Academic literature on the topic 'Phenacoccus'

Summary Two invasive mealybug species, Phenacoccus peruvianus Granara de Willink and Phenacoccus madeirensis Green (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), have been recorded on new species of ornamental plants in diff erent regions of Greece. Phenacoccus peruvianus was recorded in Athens on Cestrum nocturnum L. (Solanaceae) in September 2013. Phenacoccus madeirensis was found in Kalamata (Peloponnese) on Aloysia citriodora Palau (Verbenaceae) in May 2014 and on Osteospermum jucundum (Phillips) (Asteraceae) in July 2014. This is the first record of O. jucundum as host plant of P. madeirensis

Chorizococcus mirzayansi Moghaddam sp. n. and Phenacoccus betae Moghaddam sp. n. are described and illustrated in detail based on adult females from Iran. The species C. mirzayansi was collected on the leaves of Opuntia ficus-indica (Cactaceae) and P. betae was collected on the roots of Beta vulgaris (Betulaceae). The mealybug Phenacoccus perillustris Borchsenius is recorded from Iran for the first time. A key and a checklist are provided for the six species of Phenacoccus known from Iran.

Grapevine leafroll disease is caused by grapevine leafroll-associated viruses (GLRaVs). These viruses are common in vineyards worldwide and often associated with vitiviruses that are involved in the rugose wood complex of grapevine. Ten mealybug species are known as vectors of one or several of these grapevine viruses, including the apple mealybug Phenacoccus aceris which is widespread in Holarctic regions and able to transmit Grapevine leafroll-associated virus-1 and -3 (GLRaV-1 and -3). Our aim was to characterize the transmission features of leafroll viruses by Phenacoccus aceris in order to better understand the contribution of this mealybug to leafroll epidemics. Results showed that Phenacoccus aceris is able to transmit GLRaV-1, -3, -4, -5, -6, and -9 to grapevine but not GLRaV-7. This is the first report of GLRaV-6 transmission by a mealybug. Also, for the first time it was shown that Phenacoccus aceris could vector vitiviruses Grapevine virus A (GVA) and Grapevine virus B (GVB). First instar nymphs were the most efficient stage in transmitting GLRaV-1, -3, and GVA. This research sheds light on the transmission biology of grapevine viruses by Phenacoccus aceris and represents a step forward to leafroll disease management.

Three new mealybug species, Dysmicoccus caspianensis sp. n., Dysmicoccus zagrosicus sp. n. and Phenacoccus bromi sp. n. (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), collected from protected areas in Iran, are described and illustrated. The identification keys to Phenacoccus species lacking ventral multilocular disc pores and Dysmicoccus species in Iran are presented.

<em>Polystomophora arakensis</em> Moghaddam and <em>Phenacoccus salviacus</em> Moghaddam are described and illustrated in detail from Iran. The species<em> P. arakensis</em> was collected from the roots of <em>Atraphaxis </em>sp. (Family: <em>Polygonaceae</em>) and <em>P. salviacus</em> was collected from the leaves of <em>Salvia bracteata</em> (Family: <em>Labiatae</em>). The genera <em>Phenacoccus </em>and <em>Polystomophora </em>are briefly reviewed and a key to the Iranian species of <em>Phenacoccus </em>is provided.

Fifty-one species in 27 genera of Pseudococcidae, plus one species of Rhizoecidae and one species of Putoidae have been recorded from Iranbased on literature data and on the material in the collection of the Hayk Mirzayans Insect Museum, Iran. Keys to the Iranian genera and species based on adult female morphology are provided and the distribution data of each species and their host-plants are given. Adult females of each species are illustrated in detail. The species Paracoccus burnerae (Brain), Phenacoccus pumilus (Kiritshenko) and Ph. hordei (Lindeman) are recorded for the first time in Iran. Four new species, Exallomochlus balouchestanensis Moghaddam sp. n., Peliococcus ilamicus Moghaddam sp. n., Phenacoccus karkasicus Moghaddam sp. n. and Phenacoccus iranica Moghaddam sp. n. are described.

AbstractPseudococcidae (mealybugs) is a large taxonomic group, including a number of agronomic pests. Taxonomic identification of mealybug species is a recurrent problem and represents a major barrier to the establishment of adequate pest management strategies. We combined molecular analysis of three DNA markers (28S-D2, cytochrome oxidase I and internal transcribed spacer 2) with morphological examination, for the identification of 176 specimens collected from 40 mealybug populations infesting various crops and ornamental plants in Egypt and France. This combination of DNA and morphological analyses led to the identification of 17 species: seven in Egypt (Planococcus citri (Risso), Planococcus ficus (Signoret), Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green), Ferrisia virgata (Cockerell), Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley, Phenacoccus parvus Morrison and Saccharicoccus sacchari (Cockerell)) and 11 in France (Planococcus citri, Pseudococcus viburni Signoret, Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni-Tozzetti), Pseudococcus comstocki (Kuwana), Rhizoecus amorphophalli Betrem, Trionymus bambusae (Green), Balanococcus diminutus (Leonardi), Phenacoccus madeirensis Green, Planococcus vovae (Nasonov), Dysmicoccus brevipes (Cockerell) and Phenacoccus aceris Signoret), Pl. citri being found in both countries. We also found genetic variation between populations considered to belong to the same species, justifying further investigation of the possible occurrence of complexes of cryptic taxa.

Three mealybug (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) plant pest species: Dysmicoccus boninsis (Kuwana), Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley, and Pseudococcus viburni (Signoret), are recorded for the first time in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. This is the first record of Phenacoccus solenopsis in Brazil, where it was found infesting tomato plants. The species Antonina graminis (Maskell), a common pest of Bermuda grass, and Dysmicoccus brevipes (Cockerell), a major pest of pineapple, also were encountered.

Resumo. Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) é relatada pela primeira vez associada ao mogno brasileiro, Swietenia macrophylla King (Meliaceae). Infestações deste pseudococcídeo foram observadas sobre folhas e ramos de mudas do mogno cultivadas em casa de vegetação, em Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brasil. O controle da cochonilha foi realizado manualmente e/ou com aplicação de solução de água com detergente neutro a 10%.Occurrence of the mealybug Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) on mahogany seedlings (Swietenia macrophylla King)Abstract. Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) is reported for the first time on brazilian mahogany, Swietenia macrophylla King (Meliaceae). Infestations of this Pseudococcidae were observed on leafs and branches of mahogany seedlings cultivated in a greenhouse, in Brasilia, Federal District, Brazil. The control of the mealybug was realized manually and/or with application of water solution with 10% of neutral detergent.

Two new mealybug species (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Pseudococcidae), namely, Dysmicoccus kunaw Tanaka sp. nov. and Phenacoccus miruku Tanaka & Choi sp. nov., collected in Japan, are described based on the morphological characteristics of the adult females. Dysmicoccus kunaw resembles D. trispinosus (Hall 1923) and D. furcillosus Williams 2004, but differs from them in having two conical cerarian setae in each anal lobe cerarius, a considerable number of dorsal multilocular pores on the abdominal segments, and two types of oral collar tubular ducts on the venter. Phenacoccus miruku is similar to P. sisymbriifolium Granara de Willink 2007 and P. similis Granara de Willink 1983, but differs by lacking quinqelocular pores anterior to the mouthparts and translucent pores on the hind tibiae, and in the shape of the circulus. A molecular phylogenetic analysis was used to investigate the phylogenetic placements of the two new species. Keys to the species of Dysmicoccus Ferris and Phenacoccus Cockerell found in Japan are provided.

Comme d'autres Homoptères, Phenacoccus manihoti est un insecte principalement phloémophage. L'utilisation, pour la première fois sur une cochenille, de l'électrographie de pénétration -EPG- a permis de révéler et de quantifier les interactions pré-phloémiennes entre les stylets de l'insecte et les tissus de la plante. Sur une gamme d'hôtes naturels (Manihot) et de substitution (Talinum, Poinsettia), un comportement de rejet précoce, dû aux délais et obstacles à atteindre le phloème, a été mis en évidence. Une analyse de certaines substances secondaires des liquides foliaires des hôtes a permis de préciser que les composés cyanés et les acides phénoliques du mésophylle seraient plus particulièrement impliqués dans les mécanismes de fixation de P. Manihoti sur la plante. Les flavonoïdes ne semblent pas intervenir dans celle phase précoce. Nous avons ensuite précisé le rôle des composés allélo-chimiques dans la relation d'antibiose du manioc sur la cochenille. Il s'est avéré que les glucosides cyanogéniques, transportés par la sève phloémienne, ont plus probablement un rôle phago-stimulant que toxique, alors que la rutine, flavonoïde glycosylé également trans-loqué, pourrait affecter le développement de P. Manihoti. Des expérimentations au champ et au laboratoire ont permis de déceler une réponse défensive du manioc contre l'attaque de la cochenille, se traduisant par une augmentation de la teneur en rutine lors de l'infestation, notamment chez les génotypes les moins favorables à P. Manihoti. Cette réponse est variable et dépend notamment du facteur saisonnier: elle s'amoindrit en saison sèche, à la fin de laquelle sont souvent observées sur le terrain les pullulations de la cochenille
As do other Homopterous insects, Phenacoccus manihoti feeds mainly on phloem sap. The use of electrical penetration graphs -EPG -, for the first time on a mealy-bug, shows that pre-phloem interactions between the insect sytles and the plant tissues are an important step for the host-plant acceptation. Precocious plant rejection due to delays in phloem finding may result in global "antixenosis". A chemical analysis of some secondary plant compounds in leaves of host plants and substitue plants revealed that cyanide compounds and phenolic acids, as opposed to flavonoids, were mainly correlated with host recognition by P. Manihoti. We tryed to specify the action of allelo-chemical compounds present in the phloem sap. The cyanogen glucosides (linamarin and lotaustralin in Cassava) seem to play a phagostimulatory (vs toxic) function, while rutin is likely to induce some inhibiting role in the development of the insect. Field and laboratory experiments showed the occurence of a putative defensive response of cassava against meyly-bug, which displayed significant increases in rutin levels with infestation, especially with the less favourable genotypes. This induced response clearly depended mainly on seasonal factor. It decreased in the dry season, at the end of which most population increases could be observed in field conditions

Mestrado em Engenharia Agronómica - Instituto Superior de Agronomia / UL
O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a dinâmica de infestação de Phenacoccus madeirensis em cafeeiro, em estufa, e sua interação com o parasitoide Anagyrus amnestos. Procedeu-se à monitorização de cochonilhas-algodão, numa estufa do Centro de Investigação de Ferrugens do Cafeeiro, em Oeiras, entre setembro de 2016 e novembro de 2017. Foram colhidas amostras para determinação da taxa de parasitismo, por A. amnestos. A especificidade do parasitoide foi estudada, através de ensaios biológicos, sem escolha, em placa de Petri, expondo, durante períodos de 30 minutos, uma fêmea do parasitoide, previamente fecundada, a 10 fêmeas jovens ou 3º instares de uma de três espécies de cochonilhas-algodão: P. madeirensis, Planococcus ficus (Signoret) e Pseudococcus calceolariae (Maskell). Foram realizadas 40 repetições. A percentagem de plantas infestadas variou entre 0,6% e 56,9%. Foram identificadas três espécies de cochonilhas-algodão: Planococcus citri (Risso), P. madeirensis e Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni Tozzetti). Planococcus citri foi a espécie mais frequente. Phenacoccus madeirensis foi a segunda espécie mais frequente. A taxa de parasitismo por A. amnestos variou entre 1% e 100%, com um valor médio de 19%. Anagyrus amnestos só parasitou P. madeirensis, tendo rejeitado como hospedeiros P. ficus e P. calceolariae. A proporção do tempo de procura do parasitoide representou cerca de 47%, no caso de P. madeirensis, em comparação com mais de 80%, em P. ficus e P. calceolariae. A percentagem de tempo de antenação também permite diferenciar a espécie hospedeira. No caso de P. madeirensis, este comportamento (6,5%) representou cerca de três a quatro vezes mais a percentagem de tempo alocado pelo parasitoide no caso da interação com P. calceolariae (2,1%) e P. ficus (1,5%), respetivamente
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Cotton crop has been well known to man since ancient times, but one of the main problems of this culture is the attack of pests. Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Hemiptera:Pseudococcidae) has a high morphological diversity, biological adaptations and ecological adjustments that give this species a high capacity to feed host plants. Chemical control is the main method used to control population outbreaks of this mealybug. However, it is difficult to fully control this mealybug with conventional insecticides because of the waxy material that covers the bodies of adult females. The objective of this research was to study the biological aspects of P. solenopsis in cotton leaf discs with and without kaolin. Kaolin is a white clay mineral with various agricultural applications. The film of kaolin particles creates a physical or mechanical barrier of protection against arthropods and pathogens. The work was carried out in the Embrapa Algodão Entomology Laboratory, Campina Grande, State of Paraíba, Brazil, in climatic chamber of type B.O.D. (Biochemical Oxygen Demand), adjusted to a temperature of 25 ± 1 °C, relative humidity of 60 ± 10% and photophase of 12 hours. The experimental design was completely randomized with two treatments and fifty replicates. The treatments consisted of spraying the immature and newly emerged adult stages of P. solenopsis and immersing cotton leaf discs in kaolin suspension (with kaolin) in distilled -1 water at 60 gL the immature stages of P. solenopsis were determined and, in the adult phase, the periods of or in distilled water (control, without kaolin). The duration and survival of pre-oviposition, oviposition, post-oviposition, longevity, fecundity, number of eggs/day, number of eggs/female/day. The parameters of the fertility and life expectancy tables of P. solenopsis were also estimated to determine the population growth potential of this mealybug in both treatments. The results obtained in this research demonstrate that the survival of the immature stages of P. solenopsis in cotton leaves disks was not affected by kaolin. However, it was observed a shorter duration of development of the second and third instars and of the egg period to the adults of P. solenopsis females in the treatment with kaolin suspension and a longer period of oviposition, fecundity and number of eggs per female in that same treatment. In addition, the shortest time required for the P. solenopsis population to double time (TD) associated with the highest values of gross (TBR) and net reproductive rate (Ro), intrinsic (rm) and finite rates of increase (λ), survival, specific fertility (mx), reproductive value (VRx) and life expectancy (ex) in treatment with kaolin suspension indicate that spraying of this product on cotton plants infested by mealybug should be avoided because they favor its growth populational.
A cultura do algodão é bem conhecida do homem desde antiguidade, porém um dos principais problemas dessa a cultura é o ataque de pragas. A cochonilha Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) apresenta uma grande diversidade morfológica, adaptações biológicas e ajustes ecológicos que conferem a essa espécie uma alta capacidade de se alimentar de plantas hospedeiras. O controle químico é o principal método empregado para controlar os surtos populacionais dessa cochonilha. No entanto, é difícil controlar plenamente essa cochonilha com inseticidas convencionais, devido ao material ceroso que recobre os corpos das fêmeas adultas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar os aspectos biológicos de P. solenopsis em discos de folhas de algodão com e sem caulim. O caulim é um mineral de argila branca com diversas aplicações agrícolas. O filme de partículas de caulim cria uma barreira física ou mecânica de proteção contra os artrópodes e patógenos. O trabalho foi conduzido no Laboratório de Entomologia da Embrapa Algodão, município de Campina Grande, Estado da Paraíba, Brasil, em câmaras climatizadas do tipo B.O.D. (Biochemical Oxygen Demand), ajustadas para à temperatura de 25 ± 1 ºC, umidade relativa de 60 ± 10% e fotofase de 12 horas. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com dois tratamentos e cinquenta repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram da pulverização dos estágios imaturos e adultos recém-emergidos de P. solenopsis e da imersão dos discos de folhas de -1 algodoeiro em suspensão de caulim (com caulim) em água destilada a 60 gL destilada, testemunha (sem caulim). sobrevivência dos estágios imaturos de P. solenopsis e, na fase adulta, os períodos de pré- ou em água Foram determinados o tempo de duração e a oviposição, oviposição, pós-oviposição, longevidade, fecundidade, número de ovos/dia, número de ovos/fêmea/dia. Foram também estimados os parâmetros das tabelas de fertilidade e de esperança de vida de P. solenopsis para se determinar o potencial de crescimento populacional dessa cochonilha em ambos os tratamentos. Os resultados obtidos nesta pesquisa demonstram que a sobrevivência dos estágios imaturos de P. solenopsis em discos de folhas de algodoeiro não foi prejudicada pelo caulim. No entanto, observou-se menor duração do desenvolvimento dos segundo e terceiro instares e do período de ovo à adultos de fêmeas de P. solenopsis no tratamento com suspensão de caulim e um maior período de oviposição, fecundidade e número de ovos por fêmea nesse mesmo tratamento. Além disso, o menor tempo necessário para a população de P. solenopsis duplicar em número de indivíduos (TD) associado aos maiores valores das taxas bruta (TBR) e líquida de reprodução (Ro), razões intrínseca (rm) e finita de crescimento (λ), sobrevivência, fertilidade específica (mx), valor reprodutivo (VRx) e esperança de vida (ex) no tratamento com suspensão de caulim, indicam que as pulverizações desse produto nas lavouras de algodoeiro infestadas pela cochonilha devem ser evitadas porque favorecem seu crescimento populacional.

Phenacoccus peruvianus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) is an invasive mealybug of Neotropical origin, first reported in the Mediterranean Basin in Almeria (Spain) in 1999. In the following years the mealybug spread into other Mediterranean regions and has also been recorded in Portugal and France, as well as in Sicily, Corsica and the Balearic Islands. Phenacoccus peruvianus is a polyphagous species and damages economically important ornamental plants. Since this was a relatively unknown species, during the first years of invasion, the mealybug was managed by the application of chemical treatments with wide-spectrum pesticides. However, the latest European directive on pesticide use reduces or even forbids pesticide applications in a wide range of urban green areas, giving significant priority to biological control (European Parliament and Council 2009). This thesis sets the basis for introducing biological control into a P. peruvianus management program in urban landscapes, focusing on its characterization, sampling, biology and control. In order to facilitate the identification of this and other mealybug species, we characterised 33 mealybug populations infesting crops and ornamental plants in Eastern Spain, using a combination of molecular and morphological techniques. This characterisation led to the identification of ten mealybug species and made routine identification possible through DNA sequencing or the use of derived species-specific molecular tools. The sequences obtained also add to the phylogenetic knowledge of the Pseudococcidae family and provide insight into the invasion history of some species. Phenacoccus peruvianus populations were high in bougainvillea plants during spring and summer, declining to almost undetectable levels in autumn and winter. The mealybug was mainly found in bracts and there were no significant migrations between plant strata. Phenacoccus peruvianus showed a high aggregated distribution on bracts, leaves and twigs. We recommend a binomial sampling of 200 leaves and an action threshold of 55% infested leaves for IPM purposes in urban landscapes. Its most abundant natural enemies were found to be the primary parasitoids Acerophagus n. sp. near coccois and Leptomastix epona Walker (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). We also identified several predator species from the Anthocoridae, Coccinellidae, Chamaemyiidae, and Chrysopidae families. Phenacoccus peruvianus populations were lower during the second and third year of the survey, coinciding with an increase in the parasitoid Acerophagus sp. populations, which displaced the native L. epona. Differential female offspring and resource preemption are discussed as the main reasons for this displacement. To obtain further information on the biology of the new parasitoid Acerophagus sp. we determined some traits of its reproductive and feeding strategies. Acerophagus sp. egg load reached its maximum when it was 5 days old with almost 30 mature eggs. Phenacoccus peruvianus second and third nymphal instars and adults were suitable for parasitism and efficient encapsulation was low (10.76 ± 0.31 %). The parasitoid always preferred older instars when different host instars were available. Acerophagus sp. developed as a solitary parasitoid in the second instar and as a gregarious parasitoid in older instars (2¿4 parasitoids per host). Moreover, it reproduced parthenogenetically and all the emerged offspring were females. Immature development lasted between 20 and 22 days at 25°C and 65% HR. Under these conditions, adults lived for longer than 20 days when fed on honey, but fewer than 3 days when fed on naturally occurring sugar sources (host honeydew and Bougainvillea glabra flowers).
Beltrà Ivars, A. (2014). Biology and management of the invasive mealybug Phenacoccus peruvianus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in urban landscapes [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/37233
TESIS

Mestrado em Engenharia Agronómica - Instituto Superior de Agronomia
The main objective of Centro de Investigação das Ferrugens do Cafeeiro, Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical (CIFC/IICT) is to contribute for the development of coffee varieties resistant to coffee leaf rust, Hemileia vastatrix. Mealybugs are a major phytossanitary problem of coffee varieties maintained by CIFC/IICT, due to their interference with the production of young coffee leafs necessary for the inoculation of fungi. The aims of the present work were: a) to identify the mealybug species associated with commercial varieties of coffee, such as Catimor and Sarchimor, in the greenhouses of CIFC/IICT; b) to study the dynamics of infestation of Planococcus citri in the varieties Catimor and Sarchimor, under greenhouse conditions; c) to compare the colonization rate and development of P. citri in two coffee genotypes, one resistant to coffee leaf rust (Catimor CIFC 45) and one susceptible (Caturra vermelho CIFC 19/1). Two species of mealybugs were identified, Phenacoccus madeirensis and P. citri. The variety Catimor was the most susceptible to P. citri. No significant differences were observed in the development time of P, citri among the studied varieties. Nevertheless, the rate of colonization by mealybugs was higher in Caturra CIFC 19/1

L’enroulement de la vigne cause des pertes de rendement et de la qualité des vins au niveau mondial. Il est causé par quatre espèces de Grapevine leafroll-associated virus(GLRaVs) ; GLRaV-1, -2, -3, -4-like. Si le GLRaV-2 (genre Closterovirus) ne possède pas de vecteur connu, les trois autres espèces (genre Ampelovirus) sont transmises par cochenilles(Coccoidea) qui contribuent à leur dispersion dans et entre les vignobles. Les vignobles de la France septentrionale (Alsace, Bourgogne, Champagne) sont les plus impactés par l’enroulement viral. Ce travail a porté sur le rôle vecteur de Phenacoccus aceris, espèce connue pour son efficacité de transmission et de dispersion des ampélovirus, ainsi que de vitivirus souvent associés. Les interactions cellulaires et moléculaires entre virus et cochenille restent peu connues. Une approche pluridisciplinaire combinant entomologie,virologie, biologie cellulaire et moléculaire a été développée pour étudier la biologie de la vection du GLRaV-1 et du Grapevine virus A (GVA) par P. aceris. Des expériences de transmission ont montré que ces virus sont transmis selon le mode semi-persistant non circulant. L’étude préliminaire du comportement alimentaire de P. aceris sur vigne par électropénétrographie a révélé une activité similaire à celle d'autres espèces de cochenilles déjà décrites et suggère un effet de l’infection sur le comportement alimentaire. L’anatomie des pièces buccales de P. aceris, organes directement impliqués dans la transmission et la rétention de virus non-circulants a été décrite et une méthode basée sur l’acquisition de virus purifié sur membrane a été développée pour rechercher les sites de rétention virale dans le vecteur
Grapevine leafroll disease affects grape yield and wine quality worldwide. It is caused by four species of Grapevine leafroll-associated virus (GLRaVs) (GLRaV-1, -2, -3, -4-like).While GLRaV-2 (genus Closterovirus) has no known vector, the other three (genus Ampelovirus) are transmitted by mealybugs (Coccoidea) and thus prone to be dispersed within and between vineyards. In north-eastern France (Alsace, Bourgogne et Champagne),vineyards are more impacted by Grapevine leafroll disease. This thesis focusses on the vector role of the species Phenacoccus aceris, known for its efficiency in transmission and dissemination of ampeloviruses, as well as often associated vitiviruses. Molecular and cellular interactions between viruses and mealybugs remain poorly known. A multidisciplinary approach, combining entomology, virology, molecular and cellular biology, was developed to analyse the vector biology of GLRaV-1 and Grapevine virus A (GVA) by P. aceris.Transmission experiments showed that GLRaV-1 and GVA transmission follows the semipersistent non-circulative mode. A preliminary study of P. aceris feeding behavior on grape using electropenetrography revealed an activity similar to that of other mealybug species already described and suggested a potential effect of infection on Ph. aceris feeding behavior. The anatomy of mouth parts, directely implied in transmission and retention of non circulative viruses was described and a method for membrane acquisition of purified virus was developed to search for virus retention sites within the vector

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This study aimed to evaluate the action of entomopathogenic fungi and plant protection products used in alternative agroecological on nymphs of P. manihoti in cassava. The four upper leaves of cassava plants infested with nymphs of the mealybug P. manihoti application of treatments received in the lower surface of leaves on the nymphs, using a spray nozzle attached to an air compressor. After application, the plants were kept in semi-conditioned room (temperature 25 ± 5 º C and a photoperiod of 12h) and other insects on the leaves with the aid of prepared leaf cages per screen anti-aphids. The pesticides were evaluated by the insect mortality at 3, 5, 7 and 9 days after application. The mortality caused by strains of entomopathogenic fungi and commercial insecticides on nymphs was assessed daily for 10 days. For confirmation of death by the pathogen, the bodies were immersed in 70% alcohol and then in distilled water, transferred to Petri dishes and maintained at temperature (26 ± 1 ° C and a photoperiod of 14 hours). It was observed that all pesticides tested on nymphs proved efficient when the final assessment, however, differ in the mortality rate, and the products Pironim®, Lime sulfur®, Compostonat® and Plant Clean® presented the efficiency causing at least 50% mortality of nymphs of P. manihoti. Among isolates tested, only three were pathogenic to P. manihoti causing the corrected mortality varied from 15,2 to 28.5%, following 10 days of application. The other isolates tested showed low activity or were not pathogenic to Scale. The commercial biopesticides based on fungi were pathogenic to the nymphs of P. manihoti, causing mortality of 10 to 45.8%, and the best result was obtained with the product based on B. bassiana (Bovenat®) which provided 45.8% mortality confirmed
Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a ação de fungos entomopatogênicos e de produtos fitossanitários alternativos utilizados no sistema agroecológico de produção sobre ninfas de P. manihoti na cultura da mandioca. As quatro folhas apicais de plantas de mandioca infestadas com ninfas da cochonilha P. manihoti receberam aplicação dos tratamentos na face abaxial, sobre as ninfas, utilizando-se um micro pulverizador acoplado a um compressor de ar. Após a aplicação, as plantas foram mantidas em sala semi-climatizada (temperatura de 25 ± 5ºC e fotoperíodo de 12h) e os insetos mantidos nas folhas com auxílio de gaiolas. Os produtos fitossanitários foram avaliados através da mortalidade dos insetos aos 3, 5, 7 e 9 dias após a aplicação. A mortalidade causada pelos isolados de fungos entomopatogênicos e bioinseticidas comerciais sobre ninfas foi avaliada diariamente pelo período de 10 dias. Para confirmação da mortalidade pelo patógeno, os cadáveres foram imersos em solução de álcool 70% e posteriormente em água destilada, transferidos para placas de Petri e mantidas em câmara climatizada (26±1°C e fotoperíodo de 14 horas). Verificou-se que todos os produtos fitossanitários testados sobre as ninfas mostraram efeito ao final da última avaliação, no entanto, diferiram quanto a porcentagem de mortalidade, sendo que os produtos Pironim®, Calda fertilizante foliar®, Compostonat® e Planta Clean® apresentaram a maior mortalidade de ninfas de P. manihoti causando no mínimo 50%. Dentre os isolados testados, apenas três foram patogênicos à P. manihoti causando mortalidade corrigida que variou de 15,2 a 28,5%. Os demais isolados testados apresentaram baixa atividade ou não foram patogênicos à cochonilha. Os bioinseticidas comerciais à base de fungos foram patogênicos às ninfas de P. manihoti, causando mortalidade de 10 a 45,8%, sendo que o melhor resultado foi obtido com o produto à base de B. bassiana (Bovenat®) que proporcionou 45,8% de mortalidade confirmada

Un criblage pratique au champ sur 25 varietes de manioc a permis d'identifier des cultivars presentant differents degres d'antibiose et d'antixenose. L'evaluation au laboratoire de la composante antibiotique sur 7 varietes de manioc, du faux-caoutchouc et de 2 plantes de substitution, talinum (talinum triangularae jacq) et poinsettia (euphorbia pulcherrima willd) montre que l'expression du potentiel biotique du ravageur est influencee par la plante-hote. L'infestation par la cochenille modifie peu la croissance de la plante traduisant la tolerance du manioc a p. Manihoti. Les modifications des teneurs en substances primaires (acides amines et sucres) et secondaires (composes cyanes et phenoliques) suite a l'infestation varient avec la plante-hote. La resistance de type antibiose qui n'a pas pu etre reliee aux teneurs en substances primaires semble etre correlee aux teneurs en substances secondaires. Les composes cyanes auraient un role phagostimulant, alors que les flavonoides glycosyles totaux et la rutine un role phagodissuadant. Enfin, l'etude de quelques techniques agronomiques montre que les augmentations de teneurs de l'acide cyanhydrique de la rutine et des flavonoides glycosyles totaux de l'extrait de feuilles de manioc (zanaga) apres infestation sont plus importantes avec le paillage, la fumure organique et l'amendement calcique qu'avec du npk ou du kcl en toute saison. Cependant, la plus forte augmentation intervient en saison seche

O trabalho teve como objetivos gerais avaliar o efeito da poda, da adubação nitrogenada e os compostos químicos secundários presentes em genótipos de mandioca industrial no manejo da cochonilha Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). O primeiro experimento teve como objetivo específico avaliar o efeito de diferentes formas de poda e de manejos da parte aérea da mandioca sobre a incidência da cochonilha P. manihoti no segundo ciclo da cultura e na produção e renda de raízes tuberosas. O experimento foi conduzido nos municípios de Nova Londrina e Diamante do Norte/PR, sob o delineamento de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições e sete tratamentos: poda total, rente ao solo sem permanência de material vegetal na parcela; poda total, rente ao solo com permanência do material vegetal na parcela; poda convencional (15 cm do solo) sem permanência do material vegetal na parcela; poda convencional com permanência do material vegetal na parcela; poda convencional, com a parte mediana da planta na parcela, com retirada do terço superior da planta; poda convencional, com a retirada da parte mediada da parcela e permanência do terço superior da planta; testemunha - sem poda. Foi realizado o acompanhamento da incidência da praga, a cada 15 dias por 2 meses, atribuídindo-se uma nota de dano. As avaliações foram realizadas em quatro pontos ao acaso em zigue e zague em 16 plantas. No momento da colheita foram avaliados a produtividade e a renda de raízes tuberosas. O segundo experimento teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de doses de adubação nitrogenada sobre a produção de compostos secundários ao longo do tempo. O experimento foi realizado em casa de vegetação semiclimatizada da Embrapa Soja em Londrina/PR, com cultivo das plantas em vasos, em esquema fatorial 2x4x3, com 5 repetições. Foram utilizados dois genótipos de mandioca (Baianinha e Caiuá) e quatro doses de nitrogênio (0, 30, 60 e 90 kg ha-1), com avaliações aos 15, 30 e 45 dias após a adubação. A adubação nitrogenada foi realizada com ureia, 60 dias após o plantio das manivas. Nas folhas apicais foram avaliados os teores de rutina e de ácidos caféico, p-cumárico e ferúlico em cromatógrafo líquido de alto desempenho (HPLC). O terceiro experimento teve como objetivo identificar e quantificar compostos secundários, bem como as alterações nos teores destes, em folhas apicais e basais, de cultivares de mandioca ao longo do tempo após a infestação com a cochonilha da parte aérea P. manihoti. Para cada, foram realizados dois ensaios, ambos sob delineamento inteiramente casualizado com cinco repetições. O primeiro ensaio deste foi esquema fatorial 3x2x2, sendo três cultivares de mandioca: Baianinha, Santa Helena e IAC-12, suscetível, moderadamente resistente e resistente a P. manihoti, respectivamente, duas partes da planta (apical e basal) com e sem a presença de P. manihoti (infestado e não infestado). O segundo ensaio deste, foi realizado em esquema fatorial 3x2x5, sendo três genótipos de mandioca: Baianinha, Santa Helena e IAC-12, com e sem a presença de P. manihoti (nfestado e não infestado com o inseto), cinco coletas de folhas ao longo do tempo (24, 48, 72, 96 e 120 h) após infestação do inseto. As plantas foram cultivadas em vasos com capacidade para cinco litros de solo em casa de vegetação. Para a infestação, folhas contendo cinco ninfas de primeiro para segundo instar, oriundas de criação massal, foram acomodadas no ápice das plantas por 24 h. As folhas apicais e basais de cada planta foram coletadas em cada tempo e congeladas em N líquido. Os extratos foliares obtidos foram levadas ao cromatógrafo líquido de alto desempenho (HPLC), onde foram identificados e quantificados os teores de ácido caféico, p-cumárico, ferúlico, gálico e rutina. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de homogeneidade e normalidade, análise de variância e comparação de médias (Tukey 5%), e dados de doses, de tempo de infestação e N ao teste de regressão. A cochonilha da parte aérea da mandioca P. manihoti tem maior incidência e causa maior dano quando não é realizada a poda da cultivar Caiuá. Os danos causados pelas cochonilhas e os tipos de poda e manejo da parte aérea da planta não afetam a produtividade e renda de raízes tuberosas na variedade de mandioca Caiuá. A cultivar Caiuá apresenta maior teor de ácido ferúlico. O teor de ácido caféico diminui ao longo do tempo após a aplicação de N. O teor de rutina nas cultivares de mandioca Baianinha e Caiuá são aumentam com o acréscimo das doses de nitrogênio. As cultivares de mandioca Baianinha, Santa Helena e IAC 12 expressam ácido caféico, ácido p-cumárico, ácido ferúlico e ácido gálico em folhas apicais e basais. Folhas basais apresentam maior concentração de ácido caféico que folhas apicais de mandioca. Folhas basais apresentam maior teor de ácido ferúlico nas cultivares Baianinha e Santa Helena. A presença de P. manihoti aumenta a produção de ácido ferúlico até as 65 h e p-cumárico até as 75 h, na cultivar Baianinha e reduz linearmente o teor de ácido p-cumárico na cultivar IAC 12. Plantas de mandioca apresentaram maiores teores de rutina as 24 h de coleta na região apical, independente da presença de P. manihoti. A presença de P. manihoti aumentou a produção de rutina em folhas apicais da cultivar de mandioca Baianinha as 24 h. Os maiores teores de rutina são observados na cultivar Baianinha, e os menores na IAC 12. A cultivar Santa Helena infestada com P. manihoti apresenta acréscimo linear na concentração de rutina ao longo do tempo e as cultivares Baianinha e Santa Helena não infestadas apresentaram acréscimo na produção de rutina até 99 e 114 h, respectivamente.
The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of pruning, nitrogen fertilization and secondary chemical compounds present in industrial cassava genotypes in the management of Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). The first experiment had as objective to evaluate the effect of different forms of pruning and manioc management on the incidence of P. manihoti cochineal in the second crop cycle and in the production and yield of tuberous roots. The experiment was conducted in the municipalities of Nova Londrina and Diamante do Norte/PR, under a randomized block design with four replications and seven treatments: total pruning, close to the soil without permanence of plant material in the plot; Total pruning, close to the soil with permanence of the vegetal material in the plot; Conventional pruning (15 cm of the soil) without permanence of the vegetal material in the plot; Conventional pruning with permanence of the vegetal material in the plot; Conventional pruning, with the middle part of the plant in the plot, with removal of the upper third of the plant; Conventional pruning, with the removal of the mediated part of the plot and permanence of the upper third of the plant; Witness - without pruning. The incidence of the pest was monitored every 15 days for 2 months, assigning a damage note. The evaluations were carried out in four random points in zigzag and zag at 16 plants. At the time of harvest, productivity and yield of tuberous roots were evaluated. The second experiment had as objective to evaluate the effect of doses of nitrogen fertilization on the production of secondary compounds over time. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse of Embrapa Soja in Londrina/PR, with potted plants cultivation, in a 2x4x3 factorial scheme, with 5 replicates. Two cassava genotypes (Baianinha and Caiuá) and four nitrogen doses (0, 30, 60 and 90 kg ha-1) were used, with evaluations at 15, 30 and 45 days after fertilization. Nitrogen fertilization was carried out with urea, 60 days after the planting of the roots. In the apical leaves, the levels of rutin and of coffee, p-coumaric and ferulic acids were evaluated in a high performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC). The third experiment had as objective to identify and quantify secondary compounds, as well as the changes in their contents, in apical and basal leaves, of cassava cultivars over time after infestation with the P. manihoti shoot. For each, two trials were performed, both under a completely randomized design with five replicates. The first experiment was a 3x2x2 factorial design, with three manioc cultivars: Baianinha, Santa Helena and IAC-12, susceptible, moderately resistant and resistant to P. manihoti, respectively, two parts of the plant (apical and basal) with and without Presence of P. manihoti (infested and non-infested). The second trial was carried out in a 3x2x5 factorial scheme, with three cassava genotypes: Baianinha, Santa Helena and IAC-12, with and without P. manihoti (nfested and not infested with the insect), five leaves (24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 h) after infestation of the insect. The plants were grown in pots with a capacity of five liters of soil in a greenhouse. For infestation, leaves containing five nymphs from first to second instar, originating from mass rearing, were accommodated at the apex of the plants for 24 h. The apical and basal leaves of each plant were collected at each time and frozen in liquid N. The leaf extracts obtained were submitted to high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), where the levels of coffee, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, gallic acid and rutin were identified and quantified. The data were submitted to analysis of homogeneity and normality, analysis of variance and comparison of means (Tukey 5%), and data of doses, time of infestation and N to the regression test. The P. manihoti cassava mealybug have a higher incidence and cause greater damage when pruning of the Caiuá cultivar is not performed. The damages caused by the mealybug and the types of pruning and management of the aerial part of the plant do not affect the productivity and income of tuberous roots in the variety of cassava Caiuá. The cultivar Caiuá presents higher content of ferulic acid. The content of caffeic acid decreases over time after the application of N. The rutin content in the cassava cultivars Baianinha and Caiuá are increased with the addition of nitrogen doses. Baianinha, Santa Helena and IAC 12 cassava cultivars express caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid and gallic acid in apical and basal leaves. Basal leaves have a higher concentration of caffeic acid than mandioca apical leaves. Basal leaves present higher ferulic acid content in Baianinha and Santa Helena cultivars. The presence of P. manihoti increases the production of ferulic acid up to 65 h and p-coumaric up to 75 h in the Baianinha cultivar and linearly reduces the content of p-coumaric acid in cultivar IAC 12. Cassava plants presented higher levels of rutin The 24 h of collection in the apical region, independent of the presence of P. manihoti. The presence of P. manihoti increased routine yield on apical leaves of the Baianinha cassava cultivar at 24 h. The highest levels of rutin are observed in the Baianinha cultivar, and the lowest in the IAC 12. The cultivar Santa Helena infested with P. manihoti presents a linear increase in the rutin concentration over time and the non-infested cultivars Baianinha and Santa Helena presented an increase in Production of rutin up to 99 and 114 h, respectively.