fault Detection in Wide Area Monitoring Systems via PMU Optimal Placement." Algerian Journal of Signals and Systems 2, no. 3 (2017): 149–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.51485/ajss.v2i3.41.

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The Phasor measurement units (PMUs) have become more and more attractive in power engineering as they can provide synchronized measurements of real-time voltage and currents phasors. The objective of this work is twofold: first, the optimal placement of PMUs is done in the standardized IEEE systems. Next, fault location is determined based on the measurements collected from these PMUs. The simulations are carried out using MATLAB SIMULINK. The results show that it is possible to exploit the PMU measurement data to locate and hence cure the faults in the power system.

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Hojabri, Mojgan, Ulrich Dersch, Antonios Papaemmanouil, and Peter Bosshart. "A Comprehensive Survey on Phasor Measurement Unit Applications in Distribution Systems." energies, no. 12 (November 29, 2019): 4552. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8131250.

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Synchrophasor technology opens a new window for power system observability. Phasor measurement units (PMUs) are able to provide synchronized and accurate data such as frequency, voltage and current phasors, vibration, and temperature for power systems. Thus, the utilization of PMUs has become quite important in the fast monitoring, protection, and even the control of new and complicated distribution systems. However, data quality and communication are the main concerns for synchrophasor applications. This study presents a comprehensive survey on wide-area monitoring systems (WAMSs), PMUs, data quality, and communication requirements for the main applications of PMUs in a modern and smart distribution system with a variety of energy resources and loads. In addition, the main challenges for PMU applications as well as opportunities for the future use of this intelligent device in distribution systems will be presented in this paper.

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Almasabi, Saleh, Turki Alsuwian, Muhammad Awais, et al. "False Data Injection Detection for Phasor Measurement Units." Sensors 22, no. 9 (2022): 3146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22093146.

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Cyber-threats are becoming a big concern due to the potential severe consequences of such threats is false data injection (FDI) attacks where the measures data is manipulated such that the detection is unfeasible using traditional approaches. This work focuses on detecting FDIs for phasor measurement units where compromising one unit is sufficient for launching such attacks. In the proposed approach, moving averages and correlation are used along with machine learning algorithms to detect such attacks. The proposed approach is tested and validated using the IEEE 14-bus and the IEEE 30-bus test systems. The proposed performance was sufficient for detecting the location and attack instances under different scenarios and circumstances.

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Negi, Sanjay Singh, Nand Kishor, Avinash Kumar, and Kjetil Uhlen. "Signal processing for TFR of synchro-phasor data." IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution 11, no. 16 (2017): 3881–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2015.1566.

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Chen, Zhi, Meikang Qiu, Yongxin Zhu, Xiao Qin, and Gang Quan. "Improving phasor data concentrators reliability for smart grid." Transactions on Emerging Telecommunications Technologies 26, no. 7 (2013): 1039–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ett.2682.

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Hojabri, Mojgan, Ulrich Dersch, Antonios Papaemmanouil, and Peter Bosshart. "A Comprehensive Survey on Phasor Measurement Unit Applications in Distribution Systems." Energies 12, no. 23 (2019): 4552. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12234552.

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Synchrophasor technology opens a new window for power system observability. Phasor measurement units (PMUs) are able to provide synchronized and accurate data such as frequency, voltage and current phasors, vibration, and temperature for power systems. Thus, the utilization of PMUs has become quite important in the fast monitoring, protection, and even the control of new and complicated distribution systems. However, data quality and communication are the main concerns for synchrophasor applications. This study presents a comprehensive survey on wide-area monitoring systems (WAMSs), PMUs, data quality, and communication requirements for the main applications of PMUs in a modern and smart distribution system with a variety of energy resources and loads. In addition, the main challenges for PMU applications as well as opportunities for the future use of this intelligent device in distribution systems will be presented in this paper.

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Basumallik, Sagnik, Sara Eftekharnejad, and Makan Fardad. "Controlled Islanding under Complete and Partial False Data Injection Attack Uncertainties against Phasor Measurement Units." Energies 15, no. 15 (2022): 5723. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15155723.

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The widespread application of phasor measurement units has improved grid operational reliability. However, this has increased the risk of cyber threats such as false data injection attack that mislead time-critical measurements, which may lead to incorrect operator actions. While a single incorrect operator action might not result in a cascading failure, a series of actions impacting critical lines and transformers, combined with pre-existing faults or scheduled maintenance, might lead to widespread outages. To prevent cascading failures, controlled islanding strategies are traditionally implemented. However, islanding is effective only when the received data are trustworthy. This paper investigates two multi-objective controlled islanding strategies to accommodate data uncertainties under scenarios of lack of or partial knowledge of false data injection attacks. When attack information is not available, the optimization problem maximizes island observability using a minimum number of phasor measurement units for a more accurate state estimation. When partial attack information is available, vulnerable phasor measurement units are isolated to a smaller island to minimize the impacts of attacks. Additional objectives ensure steady-state and transient-state stability of the islands. Simulations are performed on 200-bus, 500-bus, and 2000-bus systems.

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Jena, Manas Kumar, and S. R. Samantaray. "Synchrophasors-Assisted IPII-Based Intelligent Relaying for Transmission Lines Including UPFC." International Journal of Emerging Electric Power Systems 16, no. 1 (2015): 47–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijeeps-2014-0134.

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Abstract This paper proposes a synchrophasors-assisted intelligent relaying scheme for transmission lines compensated by Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC). The algorithm uses a new relaying signal termed as imaginary part of integrated impedance (IPII). The synchronized phasor measurements at both ends of the transmission line are used to extract voltage and current phasors from instantaneous voltage and current signals. The voltage and current phasors are utilized to derive IPII of each phase. Further, IPII of each phase is used as input to a data-mining model termed as decision tree (DT) which provides the final relaying decision. The proposed algorithm is validated on real-time digital simulator (RTDS) platform, and the results obtained indicate that the proposed scheme is both dependable and secure in protecting transmission system compensated by UPFC.

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P, Jagannadh, S. Ramanjaneyulu K, Mahesh P, Bala Siva K, and Madhu Sudhan P. "An Effective Operation of Power System Network by Installing Phasor Measurement Unit." Journal of Electrical and Power System Engineering 5, no. 3 (2019): 15–23. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3460071.

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<em>At present days, the electricity demand is drastically progressing in the world, which pushes the power system into smart grid technology. Smart grid technology uses open standard intelligent communication to calculate real time conditions like system stability, performance of the equipment, congestion in power system network, and several blackouts, outages and energy demand responses. Even though in smart grid, Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) technology can place important role, but due to low speed sampling there is a need for upgrade it. In this paper, a new technology known as Phasor measurement unit which is also known as synchro phasor measurement technology is implemented. Synchro phasor technology also called as phasor measurement unit works with real time and accurate monitoring with good sampling of electrical parameters with actual system conditions.</em>

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Appasani, Bhargav, and Dusmanta Kumar Mohanta. "A two-stage Markov model–aided frequency-duration technique for reliability analysis of phasor measurement unit microwave communication networks." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part O: Journal of Risk and Reliability 233, no. 3 (2018): 355–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1748006x18785685.

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The necessity for effective real-time monitoring and control, coupled with the developments in the fields of communication and sensor technologies, led to the emergence of the smart grid. The phasor measurement unit has emerged as an important sensor for the smart grid. The phasor measurement unit communication network is another crucial component which transfers the real-time sensor data measured by the phasor measurement unit to the phasor data concentrator for subsequent monitoring and control. Thus, its reliable operation is essential. The key parameters for assessment of reliability are the failure rate and the steady-state availability. This article presents a two-stage Markov model–aided frequency-duration technique for the reliability analysis of the phasor measurement unit microwave communication networks. Microwave communication network is a complex system as it requires several intermediate relaying towers or the microwave repeaters for communication feasibility. The Markov model explores the transition to the different system states and the frequency-duration approach estimates the frequency and duration of each of these states, thereby providing a simple and elegant means to compute the failure rates of a complex system. It provides a generalized expression for evaluating the systems availability and aids in diagnosing the components that are more prone to failure. Subsequently, this approach is used for the optimal placement of the phasor measurement units such that their resultant microwave communication networks are maximally available. Case study results for the Eastern power grid of India are presented to validate the credibility of the proposed approach.

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Parede, Vinicius Tertulino, Alexandre Rasi Aoki, Mateus Duarte Teixeira, et al. "Electrical Event Detection and Monitoring Data Storage from Wide Area Measurement System." Energies 16, no. 4 (2023): 1713. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16041713.

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Synchronized phasor measurement systems are being widely used around the world and have become essential elements in the evolution of the operation of large electrical power systems (EPS). These systems, called Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs), are capable of recording and communicating dynamic data from the EPSs in a synchronized way by GPS and with a high sampling rate, generate a huge set of data that, among many applications, has the capacity to detect events. In this way, this work presents a data management system architecture applied to a real PMU system located in the state of Paraná, Brazil that detects and storages events using principal component analysis and Pearson correlation. This method can detect and store electrical events that occurred during the operation of the national interconnected system of Brazil with good results.

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Kummerow, André, Kevin Schäfer, Parul Gupta, Steffen Nicolai, and Peter Bretschneider. "Combined Network Intrusion and Phasor Data Anomaly Detection for Secure Dynamic Control Centers." Energies 15, no. 9 (2022): 3455. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15093455.

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The dynamic operation of power transmission systems requires the acquisition of reliable and accurate measurement and state information. The use of TCP/IP-based communication protocols such as IEEE C37.118 or IEC 61850 introduces different gateways to launch cyber-attacks and to compromise major system operation functionalities. Within this study, a combined network intrusion and phasor data anomaly detection system is proposed to enable a secure system operation in the presence of cyber-attacks for dynamic control centers. This includes the utilization of expert-rules, one-class classifiers, as well as recurrent neural networks to monitor different network packet and measurement information. The effectiveness of the proposed network intrusion and phasor data anomaly detection system is shown within a real-time simulation testbed considering multiple operation and cyber-attack conditions.

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Pang, Duo Yi, Ye Chi Pang, Zhi Jie Li, and Ting Liang Chu. "Analyzing Color Light Additive Process Using Complex Frequency Spectrum." Advanced Materials Research 174 (December 2010): 52–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.174.52.

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This paper aims at using complex frequency spectrum (CFS) algorithm to simulate human vision system. Considering that, any frequency monochrome light’s quantity of motion maps into corresponding CFS phase position, and turns it into monochromatic phasor. According to the nature entropy principle of balance, the so-called white balance means that all phasor signals will spontaneous conformity with balance. Therefore, general light with color consists of white light (color has been balanced) and color phasor (color has not been balanced). In order to forecast phasor addition result, we will give two evaluation methods synthesis efficiency and balance efficiency, using data of RGB matching spectral colors experiment W.D.Wright made in the 1920s, mapping the RGB values on complex frequency spectrum chromatic diagram, and calculating with vector sum method and the gained result has good pertinence with W.D.Wright. Furthermore, the applying balance efficiency also explains the reason of negative matching in the abstract.

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Ivanković, Igor, Vladimir Terzija, and Srdjan Skok. "Transmission network angle stability protectionbased on synchrophasor data in control centre." Journal of Energy - Energija 67, no. 3 (2022): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.37798/201867372.

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Angle stability appears in many forms in transmission network. There are small active power oscillations which do not endanger the normal operations whereas medium and large oscillations have implications on normal operations. These latter kinds of oscillations in some cases develop in out of step condition, which is dangerous disturbance with serious impact on transmission network and generating units. Transmission network operator’s challenges and obligations are to treat in the right manner angle stability issues in their network. Controlling and protecting network needs to be done in efficient way in order to disconnect disturbance quickly and prevent abnormal network operation without exporting disturbance in surrounding networks. Synchrophasor measurements in control centre offer a platform, which responds in a new way on angle stability in transmission network. Those measurements which are collected in phasor data concentrators, which is a part of Wide Area Monitoring will be used for creating out of step protection. This is the first step to extended system to Wide Area Monitoring Protecting And Control (WAMPAC). Paper gives progress of such project in Croatian Transmission Network Operator (HOPS). Firstly, there will be stated motives for development of new out of step protection based on synchrophasor measurements. Some feasibility aspect elaborated with emphasis on communications latency. Furthermore, designed Matlab model for transmission network and protection with small portions of simulations results and analyses presented in paper reveal potential of proposed solutions. This new protection is based on using voltage angles values from phasor data stream in phasor data concentrator.

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Raju, V. Vijaya Rama, K. H. Phani Shree, and S. V. Jayarama Kumar. "Voltage instability identification with modified L-index using synchrophasor data." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 23, no. 3 (2021): 1340. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v23.i3.pp1340-1349.

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<p>In the prevailing open-access environment, one of the limitations for power exchanges has been voltage stability. The study of voltage stability necessitates a complete network representation. In this paper, the advantage of the dynamic behavior of generators is considered by incorporating dynamic models for generators. It has been shown dynamic models resulted in more accurate results compared to the conventional PV buses or ideal voltage source models that are used in most of the voltage stability studies. Moreover, the traditional L-index is augmented by incorporating real-time and synchronized phasor data collected from the optimally located phasor measurement units (PMU) in a wide-area measurement system (WAMS) to estimate more accurate voltage stability margins. Simulation studies carried out on IEEE 9-bus and IEEE 14-bus systems under various system conditions. It has been demonstrated that the inclusion of dynamic models and synchrophasor data from WAMS significantly improves the precision with which voltage stability analysis results are obtained.</p>

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Raju, V. Vijaya Rama, K. H. Phani Shree, and S. V. Jayarama Kumar. "Voltage instability identification with modified L-index using synchrophasor data." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 23, no. 3 (2021): 1340–49. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v23.i3.pp1340-1349.

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In the prevailing open-access environment, one of the limitations for power exchanges has been voltage stability. The study of voltage stability necessitates a complete network representation. In this paper, the advantage of the dynamic behavior of generators is considered by incorporating dynamic models for generators. It has been shown dynamic models resulted in more accurate results compared to the conventional PV buses or ideal voltage source models that are used in most of the voltage stability studies. Moreover, the traditional L-index is augmented by incorporating real-time and synchronized phasor data collected from the optimally located phasor measurement units (PMU) in a wide-area measurement system (WAMS) to estimate more accurate voltage stability margins. Simulation studies carried out on IEEE 9-bus and IEEE 14-bus systems under various system conditions. It has been demonstrated that the inclusion of dynamic models and synchrophasor data from WAMS significantly improves the precision with which voltage stability analysis results are obtained.

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Todaro, Biagio, Luca Pesce, Francesco Cardarelli, and Stefano Luin. "Pioglitazone Phases and Metabolic Effects in Nanoparticle-Treated Cells Analyzed via Rapid Visualization of FLIM Images." Molecules 29, no. 9 (2024): 2137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules29092137.

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Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) has proven to be a useful method for analyzing various aspects of material science and biology, like the supramolecular organization of (slightly) fluorescent compounds or the metabolic activity in non-labeled cells; in particular, FLIM phasor analysis (phasor-FLIM) has the potential for an intuitive representation of complex fluorescence decays and therefore of the analyzed properties. Here we present and make available tools to fully exploit this potential, in particular by coding via hue, saturation, and intensity the phasor positions and their weights both in the phasor plot and in the microscope image. We apply these tools to analyze FLIM data acquired via two-photon microscopy to visualize: (i) different phases of the drug pioglitazone (PGZ) in solutions and/or crystals, (ii) the position in the phasor plot of non-labelled poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs), and (iii) the effect of PGZ or PGZ-containing NPs on the metabolism of insulinoma (INS-1 E) model cells. PGZ is recognized for its efficacy in addressing insulin resistance and hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus, and polymeric nanoparticles offer versatile platforms for drug delivery due to their biocompatibility and controlled release kinetics. This study lays the foundation for a better understanding via phasor-FLIM of the organization and effects of drugs, in particular, PGZ, within NPs, aiming at better control of encapsulation and pharmacokinetics, and potentially at novel anti-diabetics theragnostic nanotools.

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Liu, Yi, Ding Dang, and Seon-Keun Lee. "Research on the Protection System for Smart Grid Based on Phasor Information at Circuit Breakers." Energies 17, no. 14 (2024): 3455. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17143455.

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A smart grid protection system based on phasor information at circuit breakers is proposed in this paper. Phasor data for fault diagnosis is obtained from phasor measurement units or intelligent electronic devices installed near circuit breakers, without the need for additional measurement equipment. When a fault occurs, the protection system first locates the core protection circuit breaker closest to the fault point. It then identifies the faulty component by analyzing the current phasor differences between this breaker and adjacent ones. This scheme offers high computational efficiency, enabling rapid identification of faulty equipment and its precise location. The proposed protection system structure can be divided into two types: centralized and decentralized, and the most suitable scheme should be selected based on the actual situation. Finally, the feasibility of the proposed scheme was verified through the IEEE 39-bus system and a simulated actual area power grid model, demonstrating its applicability to practical smart grid scenarios. The simulation network validates the implementation method of the proposed protection strategy.

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Saldaña-González, Antonio E., Andreas Sumper, Mònica Aragüés-Peñalba, and Miha Smolnikar. "Advanced Distribution Measurement Technologies and Data Applications for Smart Grids: A Review." Energies 13, no. 14 (2020): 3730. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13143730.

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The integration of advanced measuring technologies in distribution systems allows distribution system operators to have better observability of dynamic and transient events. In this work, the applications of distribution grid measurement technologies are explored in detail. The main contributions of this review are: (a) a comparison of eight advanced measurement devices for distribution networks, based on their technical characteristics, including reporting periods, measuring data, precision, and sample rate; (b) a review of the most recent applications of micro-Phasor Measurement Units, Smart Meters, and Power Quality Monitoring devices used in distribution systems, considering different novel methods applied for data analysis; and (c) an input-output table that relates measured quantities from micro-Phasor Measurement Units and Smart Meters needed for each specific application found in this extensive review. This paper aims to serve as an important guide for researches and engineers studying smart grids.

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Hong, Jae-Young, Kyung-Min Lee, Young-Su Kwon, Nam-Joo Park, Boo-Hyun Yun, and Chul-Won Park. "Renewable Energy Sources Analysis Using Time-synchro Phasor Data." Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers 33, no. 11 (2019): 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5207/jieie.2019.33.11.018.

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Lin, Dan-Ying, Jing-Jing Niu, Xiong-Bo Liu, et al. "Phasor analysis of fluorescence lifetime data and its application." Acta Physica Sinica 69, no. 16 (2020): 168703. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.69.20200554.

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Castello, Paolo, Carlo Muscas, Paolo Attilio Pegoraro, and Sara Sulis. "Active Phasor Data Concentrator performing adaptive management of latency." Sustainable Energy, Grids and Networks 16 (December 2018): 270–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.segan.2018.09.004.

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Wang, Yang, Wenyuan Li, Peng Zhang, Bing Wang, and Jiping Lu. "Reliability Analysis of Phasor Measurement Unit Considering Data Uncertainty." IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 27, no. 3 (2012): 1503–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrs.2012.2183901.

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Do Coutto Filho, Milton Brown, Julio Cesar Stacchini de Souza, and Marcio Andre Ribeiro Guimaraens. "Enhanced Bad Data Processing by Phasor-Aided State Estimation." IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 29, no. 5 (2014): 2200–2209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrs.2014.2304620.

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Arefin, Ahmed Amirul, Maveeya Baba, Narinderjit Singh Sawaran Singh, et al. "Review of the Techniques of the Data Analytics and Islanding Detection of Distribution Systems Using Phasor Measurement Unit Data." Electronics 11, no. 18 (2022): 2967. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11182967.

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The application of the Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) in the power system is expanding day by day since it provides a higher reliability through fast symmetrically monitoring and protection and assists in controlling power systems. For power systems, islanding is a significant event due to its hazardous consequences. To detect islanding events, several schemes have been previously proposed but inappropriate threshold setting, higher computational time, and false tripping are the main limitations. In addition, differentiating between real island events and transient faults is another limitation. However, appropriate threshold setting plays a considerable part in detecting the island event, which is also important to differentiate between real and non-island events. Phasor Measurement Unit can assist in islanding detection, but it can generate 30 samples/s, so there is always the possibility of making particular period data disappear. The principal contribution of this review article is its detailed discussion of real-time symmetrical PMU data and it further presents different PMU data analytic techniques and the proposed schemes for the islanding detection system. An appropriate methodology tried to understand how to incorporate missing PMU data techniques along with the islanding detection system to ensure the higher reliability of the network.

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Castello, Paolo, Carlo Muscas, Paolo Attilio Pegoraro, and Sara Sulis. "Low-cost implementation and characterization of an active phasor data concentrator." ACTA IMEKO 8, no. 2 (2019): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21014/acta_imeko.v8i2.625.

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The main components of an advanced measurement system based on synchrophasor technology for the monitoring of power systems are the phasor measurement unit (PMU), which represents the ‘sensor’, and the phasor data concentrator (PDC), which collects the data forwarded by PMUs installed on the field. For the purpose of extending the benefit of synchrophasor technology from transmission grids to distribution networks, different projects are seeking to use low-cost platforms to design devices with PMU functionalities. In this perspective, in order to achieve a complete synchrophasor-based measurement architecture based on low-cost technologies, this work presents a PDC design based on a low-cost platform. Despite the simplicity of the considered hardware, advanced PDC functionalities and innovative control logics are implemented in the prototype. The proposed device is characterised by several experimental tests aimed at assessing its performance in terms of both time synchronisation and capability of managing several PMU data streams. The feasibility of some additional functionalities and control logics is evaluated in the context of different possible scenarios.

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Zheng, Wen, Yun Bo Zhang, Ye Xue, and Yong Xu. "Research on Application of Synchronized Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) for Smart Substation." Advanced Materials Research 860-863 (December 2013): 1842–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.860-863.1842.

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Synchronized phasor measurement unit (PMU) has become the important monitoring device in power networks for high precision and accurate time tag of measurement data. This paper presents the PMUs suitable for smart substation which adopt embedded software-hardware platform. The differences between the common PMUs and PMUs for smart substation are introduced, and the software modules design is put forward, too. The key technology of PMUS is introduced including receiving and processing of sampling data message based on IEC 61850 standard and phasor calculation based on discrete Fourier transform.

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Rafikov, V. R., I. E. Ivanov, A. Yu Murzin, and D. M. Dubinin. "Algorithms of estimation of turbogenerator synchronous reactance and criteria of selecting proper synchrophasor measurement data sets." Vestnik IGEU, no. 5 (October 31, 2023): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17588/2072-2672.2023.5.051-061.

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To enhance power system dependability and efficiency, it is of great importance to obtain correct parameters of the models of key power system components such as a synchronous generator (SG). Technology of synchronized phasor measurements allows us to estimate the SG model parameters through measurements in power system steady states and transients states, without switching the SG off and conducting complex testing procedures. The theory of electric circuits and electric machines, theory of optimization and statistics, and matrix algebra are applied in this study. The developed parameter estimation method has been implemented in the MATLAB software. The method has been verified through real-world measurements captured by a phasor measurement unit installed at a large power plant in the United Power System. This paper presents an algorithm of the turbogenerator synchronous reactance estimation via a set of synchrophasor data taken under steady-state conditions. Also, the paper considers the criteria for an appropriate data array ensuring successful parameter estimation. An algorithm has been developed and implemented in MATLAB software package. To improve the parameter estimation accuracy, an algorithm has been proposed to modify a nominal value for the SG no-load excitation current depending on the heating of the field winding. The algorithm has been successfully tested out based on a set of steady state synchrophasor data captured for one of the turbogenerators in the Russian United Power System. The authors have developed and analyzed quantitative criteria to determine a set of measured parameters of steady-state modes, providing the most accurate results of the turbogenerator synchronous reactance. The developed algorithm allows accurate update of the turbogenerator synchronous parameters through synchrophasor measurements recorded in a steady state modes of electric power systems. Using the criteria for selecting phasor data, it seems possible to automate the process of generating a data array of measurement of various steady-state modes necessary for identification. The proposed procedure that considers the field winding temperature can be employed in math models to estimate SG transient and subtransient parameters based on phasor measurements in transient modes of electric power systems.

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DEKHANDJI, Fatma Zohra. "Design Optimization of PMU Anti-Aliasing Filters using Taguchi Method." Algerian Journal of Signals and Systems 5, no. 4 (2020): 215–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.51485/ajss.v5i4.119.

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A Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) is a monitoring device, which serves in checking the power system condition by measuring voltage and current phasors along with frequency at a particular node. The basic structure of PMU consists of Synchronization Unit, Measurement Unit and Data Transmission Unit. The Measurement Unit has three components: Anti-aliasing filters, Analog-to-Digital Converter and Phasor measurement Unit/ Processor. An anti-aliasing filter ensures that all the analog signals have the same phase shift and attenuation thus assuring that the phase angle differences and relative magnitudes of the different signals are unchanged. Anti-aliasing filters made up of an analog front end and a digital decimation filter are far more stable as far as aging and temperature variations are concerned. IEEE C37.118 standard stipulates that it is mandatory to use the filter for avoiding any aliasing errors. Out of various analog filters, the Butterworth has been preferred due to its flat response in pass-band as compared to other filters. In this work, it is attempted to design anti-aliasing filters to be used in PMUs. The design problem is formulated as an optimization task that is solved using the Taguchi method. The results show better performance in terms characteristics compared to the conventional filters. The designed filters may be employed as building blocks in modern PMUs.

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Rinku, Kumar1 Sumit Saini*1 Akanksha Aggarwal1 Ram Paul2 Rohit Saini3 Sunita Saini4. "COMPLETE MANAGEMENT OF SMART DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES & RESEARCH TECHNOLOGY 7, no. 2 (2018): 385–90. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1173528.

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Phasor measurement units measure the current and voltage phasors of the connected nodes (buses) at the installation point. Thus by choosing proper number of PMUs the system can be made completely supervised. A PMU costs very high, so it is important to supervise the power system network with minimum units. To monitor the entire power system distribution network with minimized number of PMUs in smart grid, this paper proposes a linear algorithm. For dynamic analysis and state estimation, fault diagnosis, time rate of power flow and behavior of system under various circumstances for these events, data must be highly synchronized in time, so that real time inspection and operation of the system can be made available for decision making in smart grid.

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Ravi, Adhitya, Madhusudan Saranathan, Pa Hari Krishna Achuthan, M. C. Lavanya, and V. Rajini. "A Comprehensive review on the current trends in Micro-Phasor Measurement Units." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1258, no. 1 (2022): 012045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1258/1/012045.

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Micro-Phasor Measurement Units are invaluable data sources that improve visibility in a variety of domains of application, including power generation, transmission, and distribution. It started out with the objective of acquiring phasor values at specific points across the network and synchronizing them to a standard time frame. The technology has evolved into an all-encompassing unit with applications in the fields of protection, control, and automation. In light of the fact that these units are now being used as a standard benchmark, it is imperative that they be improved. This study presents a comprehensive review into the world of Synchro-Phasor technology, covering all aspects of the production of μPMUs and their role in the modern power system. In addition, the current deployment status of this technology has also been discussed to further emphasize its emergence.

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Lee, Kyung-Min, and Chul-Won Park. "Influence Analysis of 154kV Substation Using Time-Synchro Phasor Data." Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers 38, no. 4 (2024): 288–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5207/jieie.2024.38.4.288.

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Chatterjee, Paroma, Anamitra Pal, James S. Thorp, Jaime De La Ree Lopez, and Virgilio A. Centeno. "Error reduction of phasor measurement unit data considering practical constraints." IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution 12, no. 10 (2018): 2332–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2017.1359.

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Armenia, Andrew, and Joe H. Chow. "A Flexible Phasor Data Concentrator Design Leveraging Existing Software Technologies." IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 1, no. 1 (2010): 73–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2010.2046509.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Phasor Data'

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