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Journal articles on the topic 'Phenomena of intergroup differentiation'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 May 2022

Last updated: 5 May 2022

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1

Ladegaard, Hans J. "Stereotypes and the discursive accomplishment of intergroup differentiation." Pragmatics. Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) 21, no. 1 (March 1, 2011): 85–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/prag.21.1.05lad.

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This article analyzes how employees in a global business organization talk about their colleagues in other countries. Employees were asked to discuss their work practices in focus group settings, and give examples of how they experience ‘the other’. Using Discursive Psychology and Politeness Theory as the analytic approaches, the article analyzes pieces of discourse to disclose social psychological phenomena such as group identity, intergroup differentiation, and stereotypes. The analyses show that talking about ‘the other’ is potentially face-threatening, and mitigating discourse features are used repeatedly to soften the criticism. We also see how uncovering stereotypes is a mutual accomplishment in the group, and how group members gradually move from relatively innocent to blatantly negative outgroup stereotypes. The analyses also show that participants engage in meta-reflections on the nature of stereotypes, which may serve as another mitigating device, and that talk about ‘the other’ is used to create intergroup differentiation. Finally, the article discusses the implications of these findings for cross-cultural communication and work practices in organizations.

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2

Imperato, Chiara, and Tiziana Mancini. "Intergroup Dialogues in the Landscape of Digital Societies: How Does the Dialogical Self Affect Intercultural Relations in Online Contexts?" Societies 11, no. 3 (July 21, 2021): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soc11030084.

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The effects of intergroup dialogues on intercultural relations in digital societies and the growing conflict, inflammatory and hate speech phenomena characterizing these environments are receiving increasing attention in socio-psychological studies. Based on Allport’s contact theory, scholars have shown that online intercultural contact reduces ethnic prejudice and discrimination, although it is not yet clear when and how this occurs. By analyzing the role of the Dialogical Self in online intercultural dialogues, we aim to understand how individuals position themselves and others at three levels of inclusiveness—personal, social, and human—and how this process is associated with attitudes towards the interlocutor, intergroup bias and prejudice, whilst also considering the inclusion of the Other in the Self and ethnic/racial identity. An experimental procedure was administered via the Qualtrics platform, and data were collected among 118 undergraduate Italian students through an anonymous questionnaire. From ANOVA and moderation analysis, it emerged that the social level of inclusiveness was positively associated with ethnic/racial identity and intergroup bias. Furthermore, the human level of inclusiveness was associated with the inclusion of the Other in the Self and ethnic/racial identity, and unexpectedly, also with intergroup bias. We conclude that when people interact online as “human beings”, the positive effect of online dialogue fails, hindering the differentiation processes necessary to define one’s own and the interlocutor’s identities. We discuss the effects of intercultural dialogue in the landscape of digital societies and the relevance of our findings for theory, research and practice.

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3

Gonzales, Wilkinson Daniel Wong, and Mie Hiramoto. "Two Englishes diverged in the Philippines?" Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 35, no. 1 (May 13, 2020): 125–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.00057.gon.

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Abstract Although World Englishes (WE) scholarship is concerned with the study of English varieties in different social contexts, there is a tendency to treat postcolonial ones as homogenous regional phenomena (e.g., Philippine English). Few researchers have discussed variation and social differentiation in detail with empirical evidence. Thus, in order to understand how layers of different varieties of WE operate within a specific group of speakers, this study takes an empirical intergroup approach from a substratist framework. This study explores distinctive features of a metropolitan Manila variety of Chinese English used in the Philippines, Manila Chinese English (MCE), an English contact variety used by Manila Chinese Filipinos. After comparing the frequencies of selected features observed in a 52,000-word MCE database with frequencies in Manila English and American English corpora, this study found that a distinct variety – MCE – most likely emerged in the 1960s due to the extensive contact between general Manila English and local tongues of Chinese Filipinos such as (Hybrid) Hokkien and Tagalog, which function as MCE’s substrate languages. This study takes into account MCE’s structure, sources, and genesis, and discusses MCE in relation to Philippine English as positioned in Schneider’s dynamic model, to demonstrate how intergroup variations coexist but take divergent paths within a WE variety.

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4

Thalhofer, Nancy N. "Intergroup Differentiation and Reduction of Intergroup Conflict." Small Group Research 24, no. 1 (February 1993): 28–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1046496493241003.

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5

Capozza, Dora, and Chiara Volpato. "Categorical differentiation and intergroup relationships." British Journal of Social Psychology 29, no. 1 (March 1990): 93–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8309.1990.tb00890.x.

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6

Kelly, Caroline. "Intergroup differentiation in a political context." British Journal of Social Psychology 27, no. 4 (December 1988): 319–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8309.1988.tb00835.x.

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7

Knippenberg, Ad van, and Naomi Ellemers. "Social Identity and Intergroup Differentiation Processes." European Review of Social Psychology 1, no. 1 (January 1990): 137–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14792779108401860.

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8

BROWN, RUPERT, SUSAN CONDOR, AUDREY MATHEWS, GILLIAN WADE, and JENNIFER WILLIAMS. "Explaining intergroup differentiation in an industrial organization." Journal of Occupational Psychology 59, no. 4 (December 1986): 273–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1986.tb00230.x.

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9

McNamara, Niamh, Orla Muldoon, Clifford Stevenson, and Emer Slattery. "Citizenship attributes as the basis for intergroup differentiation: Implicit and explicit intergroup evaluations." Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology 21, no. 3 (April 25, 2011): 243–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/casp.1090.

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10

Jetten, Jolanda, Russell Spears, and Tom Postmes. "Intergroup Distinctiveness and Differentiation: A Meta-Analytic Integration." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 86, no. 6 (2004): 862–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.86.6.862.

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11

DiFonzo, Nicholas, Jerry Suls, Jason W. Beckstead, Martin J. Bourgeois, Christopher M. Homan, Samuel Brougher, Andrew J. Younge, and Nicholas Terpstra-Schwab. "Network Structure Moderates Intergroup Differentiation of Stereotyped Rumors." Social Cognition 32, no. 5 (October 2014): 409–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/soco.2014.32.5.409.

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12

Hinkle, Steve, Laurie A. Taylor, D. Lee Fox-Cardamone, and Kimberly F. Crook. "Intragroup identification and intergroup differentiation: A multicomponent approach." British Journal of Social Psychology 28, no. 4 (December 1989): 305–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8309.1989.tb00874.x.

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13

Jetten, Jolanda, and Russell Spears. "The divisive potential of differences and similarities: The role of intergroup distinctiveness in intergroup differentiation." European Review of Social Psychology 14, no. 1 (January 2003): 203–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10463280340000063.

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14

Hopkins, Nick, and Carolyn Rae. "Intergroup Differentiation: Stereotyping as a Function of Status Hierarchy." Journal of Social Psychology 141, no. 3 (June 2001): 323–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00224540109600554.

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15

Berndsen, Mariëtte, Russell Spears, Joop Pligt, and Craig McGarty. "Determinants of intergroup differentiation in the illusory correlation task." British Journal of Psychology 90, no. 2 (May 1999): 201–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1348/000712699161350.

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16

Long, Karen M., and Antony S. R. Manstead. "Group immersion and intergroup differentiation: Contextual shifts in categorization." British Journal of Social Psychology 36, no. 3 (September 1997): 291–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8309.1997.tb01133.x.

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17

Postmes, Tom, Russell Spears, and Martin Lea. "Intergroup differentiation in computer-mediated communication: Effects of depersonalization." Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice 6, no. 1 (2002): 3–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1089-2699.6.1.3.

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18

Hogg, Michael A., Dominic Abrams, and Marilynn B. Brewer. "Social identity: The role of self in group processes and intergroup relations." Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 20, no. 5 (March 10, 2017): 570–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1368430217690909.

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Applications and conceptual developments made in social identity research since the mid-1990s are summarized under eight general headings: types of self and identity, prototype-based differentiation, influence through leadership, social identity motivations, intergroup emotions, intergroup conflict and social harmony, collective behavior and social protest, and resolving social dilemmas. Cautious prognoses for future directions are then suggested—health, e-behavior, population relocation and immigration, culture, language and intergroup communication, societal extremism and populism, social development, and inclusive and diverse social identities.

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19

Abrams, Dominic, and Michael A. Hogg. "Metatheory: Lessons from Social Identity Research." Personality and Social Psychology Review 8, no. 2 (May 2004): 98–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0802_2.

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The value of a metatheoretical perspective is illustrated using our work in the development of the social identity approach. A metatheory places specific research questions within a broader framework and encourages the integration of theorizing for a range of potentially disparate phenomena. It sets parameters for predictions by specific theories and contexts. Resistance to ideas and disputes among theorists often reflect differences in metatheories. However, openness to debate and integration of concepts can turn these to advantage by posing new research questions. These issues are discussed with reference to European and North American perspectives on groups; theorizing about intergroup behavior, motivation, and self-categorization; the connection between laboratory and real-world phenomena; and the linkage of intergroup and intragroup behavior.

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20

Bayles, Kathryn A., Daniel R. Boone, Cheryl K. Tomoeda, Thomas J. Slauson, and Alfred W. Kaszniak. "Differentiating Alzheimer's Patients from the Normal Elderly and Stroke Patients with Aphasia." Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 54, no. 1 (February 1989): 74–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshd.5401.74.

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The performance of individuals with mild and moderate Alzheimer's disease (AD), normal age-matched elderly individuals, and stroke patients with fluent and nonfluent aphasia were compared on a group of neuropsychological tasks. The unique performance profiles associated with each subject group are discussed, and the best tasks for intergroup differentiation specified. Whereas the tasks employed were efficacious for discriminating early- and middle-stage AD patients from normal subjects and aphasic stroke patients, and early- from middle-stage AD patients, they were not efficacious for subtyping aphasia patients according to fluency. Generally, memory measures were best for intergroup differentiation.

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21

Falomir-Pichastor, Juan Manuel, Gabriel Mugny, and Jacques Berent. "The side effect of egalitarian norms: Reactive group distinctiveness, biological essentialism, and sexual prejudice." Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 20, no. 4 (November 8, 2015): 540–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1368430215613843.

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In the context of sexual prejudice, in which group distinctiveness motivation is particularly strong for men, three studies tested the hypothesis that egalitarian norms can intensify reactive distinctiveness motives, and then paradoxically increase intergroup differentiation and prejudice. Depending on the studies, the egalitarian norm was experimentally manipulated or induced and kept constant. Group distinctiveness was manipulated through scientific support for the theory that a person’s sexual orientation is determined by biological factors in terms of the extant biological differences (high distinctiveness) versus biological similarities (low distinctiveness) between heterosexual and gay people. Egalitarian norms increased men’s (but not women’s) intergroup differentiation (Study 1) and prejudice (Study 2) when group distinctiveness was low (as compared to high). This pattern was specific to men with high gender self-esteem, and appeared when the biological theory was framed in terms of intergroup differences rather than the uncontrollability of sexual orientation (Study 3).

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22

Ellemers, Naomi, Cathy van Dyck, Steve Hinkle, and Annelieke Jacobs. "Intergroup Differentiation in Social Context: Identity Needs versus Audience Constraints." Social Psychology Quarterly 63, no. 1 (March 2000): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2695881.

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23

Dovidio, John F., Samuel L. Gaertner, and Ana Validzic. "Intergroup bias: Status, differentiation, and a common in-group identity." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 75, no. 1 (1998): 109–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.75.1.109.

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24

Lalonde, Richard N., Fathali M. Moghaddam, and Donald M. Taylor. "The Process of Group Differentiation in a Dynamic Intergroup Setting." Journal of Social Psychology 127, no. 3 (June 1987): 273–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00224545.1987.9713693.

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25

Reid, Scott A., and Sik Hung Ng. "The Dynamics of Intragroup Differentiation in an Intergroup Social Context." Human Communication Research 32, no. 4 (October 2006): 504–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2006.00285.x.

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26

Tinoco, Josue. "Effect of Intergroup Differentiation on Participation With Religious Young People." International Journal for the Psychology of Religion 8, no. 3 (July 1998): 197–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327582ijpr0803_5.

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27

Minescu, Anca, Louk Hagendoorn, and Edwin Poppe. "Types of Identification and Intergroup Differentiation in the Russian Federation." Journal of Social Issues 64, no. 2 (June 2008): 321–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2008.00564.x.

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28

Betancourt, Hector, and Cynthia Batista. "Cognition and emotion in human violence: From clinical to intergroup phenomena." Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology 8, no. 3 (September 2002): 281–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327949pac0803_12.

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29

Dhont, Kristof, Gordon Hodson, Steve Loughnan, and Catherine E. Amiot. "Rethinking human-animal relations: The critical role of social psychology." Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 22, no. 6 (September 2019): 769–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1368430219864455.

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People deeply value their social bonds with companion animals, yet routinely devalue other animals, considering them mere commodities to satisfy human interests and desires. Despite the inherently social and intergroup nature of these complexities, social psychology is long overdue in integrating human-animal relations in its theoretical frameworks. The present body of work brings together social psychological research advancing our understanding of: 1) the factors shaping our perceptions and thinking about animals as social groups, 2) the complexities involved in valuing (caring) and devaluing (exploiting) animals, and 3) the implications and importance of human-animal relations for human intergroup relations. In this article, we survey the diversity of research paradigms and theoretical frameworks developed within the intergroup relations literature that are relevant, perchance critical, to the study of human-animal relations. Furthermore, we highlight how understanding and rethinking human-animal relations will eventually lead to a more comprehensive understanding of many human intergroup phenomena.

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30

Poslon, Xenia Daniela, and Barbara Lášticová. "The silver lining between perceived similarity and intergroup differences: Increasing confidence in intergroup contact." Human Affairs 29, no. 1 (January 28, 2019): 63–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/humaff-2019-0006.

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Abstract Positive intergroup contact and cross-group friendships are known to have numerous benefits for intergroup relations in diverse schools. However, children do not always spontaneously engage in cross-group friendships, choosing rather to spend time with their ingroup peers. Several factors have previously been identified that influence children’s confidence in contact and subsequent development of cross-group friendships, including perceived intergroup similarity and reconciliation of intergroup differences. However, inducing perceived similarity may pose a threat to the person’s social identity and increase the need for distinctiveness. Therefore, it remains unclear how one should manipulate perceived similarity and group boundaries when designing interventions that prepare school children for successful contact. Moreover, eliminating perceived group boundaries need not lead to the generalization of improved attitudes towards the outgroup. An optimal balance of inclusion and differentiation between the groups should be determined so as to make way for beneficial cross-group friendships. Based on a literature review, we provide recommendations for designing prejudice reduction interventions in schools from the perspective of intergroup similarity.

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Vala, Jorge, Leonel Garcia-Marques, Maria Gouveia-Pereira, and Diniz Lopes. "Validation of polemical social representations: introducing the intergroup differentiation of heterogeneity." Social Science Information 37, no. 3 (September 1998): 469–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/053901898037003006.

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Three studies explore the intergroup differentiation of heterogeneity as a strategy for validation of polemical social representations. The first study examines this strategy of validation in a context of simple intergroup differentiation. In the second study the context is one of open political conflict. The last study, also in a political context, introduces the perceptions of the relations between the groups as an independent variable. The first two studies show that the subjects adopted a strategy of validating the polemical representations of the ingroup and invalidating the representations of the outgroup consisting of perceiving the ingroup as psychologically diverse and the outgroup as psychologically more homogeneous, with values being perceived as equally homogeneous in the two groups (study 1) or homogeneous in the ingroup and diverse in the outgroup (study 2). In the third study results show that a salient perception of positive interdependence between the groups is accompanied by homogenization of the members of the ingroup who share the prototypical representations of the ingroup. When there is a salient perception of negative interdependence, the members of the ingroup and the outgroup who share the prototypical position of the ingroup are perceived as heterogeneous. Results are discussed in the context of social representations theory and social psychology of social validation of knowledge.

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32

Lalonde, Richard N. "Testing the social identity-intergroup differentiation hypothesis: ‘We're not American eh!’." British Journal of Social Psychology 41, no. 4 (December 2002): 611–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1348/014466602321149902.

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33

Jetten, Jolanda, Russell Spears, and Antony S. R. Manstead. "Strength of identification and intergroup differentiation: the influence of group norms." European Journal of Social Psychology 27, no. 5 (September 1997): 603–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-0992(199709/10)27:5<603::aid-ejsp816>3.0.co;2-b.

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34

Renström, Emma A., Hanna Bäck, and Royce Carroll. "Intergroup threat and affective polarization in a multi-party system." Journal of Social and Political Psychology 9, no. 2 (November 18, 2021): 553–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/jspp.7539.

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What explains affective polarization among voters and societal groups? Much of the existing literature focusing on mass political polarization in modern democracies originates in the US, where studies have shown that, while ideological separation has grown, political conflict increasingly reflects social identity divisions rather than policy disagreements, resulting in affective polarization. We focus on explaining such polarization in a multi-party context. Drawing on social identity theory and intergroup threat theory, we hypothesize that individuals who perceive an intergroup threat show stronger intergroup differentiation and increased affective polarization. We analyze the influence of perceived threat on affective polarization drawing on two large-scale representative surveys in Sweden (N = 1429 and 1343). We show that individual-level affective polarization is related to perceived intergroup threats among the voters in both studies, measuring affective polarization using social distance, negative trait attribution, and party like-dislike ratings.

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Turner, Rhiannon N., and Richard J. Crisp. "Explaining the relationship between ingroup identification and intergroup bias following recategorization: A self-regulation theory analysis." Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 13, no. 2 (March 2010): 251–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1368430209351702.

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We tested the hypothesis that regulation of discrepancies between perceived actual and ideal differentiation between the ingroup and outgroup could help to explain the relationship between ingroup identification and intergroup bias when participants are recategorized into a superordinate group. Replicating previous findings, we found that following recategorization, identification was positively related to intergroup bias. No such differences emerged in a control condition. However, we also, in the recategorization condition only, observed a positive association between ingroup identification and the perceived discrepancy between actual and ideal degree of differentiation from the outgroup: at higher levels of identification, participants increasingly perceived the ingroup to be less differentiated from the outgroup than they would ideally like. This tendency mediated the relationship between identification and bias. We discuss the theoretical, methodological and practical implications of these findings.

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Ioannou, Maria, Miles Hewstone, and Ananthi Al Ramiah. "Inducing similarities and differences in imagined contact: A mutual intergroup differentiation approach." Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 20, no. 4 (November 17, 2015): 427–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1368430215612221.

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To enhance the prejudice-reducing effects of imagined contact we investigated a novel form of imagined contact (“balanced similarity”) which emphasized both similarities and differences between the ingroup(er) and the outgroup(er). Experiment 1 compared balanced similarity with conditions inducing only differences or only similarities. “Balanced similarity” led to more positive outgroup attitudes; its differences with the “high similarity” condition were mediated by reduced distinctiveness threat, whereas its differences with the “low” similarity condition were mediated by higher perceived intergroup similarity. Experiment 2 compared the “balanced similarity” imagined contact scenario with the “standard” (positive) imagined contact scenario (Crisp, Stathi, Turner, & Husnu, 2008), and found that both conditions promoted equally favourable attitudes that were significantly more positive than in the control condition. However, only the “balanced similarity” imagined contact condition differed from the control condition on intergroup anxiety and contact self-efficacy. The “balanced similarity” condition also had an indirect effect (via self-efficacy) on positive action tendencies towards the outgroup. We discuss the utility of “balanced similarity” imagined contact, especially where contact is limited and conflict is present.

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Trofimova, Irina. "Phenomena of functional differentiation and fractal functionality." International Journal of Design & Nature and Ecodynamics 11, no. 4 (October 1, 2016): 508–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/dne-v11-n4-508-521.

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38

Paluck, Elizabeth Levy. "The dominance of the individual in intergroup relations research: Understanding social change requires psychological theories of collective and structural phenomena." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 35, no. 6 (November 20, 2012): 443–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x12001288.

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AbstractDixon et al. suggest that the psychological literature on intergroup relations should shift from theorizing “prejudice reduction” to “social change.” A focus on social change exposes the importance of psychological theories involving collective phenomena like social norms and institutions. Individuals' attitudes and emotions may follow, rather than cause, changes in social norms and institutional arrangements.

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Scheepers, Daan, Russell Spears, Bertjan Doosje, and Antony S. R. Manstead. "Integrating Identity and Instrumental Approaches to Intergroup Differentiation: Different Contexts, Different Motives." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 28, no. 11 (November 2002): 1455–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014616702237574.

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Gaertner, Samuel L., John F. Dovidio, Brenda S. Banker, Missy Houlette, Kelly M. Johnson, and Elizabeth A. McGlynn. "Reducing intergroup conflict: From superordinate goals to decategorization, recategorization, and mutual differentiation." Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice 4, no. 1 (2000): 98–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1089-2699.4.1.98.

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41

Zografova, Yolanda. "DIVERSITY, EUROPEAN IDENTITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE." Problems of Psychology in the 21st Century 7, no. 1 (December 15, 2013): 4–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.33225/ppc/13.07.04.

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The wide range of transformations subsequent to the enlargements of the European community reverberate in all important spheres of the way of life. The individual and social psychic experience the important influence of the enlargement processes and so do the interhuman, intergroup and cross-cultural relations. To a mutual intergroup tolerance and the lacking conflicts integration of foreign citizens, of immigrants and refugees in a certain country, lead the importance of a collective European identity and the formation of commonly shared values, norms and rules. This is found to be a controversial and uneasy process. Social knowledge and social psychology in particular could help elaborate new models of relations on a supra-individual level directed toward research on collective phenomena through interdisciplinary approach.

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42

Rhodes, Marjorie. "Inherence-based views of social categories." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 37, no. 5 (October 2014): 501–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x13003877.

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AbstractChildren adopt an inherence-based view of some social categories, viewing certain social categories as reflecting the inherent features of their members. Thinking of social categories in these terms contributes to prejudice and intergroup conflict. Thus, understanding what leads children to apply inherence-based views to particular categories could provide new direction for efforts to reduce these negative social phenomena.

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Bäck, Emma A., Hanna Bäck, Marie Gustafsson Sendén, and Sverker Sikström. "From I to We: Group formation and linguistic adaption in an online xenophobic forum." Journal of Social and Political Psychology 6, no. 1 (March 13, 2018): 76–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/jspp.v6i1.741.

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Much of identity formation processes nowadays takes place online, indicating that intergroup differentiation may be found in online communities. This paper focuses on identity formation processes in an open online xenophobic, anti-immigrant, discussion forum. Open discussion forums provide an excellent opportunity to investigate open interactions that may reveal how identity is formed and how individual users are influenced by other users. Using computational text analysis and Linguistic Inquiry Word Count (LIWC), our results show that new users change from an individual identification to a group identification over time as indicated by a decrease in the use of “I” and increase in the use of “we”. The analyses also show increased use of “they” indicating intergroup differentiation. Moreover, the linguistic style of new users became more similar to that of the overall forum over time. Further, the emotional content decreased over time. The results indicate that new users on a forum create a collective identity with the other users and adapt to them linguistically.

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Greiff, Tobias. "Space, Place, & Symbol: Utilizing central places to understand intergroup conflict dynamics." Narrative and Conflict: Explorations in Theory and Practice 2, no. 1 (April 26, 2015): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.13021/g8sg6v.

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This article will present a new way of capturing highly dynamic intergroup differentiation processes through applying a spatial perspective. Drawing from my experiences collected during several field research visits to Bosnia aimed at assessing Post-Dayton intergroup relations, and inspired by the works of Doreen Massey, Michel De Certeau, and Rom Harré, I will suggest that one key to understanding how groups interpret the behavior of other groups lies in the meaning groups ascribe to the place of their interaction. With the rules of a place limiting the range of actions social agents can chose from, an understanding of ’normal’ behavior is established; which in the same second positions all other possible acts as outside the local moral order. Thus making the right to interpret a central place a favorable position and the interpretation of such a place into a strong positioning act influencing the terms of future interactions. Deciphering the dominant political meanings of central places on which intergroup interactions take place therefore becomes a promising way of understanding intergroup positioning processes. Approximating to the meanings local groups ascribe to central places, however, is in need of a thorough interpretational framework; one possible framework, based on analyzing the symbols that are used in the interpretational acts themselves, will round up this spatial approach to understanding intergroup interactions.

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Jankowitz, Sarah. "Intergroup struggles over victimhood in violent conflict." International Review of Victimology 24, no. 3 (December 18, 2017): 259–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269758017745617.

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Many groups in violent, intergroup conflict perceive themselves to be the primary or sole victims of that conflict. This often results in contention over who may claim victim status and complicates a central aim of post-conflict processes, which is to acknowledge and address harms experienced by the victims. Drawing from victimology scholarship and intergroup relations theory, this article proposes the victim-perpetrator paradigm as a framework to analyse how, why and to what end groups in conflict construct and maintain their claims to the moral status of victim. This interdisciplinary paradigm builds on the knowledge that groups utilise the ‘ideal victim’ construction to exemplify their own innocence and blamelessness in contrast to the wickedness of the perpetrator, setting the two categories as separate and mutually exclusive even where experiences of violence have been complex. Additionally, this construction provides for a core intergroup need to achieve positive social identity, which groups may enhance by demonstrating a maximum differentiation between the in-group as victims and those out-groups identified as perpetrators. The paradigm contributes greater knowledge on the social processes underpinning victim contention in conflict, as well as how groups legitimise their violence against out-groups during and after conflict.

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Imada, M., and S. Onoda. "Theory of electron differentiation, flat dispersion andpseudogap phenomena." Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids 62, no. 1-2 (January 2001): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3697(00)00099-8.

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Esler, Philip. "CONFLICT: THE PARABLE OF THE GOOD SAMARITAN JESUS AND THE REDUCTION OF INTERGROUP IN THE LIGHT OF SOCIAL IDENTITY THEORY." Biblical Interpretation 8, no. 4 (2000): 325–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156851500750118953.

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AbstractThis article explores the Parable of the Good Samaritan in its immediate context (Luke 10:25-37), a central New Testament passage, both to assess its meaning for Luke's audience and also to suggest its pertinence to contemporary interest in reducing intergroup tension and conflict, especially between ethnic groups. The article first discusses social identity theory, which was developed by Henri Tajfel et al. and which deals with how groups provide their members a valued sense of identity through (often violent) differentiation from other groups. After next describing the violent history of the intergroup relationship between Judeans and Samaritans, as reflected in New Testament passages such as Luke 9:51-55, the article then presents an analysis of Luke 10:15-37 aimed at determining how Jesus uses the parable to subvert the connection between Judean group identity and the Mosaic law and to propose a new approach to moral behaviour. These exegetical results are then analysed in the light of three approaches to reducing intergroup conflict (crossed categorization, recategorization and decategorization) and the latter is found to be most analogous to the approach taken by the Lucan Jesus. The conclusion suggests the relevance of the parable to contemporary efforts to eliminate intergroup conflict.

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Bohrer, Bryan, Maria-Therese Friehs, Peter Schmidt, and Stefan Weick. "Contacts between Natives and Migrants in Germany: Perceptions of the Native Population since 1980 and an Examination of the Contact Hypotheses." Social Inclusion 7, no. 4 (December 27, 2019): 320–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v7i4.2429.

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For decades, migration to Germany has been a relevant social phenomenon resulting in an increasing share of foreigners and Germans with migration background in the German populace. Additionally, since 2015, Germany has experienced a substantial increase in the immigration of people seeking refuge and asylum from civil war, economic and environmental catastrophes, and other adverse living conditions. These developments can be assumed to have led to an increase in intergroup contact between Germans and foreigners. We investigate this phenomenon in a multifaceted fashion by combining a social indicator and monitoring approach using repeated cross-sections over time with a new panel approach using a short-time panel to study causal relations. As a first step, we descriptively analyze the development of intergroup contact experiences of the German population with foreigners in various areas of life using data from the ALLBUS survey collected over 36 years between 1980 and 2016. Specifically, we detail the diverging contact experiences of participants with and without migration background as well as participants in the former Eastern and Western part of Germany. In a second step, based on Allport’s intergroup contact theory that contact with outgroup members may improve attitudes towards these outgroups and other related findings, we examine the longitudinal processes between positive intergroup contact with foreigners and attitudes towards foreigners using four waves of the GESIS Panel collected over approximately one and a half years. We apply special rigor to these analyses by differentiating stable differences in intergroup contact experiences and attitudes between participants from within-person processes and discussing the implications of this differentiation.

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Schiano, Diane J., and Hou-Can Zhang. "Cognitive Styles: Illusory Phenomena." Perceptual and Motor Skills 60, no. 1 (February 1985): 201–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1985.60.1.201.

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The relationship between cognitive style and illusion magnitude was examined using the assimilation and contrast Delboeuf distortions. As in previous research, field dependence correlated positively with assimilation; however, a significant negative correlation with contrast was also found, suggesting that, while field dependence may involve the illusory integration of the stimulus field, field independence may involve its equally illusory differentiation.

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Ho, Arnold K., Nour S. Kteily, and Jacqueline M. Chen. "Introducing the Sociopolitical Motive × Intergroup Threat Model to Understand How Monoracial Perceivers’ Sociopolitical Motives Influence Their Categorization of Multiracial People." Personality and Social Psychology Review 24, no. 3 (May 25, 2020): 260–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1088868320917051.

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Researchers have used social dominance, system justification, authoritarianism, and social identity theories to understand how monoracial perceivers’ sociopolitical motives influence their categorization of multiracial people. The result has been a growing understanding of how particular sociopolitical motives and contexts affect categorization, without a unifying perspective to integrate these insights. We review evidence supporting each theory’s predictions concerning how monoracial perceivers categorize multiracial people who combine their ingroup with an outgroup, with attention to the moderating role of perceiver group status. We find most studies cannot arbitrate between theories of categorization and reveal additional gaps in the literature. To advance this research area, we introduce the sociopolitical motive × intergroup threat model of racial categorization that (a) clarifies which sociopolitical motives interact with which intergroup threats to predict categorization and (b) highlights the role of perceiver group status. Furthermore, we consider how our model can help understand phenomena beyond multiracial categorization.

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