Relevant bibliographies by topics / Phasor measurement unit

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
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  4. Book chapters
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Academic literature on the topic 'Phasor measurement unit'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 11 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Phasor measurement unit"

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Wilson, R. E. "PMUs [phasor measurement unit]." IEEE Potentials 13, no. 2 (April 1994): 26–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/45.283885.

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Anisha N.P., Prasanna Vadana D., and Suyampulingam A. "Soft Phasor Measurement Unit." Procedia Technology 21 (2015): 533–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.protcy.2015.10.045.

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Rafikov, V. R., I. E. Ivanov, and A. A. Bratoliubov. "Physical and mathematical modeling of transients in a synchronous generator utilizing synchronized phasor measurements." Vestnik IGEU, no. 3 (June 30, 2021): 22–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17588/2072-2672.2021.3.022-032.

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There have been quite a few attempts to compute synchronous generator parameters based on voltage and current synchrophasors taken under power system transients. However, we have not seen any publications with thorough analysis as to how soon the phasor measurement unit reacts to disturbance conditions, which components of the transient are filtered out and which are passed through, as well as what the total vector error is. The goal of this research is to determine all of these characteristics of a phasor measurement unit when playing back transient oscillograms for a stator short circuit obtained through mathematical modeling. The transient oscillograms have been derived via both a full Park-Gorev system of flux linkage equations as well as the MATLAB/Simulink Synchronous Machine block. Physical modeling was then conducted via a real-time digital simulator (RTDS) along with a dedicated phasor measurement unit ENIP-2 (PMU), and the stator current phasors were recorded. Our analysis has shown that both RTDS and ENIP-2 (PMU) almost entirely filter out the exponentially decaying DC component of the fault current while closely following the periodical signal envelope. The total vector error has been estimated to become below 1–2 % after around 0,02–0,03 s into the fault when selecting the “P” class filters according to IEEE C37.118. We have come to a conclusion that synchrophasor measurements under power system disturbances could be utilized for estimating the synchronous, transient, and subtransient generator parameters. The selected synchronous machine model in the form of flux linkage equations is correct, as the obtained transient oscillograms are exactly the same as those produced by Simulink. “P” class phasor measurements can be recommended for representing transients in the stator circuit of a synchronous generator. The results of this investigation are meant to be employed for synchronous machine parameter estimation based on phasors sourced from RTDS and, hopefully, from phasor measurement units installed at power plants.
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Giotopoulos, Vasilis, and Georgios Korres. "Implementation of Phasor Measurement Unit Based on Phase-Locked Loop Techniques: A Comprehensive Review." Energies 16, no. 14 (July 18, 2023): 5465. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16145465.

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The dynamic monitoring, control, and protection of modern power systems in real time require time-stamped electrical measurements to accurately estimate the bus voltage phasors using the state estimation function under normal and abnormal conditions. These measurements can be acquired by time-synchronized devices, known as phasor measurement units (PMUs). PMUs can measure bus voltage and branch current phasors of a three-phase network, as well as the frequency and the rate of change of frequency (ROCOF), with high speed, accuracy and time stamping provided by global positioning system (GPS) at the coordinated universal time (UTC). Various phasor estimation algorithms have been proposed in the literature, while most of them are concentrated in the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) algorithm, where an integer number of samples multiple of the nominal frequency is required for the computations. In cases where the frequency of the power grid deviates from its nominal value, the raw application of the DFT approach can lead to large errors during phasor estimation. Another approach of the phasor estimation is based on the phase-locked loop (PLL) techniques, widely used in grid tie inverters. PLL techniques can track dynamically (continuous time) the estimated frequency to the time-variant frequency of the power grid. A brief introduction to the basic concepts of the synchrophasor definition is provided, while the main DFT methods for synchrophasor estimation according to recent literature are mentioned. PLL-based PMU techniques are reviewed for both steady-state and dynamic conditions according to IEEE standards. In conclusion, the performance of PLL-based PMU algorithms presented in this literature review is discussed.
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Tang, Yi-hua, Gerard N. Stenbakken, and Allen Goldstein. "Calibration of Phasor Measurement Unit at NIST." IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 62, no. 6 (June 2013): 1417–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tim.2013.2240951.

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Ghiga, Radu, Kenneth Martin, Qiuwei Wu, and Arne Hejde Nielsen. "Phasor Measurement Unit Test Under Interference Conditions." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 33, no. 2 (April 2018): 630–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrd.2017.2691356.

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Ponnala, Ravi, Muktevi Chakravarthy, and Suraparaju Venkata Naga Lakshmi Lalitha. "Effective monitoring of power system with phasor measurement unit and effective data storage system." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 11, no. 5 (October 1, 2022): 2471–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v11i5.4085.

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In the recent years the monitoring and operation of the power system became complex, due to the more demand from the different linear and non-linear loads and generation from the different sources. For the effective monitoring and operation of the power system, existing power system monitoring methods need to improve or new technologies are required. For the effective monitoring and operation of the power system phasor measurement unit (PMU) based monitoring is suitable, because it provide the dynamic state monitoring system. In this paper PMU based monitoring is proposed with effective data storage system and protection. With this method phasor values of voltage and current signals are calculated at the location of PMU and with the help of software based program effective data storage also possible. With this proposed model the phasor values in the power system at different locations monitoring also possible and required phasor data only stored and total data is only monitored. The phasor values of signals are calculated with direct phasor measurement technique in LabVIEW and by adding time stamping to the each phasor value accurate measurement of power flow is possible.
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Pandey, Rachana, Dr H. K. Verma, Dr Arun Parakh, and Dr Cheshta Jain Khare. "Artificial Intelligence Based Optimal Placement of PMU." International Journal of Emerging Science and Engineering 10, no. 11 (October 30, 2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijese.i2541.10101122.

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The investigation of power system disturbances is critical for ensuring the supply’s dependability and security. Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) is an important device of our power network, installed on system to enable the power system monitoring and control. By giving synchronised measurements at high sample rates, Phasor Measurement Units have the potential to record quick transients with high precision. PMUs are gradually being integrated into power systems because they give important phasor information for power system protection and control in both normal and abnormal situations. Placement of PMU on every bus of the network is not easy to implement, either because of expense or because communication facilities in some portions of the system are limited. Different ways for placing PMUs have been researched to improve the robustness of state estimate. The paper proposes unique phasor measurement unit optimal placement methodologies. With full network observability, the suggested methods will assure optimal PMU placement. The proposed algorithm will be thoroughly tested using IEEE 7, 9, 14, and 24 standard test systems, with the results compared to existing approaches.
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Pandey, Rachana, Dr H. K. Verma, Dr Arun Parakh, and Dr Cheshta Jain Khare. "Optimization of Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) Placement: A Review." International Journal of Emerging Science and Engineering 7, no. 4 (November 30, 2021): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijese.e2518.117421.

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In today’s world, a Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) is a crucial component of our power network for managing, controlling, and monitoring. PMU can provide synchronized voltage current, and frequency measurements in real time. We can't put a PMU in every bus in the electrical grid because it's not viable from a productivity and economic standpoint, and it's also not practical for handling huge data. As a result, it's critical to reduce the amount of PMU in the power network while also increasing the power network's observability. The optimal PMU placement problem is solved using a variety of methodologies. The paper's main goal is to provide a brief overview of synchrophasor technology, phasor measurement units (PMU), and optimal PMU placement in order to reduce the number of PMUs in the system while maintaining complete observability and application in today's power systems.
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DEKHANDJI, Fatma Zohra. "Design Optimization of PMU Anti-Aliasing Filters using Taguchi Method." Algerian Journal of Signals and Systems 5, no. 4 (December 15, 2020): 215–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.51485/ajss.v5i4.119.

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A Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) is a monitoring device, which serves in checking the power system condition by measuring voltage and current phasors along with frequency at a particular node. The basic structure of PMU consists of Synchronization Unit, Measurement Unit and Data Transmission Unit. The Measurement Unit has three components: Anti-aliasing filters, Analog-to-Digital Converter and Phasor measurement Unit/ Processor. An anti-aliasing filter ensures that all the analog signals have the same phase shift and attenuation thus assuring that the phase angle differences and relative magnitudes of the different signals are unchanged. Anti-aliasing filters made up of an analog front end and a digital decimation filter are far more stable as far as aging and temperature variations are concerned. IEEE C37.118 standard stipulates that it is mandatory to use the filter for avoiding any aliasing errors. Out of various analog filters, the Butterworth has been preferred due to its flat response in pass-band as compared to other filters. In this work, it is attempted to design anti-aliasing filters to be used in PMUs. The design problem is formulated as an optimization task that is solved using the Taguchi method. The results show better performance in terms characteristics compared to the conventional filters. The designed filters may be employed as building blocks in modern PMUs.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Phasor measurement unit"

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Mishra, Chetan. "Optimal Substation Coverage for Phasor Measurement Unit Installations." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/78056.

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The PMU has been found to carry great deal of value for applications in the wide area monitoring of power systems. Historically, deployment of these devices has been limited by the prohibitive cost of the device itself. Therefore, the objective of the conventional optimal PMU placement problem is to find the minimum number devices, which if carefully placed throughout the network, either maximize observability or completely observe subject to different constraints. Now due to improved technology and digital relays serving a dual use as relay & PMU, the cost of the PMU device itself is not the largest portion of the deployment cost, but rather the substation installation. In a recently completed large-scale deployment of PMUs on the EHV network, Virginia Electric & Power Company (VEPCO) has found this to be so. The assumption then becomes that if construction work is done in a substation, enough PMU devices will be placed such that everything at that substation is measured. This thesis presents a technique proposed to minimize the number of substation installations thus indirectly minimizing the synchrophasor deployment costs. Also presented is a brief history of the PMU and its applications along with the conventional Optimal PMU placement problem and the scope for expanding this work.
Master of Science
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Sukhavasi, Vijay Krishna. "Steady State Testing and Analysis of a Phasor Measurement Unit." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/46328.

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Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) have been instrumental in building a reliable and robust Power System. Recent blackouts have increased the importance of PMUs and PMUs from various manufacturers are being installed in the in large quantities in the North American Grid. The interoperability and accuracy of these PMUs is important to obtain full benefit of the wide area monitoring systems. With the large number of installed PMUs it has become necessary to validate their performance and understand the limitations of each model. A test system was built by NIST in cooperation with NASPI to test for compliance to the existing IEEE C37.118 standard. This thesis presents the development of a Steady State Test System at Virginia Tech based on the NIST Steady State Testing system. The various issues that were faced during the process of development are discussed and the methodology implemented for solving these problems is described. This thesis also presents the additional benefits derived from the results obtained when different PMUs were tested using the Virginia Tech PMU Steady State Test System.
Master of Science
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Wu, Zhongyu. "Synchronized Phasor Measurement Units Applications in Three-phase Power System." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/51660.

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Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) are widely acknowledged as one of the most significant developments in the field of real-time monitoring of power system. By aligning time stamps of voltage and current phasor measurements, which are consistent with Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), a coherent picture of the power system state can be achieved through either direct measurements or simple linear calculations. With the growing number of PMUs installed or planned to be installed in the near future, both utilities and research institutions are looking for novel applications of synchrophasor measurements from these widely installed PMUs. In this dissertation, the author proposes two new PMUs measurements applications: three-phase instrument transformer calibration, and three-phase line parameter calculation with instrument transformers. First application is to calibrate instrument transformers. Instrument transformers are the main sensors used in power systems. They provide isolation between high voltage level of primary side and metering level of the secondary side. All the monitoring and measuring systems obtain input signals from the secondary side of instrument transformers. That means when instrument transformers are not accurate, all the measurements used in power system are inaccurate. The most important job of this dissertation is to explore a method to automatically calibrate all the instrument transformers in the power system based on real-time synchrophasor measurements. The regular instrument transformer calibration method requires the instrument transformer to be out of service (offline) and calibrated by technicians manually. However, the error of instrument transformer changes when environment changes, and connected burden. Therefore, utilities are supposed to periodically calibrate instrument transformers at least once a year. The high labor and economic costs make traditional instrument transformer calibration method become one of the urgent problems in power industry. In this dissertation we introduce a novel, low cost and easy method to calibrate three-phase instrument transformers. This method only requires one three-phase voltage transformer at one bus calibrated in advance. All other instrument transformers can be calibrated by this method as often as twice a day, based on the synchrophasor measurements under different load scenarios. Second application is to calculate line parameters during calibrating instrument transformers. The line parameters, line impedance and line shunt admittance, as needed by utilities are generated by the computer method. The computer method is based on parameters, such as the diameter, length, material characteristics, the distance among transmission line, the distance to ground and so on. The formulas to calculate line parameters have been improved and re-modeled from time to time in order to increase the accuracy. However, in this case, the line parameters are still inaccurate due to various reasons. The line parameters errors do affect the instrument transformers calibration results (with 5% to 10% error). To solve this problem, we present a new method to calculate line parameters and instrument transformers in the same processing step. This method to calibrate line parameter and instrument transformers at the same time only needs one pre-calibrated voltage transformer and one pre-calibrated current transformer in power system. With the pre-calibrated instrument transformers, the line parameter as well as the ratio correction factors of all the other instrument transformers can be solved automatically. Simulation results showed the errors between calculated line parameters and the real line parameter, the errors between calibrated ratio correction factors and the real ratio correction factors are of the order of 10e-10 per unit. Therefore, high accuracy line parameters as well as perfectly calibrated instrument transformers can be obtained by this new method. This method can run automatically every day. High accuracy and dynamic line parameters will significantly improve power system models. It will also increase the reliability and speed of the relay system, enhance the accuracy of power system analysis, and benefit all other researches using line parameters. New methods of calculating line parameter and the instrument transformer calibrations will influence the whole power industry significantly.
Ph. D.
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Retty, Hema A. "Evaluation and Standardizing of Phasor Data Concentrators." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32064.

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The power grid is interconnected in many ways; so that when disturbances occur in a small region, their effects can be seen across large areas causing major blackouts. In order to isolate the fault, measurements taken at different times throughout the blackout need to be collected and analyzed. With each measurement device having its own time source, time alignment can be a quite tedious and lengthy process. The need for a new time synchronized measurement device has arrived. The Phasor Measurement Units (PMU) is not only GPS time synchronized, but it also takes measurements as voltage and current phasors. PMUs are becoming an integral part in many power system applications from load flow analysis and state estimation to analyzing blackout causes. Phasor Data Concentrators (PDC) collect and process PMU data. As such, it is important that PMU and PDC communication is seamless. PDCs are set up at multiple utilities and power authorities and also need to be able to communicate and send data to one another seamlessly to encompass analysis of large measurement systems. If these devices are not working similarly when processing and sending/receiving data, unnecessary problems may arise. Therefore it is important that there is an expectation as to how they should work. However, what is expected from these devices is not entirely clear. For this reason, standards such as IEEE C37.118.2-2011 [5] have been proposed to help make operation as uniform as possible. Unfortunately, the standards for PDCs are lacking and tend to only set up communication protocols. To help normalize PDCs, these standards need to be expanded to include all PDC operations and give little room for discrepancy as to what a PDC should do in any given situation. Tests have been performed on PDCs not only to see how they match up to current standards but on how they act outside of the standards.
Master of Science
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Kersey, Philip Michael. "Applications of PMUSimulator in PDC Testing." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32090.

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With the development of the power grid into an automated system, phasor measurement units and phasor data concentrators are essential for real time control of the system. PMUs are time synchronized throughout the power system and take sample measurements in very small windows of time. Phasor Data Concentrators accept PMU data and time align the data so that a snapshot of the power system can be viewed in real time. It is unfeasible to possess enough real PMUs to thoroughly test PDCs, thus a Real Time PMU Simulator is desired. It is possible to implement a UNIX based PMU simulator that can emulate the behavior of real PMUs, while also allowing the user to alter the Synchrophasor data to test the response of a PDC. GPS is used to synchronize a UNIX machine to UTC time to match that of a real PMU. In this way, the PMU simulator will accurately behave as a PMU. This PMU data can be sent to PDCs to test the response of the device. To test extremes of the PDC, alterations were made to the PMU software to send irregular data to a PDC. The results conclude that the open source iPDC software is capable of being used for latency testing, sending late data frames, as well as sending corrupted data. The PMU simulator proved to be successful in the area of PDC testing. The purpose of this thesis is to demonstrate how the iPDC software can be implemented to test PDCâ s.
Master of Science
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Chen, Jiaxiong. "Power System State Estimation Using Phasor Measurement Units." UKnowledge, 2013. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/ece_etds/35.

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State estimation is widely used as a tool to evaluate the real time power system prevailing conditions. State estimation algorithms could suffer divergence under stressed system conditions. This dissertation first investigates impacts of variations of load levels and topology errors on the convergence property of the commonly used weighted least square (WLS) state estimator. The influence of topology errors on the condition number of the gain matrix in the state estimator is also analyzed. The minimum singular value of gain matrix is proposed to measure the distance between the operating point and state estimation divergence. To study the impact of the load increment on the convergence property of WLS state estimator, two types of load increment are utilized: one is the load increment of all load buses, and the other is a single load increment. In addition, phasor measurement unit (PMU) measurements are applied in state estimation to verify if they could solve the divergence problem and improve state estimation accuracy. The dissertation investigates the impacts of variations of line power flow increment and topology errors on convergence property of the WLS state estimator. A simple 3-bus system and the IEEE 118-bus system are used as the test cases to verify the common rule. Furthermore, the simulation results show that adding PMU measurements could generally improve the robustness of state estimation. Two new approaches for improving the robustness of the state estimation with PMU measurements are proposed. One is the equality-constrained state estimation with PMU measurements, and the other is Hachtel's matrix state estimation with PMU measurements approach. The dissertation also proposed a new heuristic approach for optimal placement of phasor measurement units (PMUs) in power system for improving state estimation accuracy. In the problem of adding PMU measurements into the estimator, two methods are investigated. Method I is to mix PMU measurements with conventional measurements in the estimator, and method II is to add PMU measurements through a post-processing step. These two methods can achieve very similar state estimation results, but method II is a more time-efficient approach which does not modify the existing state estimation software.
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Ghassempour, Aghamolki Hossein. "Phasor Measurement Unit Data-based States and Parameters Estimation in Power System." Scholar Commons, 2016. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6505.

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The dissertation research investigates estimating of power system static and dynamic states (e.g. rotor angle, rotor speed, mechanical power, voltage magnitude, voltage phase angle, mechanical reference point) as well as identification of synchronous generator parameters. The research has two focuses: i. Synchronous generator dynamic model states and parameters estimation using real-time PMU data. ii.Integrate PMU data and conventional measurements to carry out static state estimation. The first part of the work focuses on Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) data-based synchronous generator states and parameters estimation. In completed work, PMU data-based synchronous generator model identification is carried out using Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF). The identification not only gives the states and parameters related to a synchronous generator swing dynamics but also gives the states and parameters related to turbine-governor and primary and secondary frequency control. PMU measurements of active power and voltage magnitude, are treated as the inputs to the system while voltage phasor angle, reactive power, and frequency measurements are treated as the outputs. UKF-based estimation can be carried out at real-time. Validation is achieved through event play back to compare the outputs of the simplified simulation model and the PMU measurements, given the same input data. Case studies are conducted not only for measurements collected from a simulation model, but also for a set of real-world PMU data. The research results have been disseminated in one published article. In the second part of the research, new state estimation algorithm is designed for static state estimation. The algorithm contains a new solving strategy together with simultaneous bad data detection. The primary challenge in state estimation solvers relates to the inherent non-linearity and non-convexity of measurement functions which requires using of Interior Point algorithm with no guarantee for a global optimum solution and higher computational time. Such inherent non-linearity and non-convexity of measurement functions come from the nature of power flow equations in power systems. The second major challenge in static state estimation relates to the bad data detection algorithm. In traditional algorithms, Largest Normalized Residue Test (LNRT) has been used to identify bad data in static state estimation. Traditional bad data detection algorithm only can be applied to state estimation. Therefore, in a case of finding any bad datum, the SE algorithm have to rerun again with eliminating found bad data. Therefore, new simultaneous and robust algorithm is designed for static state estimation and bad data identification. In the second part of the research, Second Order Cone Programming (SOCP) is used to improve solving technique for power system state estimator. However, the non-convex feasible constraints in SOCP based estimator forces the use of local solver such as IPM (interior point method) with no guarantee for quality answers. Therefore, cycle based SOCP relaxation is applied to the state estimator and a least square estimation (LSE) based method is implemented to generate positive semi-definite programming (SDP) cuts. With this approach, we are able to strengthen the state estimator (SE) with SOCP relaxation. Since SDP relaxation leads the power flow problem to the solution of higher quality, adding SDP cuts to the SOCP relaxation makes Problem’s feasible region close to the SDP feasible region while saving us from computational difficulty associated with SDP solvers. The improved solver is effective to reduce the feasible region and get rid of unwanted solutions violate cycle constraints. Different Case studies are carried out to demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the method. After introducing the new solving technique, a novel co-optimization algorithm for simultaneous nonlinear state estimation and bad data detection is introduced in this dissertation. ${\ell}_1$-Norm optimization of the sparse residuals is used as a constraint for the state estimation problem to make the co-optimization algorithm possible. Numerical case studies demonstrate more accurate results in SOCP relaxed state estimation, successful implementation of the algorithm for the simultaneous state estimation and bad data detection, and better state estimation recovery against single and multiple Gaussian bad data compare to the traditional LNRT algorithm.
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Hurtgen, Michaël. "Wide-area state estimation using synchronized phasor measurement units." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209924.

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State estimation is an important tool for power system monitoring and the present study involves integrating phasor measurement units in the state estimation process. Based on measurements taken throughout the network, the role of a state estimator is to estimate the state variables of the power system while checking that these estimates are consistent with the measurement set. In the case of power system state estimation, the state variables are the voltage phasors at each network bus.\\

The classical state estimator currently used is based on SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) measurements. Weaknesses of the SCADA measurement system are the asynchronicity of the measurements, which introduce errors in the state estimation results during dynamic events on the electrical network.\\

Wide-area monitoring systems, consisting of a network of Phasor Measurement Units (PMU) provide synchronized phasor measurements, which give an accurate snapshot of the monitored part of the network at a given time. The objective of this thesis is to integrate PMU measurements in the state estimator. The proposed state estimators use PMU measurements exclusively, or both classical and PMU measurements.\\

State estimation is particularly useful to filter out measurement noise, detect and eliminate bad data. A sensitivity analysis to measurement errors is carried out for a state estimator using only PMU measurements and a classical state estimator. Measurement errors considered are Gaussian noise, systematic errors and asynchronicity errors. Constraints such as zero injection buses are also integrated in the state estimator. Bad data detection and elimination can be done before the state estimation, as in pre-estimation methods, or after, as in post-estimation methods. For pre-estimation methods, consistency tests are used. Another proposed method is validation of classical measurements by PMU measurements. Post-estimation is applied to a measurement set which has asynchronicity errors. Detection of a systematic error on one measurement in the presence of Gaussian noise is also analysed. \\

The state estimation problem can only be solved if the measurements are well distributed over the network and make the network observable. Observability is crucial when trying to solve the state estimation problem. A PMU placement method based on metaheuristics is proposed and compared to an integer programming method. The PMU placement depends on the chosen objective. A given PMU placement can provide full observability or redundancy. The PMU configuration can also take into account the zero injection nodes which further reduce the number of PMUs needed to observe the network. Finally, a method is proposed to determine the order of the PMU placement to gradually extend the observable island. \\

State estimation errors can be caused by erroneous line parameter or bad calibration of the measurement transformers. The problem in both cases is to filter out the measurement noise when estimating the line parameters or calibration coefficients and state variables. The proposed method uses many measurement samples which are all integrated in an augmented state estimator which estimates the voltage phasors and the additional parameters or calibration coefficients.
Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Quint, Ryan David. "Practical Implementation of a Security-Dependability Adaptive Voting Scheme Using Decision Trees." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35667.

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Todayâ s electric power system is operated under increasingly stressed conditions. As electrical demand increases, the existing grid is operated closer to its stable operating limits while maintaining high reliability of electric power delivery to its customers. Protective schemes are designed to account for pressures towards unstable operation, but there is always a tradeoff between security and dependability of this protection. Adaptive relaying schemes that can change or modify their operation based on prevailing system conditions are an example of a protective scheme increasing reliability of the power system. The purpose of this thesis is to validate and analyze implementation of the Security-Dependability Adaptive Voting Scheme. It is demonstrated that this scheme can be implemented with a select few Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) reporting positive sequence currents to a Phasor Data Concentrator (PDC). At the PDC, the state of the power system is defined as Stressed or Safe and a set of relays either vote or perform normal operation, respectively. The Adaptive Voting Scheme was implemented using two configurations: hardware- and software-based PDC solutions. Each was shown to be functional, effective, and practical for implementation. Practicality was based on the latency of Wide Area Measurement (WAM) devices and the added latency of relay voting operation during Stressed conditions. Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs), Phasor Data Concentrators (PDCs), and relay operation delays were quantified to determine the benefits and limitations of WAMS protection and implementation of the voting scheme. It is proposed that the delays injected into the existing protection schemes would have minimal effect on the voting scheme but must be accounted for when implementing power system controls due to the real-time requirements of the data.
Master of Science
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Nuqui, Reynaldo Francisco. "State Estimation and Voltage Security Monitoring Using Synchronized Phasor Measurements." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/28266.

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The phasor measurement unit (PMU) is considered to be one of the most important measuring devices in the future of power systems. The distinction comes from its unique ability to provide synchronized phasor measurements of voltages and currents from widely dispersed locations in an electric power grid. The commercialization of the global positioning satellite (GPS) with accuracy of timing pulses in the order of 1 microsecond made possible the commercial production of phasor measurement units. Simulations and field experiences suggest that PMUs can revolutionize the way power systems are monitored and controlled. However, it is perceived that costs and communication links will affect the number of PMUs to be installed in any power system. Furthermore, defining the appropriate PMU system application is a utility problem that must be resolved. This thesis will address two key issues in any PMU initiative: placement and system applications. A novel method of PMU placement based on incomplete observability using graph theoretic approach is proposed. The objective is to reduce the required number of PMUs by intentionally creating widely dispersed pockets of unobserved buses in the network. Observable buses enveloped such pockets of unobserved regions thus enabling the interpolation of the unknown voltages. The concept of depth of unobservability is introduced. It is a general measure of the physical distance of unobserved buses from those known. The effects of depth of unobservability on the number of PMU placements and the errors in the estimation of unobserved buses will be shown. The extent and location of communication facilities affects the required number and optimal placement of PMUs. The pragmatic problem of restricting PMU placement only on buses with communication facilities is solved using the simulated annealing (SA) algorithm. SA energy functions are developed so as to minimize the deviation of communication-constrained placement from the ideal strategy as determined by the graph theoretic algorithm. A technique for true real time monitoring of voltage security using synchronized phasor measurements and decision trees is presented as a promising system application. The relationship of widening bus voltage angle separation with network stress is exploited and its connection to voltage security and margin to voltage collapse established. Decision trees utilizing angle difference attributes are utilized to classify the network voltage security status. It will be shown that with judicious PMU placement, the PMU angle measurement is equally a reliable indicator of voltage security class as generator var production. A method of enhancing the weighted least square state estimator (WLS-SE) with PMU measurements using a non-invasive approach is presented. Here, PMU data is not directly inputted to the WLS estimator measurement set. A separate linear state estimator model utilizing the state estimate from WLS, as well as PMU voltage and current measurement is shown to enhance the state estimate. Finally, the mathematical model for a streaming state estimation will be presented. The model is especially designed for systems that are not completely observable by PMUs. Basically, it is proposed to estimate the voltages of unobservable buses from the voltages of those observable using interpolation. The interpolation coefficients (or the linear state estimators, LSE) will be calculated from a base case operating point. Then, these coefficients will be periodically updated using their sensitivities to the unobserved bus injections. It is proposed to utilize the state from the traditional WLS estimator to calculate the injections needed to update the coefficients. The resulting hybrid estimator is capable of producing a streaming state of the power system. Test results show that with the hybrid estimator, a significant improvement in the estimation of unobserved bus voltages as well as power flows on unobserved lines is achieved.
Ph. D.
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Books on the topic "Phasor measurement unit"

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Mishra, Chetan. Optimal Substation Coverage for Phasor Measurement Unit Installations. Saarbrücken: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing, 2017.

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Phasor Measurement Units and Wide Area Monitoring Systems. Elsevier, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/c2014-0-03907-x.

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Monti, Antonello, Carlo Muscas, and Ferdinanda Ponci. Phasor Measurement Units and Wide Area Monitoring Systems. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 2016.

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Monti, Antonello, Carlo Muscas, and Ferdinanda Ponci. Phasor Measurement Units and Wide Area Monitoring Systems. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 2016.

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Pitt, Matthew. Motor unit anatomy and physiology. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198754596.003.0006.

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This chapter focuses on the signals recorded with needle electromyography (EMG) and the measurement of their specific parameters. These parameters include duration, amplitude, number of phases, and stability. The concept of the electrophysiologic biopsy and the explanation of unusual findings seen on EMG are introduced. In relation to the interference pattern, discussions of the firing rate, recruitment order, and interference pattern are given. Moving from the theoretical explanation of the findings, the problems of the accurate quantitative analysis of the motor unit potential are discussed and measures to improve quantification, particularly in children, are highlighted. The importance of filter settings, the storage of signals, and the different ways of collecting and analysing the potentials are all covered. This section finishes with discussion of the normative range for motor unit duration, and concludes with the automatic analysis of the interference pattern, including turns/amplitude analysis, number of short segments measurement, and envelope analysis.
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Mazer, Jeffrey, and Mitchell M. Levy. Policies, bundles, and protocols in critical care. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0017.

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Recently, the medicine community has been driven to think about patient safety in new ways, and with this new found interest in patient safety, large health care systems and individual institutions have been forced to develop mechanisms to track and measure performance. There is ample evidence that physicians and systems can do better. The tools of this new craft include checklists, protocols, guidelines, and bundles. These tools help to decrease variability in care and enhance the translation of evidence-based medicine to bedside care. Ongoing measurement of both performance and clinical outcomes is central to this movement. This allows for rapid detection of both successes and possible unintended consequences associated with the rapid translation of evidence into practice. As hospitals and intensive care units (ICU) worldwide have embraced the field of quality improvement (QI), many lessons have been learned about the process. QI includes four essential phases—development, implementation, evaluation, and maintenance. Essential to the QI process and each of these QI phases is that the project must be tailored to each individual ICU and/or Institution. A one-size-fits-all project is less efficient, less effective, and at times unnecessary compare with a locally-driven process.
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Nolan, Jerry P. Advanced life support. Edited by Neil Soni and Jonathan G. Hardman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0091.

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Anaesthetists have a central role in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). The incidence of treated out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest is 40 per 100 000 population and is associated with a survival rate to hospital discharge of 8–10%. The incidence of in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) is 1–5 per 1000 admissions and is associated with a survival rate to hospital discharge of 13–17%. The most effective strategy for reducing mortality from IHCA is to prevent it occurring by detecting and treating those at risk or to identify in advance those with no chance of survival and to make a decision not to attempt resuscitation. The European Resuscitation Council and the Resuscitation Council (UK) publish guidelines for CPR every 5 years and the evidence supporting these is described in the international consensus on CPR science. The advanced life support algorithm forms the core of the guidelines but the precise interventions depend on the circumstances of the cardiac arrest and the skills of the healthcare providers. High-quality CPR with minimal interruptions will optimize survival rates. Shockable rhythms are treated with defibrillation while minimizing the pause in chest compressions. Although adrenaline (epinephrine) is used in most cardiac arrests, no studies have shown that it improves long-term outcome. The post-cardiac arrest syndrome is common and requires multiple organ support in an intensive care unit. Therapy in this phase is aimed at improving neurological (e.g. targeted temperature management) and myocardial (e.g. percutaneous coronary intervention) outcomes. Based on standard outcome measurements (e.g. cerebral performance category), 75–80% of survivors will have a ‘good’ neurological outcome, but many of these will have subtle neurocognitive deficits.
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Book chapters on the topic "Phasor measurement unit"

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Morris, Thomas H., Shengyi Pan, Uttam Adhikari, Nicolas Younan, Roger King, and Vahid Madani. "Phasor Measurement Unit and Phasor Data Concentrator Cyber Security." In Energy Systems, 141–59. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38134-8_7.

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Mohanty, Monalisa, Ravi Kant, Asit Kumar, Debasis Sahu, and Subhashree Choudhury. "A Brief Review on Synchro Phasor Technology and Phasor Measurement Unit." In Advances in Electrical Control and Signal Systems, 705–21. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5262-5_53.

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Shankar, Shiv, K. B. Yadav, Alok Priyadarshi, and Vishal Rathore. "Study of Phasor Measurement Unit and Its Applications." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 247–57. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7994-3_22.

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Marín, F. J., F. García-Lagos, G. Joya, and F. Sandoval. "Optimal Phasor Measurement Unit Placement using Genetic Algorithms." In Computational Methods in Neural Modeling, 486–93. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-44868-3_62.

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Arunagirinathan, Paranietharan, Richard R. Brooks, Iroshani Jayawardene, Dulip Tharaka Madurasinghe, Ganesh Kumar Venayagamoorthy, Fu Yu, and Xingsi Zhong. "Denial of Service Attack on Phasor Measurement unit 1." In Distributed Denial of Service Attacks, 261–77. Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2020.: Chapman and Hall/CRC, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315213125-13.

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Khan, Hannan Ahmad, Mohd Rihan, and Mohammad Zaid. "Simulation of Phasor Measurement Unit for Research and Teaching Applications." In Information and Communication Technology for Competitive Strategies, 727–36. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0586-3_71.

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Ma, Jian, Yuri Makarov, and Zhaoyang Dong. "Phasor Measurement Unit and Its Application in Modern Power Systems." In Emerging Techniques in Power System Analysis, 147–84. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-04282-9_6.

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Kumar, Rohit, Sourav Kumar Sahu, Debomita Ghosh, and Sarbani Chakraborty. "A Multi HIL-Based Approach for Real-Time Phasor Data Monitoring Using Phasor Measurement Unit." In Advances in Smart Grid Automation and Industry 4.0, 623–30. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7675-1_62.

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Swain, Kunja Bihari, Satya Sopan Mahato, Sushant K. Mandal, and Murthy Cherukuri. "Real-Time Transmission Line Situational Awareness Using NI Phasor Measurement Unit." In Advances in Electrical Control and Signal Systems, 443–54. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5262-5_32.

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Priyadarshini, Subhashree, and Chinmoy Kumar Panigrahi. "Application of Heuristic Methods for Optimal Placement of Phasor Measurement Unit." In Learning and Analytics in Intelligent Systems, 223–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30271-9_21.

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Conference papers on the topic "Phasor measurement unit"

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Krishna, R. Vipin, S. Ashok, and Megha G. Krishnan. "Synchronised Phasor Measurement Unit." In 2014 International Conference on Power Signals Control and Computations (EPSCICON). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/epscicon.2014.6887503.

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Kulkarni, S., A. Allen, S. Santoso, and W. M. Grady. "Phasor measurement unit placement Algorithm." In Energy Society General Meeting (PES). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pes.2009.5275634.

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Stenbakken, Gerard, and Ming Zhou. "Dynamic Phasor Measurement Unit Test System." In 2007 IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pes.2007.386139.

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Du, Liang, Jin-kai Huang, and Qun-ying Liu. "A Realization of Measurement Unit for Phasor Measurement Unit Based on DSP." In 2012 IEEE PES Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference (APPEEC). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/appeec.2012.6307689.

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Gopalakrishnan, R., R. Pavithra, D. Sri Vidhya, S. Jaividhya, and K. Sethilvadivu. "Phasor Measurement Unit Across the World and Variables Influencing the Cost of Installing a Phasor Measurement Unit." In 2023 International Conference on Sustainable Computing and Data Communication Systems (ICSCDS). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icscds56580.2023.10104938.

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Daoud, George, Hany Selim, and Mohamed M. AbdelRaheem. "Micro Phasor Measurement Unit Phasor Estimation by off-Nominal Frequency." In 2018 IEEE International Conference on Smart Energy Grid Engineering (SEGE). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sege.2018.8499506.

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Shyam, Chaw Chuaong, Papu Rabha, and Ashoke Kumar Sinha. "Multistage optimal placement of phasor measurement unit." In 2015 International Conference on Energy, Power and Environment: Towards Sustainable Growth (ICEPE). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/epetsg.2015.7510087.

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Bortamuly, Partha, Soumita Ghosh, Debomita Ghosh, and Dusmanta Kumar Mohanta. "Petri net modeling of phasor measurement unit." In 2017 International Conference on Algorithms, Methodology, Models and Applications in Emerging Technologies (ICAMMAET). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icammaet.2017.8186692.

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Zambrano, Alvaro A., Miguel A. Leon, and Edwin Rivas. "Phasor measurement unit using GPRS wireless connectivity." In 2011 IEEE PES Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies (ISGT Latin America). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isgt-la.2011.6083199.

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Tang, Y., and G. N. Stenbakken. "Traceability of calibration for Phasor Measurement Unit." In 2012 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting. New Energy Horizons - Opportunities and Challenges. IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pesgm.2012.6343956.

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Reports on the topic "Phasor measurement unit"

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Goldstein, Allen. 2014 NIST Assessment of Phasor Measurement Unit Performance. National Institute of Standards and Technology, February 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.8106.

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Huang, Zhenyu, Anthony J. faris, Kenneth E. Martin, John F. Hauer, Christopher A. Bonebrake, and James M. Shaw. Laboratory Performance Evaluation Report of SEL 421 Phasor Measurement Unit. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/940755.

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Allen, A., S. Santoso, and E. Muljadi. Algorithm for Screening Phasor Measurement Unit Data for Power System Events and Categories and Common Characteristics for Events Seen in Phasor Measurement Unit Relative Phase-Angle Differences and Frequency Signals. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1096101.

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Hart, Philip, Weizhong Yan, Tianyi Wang, Vijay Kumar, Pengyuan Yan, Lijun He, Arun Subramanian, and Kareem Aggour. Phasor-Measurement-Unit-Based Data Analytics Using Digital Twin and PhasorAnalytics Software. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1828164.

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George and Hart. PR-015-06603-R02 Tests of Instruments for Measuring Hydrocarbon Dew Points in Natural Gas Streams Phase 2. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), September 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010969.

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Research has assessed the accuracy of two commercially-available hydrocarbon dew point (HCDP) analyzers, an Ametek� Model 241 CE II and a Michell Condumax II. During a previous phase of this project, both automated analyzers, along with a Bureau of Mines chilled mirror device serving as a reference, were tested on gravimetrically-prepared gas blends chosen to simulate a transmission-quality gas and a production gas. The measurement repeatability of both units was found to be better than the manual chilled mirror. Trends in the analyzer and manual chilled mirror measurements suggested that differences in performance between the automated units were related to their measurement techniques and default set points. During the second phase of the project, the Ametek and Michell automated analyzers were tested again on the transmission-quality test gas used in Phase 1, but with specific levels of contamination added to gain knowledge of their performance under adverse conditions. In one round of tests, water vapor was added to simulate a transmission gas with water vapor levels above common tariff specifications. In the second round of tests, the test gas contained both methanol and water vapor, simulating a stream to which methanol has been added to prevent hydrates. Contaminants were added to the test gas stream in amounts such that, depending upon the pressure of the test stream, the contaminant dew point would be reached first, the HCDP would be reached first, or the two phases would condense simultaneously. Multiple HCDP measurements were made with the analyzers to determine their ability to accurately measure HCDPs under these adverse conditions. Analyzer results were again compared to HCDP measurements taken with the Bureau of Mines chilled mirror device and a digital video camera. Results were adjusted for small changes in the heavy hydrocarbon content of the test gases over time, using predictions from an equation of state and gas chromatographic analyses of the test gases.
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Eto, Joseph H., Emma M. Stewart, Travis Smith, Mark Buckner, Harold Kirkham, Francis Tuffner, and David A. Schoenwald. Scoping Study on Research and Development Priorities for Distribution-System Phasor Measurement Units. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1331490.

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Svedeman. L51729 Gas Scrubber Performance Evaluation - Measurement Methods. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), April 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010420.

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Scrubbers and separators are used in natural gas pipelines to remove solid and liquid materials from the gas stream. Failure to remove the entrained materials from the gas can result in equipment damage, increased pressure drop due to liquid accumulation, flow measurement errors, and corrosion. The performance of separators is rarely tested after a separator is installed because there is a lack of test instrumentation and it is difficult to conduct tests at the high pressures. The only indicators of poor separator performance are recurring problems in downstream equipment or the detection of accumulated materials in downstream piping. Instrumentation is needed that can verify separator performance when the unit is installed and to periodically monitor separator performance. The report documents results of instrument tests. The objectives of the instrument evaluations were to verify that the instruments could be used to measure particles penetrating a separator, to provide a comparative evaluation of the instruments, and to identify any measurement problems that could be encountered in field testing. One important result was that the separator minimum removable drop size increased as the operating pressure increased. This trend is not generally known, since there is a lack of test results for pressures above atmospheric pressure. The separator performance test results are documented in this report. Two different particle measuring instruments were evaluated for documenting separator performance. The two instruments were the video imaging system with automatic image analysis and the laser-based phase Doppler particle measuring system. The instruments were evaluated in laboratory tests that were conducted on a commercially available vane-type separator. The objectives of the instrument evaluations were to verify that the instruments could be used to measure particles penetrating a separator, to provide a comparative evaluation of the two instruments, and to identify any measurement problems that could be encountered in field testing. The video imaging system has a number of attractive attributes, but it was not able to measure the small diameter drops at the separator exit. The primary limitation was that the optical system could not clearly image the small drops (in the range from 5 to 30 um). The phase Doppler particle measuring system was capable of measuring all of the parameters needed to document the separator performance. Based on the instrument evaluations, future efforts on developing measurement methods for documenting separator performance should focus on adapting the phase Doppler system to field testing.
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Lahav, Ori, Albert Heber, and David Broday. Elimination of emissions of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide from confined animal and feeding operations (CAFO) using an adsorption/liquid-redox process with biological regeneration. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7695589.bard.

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The project was originally aimed at investigating and developing new efficient methods for cost effective removal of ammonia (NH₃) and hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) from Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFO), in particular broiler and laying houses (NH₃) and hog houses (H₂S). In both cases, the principal idea was to design and operate a dedicated air collection system that would be used for the treatment of the gases, and that would work independently from the general ventilation system. The advantages envisaged: (1) if collected at a point close to the source of generation, pollutants would arrive at the treatment system at higher concentrations; (2) the air in the vicinity of the animals would be cleaner, a fact that would promote animal growth rates; and (3) collection efficiency would be improved and adverse environmental impact reduced. For practical reasons, the project was divided in two: one effort concentrated on NH₃₍g₎ removal from chicken houses and another on H₂S₍g₎ removal from hog houses. NH₃₍g₎ removal: a novel approach was developed to reduce ammonia emissions from CAFOs in general, and poultry houses in particular. Air sucked by the dedicated air capturing system from close to the litter was shown to have NH₃₍g₎ concentrations an order of magnitude higher than at the vents of the ventilation system. The NH₃₍g₎ rich waste air was conveyed to an acidic (0<pH<~5) bubble column reactor where NH₃ was converted to NH₄⁺. The reactor operated in batch mode, starting at pH 0 and was switched to a new acidic absorption solution just before NH₃₍g₎ breakthrough occurred, at pH ~5. Experiments with a wide range of NH₃₍g₎ concentrations showed that the absorption efficiency was practically 100% throughout the process as long as the face velocity was below 4 cm/s. The potential advantages of the method include high absorption efficiency, lower NH₃₍g₎ concentrations in the vicinity of the birds, generation of a valuable product and the separation between the ventilation and ammonia treatment systems. A small scale pilot operation conducted for 5 weeks in a broiler house showed the approach to be technically feasible. H₂S₍g₎ removal: The main goal of this part was to develop a specific treatment process for minimizing H₂S₍g₎ emissions from hog houses. The proposed process consists of three units: In the 1ˢᵗ H₂S₍g₎ is absorbed into an acidic (pH<2) ferric iron solution and oxidized by Fe(III) to S⁰ in a bubble column reactor. In parallel, Fe(III) is reduced to Fe(II). In the 2ⁿᵈ unit Fe(II) is bio-oxidized back to Fe(III) by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans (AF).In the 3ʳᵈ unit S⁰ is separated from solution in a gravity settler. The work focused on three sub-processes: the kinetics of H₂S absorption into a ferric solution at low pH, the kinetics of Fe²⁺ oxidation by AF and the factors that affect ferric iron precipitation (a main obstacle for a continuous operation of the process) under the operational conditions. H₂S removal efficiency was found higher at a higher Fe(III) concentration and also higher for higher H₂S₍g₎ concentrations and lower flow rates of the treated air. The rate limiting step of the H₂S reactive absorption was found to be the chemical reaction rather than the transition from gas to liquid phase. H₂S₍g₎ removal efficiency of >95% was recorded with Fe(III) concentration of 9 g/L using typical AFO air compositions. The 2ⁿᵈ part of the work focused on kinetics of Fe(II) oxidation by AF. A new lab technique was developed for determining the kinetic equation and kinetic parameters (KS, Kₚ and mₘₐₓ) for the bacteria. The 3ʳᵈ part focused on iron oxide precipitation under the operational conditions. It was found that at lower pH (1.5) jarosite accumulation is slower and that the performance of the AF at this pH was sufficient for successive operation of the proposed process at the H₂S fluxes predicted from AFOs. A laboratory-scale test was carried out at Purdue University on the use of the integrated system for simultaneous hydrogen sulfide removal from a H₂S bubble column filled with ferric sulfate solution and biological regeneration of ferric ions in a packed column immobilized with enriched AFbacteria. Results demonstrated the technical feasibility of the integrated system for H₂S removal and simultaneous biological regeneration of Fe(III) for potential continuous treatment of H₂S released from CAFO. NH₃ and H₂S gradient measurements at egg layer and swine barns were conducted in winter and summer at Purdue. Results showed high potential to concentrate NH₃ and H₂S in hog buildings, and NH₃ in layer houses. H₂S emissions from layer houses were too low for a significant gradient. An NH₃ capturing system was designed and tested in a 100-chicken broiler room. Five bell-type collecting devices were installed over the litter to collect NH₃ emissions. While the air extraction system moved only 10% of the total room ventilation airflow rate, the fraction of total ammonia removed was 18%, because of the higher concentration air taken from near the litter. The system demonstrated the potential to reduce emissions from broiler facilities and to concentrate the NH₃ effluent for use in an emission control system. In summary, the project laid a solid foundation for the implementation of both processes, and also resulted in a significant scientific contribution related to AF kinetic studies and ferrous analytical measurements.
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Sanz, E., P. Alonso, B. Haidar, H. Ghaemi, and L. García. Key performance indicators (KPIs). Scipedia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23967/prodphd.2021.9.002.

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The project “Social network tools and procedures for developing entrepreneurial skills in PhD programmes” (prodPhD) aims to implement innovative social network-based methodologies for teaching and learning entrepreneurship in PhD programmes. The multidisciplinary teaching and learning methodologies to be developed will enable entrepreneurship education to be introduced into any PhD programme, providing students with the knowledge, skills, and motivation to engage in entrepreneurial activities. However, the use of the output of the project will depend on the nature and profile of the research or scientific field. In this context, key performance indicators (KPIs) form the base on which the quality and scope of the methodologies developed in the project will be quantified and benchmarked. The project’s final product will be an online tool that higher education students can use to learn entrepreneurship from a social network perspective. Performance measurement is one of the first steps of any project and involves the choice and use of indicators to measure the effectiveness and success of the project’s methods and results. All the KPIs have been selected according to criteria of relevance, measurability, reliability, and adequacy, and they cover the process, dissemination methods, and overall quality of the project. In this document, each KPI is defined together with the units and instruments for measuring it. In the case of qualitative KPIs, five-level Likert scales are defined to improve indicator measurability and reliability. The KPIs for prodPhD are divided into three main dimensions, depending on the stage of the project they evaluate. The three main dimensions are performance and development (which are highly related to the project’s process), dissemination and impact (which are more closely correlated with the project’s output), and overall project quality. Different sources (i.e., European projects and papers) have been drawn upon to define a set of 51 KPIs classified into six categories, according to the project phase they aim to evaluate. An Excel tool has been developed that collects all the KPIs analysed in the production of this document. This tool is shared in the Scipedia repository.
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