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Academic literature on the topic 'Phénomènes de la calotte polaire'
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Journal articles on the topic "Phénomènes de la calotte polaire"
Cabouret, Michel. "La Calotte Polaire Boréale." Hommes et Terres du Nord 1, no. 1 (1986): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/htn.1986.2031.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Phénomènes de la calotte polaire"
Teste, Alexandra. "Aurores et échappements de particules au-dessus des calottes polaires terrestres : observations à haute altitude par la mission Cluster." Paris 6, 2007. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00803178.
Full textTeste, Alexandra. "AURORES ET ECHAPPEMENTS DE PARTICULES AU-DESSUS DES CALOTTES POLAIRES TERRESTRES Observations à haute altitude par la mission Cluster." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00803178.
Full textPartouty, S. "Interprétation des séries temporelles altimétriques sur la calotte polaire Antarctique." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01018319.
Full textParouty, Soazig. "Interprétation des séries temporelles altimétriques sur la calotte polaire Antartique." Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/900/.
Full textThis work aims at improving our understanding of the altimetric time series acquired over the Antarctic Ice Sheet. Dual frequency data (S Band - 3. 2GHz and Ku Band - 13. 6GHz) from thealtimeter onboard the ENVISAT satellite are used, during a five year time period from january2003 until december 2007. These data cover around 80% of the surface of the Antarctic continent,up to 82°S. Having data in two different frequencies is valuable when it comes to better estimatethe altimeter sensitivity regarding snow surface property changes. Over the Antarctic ice sheet, snow surface changes with respect to space and time, beingaffected by meteorological conditions close to the surface, and especially winds. The altimetricwave penetrates more or less deeply beneath the surface, depending on snow surface and subsurfaceproperties. As a result, when the wave comes back to the satellite, the recorded signal, namedwaveform, is more or less distorted. The accuracy of the ice sheet topographic changes computedthanks to satellite altimetric techniques depends on our knowledge of the processes inducing thisdistortion. The purpose of the present work is to better understand the effect of changing windconditions on altimetric data. Winds in Antarctica are indeed famous for their strength and theirimpact on the snow surface state. First, spatial and temporal variability of the altimetric data on the one hand, and of wind speedreanalysis fields (from ERA-Interim, NCEP/NCAR and NCEP/DOE projects) on the other handare studied. We estimate spatial and temporal typical length scales for all datasets. As a result, weare able to smooth the data, so that all datasets have the same spatial and temporal caractericticlength scales. Furthermore, we note that our time series are well described by an annual signal. This annual cycle shows that whereas wind speed would always be maximum in austral winter,altimetric seasonal cycles have very different behaviors depending on the location. .
Merino, Nacho. "Interactions calotte polaire/océan : vers la mise en place d'une modélisation couplée." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAU051/document.
Full textThe next generation of climate models will include an ice-sheet model in order to improve the ice sheet mass balance projections by accounting for the ice dynamics and ice-oceans interactions. On the one hand, the Southern Ocean (SO) is indeed driving the acceleration of the Antarctic outlet glaciers via an increase in the basal melting of the ice shelves. On the other hand, the increasing ice discharge from Antarctic Ice Sheet (AIS) contributes to the current sea level rise and is likely to become the largest cryospheric contributor to sea level rise by the end of the current century. In addition, the related freshening may have significant implications on future sea-ice cover and on bottom water formation. However, it is not clear yet how the ocean and ice-sheet components of future coupled systems will account for the ice-ocean interactions, which are both causes and consequences of the AIS mass imbalance. Here in this work, different aspects of the standalone ocean and ice-sheet components have been investigated. A first step of this thesis has been focused in the representation of the glacial freshwater fluxes in current ocean models. Based on recent glaciological estimates, the ice shelf basal melting fluxes have been spatially distributed in an ORCA025 grid, and the calving rates have been applied into an improved version of the NEMO-ICB iceberg model. This preliminary study has been used to produce a monthly iceberg meltwater climatology, to be used to force current ocean models. This work shows the importance of representing the iceberg meltwater fluxes when modeling sea ice, which can be inexpensively achieve by using our climatology. The improvements in the representation of the glacial freshwater fluxes have been considered in the study of the ocean model response to the Antarctic mass imbalance. This study considers a realistic perturbation in the glacial freshwater forcing as close as possible as it will be represented in future ice-sheet/ocean models. According to our results, up to 50% of the recent Antarctic sea ice volume changes might be caused by the observed decadal AIS mass imbalance rate. Glacial freshwater forcing appears to be crucial to correctly represent the ice-ocean interactions and projecting sea ice cover of future coupled systems. However, the estimation of the glacial freshwater input in future climate models will be strongly dependent upon the capacity of ice-sheet models to reproduce the grounding line migrations of marine ice sheet glaciers. Current ice-sheet models present large uncertainties related to different parametrizations. In the context of the future climate models, we have studied the sensitivity of ocean-driven grounding line retreats to the application of two different friction laws and two different englacial stress approximations. The model responses almost indistinctively to either the SSA or the SSA* englacial stress approximations. However, differences in the contribution of the glacier to the sea level rise can be up to 50% depending on the friction law considered. The more physically constrained Schoof friction law is significantly more reactive to the ocean perturbations than Weertman law and should be considered in future coupled systems. This work underlines that uncertainties related to the ice sheet model estimates of grounding line migrations may not only contribute to uncertainties in sea level projections, but also the sea ice cover through the ice-ocean interaction in future ocean models.This conclusion suggests the need for improving the representation of both the ice shelf basal melting and the glacier interaction with the bedrock, in order to improve the climate projections of future climate models, in which the spatial and seasonal distribution of the glacial freshwater fluxes may play an important role in setting the sea ice cover
Lacroix, Pascal. "Apport de l'altimétrie radar spatiale à l'étude de la neige de la calotte polaire Antarctique." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00216105.
Full textDepuis 2002 et le lancement de ENVISAT, on dispose d'un altimètre radar qui couvre 80 \% de la calotte polaire Antarctique, dont la particularité est d'acquérir des signaux à deux fréquences différentes (bande S à 3.2 GHz et bande Ku à 13.6 GHz). Ces deux ondes pénètrent dans le manteau neigeux sur plusieurs mètres et ont des sensibilités aux propriétés de la neige différentes. Ainsi, l'idée de cette thèse est d'utiliser cette double information pour retrouver les propriétés du manteau neigeux.
On se propose de résoudre cette problématique par une analyse et une modélisation des signaux altimétriques bi-fréquences sur la calotte polaire, puis par leur inversion. On se penche tout d'abord sur quelques études de cas pour estimer la sensibilité des signaux aux différentes propriétés de la neige: i/ On montre tout d'abord que le signal altimétrique est sensible à la rugosité de la surface à différentes échelles, puis ii/ que le signal altimétrique est sujet à des variations saisonnières causées par la densification de la neige en surface, et enfin iii/ que les ondes radars sont réfléchies par des strates en profondeur.
Un modèle de l'interaction de l'onde avec le manteau neigeux est réalisé simultanément aux deux fréquences, afin de permettre une comparaison de ces signaux entre eux. Les résultats du modèle sont utilisés pour expliquer les variations saisonnières précédemment observées. Finalement, les paramètres du manteau neigeux sont estimés à l'échelle de la calotte polaire antarctique. Les tailles de grains retrouvées présentent un grossissement vers l'intérieur du continent. La densité montre des variations saisonnières de plusieurs g.cm3 notamment sur les côtes antarctiques. Certaines régions présentent un état de surface de la neige particulièrement lisse (Dronning Maud Land, par exemple).
La donnée in situ de l'état de surface de la neige étant quasi inexistante sur les calottes polaires, on développe finalement un protocole de mesure de la rugosité de la neige, qui est testé sur un glacier du Spitzberg.
Bonan, Bertrand. "Assimilation de données pour l'initialisation et l'estimation de paramètres d'un modèle d'évolution de calotte polaire." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00930097.
Full textGillet-Chaulet, Fabien. "Modélisation de l'écoulement de la glace polaire anisotrope et premières applications au forage de Dôme C." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006GRE10255.
Full textThe ice crystal is one of the most anisotropic natural materials. Observations of polar ice show that the crystals are orientated along very marked privileged directions and that the fabric of the ice polycristal is the result of the strain history that the polycristal has undergone. The macroscopic polycristal behaviour depends on the fabric and can be strongly anisotropic. It has been shown that anisotropy can introduce the occurrence of stratigraphy disturbances and influences strongly the flow of the ice sheet. The aim of this work is to build an ice flow model for anisotropic ice and the evolution of its fabric. To this end, we model the ice monocrystal as a transversely isotropic continuous medium around its c-axis and we compare it with a slip-planes grain model. The ice fabric is described in a continuous way by the second order orientation tensor and a closure approximation for the fourth ordre orientation tensor. By homogenization, assuming uniform stresses or strain-rates, we obtain analytical solutions for the polycrystal behaviour and the evolution of its fabric. From these solutions, we derive a linear orthotropic flow law for the ice polycrystal and an equation for the evolution of the second order orientation tensor. These equations are able to reproduce the results of the self-consistent model using a discrete fabric description, with an important improvement as regards the computing time and the number of variables necessary to describe the fabric. These equations are then implemented in a finite element code, used for simulating the flow of an ice sheet with strain-induced evolving anisotropy. By performing synthetic tests, we show the influence of anisotropy on the ice flow. Finally, through our model results, we propose an interpretation of the Dome-C ice-core fabric data
Massé, Marion. "Nature et origine des dépôts de sulfates dans les régions équatoriales et polaires de Mars : comparaison morphologique et minéralogique entre Aram Chaos et la calotte polaire Nord." Phd thesis, Université de Nantes, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00762257.
Full textGagliardini, Olivier. "Simulation numérique d'un écoulement bidimensionnel de glace polaire présentant une anisotropie induite évolutive." Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 1999. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00701282.
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