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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Phenothiazines

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Academic literature on the topic 'Phenothiazines'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 9 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Phenothiazines"

1

Durst, R., P. Rosca-Rebaudengo, and D. Admon. "Phenothiazine-Associated Supraventricular Tachycardia." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 28, no. 2 (June 1994): 333–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00048679409075649.

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Psychotropic medications, mainly phenothiazines, are known to be associated with cardiac insult. The case report presented here describes nearly fatal arrhythmia (sustained supraventricular tachycardia) consequent to phenothiazine treatment. The authors aim to alert psychiatrists to the possible adverse, and even fatal, effects of phenothiazines.

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Dixit, Yogesh, Rahul Dixit, Naveen Gautam, and D. C. Gautam. "Synthesis of Bioactive Fluorinated 10H-Phenothiazines and their Sulfone Derivatives." E-Journal of Chemistry 5, s1 (2008): 1063–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/809419.

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The present communication deals with the synthesis of a series of fluorinated 10H-phenothiazines. 10H-phenothiazines is prepared by Smiles rearrangement of substituted 2-foramido-2´-nitrodiphenylsulfide. Substituted 2-foramido-2´-nitrodiphenylsulfide were obtained by the reaction of 2-amino-3-fluorobenzenethiol witho-halonitrobenzenes followed by formylation and 1-nitro/1-halo-10H-phenothiazines have been prepared by the reaction of substituted 2-aminobenzenethiols with reactiveo-halonitrobenzene containing a nitro group or halogen atom ato-position to the reactive halogen atom directly yielded 1-nitro/1-halo-10H-phenothiazines in situ. 10H-phenothiazine sulfone derivatives have been synthesized by the oxidation of 10H-phenothiazines by 30% hydrogen peroxide in glacial acetic acid. The structure of the synthesized compounds has been characterized by spectroscopic data and elemental analysis. Antimicrobial studies of the synthesized compounds have also been included.

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Khadieva, Alena I., Vladimir V. Gorbachuk, and Ivan I. Stoikov. "Oligomerization of phenothiazin-5-ium tetraiodide in the presence of bases." Butlerov Communications 62, no. 6 (June 30, 2020): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.37952/roi-jbc-01/20-62-6-34.

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Methylene blue and its structural analogs (phenothiazine derivatives) are well known photodynamically and photochemically active agents, which are used in modern medicine, biology, and industry due to their low toxicity, high absorption in the therapeutic window region (600-660 nm). Methylene blue being one of the most studied phenothiazine derivative is employed as an antibacterial agent and also as an antidote to cyanide, carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulfide. Phenothiazin-5-ium tetraiodide is one of the most convenient precursors for the synthesis of structural analogues of methylene blue among the variety of modern synthetic approaches. Nucleophilic addition of aromatic and aliphatic amines to phenothiazin-5-ium tetraiodide can be used to obtain a wide range of 3,7-phenothiazine-5-ium derivatives. The specificities of addition reactions of dialkylamines and aromatic amines to phenothiazin-5-ium tetraiodide are low yields and formation of difficultly separable mixtures of products. It was found that reactions of phenathiazin-5-ium tetraiodide with amines containing secondary and tertiary amino groups lead to oligomerization of phenathiazin-5-ium tetraiodide (3,10-positions). Basicity of tertiary amino group is crucial in oligomerization of phenathiazin-5-ium tetraiodide. It is shown, that triethylamine use as a base allows to synthesize of oligo(3,10)phenothiazines with high yields. According to 1Н, 13C NMR, IR spectroscopy data and MALDI mass-spectrometry data, thereaction product is a mixture of oligomers, consisting mainly of three to four units.

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Chan, Ying Ying, Yong Mei Ong, and Kim Lee Chua. "Synergistic Interaction between Phenothiazines and Antimicrobial Agents against Burkholderia pseudomallei." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 51, no. 2 (December 4, 2006): 623–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.01033-06.

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ABSTRACT The gram-negative soil bacillus Burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of melioidosis, a severe and potentially fatal septicemic disease that is endemic to Southeast Asia and northern Australia. Its intrinsic resistance to many antibiotics is attributed mainly to the presence of several drug efflux pumps, and therefore, inhibitors of such pumps are expected to restore the activities of many clinically important antimicrobial agents that are the substrates of these pumps. The phenothiazine antipsychotic and antihistaminic drugs prochlorperazine, chlorpromazine, and promazine have a synergistic interaction with a wide spectrum of antimicrobial agents, thereby enhancing their antimicrobial potency against B. pseudomallei. Antimicrobial agents that interacted synergistically with the phenothiazines include streptomycin, erythromycin, oleandomycin, spectinomycin, levofloxacin, azithromycin, and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid. The MICs of these antibiotics were reduced as much as 8,000-fold in the presence of the phenothiazines. Antimicrobial agents which did not interact synergistically with the phenothiazines include gentamicin, amoxicillin, and ampicillin. Omeprazole, a proton pump inhibitor, provided an augmentation of antimicrobial activities similar to that of the phenothiazines, suggesting that the phenothiazines might have interfered with the proton gradient at the inner membrane. B. pseudomallei cells accumulated more erythromycin in the presence of the phenothiazines, an effect similar to that of carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone, a proton gradient uncoupler. In the presence of the phenothiazines, a much reduced concentration of erythromycin (0.06× MIC) also protected human lung epithelial cells and macrophage cells from B. pseudomallei infection and attenuated its cytotoxicity.

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Young, Allan, and Robert Kehoe. "Two Cases of Agranulocytosis on Addition of a Butyrophenone to a Long-Standing Course of Phenothiazine Treatment." British Journal of Psychiatry 154, no. 5 (May 1989): 710–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.154.5.710.

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Two cases of agranulocytosis occurring after addition of a butyrophenone to a course of phenothiazine treatment are reported and possible mechanisms for this interaction are discussed. Agranulocytosis is a well-documented adverse effect of phenothiazine administration (Vincent, 1986). Important factors are the total amount of drug given and the duration of administration. Agranulocytosis usually occurs within the first three months of therapy (Pisciotta, 1971; Marcus & Mulvihill, 1978) and the relationship with the cumulative dose has been emphasised (Ananth et al, 1973). Agranulocytosis following prolonged administration has been rarely reported (Denber, 1970, Pisciotta, 1978). We report two cases where agranulocytosis developed in patients with a long previous exposure to phenothiazines, treated for the first time with a combination of phenothiazines and a butyrophenone.

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Wu, San, Wei-Ye Hu, and Song-Lin Zhang. "Potassium carbonate-mediated tandem C–S and C–N coupling reaction for the synthesis of phenothiazines under transition-metal-free and ligand-free conditions." RSC Advances 6, no. 29 (2016): 24257–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra01295g.

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A potassium carbonate-mediated tandem coupling reaction for the synthesis of phenothiazines is described. This protocol affords an efficient approach for the construction of phenothiazine derivatives without the need for addition of transition-metal catalyst or ligand.

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Schmidt, Maximilian, Mathias Hermann, Fabian Otteny, and Birgit Esser. "Calix[n]phenothiazines: Optoelectronic and Structural Properties and Host–Guest Chemistry." Organic Materials 02, no. 03 (July 2020): 235–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1714295.

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Calixarenes are of interest as receptors for ions and small molecules and as organic materials. Exchanging the arene units through heteroaromatics allows changing their optoelectronic and host–guest properties. We herein present calix[n]phenothiazines (n = 3, 4) as novel macrocycles, accessible in two-step syntheses. The phenothiazine units show reversible redox events and emissive properties, and N-hexyl-substituted calix[3]phenothiazine binds to both ammonium ions and a bisimidazole as neutral guests.

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Parkash, Ram, Hari Om Gupta, and Jatinder Dutt. "Chronopotentiometric studies of certain biologically important compounds at tubular graphite electrode." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 56, no. 9 (1991): 1833–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19911833.

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The chronopotentiometric studies of certain phenothiazines in hydrodynamic systems at a solution flow-through tubular graphite electrode were carried out in sulfuric acid of different concentrations. A well-defined single wave (involving 2 electrons) in 0.1M H2SO4 and two waves (involving 1 electron each) in 2.0M H2SO4 were observed. Phenothiazines are oxidized trough the formation of a monocation radical by the elimination of one electron from the lone pair of N-atom. The monocation radical is stable in sulfuric acid of a moderate concentration and is unstable in neutral or less acidic solutions. The cation radical undergoes instantaneous hydrolysis yielding sulfoxide, thus presenting an overall two-electron oxidation of the phenothiazine derivatives. The suitability of the chronopotentiometric technique for their determination was established.

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&NA;. "Phenothiazines." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 428 (November 1992): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-199204280-00055.

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Steinbrecher, Kurt, C. A. Brunner, J. M. Newton, R. T. Newton, M. L. Robinette, A. Santiago, H. S. Scroggins, U. Sics, and E. J. Wojtowicz. "Thin Layer Chromatographic Identification of Phenothiazine Derivative Drugs: Interlaboratory Study." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 69, no. 6 (November 1, 1986): 1030–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/69.6.1030.

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Abstract A thin layer chromatographic method for the identification of phenothiazine derivative drugs was studied collaboratively by 8 laboratories. Twenty phenothiazine drugs were examined by each collaborator. The identification scheme depends on the color of the sprayed spots and the Rf values relative to the Rf of chlorpromazine (RCHL) in 4 solvent systems. In 98.13% of the cases, a correct identification could be made; the remaining drugs were reduced to a choice between pairs of phenothiazines. With respect to chlorpromazine, the data showed a significant decrease in variability of RCHL values compared with Rf values in the 4 solvent systems.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Phenothiazines"

1

Ahmed, A. M. S. "Micellization of phenothiazines and their interaction with liposomes." Thesis, Cardiff University, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.372325.

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Drummond, Patricia Mary. "A comparative photostability study of four propyl piperzine-substituted phenothiazines." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003234.

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Four structurally related phenothiazines available in South Africa in a variety of dosage forms and as fine chemicals were investigated to ascertain whether their structural differences in terms of the 2-chloro-/ trifluoromethyl-substituents on the phenothiazine nucleus and the methyl-/ ß-hydroxethyl groups on the piperazine ring accouning for the differences in pharmacological activity can be correlated with their photostability².The four propyl piperazine-substituted derivatives are ranked in the following decreasing order of neuroleptic activity: fluphenazine> trifluoperazine> perphenazine > rochlorperazine. In order to assess their photostability an HPLC method was developed and validated for linearity, accuracy and precision, selectivity, limit of detection and quantitation and ruggedness. Preliminary solution photostudies under controlled light conditions (UV, sunlight, fluorescent light) indicated that the rate of degradation followed first-order kinetics with perphenazine the most susceptible to.photodegradation under all light conditions studied. In vitro and in vivo metabolism yielding the 5-sulphoxide and its reported presence on decomposition of the phenothiazines25 led to the development of a synthetic procedure suitable for the sutphoxides of all four derivatives based on the method proposed by Owens et al. in order to provide standards for comparison in the photostudies⁷. Since ICH regulations require that impurities> 0.1 % are examined and identified⁷⁴ and semi-preparative isolation of photoproducts proved unsuccessful, LC-MS having been well documented for structural.elucidation⁷⁵ ⁷⁵ ⁷⁶ ⁷⁷ was used to characterize solution (UV, sunlight, fluorescent light) and preliminary solid (UV) photostudies. The chloroderivatives underwent dechlorination and sulphoxidation with subsequent photosubstitution in the case of prochlorperazine to yield the 2-hydroxy derivative and sulphoxidation of the dechloro-derivative of perphenazine. The sulphoxides of both trifluoperazine and fluphenazine were formed with further oxidation to the respective sulphones occurring. Preliminary solid state (UV) photostudies showed fluphenazine to be the least stable with 30.71 % degradation as opposed to 7.57% for prochlorperazine, 4.28% for perphenazine and 7.10% for trifluoperazine witn sulphoxidation observed to be. the major degradation pathway. Since in vitro metabolism of perazine derivatives is reported to occur via N-oxidation, N-demethylation, sulphoxidation and aromatic hydroxylation¹⁸ it does appear that there is some correlation between metabolic and photoproducts. However the fact that solution (UV) photostudies indicates trifluoperazine to be the most and perphenazine the least stable does not concur with the proposed order of pharmacological activity.

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Dunbar, Philip Gordon. "Approaches to the synthesis of pentacyclic dibenzazepines and phenothiazines." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184295.

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Rigid analogues of the tricyclic antidepressant imipramine and the phenothiazine tranquilizer promazine were designed and their syntheses were attempted. Conformational rigidity was expected to reduce the side effects of these drugs by limiting their binding to multiple receptors. Ortho-directed metalation followed by acylation provided synthetic intermediates for the formation of the desired pentacyclic congeners. The known dilithiation of phenothiazine and iminodibenzyl and n-butyllithium, followed by acylation with dimethylformamide, gave carboxaldehydes at the 1 and 4 positions respectively. Ortho-lithiated nicotinamides were acylated by these aldehydes exclusively at the 4 position to provide the key intermediate alcohol amides. Difficulties in amide hydrolysis are discussed. Catalytic hydrogenation over palladium-on-carbon in refluxing acetic acid yielded carboxylic acids, apparently via the gamma-lactones formed in situ. The lactones could not be isolated easily due to instability to oxidation. Pentacyclic lactams were formed by dehydration, and borane was used to reduce the carbonyl function. Only the iminodibenzyl lactam was reduced, and problems encountered in subsequent pyridine ring reduction are discussed. Cis and trans ring fusion isomers were identified by ¹³C nmr. Attempted one-pot synthesis of this pentacycle and a regioisomer by double acylation of 4,5-dilithioiminodibenzyl with 2,3-pyridinedicarboxylic anhydride, and 3,4-pyridinedicarboxylic anhydride failed. Mechanistic considerations are discussed regarding regiochemistry and reactivity of the nitrogen and carbon anions involved. Ortho-lithiation of 3-bromopyridine to form 3-pyridyne in the presence of the preformed N-lithioiminodibenzyl-4-carboxaldehyde was unsuccessful in providing a pentacyclic benzonaphthyridinobenzazepine. The resulting 2- and 4-lithiated 3-bromopyridines were trapped by the aldehyde instead. Both hydroxymethylbromopyridines were identified by their proton coupling patterns in the pyridine ring. These compounds are discussed as potential precursors to pentacyclic benzazepinopyridobenzazepines. Several other attempts at forming benzonaphthyridinobenzazepines and naphthyridinophenothiazines were unsuccessful. Intermediates were obtained by carbon acylation of the dilithiated iminodibenzyl and phenothiazine with arecoline esters, arecaidine, and pyridine-3-carboxaldehyde. Dibenzylic alcohol reduction is discussed, as is its labile oxidation. None of the resulting pyridylmethyl heterocycles could be cyclized.

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4

Ferrara, Daro 1961. "DETECTION OF PHENOTHIAZINES USING COATED WIRE ION-SELECTIVE ELECTRODES." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276493.

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Omoruyi, Sylvester Ifeanyi. "Investigating the anti-cancer activity of novel phenothiazines in glioblastoma." University of the Western Cape, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6329.

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Philosophiae Doctor - PhD
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) remains the most malignant of all primary adult brain tumours. It is a highly invasive and vascularized neoplasm with limited treatment options and very low survival rate. GBM tumours are heterogeneous in nature with cellular hierarchy and at the apex of this hierarchy are the glioblastoma stem cells, known to promote tumourigenesis and resistance to chemotherapeutic agents and tumour recurrence. Currently, the standard care for GBM involves surgical resection, radiation, and chemotherapy treatment with temozolomide. Unfortunately, median survival after treatment is still daunting and tumour relapse is very frequent. Indeed, patients with recurrent glioblastoma have less than a year survival. To address this, novel therapies need to be developed with the early introduction of promising agents into clinical trials and subsequent approval for use. Importantly, for these novel therapies to be approved for GBM, they need to be safe, effective as well as being able to penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Due to the high cost and process time for the development of new drugs, existing approved drugs are currently being repurposed for new indications and this is gaining significance in clinical pharmacology as it allows rapid delivery of useful drugs from bench to bedside. Drugs of the antipsychotic class are well known to cross the BBB due to their neuroleptic action. To this end, the aim of this study was to identify and characterize the anti-cancer activities of novel phenothiazine-derivatives belonging to the antipsychotic class of drugs in glioblastoma. To achieve this, several novel phenothiazine-derivatives were initially screened for possible anti-cancer activity in the U87 and U251 malignant GBM cells. Two lead compounds, DS00326 and DS00329, were identified and their anti-cancer activities were determined in U87 and U251 cells as well as in primary patient-derived xenograft (PDX) glioblastoma cultures. DS00326 and DS00329 significantly inhibited glioblastoma cell viability, with minimal effects observed in the non-cancerous FG0 fibroblasts. The IC50 values of DS00326 and DS00329 for U251, U87 and PDX cells ranged from 1.61 to 12.53μM. Flow cytometry analyses showed that DS00326 and DS00329 treatment led to an increase in the G1 population of cells. Additionally, DS00326 and DS00329 induced double-strand DNA breaks, which lead to activation of the canonical DNA damage response pathway. Furthermore, DS00326 and DS00329 induced apoptosis as shown by morphological markers, flow cytometry with annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide staining, as well as western blotting with an antibody to detect levels of cleaved PARP. Interestingly, treatment with DS00326 and DS00329 also induced autophagy as evident by the increase of acidic vesicular organelles in cells following staining with acridine orange as well as an increase in levels of the autophagy marker LC3-II. Autophagy was seen as a pro-death pathway in the U87 and U251 cells as inhibition of autophagy led to a reversal of cytotoxicity and consequently increased cell survival. Moreover, it was demonstrated that DS00326 and DS00329 inhibited the PI3/Akt pathway while modulating the mitogen-activated protein kinases p38, ERK1/2 and JNK signalling pathways. Importantly DS00326 and DS00329 displayed anti-cancer stem cell activities by the inhibition of neurosphere formation and regulation of stem cell markers SOX2 and GFAP in PDX cells. Together, the findings from this study suggest that DS00326 and DS00329 may be effective in the treatment of glioblastoma and provide a strong rationale for further clinical studies exploiting phenothiazines and their derivatives as treatments for glioblastoma.
2021-09-01

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GUEVARA, ELMER AUGUSTO CUEVA. "FOTODEGRADATION OF PHENOTHIAZINES AND THEIR STRUCTURAL EFFECTS ON NA(+)K(+) - ATPASE: A FLUORESCENCE STUDY." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2010. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=15952@1.

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CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO
Clorpromazina (CPZ), flufenazina (FPZ) e trifluperazina (TFP) são derivados de fenotiazinas que, sob irradiação UV, geram fotoprodutos. Observouse que CPZ desenvolve três fotoprodutos fluorescentes em diferentes condições. A promazina (PZ) se forma da fotólise de CPZ pela quebra da ligação com o cloro. A saída do cloro é um dos principais caminhos para a formação de outros fotoprodutos, sendo também um requisito para formação de dímeros e trímeros de CPZ. O segundo produto fluorescente é a espécie sulfóxida, que se desenvolve em presença de oxigênio somente em meio ácido e tem pico de fluorescência em (aproximadamente) 370 nm. A terceira espécie, com pico triplo de emissão e máximo em 352 nm, se desenvolve predominantemente em ausência de oxigênio. Observou-se que as taxas de formação dos fotoprodutos fluorescentes são maiores em meio ácido. FPZ e TFP apresentaram o mesmo fotoproduto fluorescente (emissão (aproximadamente) 410 nm), espécie que se desenvolve em presença de O2 com as mesmas características da espécie sulfóxida. A fluorescência do fotoproduto da TFP foi testada como sensor de radiação UV e para detecção de pequenas quantidades de oxigênio. Estudando as interações com membranas contendo a enzima Na(+), K(+)-ATPase, mostrou-se que as fenotiazinas alteram a estrutura lipídica da membrana, já que aumentam a anisotropia de fluorescência da sonda de membrana DPH. Os resultados da interação das fenotiazinas com resíduos de triptofano da proteína mostraram supressão de fluorescência de mais da metade dos triptofanos, sem transferência de energia. A estrutura local do sítio de ATP na proteína Na(+), K(+)-ATPase, marcado com a sonda fluorescente FITC, não foi afetada pela interação com as fenotiazinas, sugerindo que a localização do sítio de ligação das fenotiazinas com a enzima fica longe do sítio de ATP.
Chlorpromazine (CPZ), fluphenazine (FPZ) and trifluoperazine (TFP) are phenothiazine derivatives, which generate photoproducts under UV irradiation. We observed that CPZ develops three fluorescent fotoproducts under different conditions. Promazine (PZ) that forms from the CPZ photolysis. The chlorine loss is one of the main pathways for photoproduct formation and it seems to be a requirement for development of CPZ dimers or trimers. The sulfoxide species with fluorescence peak at (aprroxomately) 370 nm develops in the presence of oxygen only in acid conditions. Another fluorescent species with structured emission and maximum at 352 nm develops primarily in the absence of oxygen. It was observed that the development rates of all fluorescent photoproduct are greater under acidic conditions. FPZ and TFP presented the same fluorescent photoproduct (emission (approximately) 410 nm), which develops in the presence of O2 with the same characteristics as the sulfoxide derivative. The fluorescence of the TFP photoproduct was tested as a UV sensor and a sensor for detection of small amounts of oxygen. Studying the interactions with Na+, K+-ATPase enriched membranes, phenothiazines were shown to modify the membrane lipid structure since they increased the fluorescence anisotropy of the membrane probe DPH. The results of phenothiazine interaction with tryptophan residues of the enzyme showed fluorescence quenching of (approximately) 50% of the tryptophan residues, without energy transfer. The local structure of the Na(+), K(+)-ATPase ATP binding site, labeled with FITC, was not affected by the interaction with the phenothiazines, suggesting that the phenothiazine sites are far from the ATP binding site.

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Fenart, Naud Dominique. "La photosensibilite au neuriplege : a propos de 8 observations, photo-allergie croisee entre la chlorproethazine et les autres phenothiazines." Lille 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988LIL2M103.

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Semenya, Manare Molahlegi Dorothy. "Non-Neuroleptic Antitubercular and Anticancer Therapeutics through Rational Drug Remodelling of Phenothiazines and Related Antipsychotics." Thesis, Faculty of Science, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/33391.

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In light of shrinking pharmaceutical drug pipelines and drug resistance, innovative drug discovery strategies are of imperative need. Drug repurposing and related strategies such as drug rescue and drug remodelling have garnered significant research interest. Various clinically approved non-antibiotics including phenothiazines hold promise as novel classes of therapeutics in other indications. However, in addition to inherent neuroleptic properties, phenothiazines and related antipsychotics elicit adverse side effects at clinically relevant doses thus precluding their extensive clinical application. Herein, it was postulated that the selectivity of phenothiazines and related drugs for nonneuroleptic indications could be enhanced through rationalized structural remodelling. Phenothiazine and related neuroleptics are known to obey a lipophilic chromophore/basic side chain paradigm. Deviation from this paradigm is expected to decrease potential for neuroleptic effects. Therefore, the remodelling strategies involved introduction of novel functionalities that are dissimilar to native phenothiazine structures. Prior to chemical synthesis, drug metabolism and pharmacokinetic related properties were predicted in silico to assess drug-likeness of the new chemical entities derived from phenothiazines and related antipsychotics. The in silico profiling also included prediction of blood/brain partition coefficients and CNS activity to determine their likelihood of exhibiting neuroleptic effects. The new chemical entities were then evaluated against drug-susceptible Mycobacterium tuberculosis-H37Rv. Furthermore, a selected series was screened for binding to dopamine and serotonin receptors to corroborate in silico CNS activity predictions. Moreover, pharmacokinetic studies were conducted with the selected series to determine in vitro microsomal stability, kinetic solubility and in vivo toxicity profiles. Another objective of this study was to evaluate the new chemical entities for their potential as anticancer agents. The key findings herein demonstrated that it is possible to abolish neuroleptic effects through rationalized structural manipulation and still retain bio-activities of interest. Several new chemical entities including N-alkylsulfonates (DS0031, DS0032, DS0034, DS0035, DS00366) and nitrobenzenesulfonamides (DS00325, DS00326, DS00329) of phenothiazines, displayed notable antitubercular (GAST/Fe MIC90 range: 9.9-125 µM; 7H9 MIC range 12.5- 25 µg/mL) and anticancer (IC50 range 4.51-12.43 µM) activities in comparison to native phenothiazine drugs. Furthermore, in vitro and in vivo preclinical evaluation revealed favourable pharmacokinetic profiles. Overall, this study presents novel subclasses of phenothiazines that hold promise for further development as non-neuroleptic agents in either tuberculosis or cancer treatment regimens.

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Abouamer, Karima Massaud. "Application of natural dyes in textile industry and the treatment of dye solutions using electrolytic techniques." Thesis, Brunel University, 2008. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/5088.

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Anodic oxidation of a commercial dye, methylene blue (MB), from aqueous solutions using an electrochemical cell is reported. Data are provided on the effects of eight different types of supporting electrolytes, concentration of electrolytes, initial dye concentration, current and electrolytic time on the percentage removal of methylene blue. Anodic oxidation was found to be effective in achieving the removal of methylene blue from aqueous solutions. The optimised electrolytic conditions, for the removal of methylene blue (MB), were applied to the removal of azure A (AA), azure B (AB), azure C (AC), toluidine blue 0 (TBO), new methylene blue (NMB), dimethyl methylene blue (DMMB), thionine (TH), methylene green (MG), methyl violet (MV), Nile blue (NB), neutral red (NR), acridine orange (AO) and resorufin (RS) from aqueous solutions containing sodium chloride. Results indicated that between 84 to 100% of each dye of phenothiazine was removed during 60 minutes of electrolysis. The percentage removals for the phenothiazine dyes followed the following decreasing order: (MG ≈ MV) > (DMMB ≈ AA) > (AB ≈ AC ≈ NMB) > TBO > TH. However, the azine, acridine and oxazine dyes showed between 98 to 99% colour removal and the following decreasing order: NB ≈ NR > AO ≈ RS. Strongly electron withdrawing substituents such as nitro group or carbonyl group increases the degradation of the phenothiazine chromophore, whereas the electron donating groups such as amino and alkyl amino groups decrease the degradation. Anodic oxidation studies were extended to the destruction of eight permitted food colours, with azo and triarylmethane chromophore, from aqueous solution containing either sodium chloride or sodium sulphate as a supporting electrolyte. Again, sodium chloride was found to be the best supporting electrolyte and between 97 to 100% colour removal was achieved after 60 minutes of electrolysis. The percentage removal for the single azo based colourants followed the following increasing order: carmoisine > sunset yellow FCF > amaranth > ponceau 411 > tartrazine. However, the binary and ternary mixtures of food colour showed the following increasing order: blue > green > yellow food colours. The extractions and applications of 54 different types of natural dyes (53 from plants and one from animal origin) are evaluated using simple techniques. The extracted natural dyes were applied in dyeing three types of textile fabrics viz: a) paj silk, b) brushed cotton twill and c) crystallized shimmering satin. The effects of two eco-friendly mordants (alum and iron) on the dyeing process were compared with the dyeing process without mordants. The colour fastness to wash and light (both natural and artificial sun light) of these natural dyes were also assessed. The results showed that out of the 54 dyestuffs studied, 32 plants are potentially able to produce marketable natural dyes. These dyes produced good colour and met minimal performance standards for colour fastness to light and washing. The addition of mordants generally increased the fastness properties. Silk gave the best performance of dyeing uptake and stability. Cotton gave the poorest fastness properties. The overall results showed that, considering molecular associations, the fastness properties were of the order: anthraquinones and tannins> indigoid > flavones> flavonols > flavanols> carotenoids> anthocyanins. Anodic oxidation studies were extended to the destruction of ten natural dyes from aqueous solutions containing either sodium chloride or sodium sulphate as a supporting electrolyte. Anodic oxidation was effective in achieving the removal of green tea (35%), spinach (69%), Langdale yellow and turmeric (95%), carmine, saffron, henna (97%), beetroot, karkade and sumac (98%). However, TOC measurements and the UV analyses indicated that some organic intermediate compounds were formed in the presence of sodium chloride.

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LAASSIS, BELKACEM. "Etude de la fluorescence photoinduite d'une serie de phenothiazines en solution aqueuse et en presence de cyclodextrines - applications analytiques et pharmaceutiques." Paris 7, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA077047.

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Un groupe de phenothiazines a ete quantifie par application des methodes analytiques basees sur la fluorescence. Les mesures directes de la fluorescence native de ces composes n'ont donne que des performances analytiques mediocres avec des limites de detection de l'ordre de 10 a 110 ng/ml, mais leur photooxydation sous l'effet d'irradiation uv provoque une augmentation importante du signal de fluorescence, ce qui permet de developper une methode fluorimetrique photoinduite (pif) sensible, dans les conditions optimales de solvant (eau), ph et de temps d'irradiation. Les phenothiazines ont ete analysees sur une gamme de concentration de deux a trois puissances de dix avec des limites de detection comprises entre 3 et 70 ng/ml. La combinaison de la methode pif avec le systeme d'injection en flux (fia), pif-fia a permis d'ameliorer sensiblement le temps d'analyse et les performances analytiques ; les limites de detection etaient comprises entre 13 et 98 ng/ml, environ 100 echantillons pouvait etre analyses par heure. Les methodes pif en solution stationnaire et pif-fia ont montre leur fiabilite dans la determination des phenothiazines dans des echantillons biologiques (urines) et pharmaceutiques (medicaments). L'ajout de faibles concentrations de cyclodextrines a des solutions aqueuses tamponnees de phenothiazines, suivi d'irradiation uv, provoque une exaltation importante du signal de fluorescence photoinduite, ainsi que de faibles deplacements des pics d'excitation et d'emission (methode pif-cd). L'existence d'un complexe d'inclusion de stoechiometrie 1:1 entre les phenothiazines et les cyclodextrines a pu etre etabli. Les constantes de formation des complexes d'inclusion etaient comprises entre 90 et 3600 m#-#1 selon le compose. La presence des cyclodextrines a ameliore considerablement les performances analytiques, avec des limites de detection comprises entre 0. 03 et 30 ng/ml. Les spectres pif derives d'ordre un ont ete utilises pour analyser quantitativement des melanges binaires artificiels d'aminophenothiazines de differentes compositions sans separation prealable.

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Books on the topic "Phenothiazines"

1

International Conference on Phenothiazines and Structurally Related Psychotropic Compounds (6th 1990 Pasadena, Calif.). Thiazines and structurally related compounds: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Phenothiazines and Structurally Related Psychotropic Compounds, Pasadena, California, September 11-14, 1990. Edited by Keyzer Hendrik and Eckert George M. Malabar, Fla: Krieger Pub. Co., 1992.

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Ghuwar, Ramadan. Aspects of the analytical chemistry of phenothiazine drugs. Salford: University of Salford, 1995.

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1941-, Gupta R. R., ed. Phenothiazines and 1,4-benzothiazines: Chemical and biomedical aspects. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1988.

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Keyzer, Hendrik. Thiazines and Structurally Related Compounds: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Phenothiazines and Structually Related Psychotrop. Krieger Pub Co, 1992.

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The 2006-2011 World Outlook for Psychotherapeutic Tranquilizing Agents Excluding Phenothiazine Derivatives. Icon Group International, Inc., 2005.

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Parker, Philip M. The 2007-2012 World Outlook for Psychotherapeutic Tranquilizing Agents Excluding Phenothiazine Derivatives. ICON Group International, Inc., 2006.

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Parker, Philip M. The 2007-2012 Outlook for Psychotherapeutic Tranquilizing Agents Excluding Phenothiazine Derivatives in India. ICON Group International, Inc., 2006.

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Parker, Philip M. The 2007-2012 Outlook for Psychotherapeutic Tranquilizing Agents Excluding Phenothiazine Derivatives in Japan. ICON Group International, Inc., 2006.

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Parker, Philip M. The 2007-2012 Outlook for Psychotherapeutic Tranquilizing Agents Excluding Phenothiazine Derivatives in Greater China. ICON Group International, Inc., 2006.

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Parker, Philip M. The 2007-2012 Outlook for Psychotherapeutic Tranquilizing Agents Excluding Phenothiazine Derivatives in the United States. ICON Group International, Inc., 2006.

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Book chapters on the topic "Phenothiazines"

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McAllister-Williams, R. Hamish, Daniel Bertrand, Hans Rollema, Raymond S. Hurst, Linda P. Spear, Tim C. Kirkham, Thomas Steckler, et al. "Phenothiazines." In Encyclopedia of Psychopharmacology, 1013. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68706-1_1053.

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Kurihara, Teruo, Kazumi Shinohara, Makoto Inabe, Hidetsugu Wakabayashi, Noboru Motohashi, Hiroshi Sakagami, and Joseph Molnar. "Theoretical Studies on Phenothiazines, Benzo[a]phenothiazines, and Benz[c]acridines." In Topics in Heterocyclic Chemistry, 253–79. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/7081_2007_090.

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Aaron, J. J., M. D. Gaye Seye, S. Trajkovska, and N. Motohashi. "Bioactive Phenothiazines and Benzo[a]phenothiazines: Spectroscopic Studies, and Biological and Biomedical Properties and Applications." In Topics in Heterocyclic Chemistry, 153–231. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/7081_2008_125.

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McKay, G., S. F. Cooper, and K. K. Midha. "Determination of Phenothiazines: The Present-Day Scene." In BIOACTIVE ANALYTES, Including CNS Drugs, Peptides, and Enantiomers, 159–71. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-1892-8_14.

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Beckett, A. H. "Separation and Detection of Unstable Metabolites of Amphetamines, Analgesics and Phenothiazines." In Ciba Foundation Symposium 26 - The Poisoned Patient: The Role of the Laboratory, 57–82. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470720080.ch5.

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Rao, M. L., M. Bagli, J. Fritze, G. Laux, and P. König. "Phenothiazine." In Neuro-Psychopharmaka Ein Therapie-Handbuch, 307–54. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6458-7_5.

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Scahill, Lawrence David. "Phenothiazine." In Encyclopedia of Autism Spectrum Disorders, 2219–20. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1698-3_1254.

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Scahill, Lawrence David. "Phenothiazine." In Encyclopedia of Autism Spectrum Disorders, 3453–54. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91280-6_1254.

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Peter, Helga. "Phenothiazine." In Springer Reference Medizin, 1. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-54672-3_749-1.

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Alcolea Palafox, M., J. L. Núñez, M. Gil, and G. Tardajos. "Infrared Study of Phenothiazine and N-Methyl Phenothiazine." In Spectroscopy of Biological Molecules: New Directions, 611–12. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4479-7_275.

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Conference papers on the topic "Phenothiazines"

1

Müller, Thomas, and Christa Kramer. "Syntheses of Functionalized Alkynylated Phenothiazines." In The 4th International Electronic Conference on Synthetic Organic Chemistry. Basel, Switzerland: MDPI, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecsoc-4-01856.

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Sharma, Sadhna, and Amandeep Singh. "Chemotherapeutic Implications Of Phenothiazines Against Experimental Tuberculosis." In American Thoracic Society 2012 International Conference, May 18-23, 2012 • San Francisco, California. American Thoracic Society, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2012.185.1_meetingabstracts.a4255.

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Tasi, Gyula, István Pálinko, Levente Nyerges, István Farkas, and Imre Labádi. "Similarity study of phenothiazines using molecular electrostatic potential maps." In The first European conference on computational chemistry (E.C.C.C.1). AIP, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.47822.

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Cibotaru, Sandu, Andreea-Isabela Sandu, Dalila Belei, and Luminita Marin. "Water Soluble PEGylated phenothiazines. Synthesis, Characterization and Antitumor Properties." In The First International Conference on “Green” Polymer Materials 2020. Basel, Switzerland: MDPI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cgpm2020-07215.

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Oliveira, Susana C. P. S., Gustavo M. P. Santos, Juliana S. C. Monteiro, Anderson F. S. Miranda, Fernando J. P. Sampaio, Maria F. M. Gesteira, Fátima A. A. Zanin, Marcos A. V. Santos, and Antônio L. B. Pinheiro. "Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT) using phenothiazines derivatives associated with the red laser againststaphylococcus aureus." In SPIE BiOS, edited by Michael R. Hamblin, James D. Carroll, and Praveen R. Arany. SPIE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2005560.

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Monteiro, Juliana S. C., Susana C. P. S. Oliveira, Gustavo M. P. Santos, Anderson F. S. Miranda, Fernando J. P. Sampaio, Maria F. M. Gesteira, Fátima A. A. Zainn, Marcos A. V. Santos, and Antônio L. B. Pinheiro. "Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT) using phenothiazines derivatives associated with the red-orange LED againststaphylococcus aureus." In SPIE BiOS, edited by Michael R. Hamblin, James D. Carroll, and Praveen R. Arany. SPIE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2005591.

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Haag, Petra, Katarzyna Zielinska-Chomej, Therese Juntti, Lena Kanter, Rolf Lewensohn, Leif Stenke, and Kristina Viktorsson. "Abstract B19: Phenothiazines induce cytotoxicity and enhance chemotherapy-induced cell death signaling in acute myeloid leukemia." In Abstracts: AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics--Oct 19-23, 2013; Boston, MA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1535-7163.targ-13-b19.

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de Oliveira, Susana C. P. S., Juliana S. C. Monteiro, Gustavo M. Pires-Santos, Fernando J. P. Sampaio, Rafael Araújo Gomes Júnior, Maria F. M. Gesteira, Aldo Brugnera, Fátima A. A. Zanin, Marcos A. Vannier-Santos, and Antônio Luiz B. Pinheiro. "In vitro influence of photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy onstaphylococcus aureusby using phenothiazines derivatives associated with laser/LED light." In SPIE BiOS, edited by Michael R. Hamblin, James D. Carroll, and Praveen Arany. SPIE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2038576.

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Vesenbeckh, Silvan, David Krieger, Gudrun Bettermann, Nicolas Schönfeld, Holger Rüssmann, Harald Mauch, and Torsten Bauer. "Neuroleptic drugs as potential adjuvants in the treatment of MDR-TB: Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of different phenothiazines againstM. tuberculosis." In Annual Congress 2015. European Respiratory Society, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2015.pa3329.

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Zong, Dali, Petra Haag, Ihor Yakymovych, Lovisa Lundholm, Rolf Lewensohn, and Kristina Viktorsson. "Abstract B60: Phenothiazines inhibits repair of chemotherapy-induced DNA double-strand break in tumor but not in normal fibroblasts by modulating chromatin configuration." In Abstracts: AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics--Nov 12-16, 2011; San Francisco, CA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1535-7163.targ-11-b60.

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