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Journal articles on the topic 'Phenothiazines'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

K ymet Berkil Akar, K. ymet Berkil Akar, and O. uzhan Bebek and Bar Eran O uzhan Bebek and Bar Eran. "Synthesis and Characterization of 1,4-Dibromo-5H-benzo[a]phenothiazin-5-one and 8,13-Dibromo-7H-naphtho[2,3-a]phenothiazin-7-one for Use as Novel Fingermark Visualisation Reagents." Journal of the chemical society of pakistan 46, no. 3 (2024): 322. http://dx.doi.org/10.52568/001464/jcsp/46.03.2024.

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In the presented study, novel compounds bearing the benzo[a]phenothiazine or naphtho[a]phenothiazin skeletons were developed for the first time as fingermark detecting reagents on paper surfaces which were then investigated in detail. First, two phenothiazine derivatives, 1,4-dibromo-5H-benzo[a]phenothiazin-5-one and 8,13-dibromo-7H-naphtho[2,3-a]phenothiazin-7-one were synthesized and characterized by spectroscopic methods. The phenothiazines were tested as potential reagents for latent fingermarks on copier paper and were then compared with 1,8-diazofluoren-9-one (DFO). Both compounds reacte

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2

Durst, R., P. Rosca-Rebaudengo, and D. Admon. "Phenothiazine-Associated Supraventricular Tachycardia." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 28, no. 2 (1994): 333–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00048679409075649.

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Psychotropic medications, mainly phenothiazines, are known to be associated with cardiac insult. The case report presented here describes nearly fatal arrhythmia (sustained supraventricular tachycardia) consequent to phenothiazine treatment. The authors aim to alert psychiatrists to the possible adverse, and even fatal, effects of phenothiazines.

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3

Dixit, Yogesh, Rahul Dixit, Naveen Gautam, and D. C. Gautam. "Synthesis of Bioactive Fluorinated 10H-Phenothiazines and their Sulfone Derivatives." E-Journal of Chemistry 5, s1 (2008): 1063–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/809419.

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The present communication deals with the synthesis of a series of fluorinated 10H-phenothiazines. 10H-phenothiazines is prepared by Smiles rearrangement of substituted 2-foramido-2´-nitrodiphenylsulfide. Substituted 2-foramido-2´-nitrodiphenylsulfide were obtained by the reaction of 2-amino-3-fluorobenzenethiol witho-halonitrobenzenes followed by formylation and 1-nitro/1-halo-10H-phenothiazines have been prepared by the reaction of substituted 2-aminobenzenethiols with reactiveo-halonitrobenzene containing a nitro group or halogen atom ato-position to the reactive halogen atom directly yielde

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4

Chan, Ying Ying, Yong Mei Ong, and Kim Lee Chua. "Synergistic Interaction between Phenothiazines and Antimicrobial Agents against Burkholderia pseudomallei." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 51, no. 2 (2006): 623–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.01033-06.

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ABSTRACT The gram-negative soil bacillus Burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of melioidosis, a severe and potentially fatal septicemic disease that is endemic to Southeast Asia and northern Australia. Its intrinsic resistance to many antibiotics is attributed mainly to the presence of several drug efflux pumps, and therefore, inhibitors of such pumps are expected to restore the activities of many clinically important antimicrobial agents that are the substrates of these pumps. The phenothiazine antipsychotic and antihistaminic drugs prochlorperazine, chlorpromazine, and promazine

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5

Young, Allan, and Robert Kehoe. "Two Cases of Agranulocytosis on Addition of a Butyrophenone to a Long-Standing Course of Phenothiazine Treatment." British Journal of Psychiatry 154, no. 5 (1989): 710–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.154.5.710.

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Two cases of agranulocytosis occurring after addition of a butyrophenone to a course of phenothiazine treatment are reported and possible mechanisms for this interaction are discussed. Agranulocytosis is a well-documented adverse effect of phenothiazine administration (Vincent, 1986). Important factors are the total amount of drug given and the duration of administration. Agranulocytosis usually occurs within the first three months of therapy (Pisciotta, 1971; Marcus & Mulvihill, 1978) and the relationship with the cumulative dose has been emphasised (Ananth et al, 1973). Agranulocytosis f

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6

Khadieva, Alena I., Vladimir V. Gorbachuk, and Ivan I. Stoikov. "Oligomerization of phenothiazin-5-ium tetraiodide in the presence of bases." Butlerov Communications 62, no. 6 (2020): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.37952/roi-jbc-01/20-62-6-34.

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Methylene blue and its structural analogs (phenothiazine derivatives) are well known photodynamically and photochemically active agents, which are used in modern medicine, biology, and industry due to their low toxicity, high absorption in the therapeutic window region (600-660 nm). Methylene blue being one of the most studied phenothiazine derivative is employed as an antibacterial agent and also as an antidote to cyanide, carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulfide. Phenothiazin-5-ium tetraiodide is one of the most convenient precursors for the synthesis of structural analogues of methylene blue am

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7

SANDYK, R. "Phenothiazine-Induced Sleep Apneas and the Opioid System." Pediatrics 77, no. 2 (1986): 261–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.77.2.261a.

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To the Editor.— I was interested in the report by Kahn et al.1 demonstrating an increase in the number of central apneas following phenothiazine administration to infants. Administration of phenothiazines to infants less than 1 year of age could precipitate sudden death in apnea-prone subjects. Although the authors suggested several possible mechanisms linking the effects of phenothiazines with sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), an apparent role of the opioid system has not been mentioned. The endogenous opioid system has been implicated in the central control of respiration.2

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8

Xia, Wang, Zi-An Zhou, Jie Lv, Shao-Hua Xiang, Yong-Bin Wang, and Bin Tan. "Facile synthesis of N-aryl phenothiazines and phenoxazines via Brønsted acid catalyzed C–H amination of arenes." Chemical Communications 58, no. 10 (2022): 1613–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1cc06730c.

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An organocatalytic C–H amination of azonaphthalenes with phenothiazines and phenoxazines has been established. N-naphthyl phenothiazine and phenoxazine structures which are of significance in various fields could now be accessed in high efficiency.

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9

Wu, San, Wei-Ye Hu, and Song-Lin Zhang. "Potassium carbonate-mediated tandem C–S and C–N coupling reaction for the synthesis of phenothiazines under transition-metal-free and ligand-free conditions." RSC Advances 6, no. 29 (2016): 24257–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra01295g.

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A potassium carbonate-mediated tandem coupling reaction for the synthesis of phenothiazines is described. This protocol affords an efficient approach for the construction of phenothiazine derivatives without the need for addition of transition-metal catalyst or ligand.

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10

(Miss), A. M. DAVE, N. BHATT K., K. UNDAVIA N., and B. TRIVEDl P. "Studies on Synthesis of Haloginated Phenothiazine Derivatives." Journal of Chemical Indian Society Vol. 65, May 1988 (1988): 365–66. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6279483.

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University Department of Chemistry, Bhavnagar University Bhavnagar-.364-002 <em>Manuscript received 12 October 1987, revised 4 February 1988, accepted 21 March 1988</em> 1,3,7,9-Tetrachloro-10-(substituted-benzthiazol-2<em>'</em>-ylaminoacetyl)phenothiazines have been synthesised by condensation of the chloroacetyl derivative of phenothiazine with substituted-2-aminobenzthiazoles. The haloginated derivatives of phenothiazine were screened for their antibacterial efficacy.

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11

Fiallos, Nicole de Mello, Ana Luiza Ribeiro Aguiar, Bruno Nascimento da Silva, et al. "The Potential of Phenothiazines against Endodontic Pathogens: A Focus on Enterococcus-Candida Dual-Species Biofilm." Antibiotics 11, no. 11 (2022): 1562. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11111562.

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Persistent apical periodontitis occurs when the endodontic treatment fails to eradicate the intraradicular infection, and is mainly caused by Gram-positive bacteria and yeasts, such as Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans, respectively. Phenothiazines have been described as potential antimicrobials against bacteria and fungi. This study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial potential of promethazine (PMZ) and chlorpromazine (CPZ) against E. faecalis and C. albicans dual-species biofilms. The susceptibility of planktonic cells to phenothiazines, chlorhexidine (CHX) and sodium hypochlorit

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12

Schmidt, Maximilian, Mathias Hermann, Fabian Otteny, and Birgit Esser. "Calix[n]phenothiazines: Optoelectronic and Structural Properties and Host–Guest Chemistry." Organic Materials 02, no. 03 (2020): 235–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1714295.

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Calixarenes are of interest as receptors for ions and small molecules and as organic materials. Exchanging the arene units through heteroaromatics allows changing their optoelectronic and host–guest properties. We herein present calix[n]phenothiazines (n = 3, 4) as novel macrocycles, accessible in two-step syntheses. The phenothiazine units show reversible redox events and emissive properties, and N-hexyl-substituted calix[3]phenothiazine binds to both ammonium ions and a bisimidazole as neutral guests.

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13

Ekerendu, Effiong E., Uchechukwu C. Okoro, Cosmas C. Eze, et al. "Novel Cholinesterase Inhibitors: Synthesis, in silico and in vitro Studies." Asian Journal of Chemistry 35, no. 7 (2023): 1683–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2023.27588.

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The synthesis of new functionalized linear diaza and triaza phenothiazine and phenoxazines and their in silico and in vitro anti-Alzheimer activity is reported. Fifteen new amide derivatives (8-11 & 13-24) were synthesized by the reactions of phenothiazines/phenoxazine (6 or 12) and various aliphatic and aromatic primary amides (7) in the presence of nickel catalyst and anhydrous potassium carbonate under nitrogen atmosphere. The FTIR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and HR-MS spectra of the synthesized compounds were in agreement with the assigned structures. All the 15 new derivatives were screened for

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14

Parkash, Ram, Hari Om Gupta, and Jatinder Dutt. "Chronopotentiometric studies of certain biologically important compounds at tubular graphite electrode." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 56, no. 9 (1991): 1833–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19911833.

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The chronopotentiometric studies of certain phenothiazines in hydrodynamic systems at a solution flow-through tubular graphite electrode were carried out in sulfuric acid of different concentrations. A well-defined single wave (involving 2 electrons) in 0.1M H2SO4 and two waves (involving 1 electron each) in 2.0M H2SO4 were observed. Phenothiazines are oxidized trough the formation of a monocation radical by the elimination of one electron from the lone pair of N-atom. The monocation radical is stable in sulfuric acid of a moderate concentration and is unstable in neutral or less acidic soluti

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15

ROSEFSKY, JONATHAN B. "Should Promethazine Be Available Without Prescription?" Pediatrics 88, no. 4 (1991): 877–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.88.4.877b.

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To the Editor.— In a recent issue of Pediatrics, G. B. Hickson et al1 urged caution in permitting over-the-counter use of promethazine because of its possible association with rare side effects. A major reason underlying the concern about promethazine has been that it is technically a member of the phenothiazine class of compounds. However, it should not be identified mistakenly with antipsychotic phenothiazines like chlorpromazine. Promethazine is an antihistaminic phenothiazine and is categorized as one of the H1-receptor antagonist type of antihistamines.

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16

Khadieva, Alena, Mansur Rayanov, Ksenia Shibaeva, Alexandr Piskunov, Pavel Padnya, and Ivan Stoikov. "Towards Asymmetrical Methylene Blue Analogues: Synthesis and Reactivity of 3-N′-Arylaminophenothiazines." Molecules 27, no. 9 (2022): 3024. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27093024.

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The search for new ways to obtain analogues of the well-known Methylene Blue dye is an important synthetic task. Herein, we proposed and developed an approach to the synthesis of 3-N′-arylaminophenothiazines and asymmetrical 3,7-di(N′-arylamino)phenothiazines. This approach included the optimization of synthetic strategy by quantification analysis of the positive charge distribution in the cation of 3-N′-arylaminophenothiazine derivative. The obtained experimental data are confirmed by DFT studies. Two synthetic routes for asymmetrical phenothiazine diarylamino derivatives were suggested and v

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17

Steinbrecher, Kurt, C. A. Brunner, J. M. Newton, et al. "Thin Layer Chromatographic Identification of Phenothiazine Derivative Drugs: Interlaboratory Study." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 69, no. 6 (1986): 1030–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/69.6.1030.

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Abstract A thin layer chromatographic method for the identification of phenothiazine derivative drugs was studied collaboratively by 8 laboratories. Twenty phenothiazine drugs were examined by each collaborator. The identification scheme depends on the color of the sprayed spots and the Rf values relative to the Rf of chlorpromazine (RCHL) in 4 solvent systems. In 98.13% of the cases, a correct identification could be made; the remaining drugs were reduced to a choice between pairs of phenothiazines. With respect to chlorpromazine, the data showed a significant decrease in variability of RCHL

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18

&NA;. "Phenothiazines." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 428 (1992): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-199204280-00055.

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19

Khelwati, Hilla, Adam W. Franz, Zhou Zhou, Werner R. Thiel, and Thomas J. J. Müller. "Triazolyl Conjugated (Oligo)Phenothiazines Building Blocks for Hybrid Materials—Synthesis and Electronic Properties." Molecules 26, no. 10 (2021): 2950. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26102950.

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The Cu-catalyzed alkyne-azide 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition variant provides a highly efficient entry to conjugated triazolyl-substituted (oligo)phenothiazine organosilicon derivatives with luminescence and reversible redox characteristics. Furthermore, by in-situ co-condensation synthesis several representative mesoporous MCM-41 type silica hybrid materials with embedded (oligo)phenothiazines are prepared and characterized with respect to their structural and electronic properties. The hybrid materials also can be oxidized to covalently bound embedded radical cations, which are identified by thei

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20

Poła, Andrzej, Anna Palko-Łabuz, and Kamila Środa-Pomianek. "Theoretical Study of 2-(Trifluoromethyl)phenothiazine Derivatives with Two Hydroxyl Groups in the Side Chain-DFT and QTAIM Computations." Molecules 26, no. 17 (2021): 5242. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26175242.

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Phenothiazines are known as synthetic antipsychotic drugs that exhibit a wide range of biological effects. Their properties result from the structure and variability of substituents in the heterocyclic system. It is known that different quantum chemical properties have a significant impact on drug behavior in the biological systems. Thus, due to the diversity in the chemical structure of phenothiazines as well as other drugs containing heterocyclic systems, quantum chemical calculations provide valuable methods in predicting their activity. In our study, DFT computations were applied to show s

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21

Bailey, Andrew M., Ian T. Paulsen, and Laura J. V. Piddock. "RamA Confers Multidrug Resistance in Salmonella enterica via Increased Expression of acrB, Which Is Inhibited by Chlorpromazine." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 52, no. 10 (2008): 3604–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00661-08.

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ABSTRACT Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium SL1344, in which efflux pump genes (acrB, acrD, acrF, tolC) or regulatory genes thereof (marA, soxS, ramA) were inactivated, was grown in the presence of 240 antimicrobial and nonantimicrobial agents in the Biolog Phenotype MicroArray. Mutants lacking tolC, acrB, and ramA grew significantly worse than other mutants in the presence of 48 agents (some of which have not previously been identified as substrates of AcrAB-TolC) and particularly poorly in the presence of phenothiazines, which are human antipsychotics. MIC testing revealed that the phen

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22

Alexandrovsky, V. N., S. S. Petrikov, and M. V. Kareva. "Acute poisoning with phenothiazine neuroleptics. Phenothiazine coma." Toxicological Review, no. 3 (July 18, 2021): 16–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.36946/0869-7922-2021-29-3-16-27.

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The article summarizes the authors' long-term experience in the diagnosis and treatment of acute poisoning with phenothiazine derivatives and presents data on the epidemiology of the effects of phenothiazines on the central nervous system. The original classification of acute phenothiazine intoxication confirmed by electrophysiological studies of the brain is given. The involvement of deep brain structures in the pathogenesis of acute phenothiazine coma has been confirmed. Based on studies of visual evoked potentials, the absence of inhibition of deep brain structures despite a pronounced coma

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23

Kafafy, Hany, Hongwei Wu, Ming Peng, et al. "Steric and Solvent Effect in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Utilizing Phenothiazine-Based Dyes." International Journal of Photoenergy 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/548914.

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Three phenothiazine-based dyes have been prepared and utilized as dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The effects of dye-adsorption solvent on the performances of dye-sensitized solar cells based on phenothiazine dyes were investigated in this study. The highest conversion efficiency of 3.78% was obtained using ethanol (EtOH) and 2.53% for tetrahydrofuran (THF), respectively, as dye-adsorption solvents. Cell performance using EtOH as a dye-adsorption solvent showed relatively higher performance than that using THF. Electrochemical and photochemical tests of phenothiazine dyes in solution and a

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24

Wu, Yan-Chen, Shuai-Shuai Jiang, Ren-Jie Song, and Jin-Heng Li. "A metal- and oxidizing-reagent-free anodic para-selective amination of anilines with phenothiazines." Chemical Communications 55, no. 30 (2019): 4371–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cc01332f.

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25

&NA;. "Phenothiazines/butyrophenones." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 309 (1990): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-199003090-00029.

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26

&NA;. "Phenothiazines/haloperidol." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 354 (1991): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-199103540-00051.

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27

Tarapdar, Abed, James K. S. Norris, Oliver Sampson, Galina Mukamolova, and James T. Hodgkinson. "The design and synthesis of an antibacterial phenothiazine–siderophore conjugate." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 14 (October 16, 2018): 2646–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.14.242.

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Siderophore–antibiotic conjugates consist of an antibiotic covalently linked by a tether to a siderophore. Such conjugates can demonstrate enhanced uptake and internalisation to the bacterial cell resulting in significantly reduced MIC values and extended spectrum of activity. Phenothiazines are a class of small molecules that have been identified as a potential treatment for multidrug resistant tuberculosis and latent TB. Herein we report the design and synthesis of the first phenothiazine–siderophore conjugate. A convergent synthetic route was developed whereby the functionalised phenothiazi

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28

Edwards, Rod, Una Stephenson, and Tom Flewett. "Clonazepam in Acute Mania: A Double Blind Trial." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 25, no. 2 (1991): 238–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048679109077740.

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In a double-blind trial involving acutely manic patients, clonazepam was compared to placebo, both groups receiving chlorpromazine as needed. The group receiving clonazepam showed significantly more improvement in their manic but not their psychotic symptoms compared to the placebo group. This effect was not primarily related to the sedative effects of clonazepam. Clonazepam tended to reduce the need for phenothiazine medication. Side effects related to sedation were more common to the clonazepam group. These findings are the first to indicate that clonazepam may have a specific antimanic effe

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29

Saini, Pooja, Sushil Kumar, and Swatantr Bahadur Singh. "Molecular Docking, Synthesis and In vivo Assessment of New Phenothiazines as Inhibitors of Anxiety." Biosciences Biotechnology Research Asia 21, no. 4 (2024): 1485–93. https://doi.org/10.13005/bbra/3319.

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ABSTRACT: Background: Heterocylics are the backbone of the medicinal chemistry. They played very imperative role in the discovery of new lead molecules. Phenothiazine is one of them and it has many biological activities as well. This article proposed the design and synthesis of new phenothiazine derivatives. Aim: This work includes the preparation of some new Schiff bases of phenothiazine. The synthetic scheme includes development of series of 1-(10H-phenothiazin-10-yl)-2-(4-((phenylimino)methyl) phenoxy) ethan-1-one (D1-D10). Objective: This work aims to design some new phenothiazine molecule

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30

Liang, Taizhen, Shiqi Xiao, Ziyao Wu, et al. "Phenothiazines Inhibit SARS-CoV-2 Entry through Targeting Spike Protein." Viruses 15, no. 8 (2023): 1666. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v15081666.

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Novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a respiratory disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has brought an unprecedented public health crisis and continues to threaten humanity due to the persistent emergence of new variants. Therefore, developing more effective and broad-spectrum therapeutic and prophylactic drugs against infection by SARS-CoV-2 and its variants, as well as future emerging CoVs, is urgently needed. In this study, we screened several US FDA-approved drugs and identified phenothiazine derivatives with the ability to potently inhibit

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31

Swoboda, Daniel, Jacek E. Nycz, Nataliya Karaush-Karmazin, et al. "Synthesis and Spectroscopic Characterization of Selected Phenothiazines and Phenazines Rationalized Based on DFT Calculation." Molecules 27, no. 21 (2022): 7519. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27217519.

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Two unique structures were isolated from the phosphorylation reaction of 10H-phenothiazine. The 5,5-dimethyl-2-(10H-phenothiazin-10-yl)-1,3,2-dioxaphosphinane 2-oxide (2a) illustrates the product of N-phosphorylation of phenothiazine. Moreover, a potential product of 2a instability, a thiophosphoric acid 2b, was successfully isolated and structurally characterized. Molecule 2a, similarly to sulfoxide derivative 3, possesses interesting phosphorescence properties due to the presence of d-pπ bonds. The X-ray, NMR, and DFT computational studies indicate that compound 2a exhibits an anomeric effec

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32

Pisetsky, Wladislaw, and Thomas J. J. Müller. "Polyacetylenes with (hetero)aryl-, styryl-, and amino-phenothiazinyl sidechains: synthesis and photophysics." RSC Advances 14, no. 15 (2024): 10638–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d4ra01912a.

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A new series of soluble monosubstituted polyacetylenes bearing phenothiazines units with various ligation patterns is readily available by modern rhodium-catalyzed polymerization of corresponding ethynyl-phenothiazines.

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33

Poulsen, Marianne, Sujata Dastidar, Debalina Roy, Shauroseni Palchoudhuri, Jette Kristiansen, and Stephen Fey. "A Double-Edged Sword: Thioxanthenes Act on Both the Mind and the Microbiome." Molecules 27, no. 1 (2021): 196. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27010196.

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The rising tide of antibacterial drug resistance has given rise to the virtual elimination of numerous erstwhile antibiotics, intensifying the urgent demand for novel agents. A number of drugs have been found to possess potent antimicrobial action during the past several years and have the potential to supplement or even replace the antibiotics. Many of these ‘non-antibiotics’, as they are referred to, belong to the widely used class of neuroleptics, the phenothiazines. Another chemically and pharmacologically related class is the thioxanthenes, differing in that the aromatic N of the central

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34

Odin, E.M., S.A. Egu, and K.J. Okere. "Palladium Catalyzed Anilino Analogues of Angular Penta-Cyclic Phenothiazines: Novel Human Cholinesterases Inhibitors." Pharmaceutical and Chemical Journal 7, no. 2 (2020): 43–53. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13952327.

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The synthesis of novel 8-chloro12H- 5,14- di hydro- quinoxalino [2,3, a] – penta cyclic phenothiazine (16) and its anilino derivatives (18 a-h) are reported. The preparation followed the water-mediated catalyst pre-activation method as reported by Buchwald and co-workers. Structures were established by analytical and spectral data. The compounds (18 a-h) were evaluated for inhibitory potency against Acetylcholineesterase (AChE) and Butyrylchlolinesterase (BChE). The tested pentacyclic phenothiazines showed IC<sub>50</sub> values for both AChE and BChE in the range of 1.26 nM to 84.69 nM.

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35

Kiselyuk, Alice, Suzette Farber-Katz, Tom Cohen, et al. "Phenothiazine Neuroleptics Signal to the Human Insulin Promoter as Revealed by a Novel High-Throughput Screen." Journal of Biomolecular Screening 15, no. 6 (2010): 663–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087057110372257.

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A number of diabetogenic stimuli interact to influence insulin promoter activity, making it an attractive target for both mechanistic studies and therapeutic interventions. High-throughput screening (HTS) for insulin promoter modulators has the potential to reveal novel inputs into the control of that central element of the pancreatic β-cell. A cell line from human islets in which the expression of insulin and other β-cell-restricted genes are modulated by an inducible form of the bHLH transcription factor E47 was developed. This cell line, T6PNE, was adapted for HTS by transduction with a vec

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36

Rabkin, Marshall. "Rapid Microchemical Identification of Four Phenothiazine Antiemetics with Gold Bromide and Iodine-Potassium Iodide Reagents: Collaborative Study." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 68, no. 3 (1985): 527–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/68.3.527.

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Abstract A microchemical method was developed for the rapid identification of 4 phenothiazine antiemetics. Perphenazine, promethazine, thiethylperazine, and triflupromazine were positively identified and differentiated with the aid of a gold bromide reagent and an iodine-potassium iodide reagent. Only promethazine and triflupromazine yielded microcrystalline derivatives with gold bromide; only perphenazine and thiethylperazine reacted with iodine-potassium iodide. For each pair of positive reactions, the crystalline products were morphologically distinguishable under a microscope. The 2 tests

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Youssef, Adel F., Salwa R. El-Shabouri, Fardous A. Mohamed, and Abdel Maboud I. Rageh. "Colorimetric Determination of Certain Phenothiazine Drugs by Using Morpholine and Iodine-Potassium Iodide Reagents." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 69, no. 3 (1986): 513–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/69.3.513.

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Abstract A colorimetric method was developed for the quantitative estimation of 11 phenothiazine drugs. The method is based on the interaction of unsulfoxidized drug with morpholine and iodine-potassium iodide reagents. The interaction for all studied phenothiazine drugs yields a blue product with 2 absorption maxima: one in the range of 620-640 nm with lower molar absorptivity and the other in the range of 662-690 nm with higher molar absorptivity. The color was stable for at least 10 h. The reproducibility and recovery of the method were excellent. The method was applied successfully to the

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Środa-Pomianek, Kamila, Krystyna Michalak, Anna Palko-Łabuz, et al. "The Combined Use of Phenothiazines and Statins Strongly Affects Doxorubicin-Resistance, Apoptosis, and Cox-2 Activity in Colon Cancer Cells." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 4 (2019): 955. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20040955.

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Since none of the multidrug resistance (MDR) modulators tested so far found their way into clinic, a novel approach to overcome the MDR of cancer cells has been proposed. The combined use of two MDR modulators of dissimilar mechanisms of action was suggested to benefit from the synergy between them. The effect of three phenothiazine derivatives that were used as single agents and in combination with simvastatin on cell growth, apoptosis induction, activity, and expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in doxorubicin-resistant colon cancer cells (LoVo/Dx) was investigated. Treatment of LoVo/Dx ce

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Lal, Manohar, and H. S. Mahal. "Reactions of thiyl radicals with phenothiazines and other antioxidants in aqueous solutions. A pulse radiolysis study." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 68, no. 8 (1990): 1376–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v90-211.

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Reaction rate constants of thiyl radicals with phenothiazines, promethazine (PMZ), chlorpromazine (CPZ), prochlorperazine (PPZ), trimeperazine tarterate (TPZ), and other antioxidants, e.g., ascorbic acid and 2,2-azinobis(3-ethyl benzthiazoline-6 sulphonate) (ABTS) have been estimated using pulse radiolysis technique. In general they are quite high (108–109 M−1 s−1). The k values for cysteine, cysteamine, mercaptoethanol, and mercaptopropionic acid with similar structures and molecular weights are more or less similar for PMZ, CPZ, and PPZ.Rate constants are lower in value for [Formula: see tex

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Dara, Abhilasha, I. Supriya, Sk Aneesa, K. Chennakesava, and P. Sindhu. "Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel Phenothiazines for Cancer Exploring through Anti-Oxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities." Scholars Academic Journal of Pharmacy 13, no. 10 (2024): 419–18. https://doi.org/10.36347/sajp.2024.v13i10.002.

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Cancer is defined as development of number of abnormal cells by uncontrollable cell division leads to the tissue detriment. It has the ability to spread throughout the body. Cancer is second-leading disease to cause the death in the world. Now-a-days survival rate for cancer may increase through the treatment. In this study, the cancer is treated by exploring the anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of novel Phenothiazines. Because anti-oxidants play a vital role in treatment of cancer by reducing the oxidative stress, abnormal cell division reduction, decrease in DNA damage, and reduce

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Shinmen, Natsuko, Xiao-Pen Lee, Takeshi Kumazawa, et al. "Simultaneous Determination of Some Phenothiazine Derivatives in Human Blood by Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction and Gas Chromatography with Nitrogen-Phosphorus Detection." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 91, no. 6 (2008): 1354–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/91.6.1354.

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Abstract Chlorpromazine, levomepromazine, promazine, triflupromazine, and trimeprazine were simultaneously determined in human whole blood and plasma by combining headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography with nitrogenphosphorus detection. Extraction efficiency for the phenothiazine derivatives was 0.0130.117 for both sample types. Regression equations were linear [correlation coefficient (r) 0.99510.9999] within the range 2.5200 ng/0.5 mL for triflupromazine and trimeprazine, and 6.3200 ng/0.5 mL for chlorpromazine, levomepromazine, and promazine. The limit of detection for

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&NA;. "Carbamazepine/haloperidol/phenothiazines." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 1268 (2009): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-200912680-00036.

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&NA;. "Phenothiazines/tricyclic antidepressants." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 1236 (2009): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-200912360-00079.

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Birkett, D. Peter. "Phenothiazines in Dementia." Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 38, no. 12 (1990): 1380. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.1990.tb03465.x.

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Otręba, Michał, Johanna Johansson Sjölander, Morten Grøtli, and Per Sunnerhagen. "A Small Molecule Targeting Human MEK1/2 Enhances ERK and p38 Phosphorylation under Oxidative Stress or with Phenothiazines." Life 11, no. 4 (2021): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life11040297.

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Small molecules are routinely used to inhibit protein kinases, but modulators capable of enhancing kinase activity are rare. We have previously shown that the small molecule INR119, designed as an inhibitor of MEK1/2, will enhance the activity of its fission yeast homologue, Wis1, under oxidative stress. To investigate the generality of these findings, we now study the effect of INR119 in human cells under similar conditions. Cells of the established breast cancer line MCF-7 were exposed to H2O2 or phenothiazines, alone or combined with INR119. In line with the previous results in fission yeas

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CZARNY, ANNA, EWA ZACZYŃSKA, MAŁGORZATA JELEŃ, et al. "Antimicrobial Properties of Substituted quino[3,2-b]benzo[1,4]thiazines." Polish Journal of Microbiology 63, no. 3 (2014): 335–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.33073/pjm-2014-044.

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Our previous studies demonstrated that among phenothiazines several derivatives could be found showing strong antiproliferative actions and the property of inhibiting inducible tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF a) production in human blood cultures. The aim of this investigation was to determine potential antimicrobial actions of forty four new phenothiazine derivatives with the quinobenzothiazine structure. The compounds showed differential antibacterial and antifungal activities against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans depending on the compo

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JAIN, M., S. K. GUPTA, V. SARASWAT, and R. R. GUPTA. "ChemInform Abstract: Phenothiazines. Part 19. Synthesis of Phenothiazines via Smiles Rearrangement." ChemInform 26, no. 7 (2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199507175.

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Hipkiss, Jayne B., A. Skinner, and C. J. Branford White. "Biochemical and ultrastructural investigation of the effect of Stelazine (trifluoperazine) on Hymenolepis diminuta (Cestoda)." Parasitology 94, no. 1 (1987): 135–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003118200005352x.

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SUMMARYThe effects of the phenothiazine, Stelazine, on Hymenolepis diminuta were investigated. The cestode was incubated for 10 min at 37 °C with 1 mM trifluoperazine, in the presence and absence of Ca2+. Assay of brush border enzymes showed that drug treatment lowered the activities of alkaline phosphatase, Ca2+-ATP'ase, 5′-nucleotidase and type 1 phosphodiesterase. This occurred in parallel with a significant reduction in tegumental protein. Under these conditions gross changes in ultrastructural appearance and cellular organization were observed. There was a lack of ordered microtriches and

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Puzanowska-Tarasiewicz, Helena, Joanna Karpińska, and Ludmiła Kuźmicka. "Analytical Applications of Reactions of Iron(III) and Hexacyanoferrate(III) with 2,10-Disubstituted Phenothiazines." International Journal of Analytical Chemistry 2009 (2009): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/302696.

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The presented review is devoted to analytical applications of reactions of Fe(III) and with 2,10-disubstituted phenothiazines (PT). It was found that iron(III) and hexacyanoferrate(III) ions in acidic media easily oxidized PT with the formation of colored oxidation products. This property has been exploited for spectrophotometric determination of iron(III) ions and phenothiazines. Some flow-injection procedures of the determination of PT based on the oxidation reaction by means of the above-mentioned oxidants have been proposed. In the presented review, the application of 2,10-disubstituted ph

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Buene, Audun Formo, Mats Christensen, and Bård Helge Hoff. "Effect of Auxiliary Donors on 3,8-Phenothiazine Dyes for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells." Molecules 24, no. 24 (2019): 4485. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24244485.

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Phenothiazines are one of the more common dye scaffolds for dye-sensitized solar cells. However, these sensitizers are exclusively based on a 3,7-substitution pattern. Herein, we have synthesized and characterized novel 3,8-substituted phenothiazine dyes in order to evaluate the effect of auxiliary donor groups on the performance of this new dye class. The power conversion efficiency increased by 7%–10% upon insertion of an auxiliary donor in position 8 of the phenothiazine, but the structure of the auxiliary donor (phenyl, naphthyl, pyrene) had a low impact when electrodes were stained with c

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